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621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
the free will of humanity are incompatible and that any conception of God that incorporates both properties is therefore inherently contradictory: if God is omniscient, then God already knows humanity's future, contradicting the claim of free will.
- The anthropic argument states that if God is omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect, he would have created other morally perfect beings instead of imperfect ones, such as humans.
- The problem of hell is the idea that eternal damnation contradicts God's omnibenevolence and omnipresence.
- The Transcendental Argument for the Non-existence of God contests the existence of an intelligent Creator God by demonstrating that such a being would | 13,700 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
make logic and morality contingent, which is incompatible with the presuppositionalist assertion that they are necessary, and contradicts the efficacy of science.
- The "no reason" argument tries to show that an omnipotent and omniscient being would not have any reason to act in any way, specifically by creating the universe, because it would have no needs, wants, or desires since these very concepts are subjectively human. Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent god cannot exist. This argument is expounded upon by Scott Adams in the book "God's Debris", which puts forward a form of Pandeism as its fundamental theological model. A similar argument is | 13,701 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
put forward in Ludwig von Mises's "Human Action". He referred to it as the "praxeological argument" and claimed that a perfect being would have long ago satisfied all its wants and desires and would no longer be able to take action in the present without proving that it had been unable to achieve its wants faster—showing it imperfect.
- The atheist-existential argument for the non-existence of a perfect sentient being states that if existence precedes essence, it follows from the meaning of the term "sentient" that a sentient being cannot be complete or perfect. It is touched upon by Jean-Paul Sartre in "Being and Nothingness". Sartre's phrasing is that God would be a "pour-soi" [a being-for-itself; | 13,702 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
a consciousness] who is also an "en-soi" [a being-in-itself; a thing]: which is a contradiction in terms. The argument is echoed thus in Salman Rushdie's novel "Grimus": "That which is complete is also dead."
## Subjective arguments.
Similar to the arguments for the existence of God, subjective arguments against the supernatural mainly rely on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the propositions of a revealed religion in general.
- The witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God.
- The conflicted religions argument notes that many religions give differing accounts as to what God is | 13,703 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
and what God wants; since all the contradictory accounts cannot be correct, many if not all religions must be incorrect.
- The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is no reason to believe that there is a God.
## Hindu arguments.
Atheistic Hindu doctrines cite various arguments for rejecting a creator God or "Ishvara". The "" of the Samkhya school states that there is no philosophical place for a creator God in this system. It is also argued in this text that the existence of Ishvara (God) cannot be proved and hence cannot be admitted to exist. Classical Samkhya argues against the existence of God on metaphysical grounds. For instance, | 13,704 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
it argues that an unchanging God cannot be the source of an ever-changing world. It says God is a necessary metaphysical assumption demanded by circumstances. The Sutras of Samkhya endeavor to prove that the idea of God is inconceivable and self-contradictory, and some commentaries speak plainly on this subject. The "Sankhya- tattva-kaumudi", commenting on Karika 57, argues that a perfect God can have no need to create a world, and if God's motive is kindness, Samkhya questions whether it is reasonable to call into existence beings who while non-existent had no suffering. Samkhya postulates that a benevolent deity ought to create only happy creatures, not an imperfect world like the real world.
Charvaka, | 13,705 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
originally known as Lokāyata, a heterodox Hindu philosophy states that there is "no God, no samsara (rebirth), no karma, no duty, no fruits of merit, no sin." Proponents of the school of Mimamsa, which is based on rituals and orthopraxy, decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God is insufficient. They argue that there is no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there is no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a god to validate the rituals. Mimamsa argues that the gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the "mantras" that speak their names. In that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.
# Psychological aspects.
Several | 13,706 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
authors have offered psychological or sociological explanations for belief in the existence of God.
Psychologists observe that the majority of humans often ask existential questions such as "why we are here" and whether life has purpose. Some psychologists have posited that religious beliefs may recruit cognitive mechanisms in order to satisfy these questions. William James emphasized the inner religious struggle between melancholy and happiness, and pointed to trance as a cognitive mechanism. Sigmund Freud stressed fear and pain, the need for a powerful parental figure, the obsessional nature of ritual, and the hypnotic state a community can induce as contributing factors to the psychology | 13,707 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
of religion.
Pascal Boyer's "Religion Explained" (2002), based in part on his anthropological field work, treats belief in God as the result of the brain's tendency towards agency detection. Boyer suggests that, because of evolutionary pressures, humans err on the side of attributing agency where there isn't any. In Boyer's view, belief in supernatural entities spreads and becomes culturally fixed because of their memorability. The concept of "minimally counterintuitive" beings that differ from the ordinary in a small number of ways (such as being invisible, able to fly, or having access to strategic and otherwise secret information) leave a lasting impression that spreads through word-of-mouth.
Scott | 13,708 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
Atran's "In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion" (2002) makes a similar argument and adds examination of the socially coordinating aspects of shared belief. In "Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion", Todd Tremlin follows Boyer in arguing that universal human cognitive process naturally produces the concept of the supernatural. Tremlin contends that an agency detection device (ADD) and a theory of mind module (ToMM) lead humans to suspect an agent behind every event. Natural events for which there is no obvious agent may be attributed to God (c.f. Act of God).
# See also.
- Apologetics
- Christian existential apologetics
- Efficacy of prayer
- Existence | 13,709 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
of Jesus
- Gödel's ontological proof
- Metaphysics
- Pascal's Wager
- Problem of evil
- Problem of the creator of God
- Rationalism
- Relationship between religion and science
- Spectrum of theistic probability
- "The Atheist Experience"
- Transcendental theology
# Further reading.
- Richard Dawkins, "The God Delusion", Black Swan, 2007 ().
- Hick, John, ed. (1964). "The Existence of God: Readings", in "The Problems of Philosophy Series". New York: Macmillan Co.
# External links.
- PhilosophyOfReligion.info. Introductory articles on philosophical arguments about the existence of God (for and against).
- A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God
- Proofs of God's Existence: | 13,710 |
621169 | Existence of God | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Existence%20of%20God | Existence of God
p between religion and science
- Spectrum of theistic probability
- "The Atheist Experience"
- Transcendental theology
# Further reading.
- Richard Dawkins, "The God Delusion", Black Swan, 2007 ().
- Hick, John, ed. (1964). "The Existence of God: Readings", in "The Problems of Philosophy Series". New York: Macmillan Co.
# External links.
- PhilosophyOfReligion.info. Introductory articles on philosophical arguments about the existence of God (for and against).
- A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God
- Proofs of God's Existence: Islam—Ahmadiyyat (PDF)
- The Existence of God—Catholic Encyclopedia
- The Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God by Majid Fakhry | 13,711 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
Guillermo Coria
Guillermo Sebastián Coria (born 13 January 1982), nicknamed El Mago ("The Magician" in Spanish), is a retired professional tennis player from Argentina. He reached a career-high ATP world No. 3 singles ranking in May 2004. Coria achieved his best results on clay, where he won eight of his nine ATP singles titles, and during his prime years in 2003 and 2004 he was considered the "world's best clay-court player." He reached the final of the 2004 French Open, where he was defeated by Gastón Gaudio despite serving for the match twice. In later years, injuries and a lack of confidence affected his game, and he retired in 2009 at the relatively early age of 27. Between 2001-2002, he | 13,712 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
served a seven month suspension for taking the banned substance nandrolone.
# Career.
Coria turned professional in 2000, finishing 2003, 2004, and 2005 as a top-10 player. He was one of the fastest players on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour, consistently showing exceptional performances in clay-court tournaments. His playing style was that of a counter-puncher.
