wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
the second release targeting a regional market distributed by Anuman Interactive for sale in France, Belgium and Switzerland. There were initially two versions: the standard version which consisted of "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006" with Service Pack 1 applied, and the "Gold" edition, which included French regi... | 13,800 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
"TC" (TC1, TC2, TC3), is a series of 3 standalone "Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006" joint venture customizations put together by Auran and different professional providers of third party content. Unlike typical Trainz releases which feature a round-the-world sampling of content typical to different regions of the... | 13,801 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line in the 2000s (due to EMD FL9 locomotives still being in service), TC2 focuses on a freelanced city called "Modula City", featuring European trams running in the city and to an island (a demo version was included with TRS2004). TC3 focuses on the famed Settle-Carlisle Lin... | 13,802 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
for TS2009, TS2010, and TS12.
### "Trainz – The Complete Collection".
Released June 13, 2008. This is a large compilation, containing three DVD's: "Ultimate Trainz Collection", "TRS2004", "TRS2006", "Trainz Routes" (volumes 1-4), and "Trainz PaintShed".
### iPad, Android.
To celebrate the 10th anniversary o... | 13,803 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
Simulator 12".
"Trainz Simulator 12", or "TS12", was released on April 12, 2011. Among other upgrades, this product offers a variety of new routes, doppler effect support, satellite view, and a multiplayer feature for the first time (multiplayer was publicly tested in "TS2010"). A Trainz 10th Anniversary Boxset... | 13,804 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
Trainz releases, the package contains only content vetted for the new technology, which in TS12 needed to be updated for compatibility with 64 bit computers. However, much of the content (not all of it) from the previous versions was released on the Download station (DLC) in an updated form as of the end of 2012... | 13,805 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
down small toy-like objects in the replacement of buildings and scenery. However, its graphical quality of the trains, track, and objects is still very much like that of the standard "Trainz" simulator games. Controls are also far more simplified. The game was also ported to Android devices.
### Mac".
"Trainz... | 13,806 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
introduced an online multiplayer feature. It is a port of "Trainz 12".
### iPhone.
"Trainz Driver 2" leveraged the iPad updates and introduced the powerful route editing tools to the phone.
### A New Era".
"Trainz: A New Era" is, as noted in the new naming convention, a new beginning for the Trainz franchi... | 13,807 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
The game utilizes a new custom designed 64 bit game engine, which features far more realistic (lifelike) graphics, slightly improved train physics, and various other new features and improvements led by a top ten hit-list drawn up by the user community on the forums between September and November 2013.
- Subseq... | 13,808 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
hotfix software updates were forthcoming throughout the year, and often these would incrementally improve UI lacks and so gradually raise the UX. A long delayed Service Pack 1 finally passed a succession of hurdles which had new BETA Candidate Replacements updating the last until finally six-to-seven weeks late,... | 13,809 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
a half, one after the other a week apart on March 11, 2016 (build 81190) and March 18, 2016 (build 81296), but normal UI to recapture UX operations of earlier Trainz aside from Driver, are still lacking in hotfix2. Several of the CM hotkeys were reinstated with the second hotfix, and N3V has announced that Servi... | 13,810 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
July 2018 and the game will officially launch in Q4, 2018. It is also the first entry in the series since TRS2006 to feature the "Trainz Railroad Simulator" moniker. The game uses whole-game DRM in all versions, whereas certain versions of "Trainz: A New Era" could be purchased and run offline. This requires tha... | 13,811 |
621307 | Trainz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trainz | Trainz
least once a month in order for the game and content to continue functioning. TRS19 is primarily being offered as subscription model, although a one-time purchase (but with the monthly DRM check still required) is also planned. It also has the ability to download content from the Download Station (DLS) while in ... | 13,812 |
621321 | Chamber (firearms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber%20(firearms) | Chamber (firearms)
Chamber (firearms)
In firearms, the chamber is the portion of the barrel or firing cylinder in which the cartridge is inserted before being fired. Rifles and pistols generally have a single chamber in their barrel, but revolvers have multiple chambers in their cylinder, and no chamber in their barre... | 13,813 |
621321 | Chamber (firearms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber%20(firearms) | Chamber (firearms)
a revolver cannot be fired with its cylinder swung out.
