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621178	Christianization	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization	Christianization Kerenyi, Karl, "Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life" 1976. - MacMullen, Ramsay, "Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100 – 400" Yale University Press (paperback, 1986 ) - Padberg, Lutz v., (1998): "Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter", Stuttgart, Reclam (German) - Trombley, Frank R., 1993–4. "Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370-529". 2 vols. Leiden: Brill; reprint 2014 - Vesteinsson, Orri, 2000. "The Christianization of Iceland: Priests, Power, and Social Change 1000–1300" (Oxford:Oxford University Press) - Senaka Weeraratna, Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)(http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm)2005] # External	13,900
621178	Christianization	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization	Christianization Brill; reprint 2014 - Vesteinsson, Orri, 2000. "The Christianization of Iceland: Priests, Power, and Social Change 1000–1300" (Oxford:Oxford University Press) - Senaka Weeraratna, Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)(http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm)2005] # External links. - Jorge Quiroga and Monica R. Lovelle, "Ciudades atlánticas en transición: La "ciudad" tardo-antigua y alto-medieval en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica (s.V-XI)" from "Archeologia Medievale" vol xxvii (1999), pp 257–268 Christianizing Late Antique Roman sites from the 6th century onwards. - Unilineal Descent Groups and Deep Christianization: A Cross-Cultural Comparison	13,901
1214550	Park Sol-mi	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park%20Sol-mi	Park Sol-mi Park Sol-mi Park Sol-mi (born Park Hye-jeong on January 3, 1978) is a South Korean actress. # Acting career. Park had a minor role in the 1996 series "Papa", then made her official debut in MBC's amateur talent contest in 1998. Her breakthrough came in 2002 when she starred in several television dramas, including "Bad Girls" and the popular "Winter Sonata". In 2004 she made her film debut in Park Jung-woo's "Dance with the Wind", which required her to learn ballroom dancing over a four-month period of intensive training. For her second film, "Paradise Murdered", Park received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 2007 Blue Dragon Film Awards. In 2008, Park signed a contract with	13,902
1214550	Park Sol-mi	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park%20Sol-mi	Park Sol-mi management company Heavenly Star Entertainment. After a three-year hiatus from television, she was announced as the lead in the MBC drama "My Lady", a remake of the 1980s series "Terminal". Park said that she found the character of Sera appealing because of the good and bad sides to her personality. In October 2018, Park signed with new agency Fantagio. # Other pursuits. In addition to being an actress, Park is also an amateur pianist. After attending a concert by Japanese pop group Jaja in 2005, she expressed a desire to perform with the band, and was later invited to play on their second album, "I Love You". Park played piano on the album's title track, and also appeared in the promotional	13,903
1214550	Park Sol-mi	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park%20Sol-mi	Park Sol-mi he expressed a desire to perform with the band, and was later invited to play on their second album, "I Love You". Park played piano on the album's title track, and also appeared in the promotional video. The album was released in February 2006 by Horipro under its MusicTaste imprint. She is also active in Japan with various promotions and commercials. # Personal life. Park began dating actor Han Jae-suk after they starred together in "The Great Merchant" in 2010. They wed at Aston House, Sheraton Grande Walkerhill Hotel in Seoul on April 21, 2013. In September 2013, Park's agency announced that the couple is expecting their first child. On March 23, 2014 she gave birth to their daughter.	13,904
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal National Humanities Medal The National Humanities Medal is an American award that annually recognizes several individuals, groups, or institutions for work that has "deepened the nation's understanding of the humanities, broadened our citizens' engagement with the humanities, or helped preserve and expand Americans' access to important resources in the humanities." The annual Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities was established in 1988 and succeeded by the National Humanities Medal in 1997. The initial design for the National Humanities Medal was created by a 1995 Frankel Prize winner, David Macaulay, and was used for all recipients through 2012. During 2013, The National Endowment for the	13,905
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Humanities ran a public competition for a new medal design, judged by metalsmith Chunghi Choo, coin engraver Don Everhart of the U.S. Mint and sculptor George Anthonisen. In June 2013, the agency announced that a design by Paul C. Balan of Illinois had been selected as the winner. The final medal will be unveiled in Washington D.C. in November 2013. The new design was used for the first time for the 2013 National Humanities Medals, which were presented in mid-2014. Medals are conferred once annually, usually by the U.S. President, to as many as twelve living candidates and existing organizations nominated early in the calendar year. The President selects the winners in consultation with the	13,906
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal National Endowment for the Humanities. NEH asks that nominators consult the list of previous winners and consider the National Medal of Arts to recognize contributions in "the creative or performing arts". # Recipients. Medalists are listed by year, then alphabetically. - 2015 (awarded September 22, 2016) - Rudolfo Anaya, Author - José Andrés, Chef & Entrepreneur - Ron Chernow, Author - Louise Glück, Poet - Terry Gross, Radio Host & Producer - Wynton Marsalis, Composer & Musician - James McBride, Author - Louis Menand, Author - Elaine Pagels, Historian & Author - Prison University Project, Higher Education Program - Abraham Verghese, Physician, Professor, & Author - Isabel Wilkerson,	13,907
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Journalist & Author - 2014 (awarded September 10, 2015) - The Clemente Course in the Humanities - Annie Dillard, author - Everett L. Fly, architect and preservationist - Rebecca Goldstein, philosopher and novelist - Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, historian - Jhumpa Lahiri, short story writer and novelist - Fedwa Malti-Douglas, scholar - Larry McMurtry, novelist - Vicki Lynn Ruiz, historian - Alice Waters, author and food activist - 2013 (awarded July 28, 2014) - M. H. Abrams, literary critic - American Antiquarian Society, historical organization - David Brion Davis, historian - William Theodore de Bary, East Asian Studies scholar - Darlene Clark Hine, historian - Johnpaul Jones,	13,908
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal architect - Stanley Nelson Jr., producer and director - Diane Rehm, radio host - Anne Firor Scott, historian - Krista Tippett, radio host and author - 2012 (awarded July 10, 2013) - Edward L. Ayers, historian - William G. Bowen, academic leader - Jill Ker Conway, author and leader in higher education - Natalie Zemon Davis, historian - Frank Deford, sports writer - Joan Didion, novelist and essayist - Robert D. Putnam, political scientist - Marilynne Robinson, novelist - Kay Ryan, poet - Robert B. Silvers, editor - Anna Deavere Smith, actress and playwright - Camilo José Vergara, photographer and documentarian - 2011 (awarded February 13, 2012) - Kwame Anthony Appiah, philosopher -	13,909
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal John Ashbery, poet - Robert Darnton, historian and librarian - National History Day, program - Andrew Delbanco, literary scholar - Charles Rosen, musician and scholar - Teofilo Ruiz, medieval historian - Ramón Saldívar, literary scholar - Amartya Sen, economist and Nobel laureate - 2010 (awarded March 2, 2011) - Daniel Aaron, literature professor and publisher - Bernard Bailyn, historian - Jacques Barzun, historian - Wendell Berry, novelist and environmentalist - Roberto González Echevarría, literature critic - Stanley Nider Katz, historian - Joyce Carol Oates, novelist - Arnold Rampersad, critic and biographer - Philip Roth, novelist - Gordon S. Wood, historian - 2009 (awarded	13,910
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal February 25, 2010) - Robert Caro - Annette Gordon-Reed - David Levering Lewis - William H. McNeill - Philippe de Montebello - Albert H. Small - Ted Sorensen - Elie Wiesel - 2008 (awarded November 17, 2008) - Gabor Boritt - Richard Brookhiser - Harold Holzer - Myron Magnet - Albert Marrin - Milton J. Rosenberg - Thomas A. Saunders III and Jordan Horner Saunders - Robert H. Smith - John Templeton Foundation - Norman Rockwell Museum - 2007 (awarded November 15, 2007) - Stephen Balch - Russell Freedman - Victor Davis Hanson - Roger Hertog - Cynthia Ozick - Richard Pipes - Pauline Schultz - Henry Snyder - Ruth Wisse - Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of	13,911