He was considered the "King of Clay" between 2003–2005 by reaching 6 out of 8 possible Masters finals (since he was absent for 2004 Rome Masters) on clay during that period. While at the French Open, he also reached semifinals in 2003 and held 2 match points in the final in 2004.
## Junior.
As a junior, Coria reached | 13,713 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
a ranking of world No. 2 in singles and world No. 5 in doubles.
Coria won the Orange Bowl 16s in 1997, and reached the finals of Orange Bowl 18s in 1998, where he was defeated by future world No. 1 Roger Federer. Coria won the boys' singles title at the 1999 French Open without dropping a single set, beating his friend and fellow Argentine, David Nalbandian in straight sets in the final. One month later at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, in singles, as 3rd seed, Coria reached semifinals without dropping a set, where he was defeated by 1st seed Kristian Pless in straight sets. In doubles of the same tournament, however, as 1st seeds, Coria and Nalbandian teamed up to win the boys' doubles | 13,714 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
title by beating Todor Enev and Jarkko Nieminen.
### failed drugs test and doping suspension.
Coria tested positive for nandrolone in April 2001 after a match in Barcelona against Michel Kratochvil. Coria was initially banned from tennis for two years, starting in August 2001, and was fined $98,565. Coria claimed that the only supplement that he was taking was a multivitamin made by a New Jersey supplements company. His family employed a private lab to test the multivitamin, which was found to be contaminated with steroids. In December 2001, the ATP refused to acquit Coria, but reduced his ban from two years to seven months, which meant that he would be free to continue with his tennis career | 13,715 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
in March 2002. Coria sued the New Jersey supplements company for more than $10 million in lost prize money and endorsements and settled after the third day of the trial for an undisclosed amount.
As a result of the seven months during which Coria was banned from playing tennis, his world ranking dropped from No. 32 to No. 97. 2002 was, therefore, a rebuilding year for Coria, and he finished 2002 ranked at world No. 45.
### "King of Clay".
##### Dominance on clay begins.
Coria signalled his arrival as a world class clay-court player in 2003 by reaching the finals in Buenos Aires, where he lost a tight best-of-three-sets match to Carlos Moyá, and at the Monte Carlo Masters, where he lost | 13,716 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
in two straight sets to Juan Carlos Ferrero. Coria went on to win his first Masters Series title at the 2003 Hamburg Masters by defeating Agustín Calleri in the final in three straight sets.
At the 2003 French Open, Coria defeated Andre Agassi in four sets in the quarterfinals, before suffering an upset loss to Martin Verkerk and his booming serves in the semifinals. In July 2003, Coria was increasingly establishing himself as the new king of clay by winning three clay-court tournaments in three weeks, the Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, the Generali Open in Kitzbühel and the Orange Prokom Open in Sopot. He won these three tournaments without dropping a set, dishing out five bagels and eight breadsticks | 13,717 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
in the process. He finished the year ranked No. 5 in the world.
##### French Open final.
In 2004, Coria won the clay-court tournament in Buenos Aires and reached his first Masters final on hard court at the 2004 NASDAQ-100 Open, where he faced Andy Roddick. From the first set onwards, Coria was visibly hurt by pains in his back that later turned out to be kidney stones. Coria still won the first set 7–6, but Roddick won the next two sets 6–3, 6–1, before Coria was forced to retire during the first game of the fourth set.
Three weeks later, Coria defeated Rainer Schüttler in three straight sets in the final of the Monte Carlo Masters to win his second Masters Series title. Coria had now won | 13,718 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
five consecutive clay-court tournaments which includes 2 consecutive Masters Series title and had gone 26 consecutive matches unbeaten on clay. On 3 May 2004, Coria reached a career-high ranking of world No. 3. In attempting to defend his title at the Hamburg Masters, Coria increased his clay-court winning streak to 31 matches by reaching the final, where he lost to world No. 1 Roger Federer in four sets.
At the French Open, Coria only dropped 1 set en route to the final, defeating Nikolay Davydenko, Juan Mónaco, Mario Ančić and Nicolas Escudé, before beating former world No. 1, Carlos Moyá, in the quarterfinals and British serve-and-volleyer, Tim Henman, in the semifinals; but he was unexpectedly | 13,719 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
defeated by unseeded compatriot Gastón Gaudio in an unprecedented all-Argentine final, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 1–6, 6–8. Coria had won the first two sets with ease and was in control of the third set at 4–4 and 40–0 up on serve, before Gaudio broke Coria's serve and went on to take the third set. Coria then succumbed to leg cramps for the rest of the match, and was barely able to move at times, with many of his serves in the fourth set not even reaching the net. Despite this, Coria still got the advantage at several stages of the fifth set, leading by a break of serve on four separate occasions, including twice serving for the championship at 5–4 and 6–5. He had 2 championship points at 6–5 but he narrowly | 13,720 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
missed the line with attempted winners on both points, making him the only male player in the Open Era to lose a Grand Slam singles final after having held a championship point, until Roger Federer did so too at the 2019 Wimbledon. Many fans and pundits agree that Coria was never the same player after the loss.
Coria reached finals on 3 different surfaces (all except carpet) in 2004. He surprised some people by reaching the first grass-court final of his career at 's-Hertogenbosch, losing the final to Michaël Llodra. This was only two weeks after the devastation of losing the French Open final. Coria then went on to defeat Wesley Moodie in a five-set match in the first round of Wimbledon, which | 13,721 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
took nearly three days to complete after the start of the match, as a result of rain and poor scheduling. Coria lost in four sets in the second round to Florian Mayer and got a bad injury to his right shoulder during the match. As a result, Coria dropped out for the remainder of the season and in August, Coria had surgery on his right shoulder. He returned to the ATP tour in November for the Masters Cup, where he performed poorly.
##### Two Masters finals on clay & service yips.
Coria appeared in five finals after the 2004 French Open defeat and lost four of them, with 3 of them against the rising king of clay, Rafael Nadal. The most famous one is the Rome Masters final loss that lasted almost | 13,722 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
5 hours and 20 minutes. It is agreed by many that it is one of the greatest matches played on clay, if not the greatest of all. Their head-to-head record was deadlocked at 1–1 prior to the match, with Nadal winning their most recent meeting at the Monte-Carlo Masters final weeks ago in 4 sets. Nadal took the first set 6–4 after being down a break and Coria went on to take the second 6–3. During the 3rd set Coria fought back from 1–5 to 3–5, where the game progressed to one of the most exciting deuces in tennis that lasted 15 minutes, featuring a variety of tactics and plays in long breathtaking rallies, although eventually Nadal pulled through and went on to take the 3rd set 6–3. Coria took | 13,723 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
the fourth set 6–4 and led 3–0 in the fifth set with two breaks of serve and had a game point in the fourth game, before Nadal broke back twice to lead 4–3 on serve in the fifth set. Eventually the match went into tiebreak at the 5-hour mark, soon after Coria had saved a championship point for Nadal in the 12th game of the fifth set. During the tiebreak, Coria fought back from a 1–5 deficit and saved another 2 Nadal championship points when 4–6 down in the tiebreak to level at 6–6. However, Nadal then won the next 2 points to win the fifth set tiebreak 8–6. As a result, Nadal won his second consecutive Masters final of the year against Coria.
The only final Coria won in 2005 was on 31 July, | 13,724 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
when he won in Umag, Croatia, defeating Carlos Moyá in the final. Afterwards, Coria joked that the small tournament was considered a fifth Grand Slam in his family, because his wife Carla hails from Croatia. Coria had a surprisingly consistent 2005 season, where he was one of only three players to reach the fourth round or better at every Grand Slam, the others being Roger Federer and David Nalbandian.
