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1214765 | Castellammare | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellammare | Castellammare
Castellammare
Castellammare may refer to one of the following places in southern Italy:
- Castello a Mare or Castellammare, an ancient fortress in Palermo, Sicily;
- Castellammare di Stabia, a commune in Napoli province, Campania region;
- Castellammare del Golfo, a town in Trapani province, Sicily, noted for being the birthplace of many prominent American Mafia figures;
- Castellammare Adriatico, former Italian municipality of Abruzzo region, annexed in the territory of Pescara in 1927. | 14,400 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
Craniotomy
A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. Craniotomies are often critical operations, performed on patients who are suffering from brain lesions or traumatic brain injury (TBI), and can also allow doctors to surgically implant deep brain stimulators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and cerebellar tremor.
The procedure is also widely used in neuroscience for extracellular recording, brain imaging, and for neurological manipulations such as electrical stimulation and chemical titration. The procedures are used for accessing brain tissue that must be removed, as well.
Craniotomy is distinguished | 14,401 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
from craniectomy (in which the skull flap is not immediately replaced, allowing the brain to swell, thus reducing intracranial pressure) and from trepanation, the creation of a burr hole through the cranium in to the dura mater.
# Procedure.
Human craniotomy is usually performed under general anesthesia but can be also done with the patient awake using a local anaesthetic; the procedure, typically, does not involve significant discomfort for the patient. In general, a craniotomy will be preceded by an MRI scan which provides an image of the brain that the surgeon uses to plan the precise location for bone removal and the appropriate angle of access to the relevant brain areas. The amount of | 14,402 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
skull that needs to be removed depends on the type of surgery being performed. The bone flap is mostly removed with the help of a cranial drill and a craniotome, then replaced using titanium plates and screws or another form of fixation (wire, suture, etc.) after completion of the surgical procedure. In the event the host bone does not accept its replacement an artificial piece of skull, often made of PEEK, is substituted. (The PEEK appliance is routinely modeled by a CNC machine capable of accepting a high resolution MRI computer file in order to provide a very close fit, in an effort to minimize fitment issues, and therefore minimizing the duration of the cranial surgery.)
# Complications.
Bacterial | 14,403 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
meningitis or viral meningitis occurs in about 0.8 to 1.5% of individuals undergoing craniotomy. Postcraniotomy pain is frequent and moderate to severe in nature. This pain has been controlled through the use of scalp infiltrations, nerve scalp blocks, parecoxib, and morphine, morphine being the most effective in providing analgesia.
According to the Journal of Neurosurgery, "Infections in patients undergoing craniotomy: risk factors associated with post-craniotomy meningitis", their clinical studies indicated that "the risk for meningitis was independently associated with perioperative steroid use and ventricular drainage".
Within the 334 procedures that they had conducted from males and | 14,404 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
females, their results concluded that traumatic brain injuries were the predominant causes of bacterial meningitis.
At least 40% of patients became susceptible to at least one infection, creating more interconnected risk factors along the way. From the Infectious Diseases Clinic Erasme Hospital, there had been reports of infections initially beginning from either the time of surgery, skin intrusion, hematogenous seeding, or retrograde infections.
Cerebrospinal fluid shunt (CSF) associates with the risk of meningitis due to the following factors: pre-shunt associated infections, post-operative CSF leakage, lack of experience from the neurosurgeon, premature birth/young age, advanced age, shunt | 14,405 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
revisions for dysfunction, and neuroendoscopes.
The way shunts are operated on each patient relies heavily on the cleanliness of the site. Once bacteria penetrates the area of a CSF, the procedure becomes more complicated.
The skin is especially necessary to address because it is an external organ. Scratching the incision site can easily create an infection due to there being no barrier between the open air and wound.
Aside from scratching, decubitus ulcer and tissues near the shunt site are also leading pathways for infection susceptibility.
It is also common to give patients seven days of anti-seizure medications post operatively. Traditionally this has been phenytoin, but now is increasingly | 14,406 |
1214710 | Craniotomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craniotomy | Craniotomy
ure becomes more complicated.
The skin is especially necessary to address because it is an external organ. Scratching the incision site can easily create an infection due to there being no barrier between the open air and wound.
Aside from scratching, decubitus ulcer and tissues near the shunt site are also leading pathways for infection susceptibility.
It is also common to give patients seven days of anti-seizure medications post operatively. Traditionally this has been phenytoin, but now is increasingly levetiracetam as it has a lower risk of drug-drug interactions.
# See also.
- Decompressive craniectomy
- Trepanning
# External links.
- Brain Surgery-Neurosurgery Patient Help Site | 14,407 |
1214737 | Gluconic acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconic%20acid | Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula CHO and condensed structural formula HOCH(CHOH)COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
# Chemical structure.
The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open chained form of glucose, | 14,408 |
1214737 | Gluconic acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconic%20acid | Gluconic acid
terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
# Occurrence and uses.
Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation. As a food additive (E574), it is now known as an acidity regulator.
The gluconate anion chelates Ca, Fe, Al, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides. It is also used in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections | 14,409 |
1214737 | Gluconic acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconic%20acid | Gluconic acid
may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues, as well as to treat hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients. Gluconate is also an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as "plasmalyte a", used for intravenous fluid resuscitation. Quinine gluconate is a salt of gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.
Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.
Ferrous gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.
Gluconate is used as a concrete admixture (retarder) to slow down the cement hydration reactions and to delay the cement setting time. It allows so a longer time to place the concrete | 14,410 |
1214737 | Gluconic acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconic%20acid | Gluconic acid
ous gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.
Gluconate is used as a concrete admixture (retarder) to slow down the cement hydration reactions and to delay the cement setting time. It allows so a longer time to place the concrete or to spread the cement hydration heat on a longer period of time to avoid too high temperature and the resulting cracks. Retarders are mixed to concrete when the weather temperature is high or to cast large and thick concrete slabs in successive and sufficiently well mixed layers.