The act of "chambering" a cartridge means the insertion of a round into the chamber, either manually or through the action of the weapon, e.g., pump-action, lever-action, bolt action, or automatic action generally in anticipation of firing the ... | 13,814 |
1214548 | British Rail Class 403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Rail%20Class%20403 | British Rail Class 403
British Rail Class 403
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 5-BEL to the five-car all-Pullman electric multiple units which worked the prestigious Brighton Belle trains between London Victoria and Brighton. These units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS... | 13,815 |
1214548 | British Rail Class 403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Rail%20Class%20403 | British Rail Class 403
All 15 cars were built by Metropolitan Cammell. In June 1934 the Southern Railway renamed the "Southern Belle" as the "Brighton Belle".
As they were Pullman cars, owned by the independent Pullman Car Company, the individual carriages were numbered in its series, taking numbers 279 to 293, and th... | 13,816 |
1214548 | British Rail Class 403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Rail%20Class%20403 | British Rail Class 403
types were built - Driving Motor Brake Parlour Third (DMBPT), Trailer Parlour First with Kitchen (TPFK), and Trailer Parlour Third (TPT). Initial formations of these units were as follows:
# Withdrawal and preservation.
The last "Brighton Belle" train ran on 30 April 1972, and the three 5BEL un... | 13,817 |
1214548 | British Rail Class 403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British%20Rail%20Class%20403 | British Rail Class 403
jority not in railway use. A number have been returned to service on the main line with the Belmond British Pullman (previously the Venice Simplon Orient Express or VSOE), as hauled cars forming part of the British Pullman charter train. A campaign to return the Brighton Belle to mainline service... | 13,818 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
Train simulator
A train simulator (also railroad simulator or railway simulator) is a computer based simulation of rail transport operations. They are generally large complicated software packages modeling a 3D virtual reality world implemented both as commercial trainers, and consumer computer game so... | 13,819 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
game' railway simulators, MSTS and Trainz, arrived within a few months of one another in 2001 and could run (poorly) on Intel 80386 microprocessor based systems. Some, like the first wide-market release, Microsoft Train Simulator (MSTS), are written and modeled for the user mainly interested in driving.... | 13,820 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
encouraged user participation and dialog with an active forum, and took pains to publish in-depth how-to model guidelines and specifications with its releases.
Several other later challengers as well as Trainz (with a series of upgrades) soon matched or eclipsed MSTS's driving experiences one way or an... | 13,821 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
a free camera mode allowing roaming away from the train cars, free and clear of the Train being operated-while still controlling it. This latter makes particular sense given the dearth of an assistant on a walkie-talky while operating a train during coupling operations or other position sensitive tasks ... | 13,822 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
out, Australian Trainz in 2014-2015 upgraded itself with , still servicing the wider route builder and driving markets, but now matching the 64bit computing and graphics of Train Simulator 2013, 2015, and Train Simulator 2016. In the same five-year period, Train simulators have moved to pad computer and... | 13,823 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
and Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co KG (KMW) http://www.kmweg.de/, a German company based in Munich
- Oktal Sydac in Australia, France, India and the UK
- SMART Simulation - part of the Neokon Baltija group from Lithuania with offices in the UK and Russia.
- New York Air Brak... | 13,824 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
driving simulation and strategy simulation.
## Driving simulation.
Train driving simulation games usually allow a user to have a "driver's view" from the locomotive's cab and operate realistic cab controls such as throttle, brake valve, sand, horn and whistle, lights etc.
One of the first commerciall... | 13,825 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
"BVE Trainsim" (originally "Boso View Express") is a Japanese three-dimensional computer-based train simulator. It is notable for focusing on providing an accurate driving experience as viewed from inside the cab, rather than creating a network of other trains—There are no outside views, drivers can onl... | 13,826 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
drivers or learning a route, a control mode similar to that of a H.O. scale model train set.
- "Densha de Go!", a Japanese (only) train simulation game series focused on driving.