Despite having a consistent season in 2005, during his tournament victory in Umag he started to suffer from the service yips, a psychological condition that renders a tennis player unable to hit the ball at the correct moment when serving. Initially it was not very noticeable, but became more | 13,725 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
apparent during the US Open, during which Coria served a combined total of 34 double faults in his fourth-round win over Nicolás Massú and his quarterfinal loss to unseeded Robby Ginepri. Against Ginepri, having already saved five match points, Coria was serving to take the match into a fifth-set tiebreaker, when two consecutive double faults from deuce gave Ginepri the win.
As the 2005 season drew to a close, Coria's form started to dip alarmingly as a result of the high number of double faults he was serving in an increasing number of his matches. Coria lost 9 of his last 11 matches of 2005. Some pundits have also speculated that his three losses in finals to the emerging Nadal may have hit | 13,726 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
his confidence worse than the loss to Gaudio.
Between 2003–2005 Coria compiled a record of 90–13 (87.38%) which includes a 31-match win streak on clay.
### Steady decline.
##### Gradual loss of form.
Coria's service yips got increasingly worse in 2006, although he still reached the third round of the 2006 Australian Open and managed a victory over Novak Djokovic at the 2006 Miami Masters without serving any double faults.
At the 2006 Monte Carlo Masters, Coria came back from 1–6, 1–5 down to defeat Paul-Henri Mathieu, despite serving 20 double faults in the match. Coria then defeated Nicolas Kiefer, despite serving 22 double faults, but he was then easily beaten by Rafael Nadal in the | 13,727 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
quarterfinals. After Monte Carlo, Coria wins generally became fewer and further between, although he did manage a semifinal in Amersfoort in July 2006.
Coria withdrew from the 2006 French Open and 2006 Wimbledon as he attempted to sort out marital problems, problems with his game, and an elbow injury. In August 2006, he hired Horacio de la Peña as his tennis coach. At the 2006 US Open, Coria retired in his first-round match against Ryan Sweeting after just five games. It would be 17 months before Coria played a match on the ATP tour again.
##### Injuries and inactivity.
Coria made his return in a Challenger in Belo Horizonte, Brazil on 22 October 2007. He lost the first set 3–6 to fellow | 13,728 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
Argentine Juan Pablo Brzezicki and subsequently retired with a back injury. He had been leading in the first set 3–1.
##### Attempted comeback.
Coria finally returned to the main ATP circuit in the Movistar Open in Chile on 28 January 2008. He showed positive signs of recovering his form, but was still defeated in the first round by Pablo Cuevas, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6.
In February, in his second ATP Circuit appearance of the year, Coria defeated Italian qualifier Francesco Aldi, 6–4 7–5. It was his first ATP victory in 19 months.
As a result of Andy Roddick's withdrawal from the 2008 French Open due to a back injury, Coria made his first Grand Slam appearance since the 2006 US Open, taking the | 13,729 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
place of the American. He faced Tommy Robredo, the three-time quarterfinalist and 12th seed, in the first round. Coria was defeated in four sets, 7–5, 4–6, 1–6, 4–6, but Coria's performance led to some optimism, even from Coria himself, who was close to forcing a fifth set.
Coria never recovered from the service yips that damaged his game and kept his ranking hundreds of places below his once consistent Top 10 position. On 28 April 2009, he announced his retirement from professional tennis, saying that he "didn’t feel like competing anymore."
# Playing style.
Coria was a very well-rounded player who had an excellent technique. He was known as a very solid baseliner and an excellent claycourter. | 13,730 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
He had excellent speed, making him one of the best defenders on the tour, and he was able to hit good shots on the run. He had penetrating and balanced groundstroke capabilities and frequently utilised drop shots. His comparatively weak serve was especially noted during the late stages of his career, where Coria would make numerous double faults due to service yips, often resorting to hitting a severely underpowered second serve to avoid this. Whilst his small size and relative lack of power meant he didn't have any big, stand-out weapons, Coria had excellent consistency and court craft which enabled him to become a top player, especially on clay courts.
Coria also has one of the strongest, | 13,731 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
if not the best return game in the history of men's tennis, currently ranked No. 1 for 3 of the 4 all-time leaderboards regarding returns on all surfaces: for break point conversion percentage at 45.71%, ahead of Rafael Nadal (45.15%), and Sergi Bruguera (44.95%); for first serve return points won percentage at 36.05%, ahead of Nadal (34.05%), and David Ferrer (33.65%); for return games won percentage at 35.26%, ahead of Nadal (33.35%) and Novak Djokovic (32.23%). His incredibly strong return game is sometimes enough to allow him to win matches despite his service yips. The only leaderboard about return that Coria did not rank No. 1 at is the second serve return points won, where he is currently | 13,732 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
ranked 13th.
American tennis author Scoop Malinowski praised Coria in 2019 as "the best player to never win a major"... "The old debate pops up now and again, about who is the best tennis player to never win a major, and the same names get mentioned – Marcelo Rios, David Nalbandian, Todd Martin, Tomas Berdych, Cedric Pioline, etc. I have a different view of the discussion. Guillermo Coria is the best player to never win a major, in my opinion."
# Personal life.
Coria was named after French Open champion and compatriot Guillermo Vilas. He began to play tennis at the age of 3, not long after learning how to walk, when his father Oscar, a tennis coach, introduced the game to him. His mother | 13,733 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
Garciela is a housewife. He was the oldest of 3 brothers in his family.
Coria attended preschool with David Nalbandian in Argentina (their ages are 12 days apart). He admired Andre Agassi and Marcelo Ríos while growing up. He enjoys playing soccer and he is a well-known River Plate fan. Coria married Carla Francovigh on 27 December 2003. They have a son named Thiago, born on 12 April 2012. A daughter, Delfina, was born on 4 October 2013.
As of 2010, Coria was coaching his younger brother Federico Coria.
As of 2016, Coria has been traveling around Argentina managing the Government-funded program "Our Tennis" whose purpose is to promote the sport, and identify and develop talent among children | 13,734 |
621262 | Guillermo Coria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo%20Coria | Guillermo Coria
rt). He admired Andre Agassi and Marcelo Ríos while growing up. He enjoys playing soccer and he is a well-known River Plate fan. Coria married Carla Francovigh on 27 December 2003. They have a son named Thiago, born on 12 April 2012. A daughter, Delfina, was born on 4 October 2013.
As of 2010, Coria was coaching his younger brother Federico Coria.
As of 2016, Coria has been traveling around Argentina managing the Government-funded program "Our Tennis" whose purpose is to promote the sport, and identify and develop talent among children and teens.
# Equipment.
Coria used the Prince O3 Tour. His racquet was strung with Luxilon Big Banger Original 16 String. His clothing sponsor was Adidas. | 13,735 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
California Dreamin'
"California Dreamin'" is a song written by John Phillips and Michelle Phillips and was first recorded by Barry McGuire. However, the best-known version is by the Mamas and the Papas, who sang backup on the original version and released it as a single in 1965. The song is No. 89 in "Rolling Stone" list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The lyrics of the song express the narrator's longing for the warmth of Los Angeles during a cold winter in New York City.
The song became a signpost of the California Sound, heralding the arrival of the nascent counterculture era.
"California Dreamin'" was certified as a Gold Record (single) by the Recording Industry Association of America | 13,736 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
in June 1966 and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001.
# History.
The song was written in 1963 while John Phillips and Michelle Phillips were living in New York City. He dreamed about the song and woke her up to help him write it. At the time, John and Michelle Phillips were members of the folk group the New Journeymen, which evolved into the Mamas and the Papas.