# See also.
- Uronic acid
- Glucuronic acid
- Isosaccharinic acid (ISA)
# External links.
- Gluconic acid on NIST.gov
- ChemSub Online: D-Gluconic acid. | 14,411 |
1214741 | Edward Craven Hawtrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Craven%20Hawtrey | Edward Craven Hawtrey
Edward Craven Hawtrey
Edward Craven Hawtrey (7 May 1789 – 27 January 1862) was an English educationalist, headmaster and later provost of Eton College.
# Life.
He was born at Burnham, Bucks, the son of the vicar of the parish. He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and in 1814 was appointed assistant master at Eton under John Keate. In 1834 he became headmaster of Eton, which role he performed until 1853, when he was elected Provost of Eton following the death of Francis Hodgson. While he was headmaster and Hodgson was Provost, new buildings were erected, including the school library and the sanatorium, the college chapel was restored, the Old Christopher Inn was closed, | 14,412 |
1214741 | Edward Craven Hawtrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Craven%20Hawtrey | Edward Craven Hawtrey
and the custom of Montem, the collection by street begging of funds for the university expenses of the captain of the school, was suppressed.
Hawtrey is supposed to have suggested the modern language prizes given by Prince Albert, and himself founded the prize for English essay. In 1852 he became provost of Eton, and in 1854 vicar of Mapledurham. He was buried in the Eton College chapel.
On account of his command of languages, he was known in London as "the English Mezzofanti", and he was a book collector of the finest taste. Among his own books are some translations from the English into Italian, German and Greek. He had a considerable reputation as a writer of English hexameters and as a | 14,413 |
1214741 | Edward Craven Hawtrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward%20Craven%20Hawtrey | Edward Craven Hawtrey
e Albert, and himself founded the prize for English essay. In 1852 he became provost of Eton, and in 1854 vicar of Mapledurham. He was buried in the Eton College chapel.
On account of his command of languages, he was known in London as "the English Mezzofanti", and he was a book collector of the finest taste. Among his own books are some translations from the English into Italian, German and Greek. He had a considerable reputation as a writer of English hexameters and as a judge of Homeric translation: his translation of a brief passage from the "Iliad" was described by Matthew Arnold, in "On Translating Homer", as "the most successful attempt hitherto made at rendering Homer into English". | 14,414 |
1214781 | Voice of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice%20of%20Turkey | Voice of Turkey
Voice of Turkey
Voice of Turkey () is the international service of Turkish state radio on shortwave, Turksat 3A satellite and the Internet. All the broadcasts are transmitted from single site near Emirler ().
# Current broadcasts.
The round the clock Turkish broadcasts by the Voice of Turkey for Turkish nationals living abroad and those of Turkish origin focus on education, culture music and news programmes.
Its transmissions start with a piano tune in the "hicaz" makam.
# Languages.
The Voice of Turkey broadcasts on a daily basis for a total duration of 58 hours in 26 languages. These broadcasts in which culture, music and news programmes weigh heavier are carried in these languages:
- | 14,415 |
1214781 | Voice of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice%20of%20Turkey | Voice of Turkey
igin focus on education, culture music and news programmes.
Its transmissions start with a piano tune in the "hicaz" makam.
# Languages.
The Voice of Turkey broadcasts on a daily basis for a total duration of 58 hours in 26 languages. These broadcasts in which culture, music and news programmes weigh heavier are carried in these languages:
- Arabic
- Azerbaijani
- Bulgarian
- Chinese
- Dari
- English
- French
- Georgian
- German
- Hausa
- Italian
- Kazakh
- Malay
- Pashto
- Persian
- Russian
- Spanish
- Swahili
- Turkmen
- Turkish
- Urdu
- Uyghur
- Uzbek
# See also.
- Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
# External links.
- TRT Voice Of Turkey
- Live Stream | 14,416 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, ( – 10 October 1723) was an English politician who became the first Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Cowper was the son of Sir William Cowper, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, Kent, a Whig member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns.
# Career and titles.
He was educated at St Albans School in Hertfordshire and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament.
He was admitted to Middle Temple on 18 March 1681/82. He was called to the bar on 25 May 1688 and built up a large practice.
He gave his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on his landing in England | 14,417 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
in 1688, and was made King's Counsel and recorder of Colchester in 1694.
He had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother Spencer Cowper on a charge of murder.
## Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.
On 11 October 1705 he sworn of the Privy Council and was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and took his seat on the woolsack without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of the same year (1706) he succeeded to his father's | 14,418 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
baronetcy; and on 14 December 1706 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowper of Wingham, Kent. He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that "she had given the Seals to a boy" and suggested that in future he wear a wig to lend him gravity.
## Lord High Chancellor.
When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of Dr Sacheverell in 1710, but resigned the seal when Harley and Bolingbroke took office in the same year. Queen Anne, who had a high regard for him "begged him with tears | 14,419 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
in her eyes" not to resign, and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign. On the death of Queen Anne, George I appointed Cowper one of the Lords Justices for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor.
## Lord High Steward.
A paper which he drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled "An Impartial History of Parties", marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his "Lives of the Lord Chancellors". Cowper supported the impeachment of | 14,420 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
Lord Oxford for high treason in 1715, and in 1716 presided as Lord High Steward at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the Jacobite rising, his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the Septennial Bill in the same year.
## Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper.
On 18 March 1718 he was created Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper, and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the Prince of Wales's side in his quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposal brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, | 14,421 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
and also the Bill of Pains and Penalties against Atterbury in 1723. Cowper was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the Court of Chancery with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues. It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the Whigs in general, came to have a great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor.
# Trial of Spencer Cowper.
His younger brother, Spencer Cowper (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, | 14,422 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
having committed suicide on account of his inattention – at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of Sacheverell; was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), Chief Justice of Chester (1717), and Judge of the Common Pleas (1727). He was great uncle of William Cowper, the poet.