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Art - 2006 - Fouad Ajami - James M. Buchanan - Nickolas Davatzes - Robert Fagles - Mary Lefkowitz - Bernard Lewis - Mark Noll - Meryle Secrest - Kevin Starr - Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University - 2005 - Walter Berns - Matthew Bogdanos - Eva Brann - John Lewis Gaddis - Richard Gilder - Mary Ann Glendon - Leigh Keno - Leslie Keno - Alan Charles Kors - Lewis Lehrman - Judith Martin - The Washington Papers, University of Virginia - 2004 - Marva Collins - Gertrude Himmelfarb - Hilton Kramer - Madeleine L'Engle - Harvey Mansfield - John Searle - Shelby Steele - United States Capitol Historical Society - 2003 - Robert Ballard - Joan	13,912
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Ganz Cooney - Midge Decter - Joseph Epstein - Elizabeth Fox-Genovese - Jean Fritz - Hal Holbrook - Edith Kurzweil - Frank M. Snowden, Jr. - John Updike - 2002 - Frankie Hewitt - Iowa Writers' Workshop - Donald Kagan - Brian Lamb - Art Linkletter - Patricia MacLachlan - Mount Vernon Ladies' Association - Thomas Sowell - 2001 - José B. Cisneros - Robert Coles - Sharon Darling - William Manchester - Richard Peck - Eileen Jackson Southern - Tom Wolfe - National Trust for Historic Preservation - 2000 - Robert N. Bellah - Will D. Campbell - Judy Crichton - David C. Driskell - Ernest Gaines - Herman T. Guerrero - Quincy Jones - Barbara Kingsolver - Edmund S. Morgan -	13,913
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Toni Morrison - Earl Shorris - Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve - 1999 - Patricia Battin - Taylor Branch - Jacquelyn Dowd Hall - Garrison Keillor - Jim Lehrer - John Rawls - Steven Spielberg - August Wilson - 1998 - Stephen E. Ambrose - E. L. Doctorow - Diana L. Eck - Nancye Brown Gaj - Henry Louis Gates Jr. - Vartan Gregorian - Ramón Eduardo Ruiz - Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. - Garry Wills - 1997 - Nina M. Archabal - David A. Berry - Richard Franke - William Friday - Don Henley - Maxine Hong Kingston - Luis Leal - Martin Marty - Paul Mellon - Studs Terkel # Charles Frankel Prize. - 1996 - Rita Dove - Doris Kearns Goodwin - Daniel Kemmis - Arturo Madrid - Bill	13,914
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Moyers - 1995 - William R. Ferris - Charles Kuralt - David Macaulay - David McCullough - Bernice Johnson Reagon - 1994 - Ernest L. Boyer - William Kittredge - Peggy Whitman Prenshaw - Sharon Percy Rockefeller - Dorothy Porter Wesley - 1993 - Ricardo E. Alegría - John Hope Franklin - Hanna Gray - Andrew Heiskell - Laurel T. Ulrich - 1992 - Allan Bloom - Shelby Foote - Richard Rodriguez - Harold K. Skramstad, Jr. - Eudora Welty - 1991 - Winton Blount - Ken Burns - Louise Cowan - Karl Haas - John Tchen - 1990 - Mortimer Adler - Henry Hampton - Bernard M.W. Knox - David Van Tassel - Ethyle R. Wolfe - 1989 - Patricia L. Bates - Daniel Boorstin - Willard L.	13,915
1214559	National Humanities Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Humanities%20Medal	National Humanities Medal Bernice Johnson Reagon - 1994 - Ernest L. Boyer - William Kittredge - Peggy Whitman Prenshaw - Sharon Percy Rockefeller - Dorothy Porter Wesley - 1993 - Ricardo E. Alegría - John Hope Franklin - Hanna Gray - Andrew Heiskell - Laurel T. Ulrich - 1992 - Allan Bloom - Shelby Foote - Richard Rodriguez - Harold K. Skramstad, Jr. - Eudora Welty - 1991 - Winton Blount - Ken Burns - Louise Cowan - Karl Haas - John Tchen - 1990 - Mortimer Adler - Henry Hampton - Bernard M.W. Knox - David Van Tassel - Ethyle R. Wolfe - 1989 - Patricia L. Bates - Daniel Boorstin - Willard L. Boyd - Clay Jenkinson - Américo Paredes # External links. https://www.neh.gov/about/awards	13,916
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon Ranged weapon A ranged weapon is any weapon that can engage targets beyond hand-to-hand distance, i.e. at distances greater than the physical reach of the weapon itself. It is sometimes also called projectile weapon or missile weapon because it typically works by launching projectiles, though technically a directed-energy weapon (which doesn't involve projectiles) is also a ranged weapon. In contrast, a weapon intended to be used in hand-to-hand combat is called a melee weapon. Ranged weapons give the attacker an advantage in combat, since the target is often getting hit from beyond immediate visual range, and therefore has less time to react and more difficulty defending and hitting back effectively.	13,917
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon It also puts distance between the attacker and the opponent, which is a safer combat option since the close physical contact during melee combat often puts the attacker within the immediate striking range of enemy counterattack, and thus at an equal risk of getting hurt or killed. The line between ranged and melee weapons is not entirely definite; for instance, spears, axes, knives and daggers can be used for both throwing and stabbing, depending on purpose and situation; and a ranged weapon can also be used as a melee weapon in close encounters, such as a rifle being used for melee with its buttstock and a fixed bayonet, handguns can be used as an improvised hammer and even an arrow can be	13,918
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon used for stabbing in desperate situations. Early ranged weapons often included specifically designed hand-thrown weapons such as javelins, slings and darts, as well as more complex elastic weapons such as slingshots and bows; and siege engines like stone throwers, catapults, ballistas and trebuchets. These ranged weapons were extremely effective in combat, especially when used "en masse", as they gave the wielder opportunity to launch multiple rounds of attack before an enemy armed with melee weapons or shorter-ranged missile weapons could even get close enough to pose a threat. After the invention of gunpowder and the development of firearms, gun-type pneumatic ranged weapons became the dominant	13,919
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon weapon of choice in armed conflicts, even in close combat. In modern warfare, ranged weaponry is also used both tactically and strategically in the form of long-range artilleries, rockets and guided missiles. Maximum effective range of a weapon is the greatest distance from which the weapon can be fired while still consistently inflicting casualties or damage. # List of ranged weapons. ## Pre-modern projectile weapons. - Hand-thrown - Atlatl - Bolas - Boomerang - Chakram - Dart - Hunga Munga - Javelin - Kestros - Knobkierrie - Kunai - Mbanja - Nzappa zap - Rungu - Shuriken - Sling - Spear - Swiss arrow - Throwing axe - Throwing knife - Throwing stick - Woomera - Elastic -	13,920
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon Bow - Crossbow - Slingshot - Pneumatic - Blowgun - Gun - Firearm - Airgun - Siege weapon - Ballista - Cannon - Catapult - Trebuchet ## Modern projectile weapons. Most modern projectile weapons fall into the broader category of either direct fire or indirect fire, with the former often being regarded as guns and the latter as artilleries. While some are small and light enough to be operated by individuals (i.e. small arms and grenade launchers), most require a team to aim, move or fire. - Air-to-air missile - Air-to-surface missile - Anti-ballistic missile - Anti-satellite weapon - Anti-ship missile - Anti-submarine rocket - Anti-tank guided missile - Ballistic missile -	13,921
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon Cruise missile - Grenade launcher - Mortar - Rocket artillery - Rocket-propelled grenade - Surface-to-air missile - Surface-to-surface missile ## Directed energy weapons. - Electrolaser - Pulsed energy projectile - Dazzler - Particle-beam weapon - Microwave weapon - Sonic weapon - Water cannon # See also. - Projectile - Trajectory of a projectile - Siege engine - List of artillery - List of missiles - List of missiles by nation # Further reading. - Gray, David (2002) "Bows of the World". The Lyons Press. - (1992) "The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 1". The Lyons Press. . - (1992) "The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 2". The Lyons Press. . - (1994) "The Traditional	13,922
1214551	Ranged weapon	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranged%20weapon	Ranged weapon s by nation # Further reading. - Gray, David (2002) "Bows of the World". The Lyons Press. - (1992) "The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 1". The Lyons Press. . - (1992) "The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 2". The Lyons Press. . - (1994) "The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 3". The Lyons Press. . - The ballistics of the sling, Thom Richardson, Royal Armouries Yearbook, Volume 3 1998. # External links. - Short Bows and Long Bows: Scaling effects in archery - Sling Weapons The Evolution of Sling Weapons - The Sling – Ancient Weapon - Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets), from the NOVA website - Modern and Civil War Era Cannon Information	13,923
1214565	Leo Kinlen	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Kinlen	Leo Kinlen Leo Kinlen Leo Kinlen is a British cancer researcher. His hypothesis, explaining the higher rate of leukemia in the areas around the British Sellafield nuclear complex, than in other parts of the country, is that the mixing of the population, which occurred when people started moving into the area to work at the facility, resulted in the spreading of a virus that could cause leukemia. The theory was first developed in 1988 by Kinlen, and has achieved very little international recognition. No specific virus has been implicated. # External links. - Sellafield report by Bellona Foundation (pdf) - Common Expressions: Leo Kinlen Webster's Online Dictionary - Did Sellafield workers seed leukaemia?	13,924