They earned their first record contract after being introduced to Lou Adler, the head of Dunhill Records, by Barry McGuire. In thanks to Adler, they sang the backing vocals to "California Dreamin with members of the session band The Wrecking Crew on McGuire's album "This Precious Time". The Mamas and the Papas then recorded | 13,737 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
their own version using the same instrumental and backing vocal tracks, to which they added new vocals and an alto flute solo by Bud Shank. The guitar introduction was performed by P. F. Sloan. McGuire's original vocal can be briefly heard on the left channel at the beginning of the record, having not been completely erased.
The single was released in late 1965 but was not an immediate breakthrough. After gaining little attention in Los Angeles upon its release, a radio station in Boston was the catalyst to break the song nationwide. After making its chart debut in January 1966, the song peaked at No. 4 in March on both the "Billboard" Hot 100, lasting 17 weeks, and "Cashbox", lasting 20 weeks. | 13,738 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
For all of 1966, "California Dreamin was the number one single in "Billboard" and tied for number one with "Ballad of the Green Berets" in "Cashbox". "California Dreamin also reached number 23 on the UK charts upon its original release, and re-charted after its use in a Carling Premier commercial in 1997, peaking at number nine there.
The song is repeatedly used in the 1994 Hong Kong film "Chungking Express" as a central plot point.
# Other versions.
## Jose Feliciano.
At the end of 1967 the young new California resident artist Jose Feliciano, was assigned from the RCA the producer Rick Jarrard who had already distinguished himself in the successes with Jefferson Airplane to make a new album | 13,739 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
with a new style. The result was LP "Feliciano!" that for the first time blend American pop-soft rock with Latin sounds and soul interpretations created by Jose Feliciano adapted in every cover included in the LP. The first song (and the single released for radio and on the market) was his new and fresh rewriting of "California Dreamin". As the "B-side" of the single, however, another excellent rewrite was included which then became the real hit broadcast on the radio, namely "Light My Fire". The single with the two songs reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as the LP which was certified Gold by the RIAA.. Thanks to this new successful arrangement, Feliciano becomes a world pop-star | 13,740 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
and its rewriting a classic taken up by many artists. So much so that in 2019 Quentin Tarantino includes this version of California Dreamin as a symbolic song of his film set in 1969 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood which immediately arouses curiosity and becomes the most downloaded of the soundtrack of the film on the webstores
## America version.
In the spring of 1979 the band America reached on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with their remake of "California Dreamin'" which was the first studio recording by America as the duo of Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell without third founding member Dan Peek who had departed the group in 1977. Bunnell – who sang lead – and Beckley – who sang background – self-produced | 13,741 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
the track which featured America's touring musicians: David Dickey, drummer Willie Leacox, guitarist Michael Woods, percussionist Tom Walsh, and Jim Calire who played keyboards and also saxophone.
America had performed "California Dreamin at least on occasion in concert as early as 1974, "California Dreamin'" being a sentimental favorite of the band's members having been a setlist staple of the cover band in which all three had performed while London Central High School students in the late 1960s. The recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was specifically made for to play under the closing credits of the American International Pictures (AIP) movie release "California Dreaming" which | 13,742 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
had been shot in the final months of 1977 for release in the summer of 1978 although the movie would in fact be held back from wide release until 16 March 1979 with America recording the song "California Dreamin'" in the autumn of 1978: Beckley and Bunnell agreed to record the song after being (at least partially) shown the movie – "We liked what we saw" – and the track was recorded at Studio 55 (Hollywood): "We did it more as a rock thing [compared to the original], [with] a full sound but reliant on the harmonies."
The track was originally scheduled for a 15 January 1979 release which was delayed until after AIP's February 1979 pacting with Casablanca Records to distribute the "California | 13,743 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
Dreaming" soundtrack, Casablanca having recently managed to bolster the modest success of the film "Thank God It's Friday" through a hit soundtrack album: the recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was therefore given parallel release with the movie, another soundtrack item: "See It My Way" by session group F.D.R., serving as B-side. Both the America single and (in April 1978) the soundtrack album were issued by AIP on its own label (distributed by Casablanca): outside the US and Canada, Casablanca acted as label of release.
By the spring of 1979 America were involved in sessions for their Capitol Records debut album "Silent Letter" and were either unable or uninterested in promoting | 13,744 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
their version of "California Dreamin'" which single proved unable to buoy its parent film's faltering box office take. However the publicity inherent in the film's release was evidently enough to afford minor hit status to America's soundtrack item (heard in the film's trailer, America's "California Dreamin was also cited in the movie's poster), and despite its lowly chart peak America's "California Dreamin remake would be more successful than any of their first five Capitol single releases none of which ranked in the Hot 100 (the band's sixth Capitol single release: "You Can Do Magic", would in 1982 afford the band a sole latterday Top Ten hit).
"California Dreamin continued to be featured | 13,745 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
in America's live gigs eventually being established as a mandatory America concert title. A live performance of the song by America is featured on "In Concert" the band's 1996 album release of a 1982 live gig. The band's 1978 recording has been included on the 2000 America retrospective box set "Highway: 30 Years Of America" also being featured in 2001 on "The Complete Greatest Hits".
## Beach Boys version.
### Background.
The Beach Boys recorded "California Dreamin'" in 1986 for their greatest hits compilation "Made in U.S.A.". It was produced by Terry Melcher and featured Roger McGuinn from The Byrds on 12-string guitar. Denny Doherty was on the East coast and declined; Cass Elliot had | 13,746 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
died in 1974. This version of the song was referenced in the lyrics of the Dead Milkmen's 1988 novelty hit "Punk Rock Girl".
Although the song only charted at a modest number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, it reached on the "Billboard Adult" Contemporary. and it was supported by a music video that saw heavy rotation on MTV. The video featured the Beach Boys along with John Phillips, Michelle Phillips and Roger McGuinn.
### Personnel.
Credits sourced from Craig Slowinski and Andrew G. Doe.
The Beach Boys
- Carl Wilson – lead vocals
- Al Jardine – lead vocals
- Mike Love – vocals
- Brian Wilson – vocals
- Bruce Johnston – vocals
- Additional musicians and production staff
- Roger McGuinn | 13,747 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
– 12-string lead guitar
- Jeff Foskett – possible vocals
- Adrian Baker – possible vocals
"unknown" – bass, drums, acoustic lead guitar, saxophone, synthesizer
## Freischwimmer version.
A tropical house version by German DJ/remixer Freischwimmer was released in 2015. This version reached number one on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart in its February 13, 2016 issue. "Dreamin" had never before hit No. 1 on any ranking, making this version the first in its nearly 50-year history to reach the top spot on a "Billboard" chart.
## Lesser-known versions.
Bobby Womack recorded a version of the song for his debut album "Fly Me to the Moon" in 1968. Released as a single who recall the 1968 | 13,748 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
Jose Feliciano arrangment, it reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 20 on the "Billboard" Rhythm & Blues Singles chart.
In 1977, Eddie Hazel recorded a version of California Dreamin’ for his debut album "Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs". Eddie Hazel was the Lead guitarist for Funkadelic until 1974 when he was arrested. He would appear on Parliament-Funkadelic albums until his death in 1992.
In 1978, a disco version proved popular in European clubs for the Italian project Colorado, reaching 45 on the British charts, and house cover versions have been released by DJ Sammy and Royal Gigolos.
The Liverpool folk quartet River City People recorded a version of "California Dreamin | 13,749 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
as a double A-sided single with "Carry the Blame" in 1990, reaching number 13 on the official UK top 40 singles chart, with the single also charting in Ireland (number 16).