- "Microsoft Train Simulator" ("MSTS"), with limited route building and difficult expansion capabilities.
- "Rail Simulato... | 13,827 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
Arts.
- "Train Simulator" (originally "RailWorks"), successor to "Rail Simulator", the software was subject to a management buy out. Operating as Rail Simulator Developments Ltd, the software was rebranded, improved and adapted for the Steam online distribution system. Expanding on the capabilities of ... | 13,828 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
behind its development rebranded as Dovetail Games, and put the simulator through a similar program of reinvention. Continuing to be sold primarily though Steam, boxed versions are released annually each September, incrementing the title (TS2013 / TS2014 / TS2015). Each annual release encompasses a rang... | 13,829 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
controlling the trains from a bird's eye view.
Peripherals specifically designed for use with driving simulations include RailDriver by US manufacturer P.I. Engineering. RailDriver is a programmable desktop cab controller with throttle, brake lever and switches designed to work with "Trainz", "TrainMas... | 13,830 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
(1999 to present), "OpenTTD" (2004 to present) and Sawyer's own "Locomotion" (2004). Sid Meier designed two railroad simulations: "Railroad Tycoon" (1990) and "Railroads!" (2006). The "Railroad Tycoon" series itself inspired other rail games such as "Rails Across America" (2001).
## Other genres.
Some... | 13,831 |
621311 | Train simulator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train%20simulator | Train simulator
e) and "Train Dispatcher
JBSS BAHN (shareware) focuses on simulating a complex railroad lay out.
PC-Rail Software have nearly 90 different signalling simulations, mostly based on UK locations.
# See also.
- Flight simulator – contains reference to flight simulators
- Strategy computer game
# Exter... | 13,832 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
Peter Ebdon
Peter David Ebdon (born 27 August 1970) is an English professional snooker player. He was World Champion in 2002, beating Stephen Hendry 18–17 in the final, and won the UK Championship in 2006 and seven other ranking events between 1993 and 2012. He was also a losing finalist in the World Champ... | 13,833 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
he went on to reach the quarter-finals of the event, losing 7–13 to a resurgent Terry Griffiths. However, it was a run which earned him the WPBSA Young Player of the Year award as a result. His first ranking title was the 1993 Grand Prix. He climbed the rankings rapidly to reach a career-highest position of... | 13,834 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
at the 2006 event to Graeme Dott in which, at 7–15 down coming into the final session, Ebdon won six successive frames before Dott prevailed 18–14. In the semi-final before the final he led Marco Fu 15–9 before being pegged back to 16–16 before Ebdon took the decider, at the end of which he shed tears of re... | 13,835 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
break of 12. Ebdon nevertheless won the match 13–11. Such performances, though lacking fluency, often appear to break his opponent mentally. Ebdon stated after his victory over O'Sullivan, "When I'm trying my hardest I seem to go slow. I don't do it intentionally". When "The Times" described his slow play a... | 13,836 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
and John Higgins en route to the final, and compiling eight century-breaks over the course of the tournament. However, he failed to reach a ranking quarter-final in 2007. His poor form continued into 2008; in the Northern Ireland Trophy he lost 0–5 to Liang Wenbo with a highest break of 32., a result which ... | 13,837 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
this time to Graeme Dott. This result meant Ebdon dropped out of the top 16 in the world rankings after an uninterrupted 16-year stay.
## 2010/2011.
At the start of the season Ebdon issued a statement announcing that he would not be able to play to the best of his ability in the last round of the Shanghai... | 13,838 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
O'Sullivan 1–3. This was his first semi-final since the 2009 China Open and saw him retake a place in the top 16. He also reached the quarter-finals of the China Open and the last 16 of the German Masters and Welsh Open. However, he was knocked out in the first round of both the UK Championship and World Ch... | 13,839 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
draw of the ranking events. He lost his first qualifying match in an attempt to reach the UK Championship as he was defeated 3–6 by Robert Milkins. The result meant that Ebdon would not play in the tournament since his first year as a professional in 1991. He also missed the Masters for the first time since... | 13,840 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
world number 28 in March.