1214565	Leo Kinlen	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo%20Kinlen	Leo Kinlen ish cancer researcher. His hypothesis, explaining the higher rate of leukemia in the areas around the British Sellafield nuclear complex, than in other parts of the country, is that the mixing of the population, which occurred when people started moving into the area to work at the facility, resulted in the spreading of a virus that could cause leukemia. The theory was first developed in 1988 by Kinlen, and has achieved very little international recognition. No specific virus has been implicated. # External links. - Sellafield report by Bellona Foundation (pdf) - Common Expressions: Leo Kinlen Webster's Online Dictionary - Did Sellafield workers seed leukaemia? The Telegraph, 11 Jul 2006	13,925
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Der Blaue Reiter Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. The group was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc, August Macke and Gabriele Münter. They considered that the principles of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München, a group Kandinsky had founded in 1909, had become too strict and traditional. Der Blaue Reiter was an art movement lasting from 1911 to 1914, fundamental to Expressionism, along with Die Brücke which was founded in 1905. # History. Wassily Kandinsky, Franz	13,926
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Marc, August Macke, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, Gabriele Münter, Lyonel Feininger, Albert Bloch and others formed the group in response to the rejection of Kandinsky's painting "Last Judgment" from an exhibition. Der Blaue Reiter lacked an artistic manifesto, but it was centered on Kandinsky and Marc. Paul Klee was also involved. The name of the movement is the title of a painting that Kandinsky created in 1903, but it is unclear whether it is the origin of the name of the movement, as Professor Klaus Lankheit learned that the title of the painting had been overwritten. Kandinsky wrote 20 years later that the name is derived from Marc's enthusiasm for horses and Kandinsky's	13,927
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter love of riders, combined with a shared love of the colour blue. For Kandinsky, "blue" is the colour of spirituality: the darker the blue, the more it awakens human desire for the eternal (see his 1911 book "On the Spiritual in Art"). Within the group, artistic approaches and aims varied from artist to artist; however, the artists shared a common desire to express spiritual truths through their art. They believed in the promotion of modern art; the connection between visual art and music; the spiritual and symbolic associations of colour; and a spontaneous, intuitive approach to painting. Members were interested in European medieval art and primitivism, as well as the contemporary, non-figurative	13,928
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter art scene in France. As a result of their encounters with cubist, fauvist and Rayonist ideas, they moved towards abstraction. Der Blaue Reiter organized exhibitions in 1911 and 1912 that toured Germany. They also published an almanac featuring contemporary, primitive and folk art, along with children's paintings. In 1913 they exhibited in the first German Herbstsalon. The group was disrupted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Franz Marc and August Macke were killed in combat. Wassily Kandinsky, Marianne von Werefkin and Alexej von Jawlensky were forced to move back to Russia because of their Russian citizenship. There were also differences in opinion within the group. As a result,	13,929
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Der Blaue Reiter was short-lived, lasting for only three years from 1911 to 1914. Supported by their dealer Galka Scheyer, Kandinsky, Feininger, Klee and Alexej von Jawlensky formed Die Blaue Vier (the Blue Four) group in 1923. Together they exhibited and lectured in the United States from 1924. An extensive collection of paintings by Der Blaue Reiter is exhibited in the Städtische Galerie in the Lenbachhaus in Munich. # Almanac. Conceived in June 1911, "Der Blaue Reiter Almanach" ("The Blue Rider Almanac") was published in early 1912, by Piper, Munich, in an edition of 1100 copies; on 11 May, Franz Marc received a first print. The volume was edited by Kandinsky and Marc; its costs were	13,930
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter underwritten by the industrialist and art collector Bernhard Koehler, a relative of Macke. It contained reproductions of more than 140 artworks, and 14 major articles. A second volume was planned, but the start of World War I prevented it. Instead, a second edition of the original was printed in 1914, again by Piper. The contents of the "Almanac" included: - Marc's essay "Spiritual Treasures," illustrated with children's drawings, German woodcuts, Chinese paintings, and Pablo Picasso's "Woman with Mandolin at the Piano" - an article by French critic Roger Allard on Cubism - Arnold Schoenberg's article "The Relationship to the Text", and a facsimile of his song "Herzgewächse" - facsimiles	13,931
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter of song settings by Alban Berg and Anton Webern - Thomas de Hartmann's essay "Anarchy in Music" - an article about Alexander Scriabin's "" - an article by Erwin von Busse on Robert Delaunay, illustrated with a print of his "The Window on the City" - Macke's essay "Masks" - Kandinsky's essay "On the Question of Form" - Kandinsky's "On Stage Composition" - Kandinsky's "The Yellow Sound". The art reproduced in the "Almanac" marked a dramatic turn away from a Eurocentric and conventional orientation. The selection was dominated by primitive, folk, and children's art, with pieces from the South Pacific and Africa, Japanese drawings, medieval German woodcuts and sculpture, Egyptian puppets,	13,932
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Russian folk art, and Bavarian religious art painted on glass. The five works by Van Gogh, Cézanne, and Gauguin were outnumbered by seven from Henri Rousseau and thirteen from child artists. # Exhibitions. - First exhibition December 18, 1911, the "First exhibition of the editorial board of Der Blaue Reiter" ("Erste Ausstellung der Redaktion Der Blaue Reiter") opened at the Heinrich Thannhauser's Moderne Galerie in Munich, running through the first days of 1912. 43 works by 14 artists were shown: paintings by Henri Rousseau, Albert Bloch, David Burliuk, Wladimir Burliuk, Heinrich Campendonk, Robert Delaunay, Elisabeth Epstein, Eugen von Kahler, Wassily Kandinsky, August Macke, Franz Marc,	13,933
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Gabriele Münter, Jean Bloé Niestlé and Arnold Schönberg, and an illustrated catalogue edited. - Second exhibition February 12 through April 2, 1912, the "Second exhibition of the editorial board of Der Blaue Reiter" showed works in "Black & White" ("Zweite Ausstellung der Redaktion Der Blaue Reiter, Schwarz-Weiß") at the "New Art" Gallery of Hans Goltz ("Neue Kunst Hans Goltz") in Munich. - Other shows The artists of "Der Blaue Reiter" also participated in: - 1912 Cologne, Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler - 1913 Berlin, organised by Herwarth Walden and his gallery Der Sturm # Members. - Albert Bloch - David Burliuk - Heinrich Campendonk - Clotilde von Derp - Lyonel	13,934
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter Feininger - Natalia Goncharova - Alexej von Jawlensky - Wassily Kandinsky - Paul Klee - Alfred Kubin - August Macke - Franz Marc - Gabriele Münter - Arnold Schoenberg - Marianne von Werefkin # References. - John E. Bowlt, Rose-Carol Washton Long. "The Life of Vasilii Kandinsky in Russian art : a study of "On the spiritual in art" by Wassily Kandinsky". Pub l. Newtonville, Mass. USA. 1980. - Wassily Kandinsky, M. T. Sadler (Translator) "Concerning the Spiritual in Art". Dover Publ. (Paperback). 80 pp. . or: Lightning Source Inc. Publ. (Paperback). - Hoberg, Annegret, & Friedel, Helmut (ed.): "Der Blaue Reiter und das Neue Bild, 1909-1912", Prestel, München, London & New York 1999 -	13,935
621334	Der Blaue Reiter	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der%20Blaue%20Reiter	Der Blaue Reiter andinsky - Paul Klee - Alfred Kubin - August Macke - Franz Marc - Gabriele Münter - Arnold Schoenberg - Marianne von Werefkin # References. - John E. Bowlt, Rose-Carol Washton Long. "The Life of Vasilii Kandinsky in Russian art : a study of "On the spiritual in art" by Wassily Kandinsky". Pub l. Newtonville, Mass. USA. 1980. - Wassily Kandinsky, M. T. Sadler (Translator) "Concerning the Spiritual in Art". Dover Publ. (Paperback). 80 pp. . or: Lightning Source Inc. Publ. (Paperback). - Hoberg, Annegret, & Friedel, Helmut (ed.): "Der Blaue Reiter und das Neue Bild, 1909-1912", Prestel, München, London & New York 1999 - Hopfengart, Christine: "Der Blaue Reiter", DuMont, Cologne 2000	13,936