Japanese punk band Hi-Standard included the song on their 1996 debut album, "Growing Up."
Nancy Sinatra, include this on her 1998 album, "Sheet Music".
In 2004, German punk techno group, Royal Gigolos, sampled the song on a track by the same name on their "Musique Deluxe" album.
Queen Latifah included a cover of California Dreamin' on her 1994 album entitled "The Dana Owens Album".
Sia recorded the song for the disaster film "San Andreas". The song came out in May 2015 and was featured in the movie's trailers. The song | 13,750 |
621277 | California Dreamin' | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California%20Dreamin' | California Dreamin'
ie's trailers. The song reached the top 20 in Lebanon, peaking at and becoming a big airplay gainer there, position no. 92 on the "UK" Singles Chart, on the "Scottish" Singles Chart, on the chart
"SNEP" Singles Chart.
A Spanish version of the song, sung by Gabriela Terán, was used in the 2017 horror film "The Belko Experiment."
# See also.
- List of number-one dance singles of 2016 (U.S.)
# External links.
- "California Dreamin"' at Myspace (streamed copy where licensed)
- NPR's "Present at the Creation" segment on the origins of the song
- Technical article describing how California Dreamin' was originally mixed
- Facts and discussion about the song
- Review Of California Dreaming | 13,751 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
Stephen Lee (snooker player)
Stephen Lee (born 12 October 1974) is an English former professional snooker player. He turned professional in 1992 and was ranked in the top 16 between the 1997/1998 and 2007/2008 snooker seasons, reaching a career-high of fifth in the rankings. He won five ranking titles between 1998 and 2006, reached the semi-finals of the 2003 World Championship and the final of the 2008 Masters. Thereafter, his form declined dramatically and as a result he dropped out of the top 16 after a run of eleven consecutive seasons, meaning he would no longer automatically qualify for tournaments. A return to form in the 2011/2012 season saw Lee reach two consecutive finals in ranking | 13,752 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
tournaments and collect his fifth title, as well as regaining his top 16 seeding. Lee was a strong break-builder compiling 184 competitive century breaks during his career, and his smooth cue action is regarded by some pundits as the most natural the game has seen.
Lee's playing career came to a premature end when he was suspended from WSA competition on 12 October 2012 on match-fixing charges. He was found guilty by an independent tribunal in September 2013 of influencing the outcome of seven matches in 2008 and 2009. He received a twelve-year ban backdated to the start of his suspension and which will run until 12 October 2024, the day of his 50th birthday.
# Career.
## Early career.
Stephen | 13,753 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
Lee turned professional after winning the English Amateur Championship in 1992. During his first season as a professional he had a run of 33 successive frames won during qualifying matches, an all-time professional record. He reached the Top 16 of the rankings five years later, despite never having reached the semi-finals of a ranking event at this point. He entered the Top 8 after winning his first ranking title during the 1998/1999 season.
## 1998–2011.
His first ranking victory came at the Grand Prix, in 1998 defeating Dave Harold 6–4 in a hard-fought semi-final that saw Lee come from 3–0 and 4–1 down, before beating newcomer Marco Fu convincingly in the final, 9–2. His first ranking title | 13,754 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
and first two ranking semi-finals were all achieved without beating a top-16 player. After a failed drugs test in 2000 briefly upset his momentum, he scored more ranking points than any other player in the 2001/2002 season (winning the Scottish Open as well as the Grand Prix), thus briefly making him the provisional world No. 1 early in the following season. Lee was favourite to win the 2001 Masters, but lost 5–6 in the first round to John Parrott. He was part of the England team which won the 2001 Nations Cup. His best run in the World Championship came in the 2003 event when he reached the semi-finals.
Due to a dip in form, at the 2006 Welsh Open he came to the competition outside the provisional | 13,755 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
Top 16 after failing to win a ranking tournament for four years. He went on to win the tournament, beating the then World Champion, Shaun Murphy, 9–4 in the final.
For 2007/2008 he slipped to No. 13 in the rankings after reaching just one semi-final, partly due to missing the China Open for personal reasons. He nevertheless reached the final of the 2008 Masters, losing 3–10 to Mark Selby. Following a heavy defeat by Joe Swail in the first round of the 2008 World Championship, confirming his drop out of the top 16 of the rankings, Lee considered retiring from the game.
However, he did compete in the first ranking event of the 2008/2009 season, the 2008 Northern Ireland Trophy, and after convincing | 13,756 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
wins over Judd Trump and Stephen Hendry, he reached the last 16, where despite making three century breaks he lost 4–5 to eventual runner-up Dave Harold. He then failed to qualify for the Shanghai Masters, losing 4–5 to Tom Ford. He reached the televised stages of the 2009 World Championship by defeating Judd Trump in qualifying, but was beaten 10–4 in the first round by Ryan Day.
On 11 February 2010 Lee was arrested by West Midlands Police on suspicion of cheating, in relation to an investigation by the Gambling Commission over suspicious betting patterns.
During the 2010/2011 season Lee managed to regain some form including a win in Event 4 of the EPTC events. However, he drew John Higgins | 13,757 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
in the first round at both the UK Championship and World Championship, losing on both occasions with Higgins going on to eventually win both events. At the China Open he drew Mark Williams in the first round and despite Williams making four centuries he won 5–4, making a gutsy 61 clearance to the black in the decider. He went on to reach the quarter-finals, where he lost to Ding Junhui 5–2. Lee won a non-ranking event in 2011 in the CCI Open Invitational he beat Jimmy White 10-7 in the final in Mumbai.
## Return to form.
Lee began the 2011/2012 season ranked 18 and lost in qualifying for the Australian Goldfields Open and in the first round of the Shanghai Masters. However, he had an excellent | 13,758 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
run of form in the PTC Events by reaching the quarter-finals of Events 3 and 4 and going one better in Event 6, as he lost to Neil Robertson in the last 4. This meant that Lee returned to the top 16 in October, as he was ranked 13 and therefore gained automatic entry into the upcoming ranking events. He lost in the first round of the UK Championship and in the German Masters reached his first semi-final since the 2006 Northern Ireland Trophy, but could not get past Ronnie O'Sullivan, who won 6–4. He then made it to the quarter-finals of the Welsh Open, where he was put off by a mobile phone ringing on his back-swing in a deciding frame against Ding Junhui and went on to lose the match. He used | 13,759 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
his frustration from the incident to good effect however, as he beat Dominic Dale, Neil Robertson, Graeme Dott and Robert Milkins to reach the final of the World Open, his first since the 2006 Welsh Open. He played Mark Allen, but was dominated throughout, as he lost the match 1–10.
Lee enjoyed further success on the PTC calendar as he reached another semi-final, to finish 14th on the Order of Merit and therefore qualified for the last 24 of the Finals. It was in the finals where Lee won his first ranking title for six years as he dropped just three frames during the tournament, including 4–0 whitewashes over Mark Selby and in the final versus Robertson, where Lee became the first player to | 13,760 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
beat the Australian in a ranking event final. Lee's form in the second half of the season continued into the China Open as he registered his third ranking event semi-final of the year by defeating Judd Trump again, but could not feature in three successive finals as he lost 2–6 to Stephen Maguire. His season did finish in disappointment though as he was beaten in the first round of the World Championship 6–10 by Andrew Higginson. Nevertheless, Lee climbed 10 places in the world rankings to end the season at number 8, the highest he has been since 2003.