Ebdon put his indifferent form behind him at the China Open where he won the ninth ranking event title of his career. He whitewashed Liang Wenbo 5–0 to qualify and once in China beat Matthew Stevens 5–3 to set up a last 16 meeting with John Higgins. He came back from 1–3 down and,... | 13,841 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
final since winning the same tournament three years earlier. In the final he played Stephen Maguire and built a 5–1 lead in the first session, which was cut by three frames due to slow play. However, Maguire won seven of the next ten frames to level the match at 8 frames apiece. The final three frames were ... | 13,842 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
continued his recent surge of form into the World Championship by recording a 10–0 whitewash over Alfie Burden in qualifying. However, his season was ended when he drew Ronnie O'Sullivan in the first round and lost 4–10, meaning he has failed to beat "The Rocket" since their infamous 2005 quarter-final. Des... | 13,843 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
Ding caused a degree of controversy as Ebdon had taken an average of 32 seconds a shot in a nine frame encounter lasting almost 5 hours. In the semi-finals he defeated Marco Fu 6–2, despite his opponent having over a 90% pot success, 80% long pot success and 80% in his safety game success. He faced Barry Ha... | 13,844 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
one frame in beating Stephen Maguire and Ricky Walden to advance to the semi-finals. There he was thrashed 1–9 by Judd Trump.
During the rest of the season Ebdon lost in qualifying for three ranking events and in the first round of the World Open and the China Open. He qualified for the World Championship ... | 13,845 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
level at 6–6, before losing the last four frames to succumb to a 6–10 defeat. Dott called for new rules to be brought in to combat slow play after the match. Ebdon fell 10 places in the end of season rankings to world number 30.
## 2013/2014.
Ebdon had a slow start to the 2013/2014 season as in the openin... | 13,846 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
that he could beat his quarter-final opponent Ding Junhui if he could play the same again. Ding had won the previous two ranking events and, although the match lasted four hours, he beat Ebdon 6–3. He could not advance beyond the second round of a ranking event until the penultimate tournament, the China Op... | 13,847 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
professional.
## 2014/2015.
The 2014/2015 season was the first time since 1992/1993 that Ebdon failed to play in a ranking event quarter-final, with three last 16 finishes being his deepest runs. He did have his best year so far in the minor-ranking European Tour as a quarter-final appearance at the Riga ... | 13,848 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
2–4 by Martin Gould. He missed out on playing in the World Championship for the second year in a row as Stuart Carrington beat him 10–7 in the second qualifying round.
## 2015/2016.
At the UK Championship, Ebdon beat Lu Chenwei 6–0, Dominic Dale 6–5 and reigning world champion Stuart Bingham 6–3 to reach ... | 13,849 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
2am. He qualified for the first time in three years by defeating Ian Burns 10–2 and lost 2–10 to Marco Fu in the opening round.
## 2016/2017.
Ebdon had 4–1 victories over Zhou Yuelong, Duane Jones, and Dominic Dale, to advance to the quarter-finals of the Indian Open in which he lost 3–4 to Nigel Bond. He... | 13,850 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
rankings for the first time since 1992, as he was ranked 40th.
## 2018/2019.
Ebdon appeared in a ranking final for the 18th time in his career at the 2018 Paul Hunter Classic. He faced Kyren Wilson for the title, but lost out 2–4.
# Status.
Ebdon was only the second player to have made two competitive m... | 13,851 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
to improve sporting performance. In his first year of following the diet he lost two and a half stone and for September aimed to eat only raw food. He is a devotee of Napoleon Hill's motivational book "Think and Grow Rich".
Ebdon has been criticised in the past by other players on the professional circuit,... | 13,852 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
In a frame in which the brown ball is in close proximity to a red, he usually asks the referee for help on which ball is which. During a match against Simon Bedford in the 2008 Grand Prix, Ebdon inadvertently potted the brown believing it to be a red. He made the same mistake in the final of the 2012 Austra... | 13,853 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
before moving to Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. He started his career while at Highbury Grove School, resulting in him not taking his O levels – a decision he now regrets.