# Personal life.
## Marriages.
William Cowper was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to Mary, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed | 14,423 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
before the wedding. Swift (Examiner, xvii., xxii.) alludes to an allegation that Cowper had been guilty of bigamy, a slander for which there appears to have been no solid foundation. The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife; the elder son inherited his titles, and the younger, Spencer Cowper became Dean of Durham.
## Mistress.
Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of William Cowper, later 1st Earl Cowper, and brought him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in St Helen's, Bishopsgate. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November | 14,424 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
1703, and was buried at Hertingfordbury. Of her children, William, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson.
## Polygamy allegation.
The rumours about Lord Cowper's polygamy appeared to be based on the fact that Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming the wife, rather than the mistress, of William Cowper. In her will she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence.
# Later years and death.
In | 14,425 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
his last years he was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the Jacobites. He died at his residence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.
# References.
- "Private Diary of Earl Cowper", edited by EC Hawtrey for the Roxburghe Club (Eton, 1833)
- "The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper", edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper (London, 1864)
- Lord Campbell, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal" (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)
- Edward Foss, "The Judges of England" (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
- Gilbert Burnet, "History of his Own Time" (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)
- | 14,426 |
1214719 | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Cowper,%201st%20Earl%20Cowper | William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
ence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.
# References.
- "Private Diary of Earl Cowper", edited by EC Hawtrey for the Roxburghe Club (Eton, 1833)
- "The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper", edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper (London, 1864)
- Lord Campbell, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal" (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)
- Edward Foss, "The Judges of England" (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
- Gilbert Burnet, "History of his Own Time" (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)
- TB Howell, "State Trials", vol. xii.-xv. (33 vols, London, 1809–1828)
- GEC, "Complete Peerage" (London, 1889). | 14,427 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
Henry Marten (politician)
Sir Henry Marten, also recorded as Sir Henry Martin, (1562 – 26 September 1641) was an English judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1625 and 1640. He served as Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1617 to 1641.
# Life.
There are two main conflicting accounts of Marten's early life.
The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" identifies him as the eldest son of Anthony Marten, a merchant of London, originally from Wokingham, Berkshire, and his wife Margaret, daughter of John Yate of Lydford, Berkshire. It quotes John Aubrey, writing in 1680 (Brief Lives, 1.43), as giving Marten's birthplace as Stoke Pages, Buckinghamshire. | 14,428 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
Anthony à Wood in Athenae Oxienses, compiled between 1660 and 1669, also identifies Anthony Marten and Margaret as his parents, noting that Margaret was his second wife.
The "History of Parliament" identifies him as the second son of John Marten (d.1563), a wealthy London baker, and his wife Rose. It describes the identification with the merchant Anthony as "unlikely", as Henry Marten is known to have had an older brother, but suggests (in contrast to the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography") that Anthony Marten appears to have had only one son. It gives the date of Marten's baptism as 2 Aug. 1562; John Marten died in October 1563. Further confusion is sown by an anonymous writer in the | 14,429 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
Gentleman's Magazine for 1830, who refers to Anthony Marten's wife as Anne Jacob.
Marten was educated at Winchester College and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 24 November 1581, aged 19. He became a fellow of the college in 1582 and studied civil and canon law. He graduated BCL in 1587 and DCL in 1592, and was admitted a member of the College of Advocates on 16 October 1596. He developed a large practice as a barrister in the admiralty, prerogative, and high commission courts, and was appointed official of the archdeaconry of Berkshire.
Marten was made King's advocate on 3 March 1609 and in March 1613 was sent abroad in connection with the marriage settlement of the Lady Elizabeth. | 14,430 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
In 1616, he was made chancellor of the diocese of London. He was knighted at Theobalds on 21 December 1616. and in 1617 became a judge of the admiralty court. Later he was appointed a member of the court of high commission and dean of the arches. Marten started investing in land in Berkshire buying firstly property at West Challow in the Vale of White Horse, secondly Longworth House at Longworth which he bought for £9,500 in 1618, and thirdly Hinton Waldrist Manor.
In 1625 Marten was elected Member of Parliament for St Germans and supported Sir John Eliot in attacking the Duke of Buckingham. His tone was described as studiously moderate. While parliament was prorogued in 1626, he was involved | 14,431 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
in the committal of Sir Robert Howard by the high commission, and when he was re-elected MP for St Germans in 1626, an attempt was made to exclude him because of the case. He pleaded ignorance of the distinction between prorogation and dissolution and was allowed to take his seat. In 1628 he was elected MP for Oxford University, taking part in the debates on the Petition of Right and sitting until 1629 when King Charles I decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.
In April 1640, Marten was elected MP for St Ives in the Short Parliament. He did not stand for the Long Parliament which fined him £250 for his part in the case of Sir Robert Howard.
Marten married Elizabeth Harding, the | 14,432 |
1214778 | Henry Marten (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(politician) | Henry Marten (politician)
ried Elizabeth Harding, the sister of John Harding, and had two sons and three daughters. He was father of the regicide Henry Marten. Sir Henry Marten second son George Giles Martin, was a loyalist as well. George was Lord Mayor of Belfast, Ireland, until disposed of home and employment by Oliver Cromwell. George Giles Martin became a tobacco producer and was the Speaker of the House of the Assembly of Barbados in 1665. Sir Henry Marten died on 26 September 1641 at Bray, Berkshire, England and was buried at Saint Mary's Church, at Longworth, Oxfordshire, England with his wife Elizabeth, who had died in 1618.
A portrait of Sir Henry Martin hangs in Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
# External links. | 14,433 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
Mary Lamb
Mary Ann Lamb (3 December 1764 – 20 May 1847) was an English writer. She is best known for the collaboration with her brother Charles on the collection "Tales from Shakespeare". Lamb suffered from mental illness, and in 1796 she stabbed her mother to death during a mental breakdown. She was confined to mental facilities off and on for most of her life. She and Charles presided over a literary circle in London that included the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, among others.