# Match-fixing and ban.
Lee was arrested and bailed on suspicion of match-fixing on 11 February 2010, following a police investigation into | 13,761 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
suspicious betting patterns relating to a match played in 2009, believed to have taken place at the UK championship. On 2 October 2012, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) released a statement confirming that the Crown Prosecution Service would not be taking further action against Lee over the claims. A week later, on the 11th, Lee was involved in another controversial match which resulted in a 2–4 defeat by John Higgins at a Premier League fixture, having previously led 2–1, which caused fellow professional Judd Trump to question the integrity of the result on Twitter, especially since Lee squandered a golden opportunity to level the match at 3 frames all. The following | 13,762 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
day—on his 38th birthday—Lee was suspended by the WPBSA following reports by at least two bookmakers of irregular betting patterns connected to the Premier League match, pending a full inquiry. Lee appealed against the decision made by the Chairman of the WPBSA; Robert Englehart QC—appointed by Sport Resolutions UK to consider Lee's appeal against suspension—dismissed it, deciding the suspension should remain in place until either the conclusion of the investigation or any resultant hearings.
On 14 February 2013, the WPBSA brought charges against Lee concerning his group matches at the 2008 Malta Cup, two matches at the 2008 UK Championship, his match at the 2009 China Open, and a match at | 13,763 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
the 2009 World Snooker Championship. He was charged with violating sections 2.8 and 2.9 of the Members Rules and Regulations, which concern divulging information not already in the public domain with the express purpose of it being used for match-betting, and entering into an arrangement to influence the result of a game. Lee applied for permission to play in the 2013 World Championship in the event that the proceedings against him would be brought to a close before the draw was made, but it later transpired that he would be unable to participate in the tournament after learning that his hearing would not take place before the qualifying draw. On 10 April, the WPBSA announced that they would | 13,764 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
no longer be proceeding with the investigation into the Premier League match, although the inquiry into the remaining match-fixing charges would still go ahead. While suspended from WSA tournaments, Lee continued to compete in independently organised events, winning the RKGKhar Gymkhana Snooker Masters in May.
The case was heard by independent tribunal, Sport Resolutions UK, in a three-day hearing chaired by Adam Lewis QC, starting on 9 September 2013 and concluding on the 11th. The verdict was delivered on the 16th, with Lee found guilty of influencing the outcome of seven matches in 2008 and 2009. On the 25th, he received a twelve-year ban from WSA events, backdated to the beginning of his | 13,765 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
suspension on 12 October 2012 running through to his 50th birthday on 12 October 2024, and ordered to pay £40,000 in costs. Lee subsequently appealed against the "finding of the tribunal, the sanction and the costs awarded". Sport Resolutions appointed Edwin Glasgow QC to chair the appeal, with the Appeals Committee determining that the appeal should be heard in two parts. Originally set for 30 January 2014, the appeal was adjourned to 17 February. In the first stage of his appeal Lee challenged the independence of Adam Lewis, chairman of the original tribunal. Lewis had previously represented Leyton Orient F.C.—owned by World Snooker's CEO, Barry Hearn—in a legal dispute and Lee's legal team | 13,766 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
argued there was a conflict of interest. The argument was rejected on the 25th, and he was ordered to pay a further £30,000 in costs. The appeals panel recused itself from the second part of the appeal—in which Lee would challenge the guilty verdict itself—after finding him to be an unreliable witness. On 15 May, Nicholas Stewart QC presiding over the remainder of the appeal dismissed it and increased the costs awarded against Lee at the Adam Lewis hearing from £40,000 to £75,000. Stewart also awarded further costs of £20,000 against Lee for the second part of his appeal, bringing the total costs awarded against him to £125,000. He was removed from the snooker tour and world rankings in June | 13,767 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
2014.
## Other criminal matters.
On 9 June 2014 Lee pleaded guilty to fraud at Swindon Magistrates' Court and was fined £110. Lee had sold his personal snooker cue to a Facebook fan for £1,600 but when he failed to deliver the cue the fan reported the matter to the police. Lee was also ordered to repay the £1,600 cost of the cue.
On 12 April 2018 Lee was arrested in Hong Kong following an immigration raid at a billiards hall. Lee was charged with teaching snooker without a work permit and appeared in court on 14 April where he pleaded not guilty to breaching the conditions of his tourist visa. Lee was forced to surrender his passport and was bailed until June. Lee changed his plea to a guilty | 13,768 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
plea on the first day of his trial, and the case was dismissed after Lee agreed to a 12-month good behaviour bond of HK$1,000 (£95).
# Personal life.
He married long-term partner Laura in the summer of 2005 in Florida. He has four children including twin sons. He is noted for his unusually high weight for a professional sportsman, although he has attempted to reduce this by not binge-drinking or eating late at night.
In September 2015, Lee was featured as a part of BBC's "Inside Out West" documentary series in which it was revealed that he had established the Stephen Lee Billiards Academy, a snooker coaching club for children and young people, in the Chinese city of Shenzhen.
# See also.
- | 13,769 |
621261 | Stephen Lee (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen%20Lee%20(snooker%20player) | Stephen Lee (snooker player)
sonal life.
He married long-term partner Laura in the summer of 2005 in Florida. He has four children including twin sons. He is noted for his unusually high weight for a professional sportsman, although he has attempted to reduce this by not binge-drinking or eating late at night.
In September 2015, Lee was featured as a part of BBC's "Inside Out West" documentary series in which it was revealed that he had established the Stephen Lee Billiards Academy, a snooker coaching club for children and young people, in the Chinese city of Shenzhen.
# See also.
- List of snooker players investigated for match-fixing
# External links.
- Player profile on Global Snooker
- Profile on Yahoo! Sport | 13,770 |
621301 | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister%20of%20Justice%20and%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Canada | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
The Minister of Justice and Attorney General (MoJAG; ) is a dual role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet. In the role of Minister of Justice (), the MoJAG serves as the Minister of the Crown responsible for the Department of Justice and the Justice Portfolio. Acting as Attorney General (), the MoJAG litigates on behalf of the Crown and serves as the chief legal advisor to the Government of Canada. Most prosecution functions of the Attorney General have been assigned to the Public Prosecution Service of Canada. The Attorney General is supported in this role by the Director of Public Prosecutions.
This cabinet position is usually reserved for | 13,771 |
621301 | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister%20of%20Justice%20and%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Canada | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
someone holding a legal qualification. There have been exceptions: Joe Clark only studied the first year of law at University of British Columbia Faculty of Law before embarking on political life.
This cabinet portfolio has been held by many individuals who went on to become Prime Minister including John Sparrow David Thompson, R. B. Bennett, Louis St Laurent, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, John Turner, Kim Campbell and Jean Chrétien (Clark became Minister after his time as Prime Minister). This is the only Canadian Ministry (other than that of the Prime Minister) which has not been reorganized since its creation in 1867.
# Attorney General of Canada.
The role was created in 1867 to replace the | 13,772 |
621301 | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister%20of%20Justice%20and%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Canada | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
Attorney General of Canada West and Attorney General of Canada East.
As the top prosecuting officer in Canada, the Attorney General of Canada is a separate title held by the Canadian Minister of Justice ("")—a member of the Cabinet. The Minister of Justice is concerned with questions of policy and their relationship to the justice system. In their role as attorney general, they are the chief law officer of the Crown.
A separate cabinet position, the Minister of Public Safety ()—formerly the "Solicitor General"—administers the law enforcement agencies (police, prisons, and security) of the federal government.