In 2005, he emigrated with his wife Deborah and four children: Ruby Mae, Ethan, Tristan and Clarissa, to Dubai and lived there until... | 13,854 |
621280 | Peter Ebdon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Ebdon | Peter Ebdon
a decision he now regrets.
In 2005, he emigrated with his wife Deborah and four children: Ruby Mae, Ethan, Tristan and Clarissa, to Dubai and lived there until 2009. On 22 January 2009 it was revealed that Ebdon had split with his wife by mutual consent. In 2010 he remarried to Nora, who is Hungarian, and ... | 13,855 |
1214564 | WBGT | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WBGT | WBGT
WBGT
WBGT may refer to:
- Wet-bulb globe temperature
- WBGT-CD, a class-A digital TV station (channel 40) licensed to Rochester, New York, United States | 13,856 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Christianization
Christianization (or Christianisation) is the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire groups at once. Various strategies and techniques were employed in Christianization campaigns from Late Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Often the conversion of... | 13,857 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
of converting native pagan practices and culture, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar to Christian uses, due to the Christian efforts at proselytism (evangelism) based on the Great Commission.
# "Interpretatio Christiana".
Reformatting native religious and cultural activities ... | 13,858 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
are outwardly permitted them, they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of God". In essence, it was intended that the traditions and practices still existed, but that the reasoning behind them was altered. The existence of syncretism in Christian tradition has long been r... | 13,859 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
(Ante-Nicaean).
The Council of Jerusalem (around 50 AD), according to , agreed that lack of circumcision could not be a basis for excluding Gentile believers from membership in the Jesus community. Rather, they instructed new believers to avoid "pollution of idols, fornication, things strangled, and b... | 13,860 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
alternative among the forms of Judaism for prospective Proselytes. The Twelve Apostles and the Apostolic Fathers initiated the process of transforming the originally Jewish sect into a diaspora of communities composed of both Jews and gentiles, united by their trust in Jesus.
The Armenian, Georgian an... | 13,861 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
among its urban population, with rural conversions taking place some time later. The term "pagan" is from Latin and means ""villager, rustic, civilian."" It is derived from this historical transition. The root of that word is present in today's word "paisan" or "paisano".
# Late antiquity (4th-6th cen... | 13,862 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
ended the intermittent persecution of Christianity with the Edict of Milan, in fact a quote from a letter of the emperor Licinius by Eusebius, which granted tolerance to all religions, but specifically mentions Christianity. Under Constantine's successors, Christianization of Roman society proceeded by... | 13,863 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
declined the office and title of Pontifex Maximus, his act effectively brought an end to the state religion due to the position's authority and ties within the Imperial administration. Again, however, this process ended state official practices but not private religious devotion. As Christianity spread... | 13,864 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
religious rites, and the confiscation of their property and endowments. The Olympic Games were banned in 392 because of their association with the old religion. Further laws were passed against remaining pagan practices over the course of the following years. The effectiveness of these laws empire-wide... | 13,865 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the last serious attempt at a pagan revival in the now Christianized Roman Empire. After the defeat of Eugenius, the conservative pagan families of Rome gave up their resistance to Christianity and began to re-invent themselves to maintain their social leadership. By this time the Christian hierarchy h... | 13,866 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
in circles surrounding the general Marcellinus and under Anthemius (r. 467-472), but these came to nothing. Marcian in 451 put the death penalty on the practice on pagan rites, and Leo I in 472 reinforced this by penalizing anyone who was aware that pagan rites were performed on his property.