# Early life.
Mary Lamb was born on 3 December 1764, the third of seven children of John and Elizabeth Lamb. Her parents worked for Samuel Salt, a barrister in London, and the family lived | 14,434 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
above Salt in his home at 2 Crown Office Row in the Inner Temple. Only two of Mary's siblings survived: her older brother John Jr. and her younger brother Charles. Mary learned about literature and writers from her father's stories of the times he had seen Samuel Johnson, who lived nearby, and his visitors. Mary remembered seeing, at the age of five, the writer Oliver Goldsmith in the street, and she also witnessed David Garrick's acting. Her father may have taken her with him on his trips to the Pope's Head book shop nearby.
Samuel Salt died in 1792, and the Lambs had to move out of their lodgings soon after (see tied accommodation). John Lamb continued to work in his old position in the Great | 14,435 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
Hall of the Inner Temple, where he had waited on Salt, but his wages were not sufficient to keep the lodgings that had been provided without cost by Salt. Samuel Salt left £600 to the Lambs, along with small annuities. They moved to a home in Little Queen Street, near High Holborn. Around this time, John Lamb had a stroke, losing most of the use of his left hand. John was allowed to continue receiving his salary while another man stood in for him in the Inner Temple, performing his duties. This arrangement lasted until John's death in 1799.
In the early 1790s, Elizabeth Lamb began to experience debilitating pain, possibly from arthritis, which ended up crippling her. Mary, the only other person | 14,436 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
at home during the day, took responsibility for her mother's care. By 1796, Elizabeth was completely helpless and dependent on Mary. John's sister Sarah Lamb also lived with the family, and her care was spread between Charles and Mary. In 1795 Charles had a mental breakdown, and spent the end of 1795 to the beginning of 1796 in a private mental facility. During this time, Mary worked as a seamstress, along with a little girl who served as her apprentice. The responsibilities and expectations placed on Mary began to be a serious burden for her toward the end of 1796. Her father had become senile, her mother required constant care, and her brother John had had an accident, and had moved back in | 14,437 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
with the family, so that he too could be cared for by her. Mary may also have had difficulties in training her young apprentice. The situation began to affect her mental stability.
# Murder of Elizabeth Lamb.
On 22 September 1796, while preparing dinner, Mary became angry with her apprentice, roughly shoving the little girl out of her way and pushing her into another room. Elizabeth began shouting at her for this. Mary suffered a mental break-down as her mother continued shouting at her. She took the kitchen knife she had been holding, unsheathed it, and approached her mother, who was sitting down. She then fatally stabbed her mother in the chest, in full view of John and Sarah Lamb who were | 14,438 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
standing nearby. Charles ran into the house soon after the murder and took the knife out of Mary's hand.
Later in the evening Mary was confined in a local mental facility called Fisher House, in Islington, a place found for her by Charles through a doctor friend of his. Charles took over responsibility for Mary after refusing his brother John's suggestion that they have her committed to a public facility. A few days later, the murder was reported in the newspapers. The coroner had returned a verdict of lunacy. A month after the murder, while still at Fisher House, Mary told Charles she had come to terms with her guilt over the murder, and felt that she had for the most part been a good and | 14,439 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
faithful daughter.
# Middle years.
Six months after the murder, Charles removed Mary from Fisher House and brought her to live in a house in the village of Hackney, not far from London. Charles spent his Sundays and holidays with Mary, leaving her in the care of his landlords for the rest of the time. Mary continued to work as a seamstress, and subscribed to the local lending libraries, as she was a voracious reader throughout her life. Charles's poem "Written on Christmas Day, 1797" demonstrated his feelings toward his sister, to whom he had made a lifelong commitment. On 13 April 1799 John Lamb died. Sarah Lamb had died in 1797, and with John's death, Charles was able to bring Mary back | 14,440 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
to London to live with him. They both decided that they would remain unmarried and live together for the rest of their lives, in a state described by Charles as "a sort of double singleness".
In 1800, after the death of their housekeeper, Mary had to be confined again for a month. Through the rest of her life, Mary would occasionally spend time in mental facilities when she or Charles felt that her mental derangement was returning. Over time, Mary and Charles rebuilt the very close and loving relationship they had had before their mother's death. In his essay "Mackery End" Charles wrote that "We are both of us inclined to be a little too positive...But where we have differed upon moral points; | 14,441 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
upon something proper to be done, or let alone; whatever heat of opposition, or steadiness of conviction, I set out with, I am sure always, in the long run, to be brought over to her way of thinking." Her sense of humour was so little developed, as compared with her brother's, that he described a play on words she made at the age of 50 as being her first joke.
In 1801, the Lambs formed a literary and social circle that included minor artists and writers, and occasional visits from Charles's friends Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. At this time, Mary also met two of the best female friends of her life, Sarah Stoddart and Dorothy Wordsworth. Charles began drinking heavily around | 14,442 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
this time, a problem that followed him until his death. Mary patiently watched over Charles when he was drunk, just as he had always watched over her.
In 1806, William Godwin (Mary Wollstonecraft's widower) and his second wife Mary Jane Godwin (mother of Claire Clairmont), who had become close with the Lambs through their shared literary work of the past few years, asked Mary to write something for their "Juvenile Library". This was the beginning of Charles and Mary's collaboration on "Tales from Shakespeare". During the writing of the "Tales", Mary realised that she could make a living writing these types of works for children. The finished collection of "Tales" was published in 1807, with | 14,443 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
a second edition coming out in 1809. Artists who made illustrations for the "Tales" included William Mulready and the poet William Blake. In 1808 the Lambs developed a closer friendship with an earlier acquaintance, William Hazlitt, who had recently married Mary's friend Sarah Stoddart, sister of the journalist John Stoddart.