# Ministers of Justice.
Key:
# See also.
For the Attorneys-General of the various | 13,773 |
621301 | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister%20of%20Justice%20and%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Canada | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
provinces of Canada see:
- Alberta Minister of Justice and Attorney General
- Attorney General of British Columbia
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General (Manitoba)
- Office of the Attorney General (New Brunswick)
- Minister of Justice and Public Safety and Attorney General of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Minister of Justice of the Northwest Territories
- Attorney General and Minister of Justice of Nova Scotia
- Minister of Justice of Nunavut
- Attorney General of Ontario
- Minister of Justice and Public Safety and Attorney General of Prince Edward Island
- Ministry of Justice (Quebec) (also as Attorney General)
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Saskatchewan
- Minister | 13,774 |
621301 | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister%20of%20Justice%20and%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Canada | Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General (Manitoba)
- Office of the Attorney General (New Brunswick)
- Minister of Justice and Public Safety and Attorney General of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Minister of Justice of the Northwest Territories
- Attorney General and Minister of Justice of Nova Scotia
- Minister of Justice of Nunavut
- Attorney General of Ontario
- Minister of Justice and Public Safety and Attorney General of Prince Edward Island
- Ministry of Justice (Quebec) (also as Attorney General)
- Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Saskatchewan
- Minister of Justice (Yukon)
- Historical roles
- Attorney General of Upper Canada
- Attorney General of Lower Canada | 13,775 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
Microsoft Train Simulator
Microsoft Train Simulator (abbreviated to MSTS) is a train simulator for Microsoft Windows, released in May 2001 and developed by UK-based Kuju Entertainment. It sold 1 million units worldwide by 2005.
# Features.
The simulation allows players to operate a train on various routes in Europe, Asia, and North America. Players need to stop and start the train, couple wagons, using the computer mouse, keyboard or a hardware addition such as Raildriver to operate the controls. Sound effects are enabled.
## Routes.
The original game featured six routes: (four in 1,435 Gauge and two in 1,067 Gauge)
Included with the game is the Editors & Tools program, which allows the | 13,776 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
user to build custom routes, create activities for any route, create custom consists, create custom cabviews or edit the default ones.
## Locomotives (1.0/1.2).
The 1.0 base package contains 9 drivable locomotives and multiple units plus 8 AI locomotives/multiple units (AI units cannot be operated by the player without modification).
Large amounts of post-release DLC was also distributed, providing routes, locomotives, wagons and sessions.
## Wagons (1.0/1.2).
The 1.0 base package contains 7 Passenger Car Types plus Various BNSF Freight Cars.
Large amounts of post-release DLC was also distributed, providing routes, locomotives, wagons and sessions.
# Gameplay issues.
The original version | 13,777 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
contained many bugs. For example, the "front coupling bug", where the locomotive's front coupler would not work, the "white void bug", where the route scenery disappears, leaving a white void, and the "end-of-the-line bug", where the locomotive, if it crashes through the last buffers on the route, would fall into an empty void. There are also issues with the signalling and AI dispatching. The game is also notoriously unstable, with unusually high tendencies to hang or crash without reason, and display error messages incorrectly and/or at the wrong times. In many instances, out-of-place error messages, usually for missing files, will cause a crash at the wrong time. MSTS 1.2 addressed some of | 13,778 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
these issues.
# Updates.
Version 1.2 added new items such as British and American rolling stock, namely the British Rail Class 50, British Rail Mark 1 Coaches, an wap 4 SD40-2 and general US freight cars, along with two new activities each for the SD40-2 and Class 50.
# Reception.
## Sales.
"Train Simulator" achieved domestic sales of 191,952 units by the end of 2001, which drew revenues of $8.7 million. These numbers rose to 330,000 copies ($11.6 million) in the United States alone by August 2006. At the time, this led "Edge" to rank it as the country's 54th-best-selling computer game released since January 2000.
Internationally, "Train Simulator" received a "Silver" sales award from | 13,779 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In the German market, the (VUD) presented it with a "Gold" certification in early 2003, for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
"Train Simulator" ultimately sold one million units by 2005, and is, despite its age, still very popular and has a large, active community.
## Reviews and awards.
The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated "Microsoft Train Simulator" for its 2001 " Computer Simulation Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to "Microsoft Flight Simulator 2002".
# Mods.
The game features mod | 13,780 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
support as routes, trains, cargoes, scenery, etc. are abundant in the game. The installment of the mods is somewhat tricky since they have to be loaded into set files like Routes for Routes and Trainset for Trains, rollingstock, consists, etc. Over 1,000 mods were created for the game and are mostly hosted on community sites such as trainsim.com, uktrainsim.com and elvastower.com, to name a few. Additionally, MSTS BIN, a community mod that aimed to add features and fix old MSTS bugs has since been released.
# Microsoft Train Simulator 2.
On May 7, 2003, Microsoft announced that it would be developing a sequel called "Microsoft Train Simulator 2" and it was first demoed to the public at E3 | 13,781 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
on May 15. Seemingly its main improvements were the addition of people to the game (e.g. passengers waiting at the stations, people operating the new locomotive roster, etc.), more realistic crashes and other accidents, and turntables. It was being developed by Kuju Entertainment, the original "MSTS" creators. Despite restructuring efforts at Kuju, the project was however handed over to Microsoft Game Studios on August 18, 2003.
This project was ultimately halted, as the following statement on April 24, 2004 from Microsoft confirmed:
On January 19, 2007, Microsoft announced the relaunch of the "Microsoft Train Simulator" project. This time the game was being made in-house by ACES Game Studio | 13,782 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
(Microsoft Game Studios) known for its long line of Microsoft Flight Simulators, as a part of the "Games for Windows" initiative. The game would have used the "Microsoft Flight Simulator X" graphics engine and it was planned to be compatible with both Windows Vista and Windows XP. A post on 'The Little Wheel Goes in Back' blog, written by one of the developers, on August 23, 2007 suggested the working title was 'Train Simulator 2'.
On January 23, 2009, Microsoft announced that it was permanently closing ACES Game Studios, the internal development studio responsible for both Microsoft Flight Simulator and Microsoft Train Simulator. As a result, all future development on Train Simulator 2 (which | 13,783 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
was entering the final stages of development at the time of the closure) was immediately halted, marking the second time that the project was terminated. While Microsoft stated that "they are committed to both the Flight Simulator and Train Simulator brands", it is unknown if the Train Simulator 2 project will ever be resurrected and completed sometime in the future. However, considering the fact that they discontinued support for Windows XP in 2014 and Windows Vista in 2017 (the two operating systems the second attempt was to be compatible with), as well as the Games for Windows initiative being discontinued in 2013, it seems unlikely. Many former employees of ACES Game Studios went on to join | 13,784 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
Cascade Game Foundry, a new company that was itself founded by two ACES alumni. Cascade Game Foundry focuses on developing entertainment simulations.
# Open Rails.
Open Rails is an open-source freeware project launched, developed, maintained and nurtured by a team of volunteers and licensed under GPL.
Its project summary states the following:
Open Rails is a train simulator that supports the world's largest range of digital content.brAccurate behaviour for steam, diesel and electric traction including trains with multiple locos.brSignals which correctly protect the train and permit complex timetabled operations.brMulti-user mode in which any timetabled train can be driven in person or by | 13,785 |
621297 | Microsoft Train Simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft%20Train%20Simulator | Microsoft Train Simulator
etabled train can be driven in person or by computer.
Key technical objectives are to be backward compatible with as well as extend all MSTS content. It adds new features such as improved multiplayer and mouse controls along with a newer engine that has better graphics and more realistic physics than MSTS. It is optimised to be able to take advantage of the features of newer CPUs, and can support more detailed models.
Open Rails 1.3.1 was released in 18 December 2018.
# See also.
- Train simulator – reference article to other train simulator products.