1214570	Most Serene Republic	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most%20Serene%20Republic	Most Serene Republic Most Serene Republic Most Serene Republic () is a title attached to a number of European states through history. By custom, the appellation "Most Serene" is an indicator of sovereignty (see also Serene Highness or Most Serene Highness for a sovereign prince); consequently "Most Serene Republic" emphasizes the sovereignty of the republic. # Modern states. San Marino is the only modern independent state to use the style. Although officially named simply the "Republic of San Marino", short form "San Marino", it is unofficially still referred to as the "Most Serene Republic of San Marino" (). # Historical states. - Republic of Venice (; ; ), a city-state that existed from 697 to 1797 based in	13,937
1214570	Most Serene Republic	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most%20Serene%20Republic	Most Serene Republic the city of Venice with continuously controlled territory along the eastern Adriatic at its strongest period. "La Serenissima" was also popularly used as a specific reference to the Venetian government or state authorities. - Republic of Genoa (; ), an independent state based in present-day Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from ca. 1100 to 1805. Long just plain "Republic", the honorific "Most Serene" was only added after the election of the first Doge of Genoa (1339). Even so, to distinguish their government from its ancient rival to the east, the Genoese rarely used the "Most Serene" designation, opting more frequently for the appellation "Superb Republic" (), a nickname allegedly	13,938
1214570	Most Serene Republic	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most%20Serene%20Republic	Most Serene Republic Genoa (1339). Even so, to distinguish their government from its ancient rival to the east, the Genoese rarely used the "Most Serene" designation, opting more frequently for the appellation "Superb Republic" (), a nickname allegedly coined by Petrarch in 1358. - Republic of Lucca (; ), a city-state that existed from 1119 to 1799 based in the city of Lucca, in northern Tuscany, Italy. Lucca was the third largest Italian city state (after Venice and Genoa) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (; , ), an elective monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe, existing from 1569 until 1795. # See also. - Serene Highness	13,939
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield Titchfield Titchfield is a village in southern Hampshire, by the River Meon. The village has a history stretching back to the 6th century. During the medieval period, the village operated a small port and market. Near to the village are the ruins of Titchfield Abbey, a place with strong associations with Shakespeare, through his patron, the Earl of Southampton. # Geography. To the east of Titchfield lies the town of Fareham, to the south are Stubbington, Hill Head and the Solent, to the west is Locks Heath, Warsash, the River Hamble and Southampton and to the north is Whiteley, Park Gate and Swanwick . Titchfield forms part of the Borough of Fareham, having been added to the Fareham urban	13,940
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield district in 1932. Several miles to the south of the village, at the mouth of the River Meon and on the shores of the Solent, is Titchfield Haven National Nature Reserve, where there is a small harbour that dries out at low tide. Inland is a Nature Reserve which is an important breeding and visiting ground for many species of birds and wildfowl (and is open to visitors at certain periods). Near to the village and the haven lies the Titchfield Canal, earlier known as the New River. It has been suggested that this is the second oldest canal in England, completed in 1611 (Exeter was the first). However, as late as 1676 two tenants, John Cooper and John Landy, complained in the Manorial Court that	13,941
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield the Lord of the Manor "by Cutting ye new River hath taken away and doth detain" parts of their copyholds, implying that in 1676 the construction was recent. It lies close to Titchfield Haven, concealed by a bridge with the remains of a sea-lock at the south end. A footpath follows the canal to Titchfield village. It was certainly used for flooding the water meadows, traces of which can still be clearly seen. Whether it was ever used as a navigation channel is still debated. The Earl of Southampton ordered the river to be sealed off from the sea by a wall which was an unpopular move with the villagers as it ultimately ended Titchfield's role as a port. # History. The first people mentioned	13,942
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield as inhabiting the area were a Jutish tribe, the Meonwara. The tribe were part of the Jutes originating from Denmark who founded the village during the 6th century. The name of Titchfield comes from the Old English ticcen, meaning kid or young goat, and feld, meaning field. Therefore, the meaning of Titchfield is 'open lands where kids are kept'. St Peter’s Church, Titchfield, was established in about 680 making it one of the oldest used churches in England. Though only a few parts of the original structure survive, the church contains a mixture of building styles, since it was expanded and redeveloped to include additional space. Within the church is the resplendent tomb of Thomas Wriothesley,	13,943
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield 1st Earl of Southampton, who when Lord Chancellor, personally tortured Anne Askew. The Domesday Book in 1086 mentions "Ticefelle": with a mill, a market and farms. It was a successful community, though tiny by today’s standards with a population of 160. The Doomesday book entry for Titchfield states ""The King holds TICEFELLE. It is a berewick, and belongs to MENESTOCHES. King Edward held it. There are 2 hides; but they have not paid geld. (There) is land for 15 ploughs. In (the) demesne (there are) but 2 oxen (animalia), and (there are) 16 villeins and 13 borders with 9 ploughs. There are 4 serfs, and a mill worth 20 shillings. The market and toll (are worth) 40 shillings."" A further variation	13,944
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield in the spelling may be seen in a Mediaeval legal record, where it appears as "Thechefeld". Titchfield has long been a centre for business, with the village once having a small port. There were also tanneries (some of the buildings still exist), a market, a fair, brewers, craftsmen, traders and other business people. It is recorded that Henry V before Agincourt and Charles I before his imprisonment at Carisbrooke rested in the town. A Market Hall was built in Titchfield Square by the 3rd Earl of Southampton in the early 17th century. This was moved behind the Queen’s Head Public House in 1810. In 1801 Titchfield had a population of almost 3,000. In 1865 a gas company provided gaslight to the	13,945
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield village and in 1894 Titchfield was given a parish council. In 1970, with the market hall in a derelict state, it was bought by the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The entire hall was dismantled and moved to Singleton where it now stands restored in the centre of a new (old) village. At the 2001 census, the population of the village was estimated at 7000. # Places of interest. ## Titchfield Abbey. Premonstratensian canons founded Titchfield Abbey in 1222. Henry VIII dissolved the abbey in the 16th century, giving the property to a favoured politician, Thomas Wriothesley who turned it into "Place House" and took the title Earl of Southampton. Wriothesley's heirs, including the Duke of	13,946
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield Portland and the Duke of Beaufort lived at Place House until 1742 at which point the estate was sold to the Delmé family. They lived there for another forty years until, in 1781, a decision was made to abandon the mansion. Much of the buildings were deliberately demolished to create a romantic ruin. When this happened local people took stone from the abbey for their homes; evidence can be seen in walls and foundations of older houses in Titchfield village. Much, though, is inside the buildings; in The Bugle Hotel in Titchfield, for example, one can see a big fireplace that was salvaged from the ruins. The remains of Titchfield Abbey and Place House are now administered by English Heritage. ##	13,947
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield Office for National Statistics. Just outside Titchfield is one of the offices of the Office for National Statistics. The office is the national centre for population, regional and demographic statistics. It is one of three national statistical centres run by the Office for National Statistics. ## Titchfield Common. Titchfield Common is a ward of Fareham Borough to the north and northwest of Titchfield itself. # Events. The Titchfield Carnival took place in October every year from 1880 to 2006, organised by the Titchfield Bonfire Boys Society. By 2006 it was the largest village carnival in Hampshire. However, in 2007, due to the lack of funding and increasing costs, the carnival did not	13,948
1214547	Titchfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titchfield	Titchfield n October every year from 1880 to 2006, organised by the Titchfield Bonfire Boys Society. By 2006 it was the largest village carnival in Hampshire. However, in 2007, due to the lack of funding and increasing costs, the carnival did not take place. The Titchfield Carnival returned in 2008 and it took place on Sunday 26 November 2008. Entertainment also takes place within the ruins of the Abbey. On yearly occasions plays are performed in the Abbey: for example Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare has been performed. # External links. - Fareham Borough Council: Titchfield - Titchfield History Society - Photographs of Titchfield Abbey - Stained Glass Windows at St. Peter's Church	13,949