The earl... | 13,867 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the 6th century, Germanic tribes were converted (and re-converted) by missionaries, firstly among the Franks, after Clovis I's conversion to Christianity in 496. Christianity at this time then constituted of a mix of Arian Christianity, Nicene Christianity, and Christianized Germanic paganism. The Lomb... | 13,868 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
of earlier beliefs remaining. The Franks were converted in the 5th century, after Clovis I's conversion to Nicene Christianity. In 498 (497 or 499 are also possible) he let himself be baptized in Rheims. With this act, the Frankish Kingdom became Christian, although it would take until the 7th century ... | 13,869 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
clear how thorough this process had been. Ireland, and parts of Scotland, had been converted by the Romano-British Christians, led by Saint Patrick. However, ecclesiastics of the time such as the British Gildas and later Anglo-Saxon Bede, criticized them for generally refusing to work at all for the co... | 13,870 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
and the Gregorian mission, who landed in 596, did the same to the Kingdom of Kent. They had been sent by Pope Gregory I and were led by Augustine of Canterbury with a mission team from Italy. In both cases, and in other kingdoms, the conversion was generally "top down", with the royal family and nobili... | 13,871 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Middle Ages, resulting in a unique form of Christianity known as Germanic Christianity that was frequently some blend of Arian Christianity and Germanic paganism. The Eastern and Western tribes were the first to convert through various means. However, it would not be until the 12th century that the Nor... | 13,872 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
and had consequently attributed his victory to Jesus. The Christianization of the Franks laid the foundation for the further Christianization of the Germanic peoples.
The next impulse came from the edge of Europe. Although Ireland had never been part of the Roman Empire, Christianity had come there an... | 13,873 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the Saxons by way of warfare and law upon conquest.
## Czech lands.
Great Moravia and its successor state Duchy of Bohemia were founded by West Slavs in Central Europe in 9th century. The territory of Great Moravia was originally evangelized by missionaries coming from the Frankish Empire or Byzantin... | 13,874 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
I, was baptized in 831 by Reginhar, Bishop of Passau. Despite the formal endorsement by the elites, the Great Moravian Christianity was described as containing many pagan elements as late as in 852.
The Church organization in Great Moravia was supervised by the Bavarian clergy until the arrival of the... | 13,875 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
by which he set up an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Methodius as its head. He also named the German cleric Wiching the Bishop of Nitra, and Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, along with Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
## Bulgaria.
Aft... | 13,876 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
managed to create an autocephalous Bulgarian Orthodox Church and used the newly created Cyrillic script to make the Bulgarian language the language of the Church.
Christianity was challenged during the rule of his first-born son, Vladimir-Rasate (889-893), who decided to return to the old Bulgarian re... | 13,877 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
official recognition of his Imperial title and the full independence of the Bulgarian Church. As a result of his victories in 927, the Byzantines finally recognized the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
## Serbia.
The Serbs were baptised during the reign of Heraclius (610–641) by "elders of Rome" according to ... | 13,878 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
in the war against the Saracens in 869, after acknowledging the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. The fleets and land forces of Zahumlje, Travunia and Konavli ("Serbian Pomorje") were sent to fight the Saracens who attacked the town of Ragusa ("Dubrovnik") in 869, on the immediate request of Basil I,... | 13,879 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
with the Eastern Church (Constantinople) when Pope John VIII invited him to recognize the jurisdiction of the bishopric of Sirmium. The Serbs adopt the Old Slavonic liturgy instead of the Greek.
By the 870s, the Serbs were baptized and had established the Eparchy of Ras, on the order of Emperor Basil ... | 13,880 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the Polish people. Mieszko's action proved highly successful because by the 13th century, Roman Catholicism had become the dominant religion in Poland.
## Hungary.
In the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary (which was larger than modern day Hungary) was Christianized initially by Greek monks sent fro... | 13,881 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Sarolt, the daughter of Gyula II. His authority as leader of the Hungarian tribal federation was recognized with a crown from Pope Sylvester II. King Stephen converted the nomadic barbarian tribes of the Hungarians and induced them to sedentary culture. The conversion of Hungary is said to have been co... | 13,882 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Crusades. Saint Stephen was the first Hungarian monarch that was elevated to the sanctity for his Christian characteristics and not because he suffered a martyr death.
## Kievan Rus'.
Between the 8th and the 13th century, the area of what now is European Russia, Belarus and Ukraine was settled by the... | 13,883 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
of his new wife were to repose. Another church was built on top of the hill where pagan statues stood before.