Mary began writing her collection of tales "Mrs. Leicester's School" in 1808, publishing it at the end of the year, though the original title page stated the date as 1809. According to Charles, the work was mostly Mary's with only a small collaborative effort by him. The book had gone through nine editions by 1825. In 1810 Charles and Mary published another collaboration, | 14,444 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
"Poems for Children". Their writing brought them financial security and vaulted them solidly into the middle class. Mary had difficulties adjusting to middle-class life, as she had to hire and govern servants though she was used to doing household work herself.
# Later life.
In December 1814 Mary wrote an article entitled "On Needle-work", published in the "New British Lady's Magazine" the following year under the pseudonym Sempronia. The article argued that sewing should be made a recognised profession to give independence to women whose only skill and way of making a living was sewing, which at the time was something they were mostly obliged to do as part of their household duties. Mary | 14,445 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
had a relapse of her mental illness soon after publication of the article. In 1820 Charles began writing of the "Essays of Elia", in some of which he described her under the name of Bridget Elia. At this time his and Mary's literary gatherings grew in importance, with new members joining the circle including Thomas Noon Talfourd and Bryan Procter.
In 1820 they met a young girl named Emma Isola, who may have been introduced to them by William Wordsworth. Emma stayed with the Lambs several times over the next few years. After her father's death in 1823, when she was 14, Emma was adopted by the Lambs. She spent five happy years with them until finding a position as a governess. During the time | 14,446 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
that the three lived together, the Lambs moved to a country house. In 1825, Charles resigned from his position at the East India House. In the later 1820s Mary's mental illness progressed, her periods of dementia lasting longer and becoming deeper, while new symptoms of depression and detachment appeared. Charles's health became more infirm as well through these years.
In 1833 Mary moved to a house for mentally ill people in Edmonton, Middlesex; Charles soon followed. Charles never lost his love and devotion for his sister, even as her illness continued to worsen. "I could be nowhere happier than under the same roof as her," he said in 1834. The death of Coleridge in July 1834 was a great blow | 14,447 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
to Charles. Charles died on 27 December 1834. According to family friend Henry Crabb Robinson, Mary was "quite insane" at this time and unable to fully feel grief at the death of her brother, though she recovered so far as to be able to persuade Wordsworth to write lines for her brother's memorial stone.
Mary lived on at Edmonton until 1842 when she moved with her nurses to a house in London. She exchanged visits with friends when her mind was strong enough, but her hearing deteriorated in the mid-1840s, making it difficult for her to communicate with others. She died on 20 May 1847, and was buried next to her brother in the Edmonton Churchyard in Middlesex.
# Legacy.
At the time of her death, | 14,448 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
few people outside of hers and her brother's immediate circle of friends knew about either her mental problems or the circumstances of her mother's death. Their friend Talfourd soon published a memoir of the Lambs carefully and respectfully giving details of Mary's mental condition, while praising her as a friend and writer. One intention of Talfourd's was to boost the reputation of Charles by showing how much he had done for his beloved sister. He said that Mary was "remarkable for the sweetness of her disposition, the clearness of her understanding, and the gentle wisdom of all her acts and words", and that "To a friend in any difficulty she was the most comfortable of advisers, the wisest | 14,449 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
of consolers." Hazlitt called her the one thoroughly reasonable woman he had ever met. She was, in fact, a favourite among Charles's literary friends. Nevertheless, periodicals of the time, such as the "British Quarterly Review", did not write about her with the same kindness and respect.
Subsequently, Charles and Mary Lamb's story was explored by Dorothy Parker and Ross Evans in their 1949 play "The Coast of Illyria". Mary was depicted as the central character in "The Lambs of London" (2004), a novel by Peter Ackroyd. She is also the subject of a 2004 biographical study by British writer Kathy Watson, "The Devil Kissed Her," and a 2005 biography by Susan Tyler Hitchcock, "Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy | 14,450 |
1214773 | Mary Lamb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary%20Lamb | Mary Lamb
amb: Lunacy And Murder In Literary London." She appears in the first chapter of Lisa Appignanesi's book on women and mental illness, "Mad, Bad, & Sad". The Lambs appear in one episode of Sue Limb's radio comedy "The Wordsmiths at Gorsemere", a pastiche of the poet William Wordsworth and his circle at Grasmere.
An essay on Charles and Mary Lamb, entitled "The Unfuzzy Lamb," appeared in Anne Fadiman's book, "At Large and at Small: Familiar Essays" (2007).
# External links.
- Tales from a Muddy Island blog Extensive posting on "Mrs Leicester's School" and general biographical information on Mary Lamb
- "Mrs Leicester's School" Additional Internet Archive link to the 1899 illustrated edition | 14,451 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
Sol Invictus
Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the official sun god of the later Roman Empire and a patron of soldiers. On 25 December AD 274, the Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official cult alongside the traditional Roman cults. Scholars disagree about whether the new deity was a refoundation of the ancient Latin cult of Sol, a revival of the cult of Elagabalus, or completely new. The god was favored by emperors after Aurelian and appeared on their coins until the last third-part of the reign of Constantine I. The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to AD 387, and there were enough devotees in the fifth century that the Christian theologian Augustine found it necessary to | 14,452 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
preach against them.
# "Invictus" as epithet.
"Invictus" ("unconquered, invincible") was an epithet utilized for several Roman deities, including Jupiter, Mars, Hercules, Apollo, and Silvanus. It had been in use from the 3rd century BC. The Roman cult to Sol is continuous from the "earliest history" of the city until the institution of the Christian cult as the exclusive state religion. Scholars have sometimes regarded the traditional Sol and "Sol Invictus" as two separate deities, but the rejection of this view by S. E. Hijmans has found supporters.
An inscription of AD 102 records a restoration of a portico of Sol in what is now the Trastevere area of Rome by a certain Gaius Iulius Anicetus. | 14,453 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
While he may perhaps have had in mind an allusion to his own "cognomen", which is the Latinized form of the Greek equivalent of "invictus", ἀνίκητος ("aniketos"), the earliest extant dated inscription that uses "invictus" as an epithet of Sol is from AD 158. Another, stylistically dated to the 2nd century, is inscribed on a Roman phalera (ornamental disk): "inventori lucis soli invicto augusto" ("to the contriver of light, sol invictus augustus"). "Augustus" is a regular epithet linking deities to the Imperial cult.