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam Pok Fu Lam Pok Fu Lam or Pokfulam () is a residential area on Hong Kong Island, at the western end of the Southern District. It is a valley between Victoria Peak and Mount Kellett, around Telegraph Bay. Pok Fu Lam can claim several "firsts" in the history of Hong Kong: It was the place where Hong Kong's floral emblem, "Bauhinia blakeana", was first discovered; the site for Hong Kong's first reservoir, Pokfulam Reservoir (1883, now part of a country park), and the site for Hong Kong's first dairy farm by five investors, including Sir Patrick Manson in 1885. The farm supplied not only milk, but cattle to Hong Kong, and later became Dairy Farm. However, it no longer exists in Pok Fu Lam. Pok	13,950
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam Fu Lam is connected to Lung Fu Shan, Sai Ying Pun and Aberdeen by the Pok Fu Lam Road. It's also indirectly connected to the Mid-Levels. Pok Fu Lam also outlooks Lamma Island. Pok Fu Lam is connected to Kennedy Town via Smithfield and Shek Tong Tsui via Hill Road. # Sights. While the farm no longer exists, its remains and other colonial era institutions continue to exist serving, in some cases, other purposes. The former dairy farm can still be seen in the grassy slopes of the hills, but mainly in the two milking sheds that remain. They are between the new Vocational Training Center and the much older Béthanie. Béthanie and the cow sheds are presently administered by the Hong Kong Academy	13,951
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam for Performing Arts, but were previously controlled by the University of Hong Kong which used Béthanie as headquarters for the HKU Press. The APA uses Béthanie and the cow sheds for various educational purposes, but also lends the chapel in Béthanie to St. John's Cathedral (Anglican) as the locale for Emmanuel Church - Pokfulam, a daughter (subordinate) church serving the west of Hong Kong Island. Béthanie was built as a sanatorium between 1873 and 1875 for the French Catholic missionaries in China, better known as Missions Etrangères de Paris or MEP. Recently restored with loving care, Béthanie is now used by the Academy for the Performing Arts for educational purposes. Béthanie includes a	13,952
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam small chapel. In its present restored configuration, this chapel seats about 100 and is used each Sunday by Emmanuel Church - Pokfulam, a daughter church of St. John's Cathedral. The Béthanie chapel is a beautiful Neo Gothic structure. Some of the original statuary and stained glass windows have been recovered and re-installed. Across the Pokfulam Road, is University Hall. U-Hall, as it is abbreviated, is a residential unit for undergraduates of the University of Hong Kong. Originally, U-Hall was the residence of a merchant, but eventually, it came under the control of the same French Catholic missionaries who built Béthanie. It was extended greatly and printed religious literature in its basement	13,953
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam in many languages for nearly 100 years. In the 1950s, when missionary work in China died, the building was given to the HK government which gave it to the University of Hong Kong as a student residential unit. It is smaller now than it used to be, but still houses 100 or so undergraduates. There was a chapel in the building: it now serves as the dining hall for the students. University Hall is much in demand as a location for movies, wedding photos, advertisements, and other purposes. # Village. At the centre of Pok Fu Lam is an indigenous village, the Pok Fu Lam Village (), the only one of its kind remaining on Hong Kong Island. Often mistaken as a shanty town by the residents of the surrounding	13,954
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam apartments, the conservation value of the village has been acknowledged by its inclusion on the 2014 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. ## History. Pok Fu Lam Village is a historic village, which has existed since the beginning of the 17th century. Local residents in the past have repeatedly asked the government to give indigenous inhabitants of Pok Fu Lam the same recognition as residents of the New Territories. These claims have been rejected by the government which also threatened demolition of the village. In the Kangxi period (late 17th century) of the Qing dynasty, approximately 2,000 people seeking asylum from turmoils in mainland China reached this village. The early	13,955
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam villagers, mostly with the surnames of Chen, Huang, and Luo, were farmers. The "Xinan County Journal" of 1819 mentioned that Pok Fu Lam Village was one of three villages on Hong Kong Island (the other were at Stanley and Wong Chuk Hang). It was described as "built alongside the hill and the creek, its structures are quite elegant". After the Second World War, the massive refugee influx seeking asylum from mainland China reached Hong Kong, resulting in the village population increasing from 20-odd households to more than 100 households. The original vegetable gardens were replaced by houses. It was not until the 1980s, when the Hong Kong economy experienced rapid growth, that the village population	13,956
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam began to decrease, but many villagers remain in the village today. ## Fire Dragon Festival. The villagers have their own festivals: the annual Fire Dragon Dance, the oldest of its kind in Hong Kong, is held during the Mid-Autumn Festival, and is organised entirely by the villagers, who strive to preserve the unique festival for the generations to come. Ng Kong-kin, master craftsman of the 73.3 metre long dragon, has been making these creatures for more than four decades, and continues to volunteer his time building the enormous beast every year; his brother Ng Kong-nan, supervises the training of the dancers and preparation for the annual celebrations. All villagers participate in the burning	13,957
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam of incense and each household is blessed by the dragons as they dance through the village, making the festival a fundamental part of the village life. Many other less well known festivals include Bou Chun Tin, which commemorates Nüwa repairing the Wall of Heaven; Fa San Fuk, a ritual carried out on Lunar New Year's Eve for good fortune throughout the year; and Jip Nin Gang, when villagers calculate the best time in Chinese "feng shui" to welcome the new year, and prepare celebratory procedures for the particular moment. ## Buildings. The forest village is divided into three parts: Middle is "Wai Chai", Northern portion is "the vegetable garden", the village tail is "Long Tzutu". There are	13,958
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam few types of village house. Some are made of stone and hay with Chinese tiled pitched roof. Some Chinese tiled pitched roof had been replaced with galvanised steel roof. Some village houses are made of brick with concrete flate roof or galvanised steel roofs. In addition the village has characteristic towers, named Li Ling Divine Pagoda, is approximately 5 meters high. The existing pagoda was rebuilt in 1916. The first pagoda was built of stone as advised by the elder villagers. # Housing estates. Pok Fu Lam is notable for its quiet, green living environment (by Hong Kong standard), attracting a significant number of expatriates, many of whom work at the nearby University of Hong Kong. Several	13,959
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam private housing estates are located in Pok Fu Lam. - Chi Fu Fa Yuen () was developed in the mid-seventies by Hongkong Land. It comprises 20 towers of 28-storey high-rise buildings with a total of 4,258 residential units and 7 towers of 5-storey villa type low-rise buildings with 70 household units. - Pokfulam Gardens - Baguio Villa # Education. - German Swiss International School maintains a campus in Pok Fu Lam. - Kellett School has a preparatory campus in Pok Fu Lam. - Ebenezer School & Home for the Visually Impaired is located in Pok Fu Lam. # Hospital. - Queen Mary Hospital # See also. - Cyberport - Sandy Bay - Pok Fu Lam Fire Dragon Dance - List of buildings, sites, and areas	13,960
1214557	Pok Fu Lam	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%20Fu%20Lam	Pok Fu Lam mprises 20 towers of 28-storey high-rise buildings with a total of 4,258 residential units and 7 towers of 5-storey villa type low-rise buildings with 70 household units. - Pokfulam Gardens - Baguio Villa # Education. - German Swiss International School maintains a campus in Pok Fu Lam. - Kellett School has a preparatory campus in Pok Fu Lam. - Ebenezer School & Home for the Visually Impaired is located in Pok Fu Lam. # Hospital. - Queen Mary Hospital # See also. - Cyberport - Sandy Bay - Pok Fu Lam Fire Dragon Dance - List of buildings, sites, and areas in Hong Kong # External links. - Article about the Bethanie - Pokfulam Village Website on the village, including festivals.	13,961