## Scandinavia.
The Christianization of Scandinavia started in the 8th century with the arrival of missionaries in Denmark and it was at least nominally complete by the 12th century, although... | 13,884 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Conception, the Trinity and so forth. Archaeological excavations of burial sites on the island of Lovön near modern-day Stockholm have shown that the actual Christianization of the people was very slow and took at least 150–200 years, and this was a very central location in the Swedish kingdom. Thirtee... | 13,885 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the German Livonian and Teutonic military orders, and their allies against the pagan peoples of Northern Europe around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Swedish and German campaigns against Russian Eastern Orthodox Christians are also sometimes considered part of the Northern Crusades.... | 13,886 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
had been conquered by Muslims in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Between 722 (see: Battle of Covadonga) and 1492 (see: the Conquest of Granada) the Christian Kingdoms that later would become Spain and Portugal reconquered it from the Moorish states of Al-Ándalus.
The notorious Spanish Inquisition an... | 13,887 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the Americas such as the Aztecs and Incas. A large number of churches were built.
Later waves of colonial expansion such as the Scramble for Africa or the struggle for India, by the Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany and Russia led to Christianization of other native populations across the globe su... | 13,888 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
Scotch Irish, Germans, Dutch, French, and Swedes—were mostly from Protestant countries in Northern Europe. Thus Protestantism as a religious force shaped the mind of pre-independence colonial America.
By the 1790 Census, the total immigration over the approximately 130-year span of colonial existence ... | 13,889 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
(driven by the Great Famine from 1845 onward) and countries in Southern Europe (partly due to farming improvements which created surplus labor), and absorption of territories originally colonized or influenced by Catholic countries such as Spain.
# 20th century.
## America.
In 1908 Pope Pius X decla... | 13,890 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
the transition from becoming a church that "received" missionary help to a church that "sends" it. Attendees included Boston's Archbishop William H. O'Connell and Chicago's Archbishop James Edward Quigley, who called attention to the "new era" into which the church in America now entered.
# Sacred sit... | 13,891 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
of temples and sacred trees, remarks "wherever he destroyed heathen temples, there he used immediately to build either churches or monasteries", and when Benedict took possession of the site at Monte Cassino, he began by smashing the sculpture of Apollo and the altar that crowned the height.
The Briti... | 13,892 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
holy places were respected enough for them to survive, however, as most ancient European "sacred groves", such as the pillar Irminsul, were destroyed by Christianizing forces.
During the Reconquista and the Crusades, the cross served the symbolic function of possession that a flag would occupy today. ... | 13,893 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
treated sceptically by most academics, either because there is a paucity of historical evidence for them, or due to striking resemblances that they have to pre-Christian deities. In 1969 the Roman Catholic Church removed some Christian Saints from its universal calendar and pronounced the historicity o... | 13,894 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
appear to be based on figures from pre-Christian myth and legend, Saint Sarah, for example, also known as "Sarah-la-Kali", is thought by Ronald Lee to be a Christianization of Kali, a Hindu deity.
# Symbolism.
The cross is currently the most common symbol of Christianity, and has been for many centur... | 13,895 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
argues that Constantine chose the "labarum" because he had a vision that led him to convert to Christianity, Constantine's conversion is disputed by some historians, who see Constantine's motive for choosing the "labarum" as political, with him deliberately making his banner one which could be interpre... | 13,896 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
other connections with Christian tradition relating to this choice of symbol: that it was a reference to the feeding of the multitude; that it referred to some of the apostles having previously been fishermen; or that the word "Christ" was pronounced by Jews in a similar way to the Hebrew word for "fis... | 13,897 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
analyzes the role of Christian proselytism in modern India
- Taiping Rebellion
- Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England
- Christianization of England
- Christianization of Ireland
- Christianization of the Celtic peoples
- Christianization of Roman (Southern) France
- Christianization of Bavari... | 13,898 |
621178 | Christianization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianization | Christianization
of Bulgaria
- Christianization of Armenia
- Christianization of Goa
- Christianization of Tonga
- In other religions
- Islamization
- Judaization
# References.
- Balmer, Randall (2001). "Religion in Twentieth Century America. ".
- Curran, John 2000. "Pagan City and Christian Capital." (Oxford)... | 13,899 |
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