Sol Invictus played a prominent role in the Mithraic mysteries, and was equated with Mithras. The relation of the Mithraic Sol Invictus to the public cult of the deity with the | 14,454 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
same name is unclear and perhaps non-existent.
# Elagabalus.
According to the "Historia Augusta", Elagabalus, the teenaged Severan heir, adopted the name of his deity and brought his cult image from Emesa to Rome. Once installed as emperor, he neglected Rome's traditional State deities and promoted his own as Rome's most powerful deity. This ended with his murder in 222. The "Historia Augusta" refers to the deity Elagabalus as "also called Jupiter and Sol" ("fuit autem Heliogabali vel Iovis vel Solis"). While this has been seen as an attempt to import the Syrian sun god to Rome, the Roman cult of Sol had existed in Rome since the early Republic.
# Aurelian.
The Roman "gens Aurelia" was associated | 14,455 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
with the cult of Sol. After his victories in the East, the Emperor Aurelian thoroughly reformed the Roman cult of Sol, elevating the sun-god to one of the premier divinities of the Empire. Where previously priests of Sol had been simply "sacerdotes" and tended to belong to lower ranks of Roman society, they were now "pontifices" and members of the new college of pontifices instituted by Aurelian. Every pontifex of Sol was a member of the senatorial elite, indicating that the priesthood of Sol was now highly prestigious. Almost all these senators held other priesthoods as well, however, and some of these other priesthoods take precedence in the inscriptions in which they are listed, suggesting | 14,456 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
that they were considered more prestigious than the priesthood of Sol. Aurelian also built a new temple for Sol, which was dedicated on December 25, 274, and brought the total number of temples for the god in Rome to (at least) four. He also instituted games in honor of the sun god, held every four years from 274 onwards.
The identity of Aurelian's Sol Invictus has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Based on the "Augustan History", some scholars have argued that it was based on Sol Elagablus (or Elagabla) of Emesa. Others, basing their argument on Zosimus, suggest that it was based on the Šams, the solar god of Palmyra on the grounds that Aurelian placed and consecrated a cult statue | 14,457 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
of the sun god looted from Palmyra in the temple of Sol Invictus. Professor Gary Forsythe discusses these arguments and adds a third more recent one based on the work of Steven Hijmans. Hijmans argues that Aurelian's solar deity was simply the traditional Greco-Roman Sol Invictus.
# Constantine.
Emperors portrayed Sol Invictus on their official coinage, with a wide range of legends, only a few of which incorporated the epithet "invictus", such as the legend , claiming the Unconquered Sun as a companion to the Emperor, used with particular frequency by Constantine. Statuettes of Sol Invictus, carried by the standard-bearers, appear in three places in reliefs on the Arch of Constantine. Constantine's | 14,458 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
official coinage continues to bear images of Sol until 325/6. A solidus of Constantine as well as a gold medallion from his reign depict the Emperor's bust in profile twinned (jugate) with Sol Invictus, with the legend
Constantine decreed (March 7, 321) "dies Solis"—day of the Sun, "Sunday"—as the Roman day of rest (Codex Justinianus 3.12.2):
Constantine's triumphal arch was carefully positioned to align with the colossal statue of Sol by the Colosseum, so that Sol formed the dominant backdrop when seen from the direction of the main approach towards the arch.
# Sol and the other Roman Emperors.
Berrens deals with coin-evidence of Imperial connection to the Solar cult. Sol is depicted sporadically | 14,459 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
on imperial coins in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, then more frequently from Septimius Severus onwards until AD 325/6. "Sol invictus" appears on coin legends from AD 261, well before the reign of Aurelian.
Connections between the imperial radiate crown and the cult of Sol are postulated. Augustus was posthumously depicted with radiate crown, as were living emperors from Nero (after AD 65) to Constantine. Some modern scholarship interprets the imperial radiate crown as a divine, solar association rather than an overt symbol of Sol; Bergmann calls it a pseudo-object designed to disguise the divine and solar connotations that would otherwise be politically controversial but there is broad agreement | 14,460 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
that coin-images showing the imperial radiate crown are stylistically distinct from those of the solar crown of rays; the imperial radiate crown is depicted as a real object rather than as symbolic light. Hijmans argues that the Imperial radiate crown represents the honorary wreath awarded to Augustus, perhaps posthumously, to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Actium; he points out that henceforth, living emperors were depicted with radiate crowns, but state "divi" were not. To Hijmans this implies the radiate crown of living emperors as a link to Augustus. His successors automatically inherited (or sometimes acquired) the same offices and honours due to Octavian as "saviour of the Republic" | 14,461 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
through his victory at Actium, piously attributed to Apollo-Helios. Wreaths awarded to victors at the Actian Games were radiate.
# Festival of Dies Natalis Solis Invicti.
The Philocalian calendar of AD 354 gives a festival of "Natalis Invicti" on 25 December. There is limited evidence that this festival was celebrated before the mid-4th century. Whether this date was intended to celebrate solstice is doubtful; one scholar writes that "the cult of the Sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect".
Since the 12th century, there have been speculations that the near-solstice date of 25 December for Christmas was | 14,462 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
selected because it was the date of the festival of "Dies Natalis Solis Invicti", but this has been contested by the Calculation Hypothesis through the writings of the Early Christian Fathers. For example, Hippolytus of Rome, between 202 and 211, said in his commentary of the Book of Daniel that the birth of Jesus took place on December 25. The manuscript also includes a passage which gives the Passion of Jesus as March 25.