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action Lever action Lever action is a type of firearm action which uses a lever located around the trigger guard area (often including the trigger guard itself) to load fresh cartridges into the chamber of the barrel when the lever is worked. This contrasts to bolt-action, semi-automatic, or selective-fire weapons. Most lever-action firearms are rifles, but some lever-action shotguns and a few pistols have also been made. The Winchester Model 1873 rifle is one of the most famous lever-action firearms, but many manufacturers—notably Henry and Marlin—also produce lever-action rifles. The Winchester Model 1887, a well known lever action shotgun gained notoriety for being one of the signature weapons of	13,962
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action Kyle Reese and the T-800 (Model 101) in the "Terminator" movie franchise. Even Colt's Mfg. Co. produced 1883 until 1885 6403 lever-action Colt-Burgess rifles. Mossberg produces the 464 in centerfire .30-30 and rimfire .22. While the term "lever-action" generally implies a repeating firearm, it is also sometimes —and incorrectly— applied to a variety of single-shot or falling-block actions that use a lever for cycling, such as the Martini–Henry or the Ruger No. 1. # History. Probably the first lever-action rifles on the market were Colt's 1st and 2nd Model Ring Lever rifles, both cap and ball rifles, produced by the Patent Arms Mfg. Co. Paterson, N.J.-Colt's Patent between 1837 and 1841. The	13,963
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action ring-lever was located in front of the trigger. This loading-lever, when pulled, would index the cylinder to the next position and cock the internal hidden hammer. Multiple lever action designs including the Volcanic pistol were designed before the American Civil War, but the first significant lever-action designs were the Spencer repeating rifle and Henry rifle. The Spencer was a magazine-fed lever-operated breech-loading rifle designed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. It was fed from a removable seven-round tube magazine, enabling the rounds to be fired one after another, and which, when emptied, could be exchanged for another. Over 20,000 were made, and it was adopted by the United States	13,964
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action and used during the American Civil War, marking the first adoption of a removable-magazine-fed infantry-and-cavalry rifle by any country. Unlike later designs, the early Spencer's lever only served to unlock the falling-block action and load a new cartridge from the magazine; it did not cock the hammer, and thus the hammer had to be cocked after the lever was operated to prepare the rifle to fire. The Henry rifle, invented by Benjamin Tyler Henry, a gunsmith employed by Oliver Winchester in 1860, used a centrally located hammer, rather than the offset hammer typical of muzzleloading rifles, and this hammer was cocked by the rearward movement of the Henry's bolt. The Henry also placed the magazine	13,965
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action under the barrel, rather than in the butt-stock, a trend followed by most tubular magazines since. John Marlin, founder of Marlin Firearms Company, New Haven, Connecticut, introduced Marlin's first lever-action repeating rifle as the Model 1881. This was chambered in rounds such as the 45/70 and 38/55. Its successor was the 1895 solid top design, which we know as the model 336 today. It also gave rise to the Marlin Model 1894, which is still in production today. By the 1890s, lever-actions had evolved into a form that would last for over a century. Both Marlin and Winchester released new model lever-action rifles in 1894. The Marlin rifle is still in production, whereas production of the Winchester	13,966
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action 94 ceased in 2006. While externally similar, the Marlin and Winchester rifles are quite different internally; the Marlin has a single-stage lever action, while the Winchester has a double-stage lever. The double-stage action is easily seen when the Winchester's lever is operated, as first the entire trigger group drops down, unlocking the bolt, and then the bolt is moved rearward to eject the fired cartridge. The fledgling Savage Arms Company became well known after the development of its popular hammerless Models 1895 and 1899 (which became named the Model 99) lever-action sporting rifles. The Models 1899/99 were produced from introduction in 1899 until the expense of producing the rifle,	13,967
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action and declining interest in lever-action rifles from the 1950s on, resulted in dropping the Model 99 from production in 2000. Unlike most Winchester and the Marlin lever-action rifles, which used a tubular magazine requiring round-nose or flat-nose bullets, Arthur Savage designed his rifle using a rotary magazine. This allowed the 99 to use cartridges with spitzer pointed bullets for increased ballistic performance. The 99 was produced in many different cartridges and several different model variations. The final models eliminated the very expensive-to-produce rotary magazine, using a detachable box magazine instead. But the 99 was still very expensive to produce when compared to the other lever-action	13,968
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action rifles, and the Savage bolt-action rifles and economics determined the fate of the rifle. More recently, Sturm Ruger and Company introduced a number of new lever-action designs in the 1990s, unusual because most lever action designs date from before World War II, in the period before reliable semi-automatic rifles became widely available. # Usage in warfare. The Henry Lever Action was used in the US Civil War. Henry Lever Action firearms were used in the US until the Winchester Model 1866 rifle replaced it. The Spencer repeating rifle was also used in the US Civil War. Additionally, rifles using the lever-action design were used extensively during the 1930s by irregular forces in the Spanish	13,969
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action Civil War. Typically, these were Winchesters or Winchester copies of Spanish manufacture. At least 9,000 Model 1895 rifles are known to have been provided by the Soviet Union in 1936 to the Spanish Republicans for use in the Spanish Civil War. Both the Russian Empire and the United States adopted the Winchester Model 1895 as a military weapon. ## Lever-action shotguns. Early attempts at repeating shotguns invariably centered around either bolt-action or lever-action designs, drawing obvious inspiration from the repeating rifles of the time. The earliest successful repeating shotgun was the lever-action Winchester Model 1887, designed by John Browning in 1885 at the behest of the Winchester	13,970
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action Repeating Arms Company, who wanted to market a repeating shotgun. The lever-action design was chosen for reasons of brand recognition, Winchester being best known for manufacturing lever-action firearms at the time, despite the protestations of Browning, who pointed out that a slide-action design would be much better for a shotgun. Initially chambered for black powder shotgun shells (as was standard at the time), the Model 1887 gave rise to the Winchester Model 1901, a strengthened version chambered for 10ga smokeless powder shells. Their popularity waned after the introduction of slide-action shotguns such as the Winchester Model 1897, and production was discontinued in 1920. Modern reproductions	13,971
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action are (or have been), however, manufactured by Armi Chiappa in Italy, Norinco in China and ADI Ltd. in Australia, while Winchester continued to manufacture the .410-bore Model 9410, effectively a Winchester Model 94 chambered for .410-bore shotgun shells, until 2006. French Firearm Manufacturer Verny-Carron has released its Stop and Go Lever action shotgun called the Veloce. It is a unique action which self unloads a fired cartridge but requires a side mounted lever to allow the shotgun to reload and reset the trigger. In more recent times lever action shotguns have seen a resurgence in some markets with the Turkish made Adler A110 Lever action shotgun selling extremely well in the Australian	13,972
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action marketplace with over 7000 ordered in under 2 week they are also being imported into North America as well. The success of the Adler in these markets has sparked several other manufactures in Turkey to begin development of and production of their own lever action shotguns. Australian firearm laws strictly control pump and semi-automatic actions while lever-operation falls into a more lenient category, hence the recent popularity of the action in that country. ## On other applications. A one-off example of lever-action reloading on automatic firearms is the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking	13,973
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "potato digger," as the lever swung each time the weapon fired and would dig into the ground if the weapon was not situated high enough on its mount. The Knötgen automatic rifle is another example. # Advantages and disadvantages. While lever-action rifles have always been popular with hunters and sporting shooters, they have never been widely accepted by the military. One significant reason for this is that it is harder to fire from the prone position with a lever-action rifle than it is with a straight-pull or rotating-bolt bolt-action rifle. Another reason is ammunition. While lever-action rifles generally possess a greater rate	13,974