- Other games from the "Simulator" series: "Microsoft Flight Simulator", "Microsoft Space Simulator", "Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator" | 13,786 |
1214545 | Out-of-band infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-band%20infrastructure | Out-of-band infrastructure
Out-of-band infrastructure
The concept of out-of-band infrastructure (OOBI) has been used throughout the telecom industry for voice communication since the mid-1950s. Having a critical requirement to always provide dial-tone for health and safety reasons, the telecom industry created elaborate mechanisms which allowed quick service restoration using alternative communication pathways which were physically and logically separate from the voice traffic itself. This early concept of a distinct 'control path' is considered the foundation of out-of-band infrastructures and simply put, refers to the ability to establish distinct remedial control paths adjacent to production communications pathways.
Out-of-band, | 13,787 |
1214545 | Out-of-band infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-band%20infrastructure | Out-of-band infrastructure
rly concept of a distinct 'control path' is considered the foundation of out-of-band infrastructures and simply put, refers to the ability to establish distinct remedial control paths adjacent to production communications pathways.
Out-of-band, indicating that the control signals are sent separately from the data, is in contrast to in-band signalling where the control is sent as special forms of data communications. An example of in-band signalling would be Escape sequence coding.
# Computer systems management.
Out-of-band management is the adaptation of OOBI for the management of computer servers and data networking hardware, typically over Ethernet and cost-effective wide area networks. | 13,788 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
Trainz
Trainz is a series of 3D train simulator video games. The Australian studio Auran (since 2007 N3V Games) released the first game in 2001.
The simulators consist of route and session editors called "Surveyor", and the "Driver" module, that loads a route and lets the player operate and watch the trains run, either in "DCC" mode, which simulates a bare-bones Digital Command Control (DCC) system for the simple stop-and-go of a basic model railway, or "CAB" mode, which simulates real-world physics and adds working cab controls.
# Overview.
In the route editor, Surveyor, the user can shape the landscape, paint with ground textures, lay tracks, and place buildings and roads. The user then | 13,789 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
operates the trains in Driver, either in free play, or according to a scenario called a "Driver Session" which can range in difficulty from beginner to expert. In CAB (cabin) mode the train physics are more sophisticated than in DCC mode; adding real-life considerations such as wheel slip on the rails; how the weight of the consist slows acceleration and deceleration. Any train can be given directions to be driven by the computer.
## Other software.
The simulators are supported by a large library freeware assets which can be downloaded from the N3V servers, referred to as Download Station (DLS). PaintShed is a simple program for aiding and easing the process of 'reskinning' traincars, altering | 13,790 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
their livery, by recoloring and adding new heraldry to "Trainz" locomotives and other rolling stock. The "Content Manager" (CM) module is a Windows program that allows management of the in-game data base files.
# Games.
## "Trainz".
"Trainz Community Edition" was released in December 2001. Service packs 1 (April), 2 (June) and 3 (November) were each released in 2002, these progressively updated the "Community Edition, Trainz 1.0" to versions 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 successively. Two retail builds (retail versions releases) existed; the English/USA version is commonly known as "Trainz 1.0". (Box, which included Gmax as an accessory is shown at right in lower left corner.)
"Trainz Retail Edition" | 13,791 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
was released in June 2002 aimed at the United States and other North American markets.
Service pack 3 was released in November 2002, this updated both the "Community and Retail Editions" to version 1.3. Thus all USA versions are commonly known as "Trainz 1.3".
The "Ultimate Trainz Collection", or "UTC", was released on 26 November 2002 in North American as a 3-CD set including extra rolling stock, and a CD-ROM with TrainzScript-based scenarios and route map content based on Trainz 1.3 tech. This was the first edition to include the formerly separately retailed PaintShed program and support RailDriver, as well as the first incorporating Trainz user developed freeware content as part of the | 13,792 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
release, some of which became Trainz staple content in TRS2004 et al. through current releases.
## "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004".
"Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004" (known as "Trainz Railway Simulator 2004" in the United Kingdom), or "TRS2004", was released in September 2003. "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004" incorporated a load of technical changes and these required many bug fixes that were released as the four service packs released through 2004 and 2005.
"Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004" was the first version of Trainz to include interactive industries and loadable rolling stock capabilities, which allowed the player to deliver various resources (such as coal, wood, and steel) and passengers | 13,793 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
to various industries and stations across the playable area. It has an iconic status in the Trainz community as once the bugs were worked out of it, its feature improvements have been the look-see-and-feel of all the Trainz releases since regardless of how things are reskinned. There were many industries included and much of the bundled rolling stock was updated to include this new dynamic loading and unloading animated capability with a corresponding load-state dynamic driving physics change in the handling of a consist. It also was the first Rail Simulator to include Thomas & Friends and to emulate 'wooden toy train' snap together modeled content—all of which was later available in Trainz | 13,794 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
2006 and up. These 'toylike' animated 3D models eventually led to "My First Trainz" with its simple child-friendly simulator game interface.
"Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 Deluxe" was a later 4 CDROM follow on with the first two service packs pre-installed. It also included PaintShed, and a bonus content CD.
## "Trainz Railway Simulator 2006".
"Trainz Railway Simulator 2006" (known as "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006" in the USA), or "TRS2006", was an transitional release, incorporating the stable Auran JET based TRS2004 GUI modules with only some graphics improvements, but introducing the data base manager Content Manager Plus (CMP) as a new core technology. ContentManager.exe (now called | 13,795 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
just CM) combines data base management, and secure FTP upload and download facilities and special user definable filters all in one integrated system. By defining a good filter, the user could" 'selectively not see' "the clutter of regional items in the Surveyor asset selection menus saving user time when world building. This important filtering feature was further improved in Trainz 2009, becoming far more powerful and easier to use. In addition to these improvements, several new routes were included, such as Hawes Junction (representing a small section of the Settle and Carlisle Railway and serving as a demo for TC3), Toronto Rail Lands 1954 (representing Toronto's sprawling railyard in 1954), | 13,796 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
and Marias Pass Approach (representing the BNSF Marias Pass line between Shelby, Montana and Cut Bank, Montana and serving as a demo for the full Marias Pass payware route). TRS2006 was published in September 2005, and the base release with its single service pack formed the core of the regional releases (most are joint ventures with 'Trainz Partners' combining payware content provider's products with the base Trainz software) over the next four years until the introduction of new technologies in TC3 and TRS2009. In Germany, it was published by Bluesky-Interactive, as "ProTrain Perfect".
### "Trainz Driver".
"Trainz Driver" (also known as "Trainz Driver Edition (TDE)" in the USA) is a version | 13,797 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
of "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006" released in 2005 lacking the Content Manager and Surveyor GUI world building module, having only the Driver and Railyard modules. Note this is precisely the formula utilized with the 2011-2016 release of iPhone and iPad based Trainz releases, as well as the new 'Driver 2016'.
- The package includes three large routes with 21 driver sessions, all set in North America. "Trainz Driver" is the first instance when Auran turned to blatant marketing measures to boost sales. Current CEO Tony Hilliam had taken on an increasing role in company management beginning in 2005, and by 2008 would end up a principle investor in Auran with rights to develop and distribute | 13,798 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
the Trainz franchise.
- Over the same three-year period, Auran licensed eight separate" 'Regional releases' "based on the stable JET2 (TRS2004/TRS2006) game engine releases aimed at opening new market niches. These versions had few game improvements, and Driver and Surveyor were technically equivalent to The TRS2004-TRS2006 games, albeit, given new skins and better graphics interfacing. Prior to those releases, if you had a high end graphics system, to let the game know about your superior hardware you had to edit an ini file called TrainzOptions.txt with apropos height and width entries.
### "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2007".
"Trainz Railroad Simulator 2007" (abbreviated as "TRS2007") was | 13,799 |
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