# Legacy.
## Christianity.
According to historians about Christmas, it was set to 25 December because it was the date of the festival of Sol Invictus. This idea became popular especially in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The charioteer in the mosaic of Mausoleum M has been | 14,463 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
interpreted by some as Christ. Clement of Alexandria had spoken of Christ driving his chariot across the sky. This interpretation is doubted by others: "Only the "cross-shaped" nimbus makes the Christian significance apparent", and the figure is seen by some simply as a representation of the Sun with no explicit religious reference whatever, pagan or Christian.
## Judaism.
The traditional image of the Sun has also been used in early Jewish art. A mosaic floor in Hamat Tiberias presents David as Helios surrounded by a ring with the signs of the zodiac. As well as in Hamat Tiberias, figures of Helios or Sol Invictus also appear in several of the very few surviving schemes of decoration surviving | 14,464 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
from Late Antique synagogues, including Beth Alpha, Husefa, all now in Israel, and Naaran in the West Bank. He is shown in floor mosaics, with the usual radiate halo, and sometimes in a quadriga, in the central roundel of a circular representation of the zodiac or the seasons. These combinations "may have represented to an agricultural Jewish community the perpetuation of the annual cycle of the universe or ... the central part of a calendar".
# See also.
- Astrological age
- Christ myth theory
- Christian views on astrology
- Christianity and Paganism
- Esoteric Christianity
- Jesus in comparative mythology
- Saturnalia
# Bibliography.
- Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., "Age of spirituality | 14,465 |
1214754 | Sol Invictus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus | Sol Invictus
- Jesus in comparative mythology
- Saturnalia
# Bibliography.
- Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., "Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century", 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; fully online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
# External links.
- "Encyclopædia Britannica" Online: Sol
- Probus and Sol, includes images of coins
- Roman-Emperors: Aurelian
- Gibbon's Decline and Fall: Triumph of Aurelian
- Gibbon's references for Aurelian's Temple of Sol Invictus
- Clement A. Miles, "Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan" (1912): December 25 and the Natalis Invicti
- "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1908): Christmas
- Ancient sources | 14,466 |
1214801 | Mulmur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulmur | Mulmur
Mulmur
Mulmur is a township in Dufferin County in Southern Ontario, Canada. There are a number of original settlements such as Mulmur Corners, some of which can still be identified as to location, including Rosemont and Stanton.
# Communities.
The township of Mulmur comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities such as Airlie (partially), Banda (partially), Black Bank, Earnscliffe, Happy Valley, "Honeywood", Kilgorie, Lavender (partially), "Mansfield", Mulmur, Mulmur Corners (partially), Perm, Ponton Mills, Randwick, Rookery Creek, "Rosemont" (partially), Ruskview, Scarlet Hill, Slabtown, Stanton, "Terra Nova", "Violet Hill" (partially), Whitfield; "Conover", | 14,467 |
1214801 | Mulmur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulmur | Mulmur
nt and Stanton.
# Communities.
The township of Mulmur comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities such as Airlie (partially), Banda (partially), Black Bank, Earnscliffe, Happy Valley, "Honeywood", Kilgorie, Lavender (partially), "Mansfield", Mulmur, Mulmur Corners (partially), Perm, Ponton Mills, Randwick, Rookery Creek, "Rosemont" (partially), Ruskview, Scarlet Hill, Slabtown, Stanton, "Terra Nova", "Violet Hill" (partially), Whitfield; "Conover", "Henderson's Corners" (partially), "Hipson's Corners"; "Boyne Mill", "Hall's Corners", "Old Egypt", "Primrose" (partially).
# See also.
- List of townships in Ontario
# External links.
- Township of Mulmur | 14,468 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
Henry Marten (regicide)
Henry Marten (1602 – 9 September 1680) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1653. He was an ardent republican and a regicide of King Charles I of England.
# Life.
Marten was the elder son of the successful lawyer and diplomat Sir Henry Marten; his other known siblings were a brother, George Giles Martin, and three sisters, Elizabeth, Jane, and Mary. Henry "Harry" Marten was born at his father's house on 3 Merton Street, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England (UK). and educated in the same city. Marten matriculated on 31 October 1617 as a gentleman commoner from University College, graduating BA in 1620. Like many | 14,469 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
young men of his social background he also entered the Inns of Court. He may have been the Henry Marten admitted to Gray's Inn in August 1618 and was certainly admitted to the Inner Temple in November 1619. In the 1620s he toured Europe and enjoyed much high living there, but also during his time in France he was exposed to the thinking of the French stoical philosophers.
As a public figure, Marten first came to prominence in 1639 when he refused to contribute to a general loan. In April 1640, he was elected Member of Parliament for Berkshire in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Berkshire for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He lived at Beckett Hall in Shrivenham (now in Oxfordshire) | 14,470 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
and soon afterwards, his official residence became Longworth House in nearby Longworth. He preferred to live in London. In the House of Commons, he joined the popular party, spoke in favour of the proposed bill of attainder against Strafford, and in 1642 was a member of the committee of safety. Some of his language about the king was so frank that Charles demanded his arrest and his trial for high treason.
When the English Civil War broke out Marten did not take the field, although he was appointed governor of Reading, Berkshire, but in Parliament he was very active. On one occasion his zeal in the parliamentary cause led him to open a letter from the Earl of Northumberland to his countess, | 14,471 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
an impertinence for which, says Clarendon, he was cudgelled by the Earl.
In 1643 he was expelled from the Houses of Parliament and briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London for expressing the view that the royal family should be extirpated and monarchy brought to an end.
In 1644, however, he was made governor of Aylesbury, and about this time took direct part in the war. Allowed to return to Parliament in January 1646, Marten again advocated extreme republican views. He spoke of his desire to prepare the king for heaven; he attacked the Presbyterians, and, supporting the New Model Army against the Long Parliament, he signed the agreement of August 1647. He was closely associated with John | 14,472 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
Lilburne and the Levellers, and was one of those who suspected the sincerity of Oliver Cromwell, whose murder he is said personally to have contemplated.