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action of fire than bolt-action rifles, lever-action firearms are also generally fed from a tubular magazine, similar to the one used on the first bolt action rifle which limits the type of ammunition that can be used in them. Pointed centerfire "spitzer" bullets, for example, can cause explosions in a tubular magazine, as the point of each cartridge's projectile rests on the primer of the next cartridge in the magazine. Some modern cartridges, such as the elastomer-tipped Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition overcome this problem. The tubular magazine may also have a negative impact on the harmonics of the barrel, which limits the theoretical accuracy of the rifle. A tubular magazine under the barrel	13,975
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action also pushes the center of gravity forward, which alters the balance of the rifle in ways that are undesirable for shooting off hand from a standing position to some shooters. There are, however, some lever-action rifles—such as the Winchester Model 1895, which saw service with the Russian Army in World War I—that use a box magazine.br Many newer lever-action rifles are capable of shooting groups smaller than 1 minute of angle, making them equal to the accuracy of most modern bolt-action rifles. Another explanation for the lack of widespread use of lever action designs stems from the initial inability to fire high-pressure cartridges. Safe operation could only be carried out by using low-pressure	13,976
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action cartridges in the toggle-lock lever action rifles such as the Henry rifle and the following Winchester Model 1866, Model 73 and Model 76 (which was used by the mounted police of Canada). The new lever action designs, notably the Winchester Model 1886, Model 92 Model 94 and the Model 1895 (in 7.62x54R, a Russian military cartridge), with a strong locking-block action designed by John Moses Browning, were capable of firing higher pressure cartridges. These rifles became available in the late 19th century, too expensive to build new factories to manufacture, militaries worldwide had put cheap bolt action rifles into service and were unwilling to invest into producing a lever action rifle after	13,977
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action having done with an inexpensive bolt action design. Due to the higher rate of fire and shorter overall length than most bolt-action rifles, lever-actions have remained popular to this day for sporting use, especially short- and medium-range hunting in forests, scrub, or bushland. Lever-action firearms have also been used in some quantity by prison guards in the United States, as well as by wildlife authorities/game wardens in many parts of the world. An additional advantage over typical bolt-action rifles is the lack of handedness: lever-actions like pump-actions are frequently recommended as ambidextrous in sporting guidebooks. # Cartridges. The cartridges for lever action rifles have a	13,978
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action wide variety of calibres, bullet shapes and powder loads, but they fall into two basic categories: Low-pressure cartridges with rounded bullets, and high-pressure cartridges with aerodynamic pointed ("spitzer") bullets. Some lever actions are not as strong as bolt-action or semi-automatic rifle actions. The weaker actions utilize low- and medium-pressure cartridges, somewhat similar to high-powered pistol ammunition. To increase the bullet's energy at the relatively low velocities, these often have larger, heavier bullets than other types of rifles. The most common cartridge is the .30-30, introduced by Winchester with the Model 1894. Other common cartridges include: .38 Special/.357 Magnum,	13,979
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action .44 Special/.44 Magnum, .41 Magnum, .444 Marlin, .45-70, .45 Colt, .32-20 Winchester, .35 Remington, .308 Marlin Express, .22 calibre rimfire, and .300 Savage. There is dispute about which of these cartridges can safely be used to hunt large game or large predators. Even in the largest calibres, the low velocities give these cartridges much lower energies than Elephant gun cartridges with comparable calibres. However, even the smallest cartridges fit lightweight, handy rifles that can be excellent for hunting small herbivores, pest control and personal defense. Some stronger, larger pistols (usually revolvers) also accept some of these cartridges, permitting use of the same ammunition in both	13,980
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action a pistol and rifle. The rifle's longer barrel and better accuracy permits higher velocities, longer ranges and a wider selection of game. A pistol provides extra security. Some of these cartridges (e.g. the .45-70) are developmental descendants of very early black-powder metallic cartridges. When metallic cartridges and lever-actions were first invented, very small, portable kits were developed for hand-reloading and bullet-molding (so called "cowboy reloading kits"). These kits are still available for most low-pressure lever-action cartridges. Stronger lever actions, such as the action of the Marlin Model 1894 can utilize high-pressure cartridges. Lever-action designs with strong, rotary	13,981
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action locking bolts (such as the Browning BLR with seven locking lugs) safely use very high-powered cartridges like the 300 Winchester mag, 300 WSM and 7 MM Remington magnum. Tilting block designs such as the Savage Model 99 are also strong enough to handle high pressures. Many lever actions have a tubular magazine under the barrel. To operate safely, cartridges for these have bullets with rounded tips, and some use rim-fire primers rather than center-fire primers. The safety problem is that long-range aerodynamic supersonic bullets are pointed. In a tubular magazine the points can accidentally fire center-fire cartridges. A related problem is that some pointed bullets have fragile tips, and can	13,982
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action be damaged in a tubular magazine. So, some lever actions such as the Savage Model 99 can be fed from either box or rotary magazines. The Winchester Model 1895 also uses a box magazine, and is chambered for .30-06 and other powerful military cartridges. More recently, spitzer bullets with elastomeric tips have been developed. Lever-action shotguns such as the Winchester Model 1887 were chambered in 10 or 12-gauge black powder shotgun shells, whereas the Model 1901 was chambered for 10 gauge smokeless shotshells. Modern reproductions are chambered for 12 gauge smokeless shells, while the Winchester Model 9410 shotgun is available in .410 bore. # Other long gun actions. - Bolt action - Pump	13,983
621313	Lever action	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lever%20action	Lever action , whereas the Model 1901 was chambered for 10 gauge smokeless shotshells. Modern reproductions are chambered for 12 gauge smokeless shells, while the Winchester Model 9410 shotgun is available in .410 bore. # Other long gun actions. - Bolt action - Pump action - Break-action - Falling-block action - Rolling block - Semi-automatic rifle # See also. - Antique guns - Colt-Burgess rifle - Henry Rifle - Marlin 336 - Martini–Henry - Mossberg model 464 - Savage Model 99 - Spencer repeating rifle - Volcanic Repeating Arms - Winchester rifle - Winchester M1887 # External links. - The All-American Lever Gun - Rifle Shooter (dead link) - Hunting with lever-action rifle (dead link)	13,984
1214571	Anton Ackermann	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton%20Ackermann	Anton Ackermann Anton Ackermann Anton Ackermann (real name: Eugen Hanisch, 25 November 1905 Thalheim, Saxony – 4 May 1973 East Berlin) was an East German politician. In 1953, he briefly served as Minister of Foreign Affairs. # Life and career. From 1920 to 1928, he worked as functionary of the Communist Youth Movement of Germany. In 1926 he joined the Communist Party of Germany. He studied at the Lenin School in Moscow. Back in Germany, the Communist Party was expelled after the Nazis gained power in 1933. Ackermann continued working for the illegal Communist Party. From 1935 to 1937 he lived in Prague. During the Spanish Civil War, Ackermann was the leader of the Political School of the International Brigades.	13,985
1214571	Anton Ackermann	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton%20Ackermann	Anton Ackermann After staying a shortwhile, he went to Moscow and became editor of the German language newspaper "The Free Word". In 1943 he became an active member of the Moscow-based National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD). After World War II, at the end of April 1945, he returned to Saxony as head of the Ackermann Group, one of the three teams, each of ten men, flown in by the Communist Party from Moscow to different parts of the Soviet occupation zone to lay the groundwork for the Soviet Military Administration in Germany. He joined the newly reformed East German Communist party, the Socialist Unity Party (SED) in 1946. He was elected into the Central Committee and became a candidate member of the	13,986
1214571	Anton Ackermann	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton%20Ackermann	Anton Ackermann . He was elected into the Central Committee and became a candidate member of the Politburo in 1949. From 1950 to 1954, he was a member of the People's Chamber. From 1949 to 1953, he was the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the arrest of the minister, Georg Dertinger, Ackermann succeeded him, briefly, as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1953-1954, he was expelled from the Politburo and Central Committee and fired as minister because of "party-hostile activity." In 1956 he was rehabilitated and worked for the State Planning Bureau. In 1970 he was rewarded with the Patriotic Service Medal. Ill with cancer, he committed suicide in 1973. # See also. - Wilhelm Zaisser - Heinrich Rau	13,987
1214584	Night Shadows	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night%20Shadows	Night Shadows Night Shadows Night Shadows is a studio album by Dive and Controlled Bleeding. # Track listing. - 1. Controlled Bleeding - "Hymn from the Shadows (Parts 1 & 2)" (Paul Lemos, Joe Papa) – 29:17 - 2. Dive - "Glow in the Dark" (Dirk Ivens) – 20:16 # Personnel. Controlled Bleeding: - Paul Lemos - instruments, vocals, processing - Joe Papa - drums, vocals Dive: - Dirk Ivens - instruments, vocals	13,988
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) Paul Hunter (snooker player) Paul Alan Hunter (14 October 1978 – 9 October 2006) was a British professional snooker player. His media profile developed swiftly and he became known as the "Beckham of the Baize" because of his good looks and flamboyant style. Hunter was a three-time Masters Champion, winning the title on the deciding frame on all three occasions. Hunter compiled 114 competitive century breaks in the course of his professional career, including a personal record break of 146 compiled at the 2004 Premier League. Hunter also won three ranking titles, the British Open and the Welsh Open (twice). In March 2005 Hunter was diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumours. He died shortly before	13,989
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) his 28th birthday in October 2006. In 2016, the Masters trophy was renamed in his honour. # Early life. Hunter was born in Leeds in 1978 and was educated at St Andrews Primary School and Cardinal Heenan High School. At the age of 9 he was awarded best junior snooker player of the year. With some encouragement from friends and family, he spent many hours practising snooker. He often travelled to Bradford to practise alongside Joe Johnson. At the age of 12 Hunter was considered an "outstanding junior talent". He won many junior tournaments and at the age of 14 won the English Doubles Championship with Richard Brooke. With the help of former professional snooker players Jimmy Michie and Joe	13,990
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) Johnson, Hunter made his debut among the professionals in July 1995 at the age of 16. # Life and career. ## Early career (1995–2000). Four months after his professional debut, Hunter reached the second round of the 1995 UK Championship by defeating world number six Alan McManus 9–4. He followed up that achievement by becoming the youngest player to reach the last four of a ranking event when he reached the semi-finals of the 1996 Welsh Open at the age of 17 years and three months, defeating Stephen Hendry on the way. Also in 1996, he reached the quarter-finals of the UK Championship, where he beat Willie Thorne 9–0, James Wattana 9–5 and Terry Murphy 9–7, before losing 5–9 against eventual	13,991
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) champion Stephen Hendry. Hunter was awarded a wildcard to play at the 1997 Masters, where he lost 1–5 against Mark Williams in the first round. He was fined £4,550 and docked 1,140 ranking points after testing positive for cannabis during an event in 1997. His first ranking tournament victory came at the 1998 Welsh Open, where he defeated seven players to lift the title and claim the £60,000 winner's cheque: Paul Wykes (5–3), Neal Foulds (5–2), Steve Davis (5–3), Nigel Bond (5–4), Alan McManus (5–3) and Peter Ebdon (6–1), before defeating John Higgins 9–5 in the final. During the final, Hunter made three (108, 116 and 127). He was 2–4 down at one time, but won seven of the last eight frames	13,992
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) to clinch the title. He followed up that success by reaching the semi-finals of the 1998 UK Championship in Bournemouth and was named the Snooker Writers Association's "Young Player of the Year". Hunter's first appearance at the Crucible came in 1999 World Championship, where he lost 8–10 in the first round to the eventual champion Stephen Hendry. His form that season elevated him to no. 12 in the 1999/2000 world rankings resulting in automatic qualification into the final stages of ranking tournaments for the first time. After the 1999/2000 season, demoting him to no. 14 in the 2000/2001 world rankings, he reached the quarter-final stage or better in six tournaments the following season.	13,993
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) He was a runner-up at the Welsh Open, a semi-finalist at the British Open and Scottish Open and a quarter-finalist at the Grand Prix and China Open. ## Masters champion (2001–2004). In the 2001 Masters, Hunter beat his close friend and defending champion Matthew Stevens 6–5 in the last 16, Peter Ebdon 6–3 in the quarter-finals and Stephen Hendry 6–4 in the semi-finals. In the final Hunter recovered from a 3–7 deficit against Fergal O'Brien to win 10–9. Hunter compiled four centuries in six frames, and earned the £175,000 first prize. In his post-match interview, Hunter caused a media sensation by admitting he resorted to "Plan B" with Lindsey Fell, then his girlfriend, during the interval	13,994
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) while 2–6 down. The 'B' in "Plan B" purportedly refers to the word "bonk", a British slang term for sexual intercourse. Hunter and Fell retired to their hotel room and he recalled: "Sex was the last thing on my mind. I just wasn't in the mood. But I had to do something to break the tension. It was a quick session – around 10 minutes or so – but I felt great afterwards. She jumped in the bath, I had a kip and then played like a dream. I reeled off four centuries in six frames. I won easily." In 2002, Hunter retained his title. He defeated Stephen Lee 6–3 in the first round, Peter Ebdon 6–5 in the quarter-finals and Alan McManus 6–5 in the semi-finals to reach the final, where he defeated Mark	13,995
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) Williams 10–9, despite at one point of the match trailing 0–5. In doing so, he became only the third player in history of the Masters to retain the trophy along with Cliff Thorburn and Stephen Hendry, and in doing so he won the £190,000 prize money. Hunter also won his second Welsh Open title, defeating Ken Doherty 9–2 in the final, but was defeated 9–10 in the first round of the 2002 World Championship by Quinten Hann. His success was to continue at the 2002 British Open, staged in Telford, where he captured his third ranking title by beating Ian McCulloch 9–4 in the final. Hunter could not win the Masters for the third time in row in 2003, as he lost 3–6 in the semi-finals to the previous	13,996
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) year's runner-up and eventual champion Mark Williams. His greatest success that campaign, though, was only a few months away. In the 2003 World Championship, he beat Allister Carter 10–5, Matthew Stevens 13–6 and defending champion Peter Ebdon 13–12 to reach the semi-finals. In his semi-final, Hunter established a 15–9 overnight lead over Ken Doherty, however he only could win one of the remaining nine frames, and lost the match 16–17. As a result of his performances Hunter earned a place in the world's top eight in the 2003/2004 world rankings for the first time in his career, having been ranked number nine for the previous two seasons. In 2003/2004, Hunter won the Masters for the third time	13,997
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) in four years, yet again by the score of 10–9. Hunter trailed Ronnie O'Sullivan throughout the entire match before pipping him to the trophy in the final frame. In fact, Hunter trailed 1–6, 2–7, 6–8 and 7–9 before reeling off the final three frames to seal the sixth title of his professional career. He made five century breaks in the match. Hunter also reached the final of the Players Championship, but lost 7–9 against Jimmy White. Hunter reached the second round of the 2004 World Championship, where he lost 12–13 against Matthew Stevens, despite leading 10–6 and 12–10 at some points of the match. Hunter and Lindsey Fell, a beauty therapist, married in August 2004 in Jamaica. Hunter began the	13,998
621339	Paul Hunter (snooker player)	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player)	Paul Hunter (snooker player) 2004/2005 season, by reaching the semi-finals of the Grand Prix, where he lost 3–6 to Ronnie O'Sullivan. He then reached the quarter-finals of the China Open, just days after discovering that he was suffering from cancer. His career-high ranking was number four in the world during the 2004/2005 season, which dropped to number five in 2005/2006. ## Later years and illness (2005–2006). On 6 April 2005, Hunter announced that he was suffering from malignant neuroendocrine tumours in his stomach, a very rare disease of which the cause is unknown. A spokesman for the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association said at the time: "Paul will undergo treatment to cure himself of this illness.	13,999

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