However, he acted with Cromwell in bringing Charles I to trial; he was one of the most prominent of the 31 of 59 Commissioners to sign the death warrant in 1649. He was then energetic in establishing the Commonwealth and in destroying the remaining vestiges of the monarchical system. He was chosen a member of the Council of State in 1649, and as compensation for his losses and reward for his services during the war, lands valued at £1000 a year were settled upon him. In parliament he spoke often and with effect, but he took no part in public | 14,473 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
life during the Protectorate, passing part of this time in prison, where he was placed on account of his debts.
Having sat among the restored members of the Long Parliament in 1659, Marten surrendered himself to the authorities as a regicide in June 1660, and with some others he was excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, but with a saving clause. He behaved courageously at his trial, which took place in October 1660, but he was found guilty of taking part in the king's death. Through the action, or rather the inaction of the House of Lords, he was spared the death penalty, but he remained a captive.
Having escaped the death penalty for his involvement in the regicide Marten was sent | 14,474 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
into internal exile, first in the far north of England and then (1665) to Windsor Castle, where he remained until Charles II ordered him to be moved away from such close proximity to himself. In 1668 Marten was sent to Chepstow, in Wales. Marten's imprisonment there lasted some twelve years but does not appear to have been unduly arduous, at least at first; he had a suite of rooms in what was then known as Bigod's Tower (now known as Marten's Tower) and seems to have been able to travel outside at times. His legitimate wife Margaret lived apart from him, remaining at the family home in Berkshire, but he was attended there by Mary Ward, his common-law wife. Marten died at Chepstow Castle on 9 | 14,475 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
September 1680, having choked while eating his supper, and was buried beneath the floor at an entryway of Priory and Parish Church of St Mary, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK.
# Character and beliefs.
Although a leading Puritan, Marten enjoyed good living. He had a contemporary reputation as a heavy drinker and was widely said to be a man of loose morals. According to John Aubrey he was "a great lover of pretty girls to whom he was so liberal that he spent the greatest part of his estate" upon them. In the opinion of King Charles I he was "an ugly rascal and whore-master". He married twice (to Elizabeth Lovelace and Margaret Staunton (née West) but had an open and lengthy relationship with | 14,476 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
Mary Ward, a woman not his wife, by whom he had three daughters. Ward ultimately was to remain with him throughout his later imprisonment. His enemies branded him an atheist but his religious views were more complex, and influenced his position regarding the need to allow freedom of worship and conscience. His political views throughout his life were constant: he opposed one-man rule and was in favour of representative government. In 1643, even while the king was losing the First Civil War and Parliament's cause was beginning to triumph, Marten's republican sentiments led to his arrest and brief imprisonment.
Thus for his time Marten was unusual in his political stance, being unashamedly in | 14,477 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
favour not of reforming the monarchy but of replacing it with a republic.
# Works.
Marten was not a copious author, often beginning works and not carrying them through to completion. Nevertheless, he wrote and published several pamphlets, all on political topics:
- "A Corrector of the Answerer to the Speech out of Doores" (1646)
- "An Unhappie Game at Scotch and English" (1646)
- "The Independency of England Endeavoured to be Maintained" (1648)
- "The Parliaments Proceedings Justified in Declining a Personall Treaty" (1648)
In 1662 there appeared "Henry Marten's Familiar Letters to his Lady of Delight", containing letters Marten had written to his common-law wife, Mary Ward, which had | 14,478 |
1214776 | Henry Marten (regicide) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Marten%20(regicide) | Henry Marten (regicide)
avoured to be Maintained" (1648)
- "The Parliaments Proceedings Justified in Declining a Personall Treaty" (1648)
In 1662 there appeared "Henry Marten's Familiar Letters to his Lady of Delight", containing letters Marten had written to his common-law wife, Mary Ward, which had been seized and published without permission.
# References.
Attribution
# External links.
- Extract from "The Trial of the King Killers – this is a section of this documentary just focusing on the roles of Henry Martin and John Cook and their trials as regicides in 1660. This has been cut down to this section to enable students studying the regicides at the time of the Restoration to view it in manageable chunks. | 14,479 |
1214786 | Thai fisherman pants | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai%20fisherman%20pants | Thai fisherman pants
Thai fisherman pants
Thai fisherman pants (, , ; , ) are lightweight unisex trousers that are made very wide in the waist so that one size fits all. The pants are wrapped around the waist and ribbons are tied to form a belt. The excess material is then folded over the knot. Although traditionally used by fishermen in Thailand, they have become popular among others for casual, beach, and exercise wear as well as for backpacking and pregnancy.
Thai fishermen do in reality wear this style of pants. They are also increasingly common among many men and women of all nationalities. This style of trousers is usually made of cotton or rayon but is also now widely available in a variety of styles and | 14,480 |
1214786 | Thai fisherman pants | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai%20fisherman%20pants | Thai fisherman pants
fabrics, such as hemp, bamboo, or linen.
Thai fisherman pants are very similar to the traditional attire of Intha males, who live on Inle Lake of Myanmar. They are known in Burmese as "Shan baun-mi".
# Uses.
Traditionally, Thai Wrap Fisherman pants were adapted from Sarongs and were worn by Thai fisherman, (hence the name), and farmers. This style of pants suit the tropical climate of Thailand very well because they are light and airy, inexpensive to produce, quick drying, secure and comfortable.
Other benefits of Thai wrap fisherman pants are that they are a true one-size, unisex, garment that is fitted to the wearer each time they are put on, they also allow completely free movement which | 14,481 |
1214786 | Thai fisherman pants | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai%20fisherman%20pants | Thai fisherman pants
completely free movement which makes them perfect for many activities including Tai Chi, Yoga, Meditation, Martial Arts, Thai & Other Massage, Beach Pants, Maternity & Postpartum clothing.
Today, for the above reasons, Thai wrap pants have caught on worldwide, and wherever you live it is likely that you can find this type of wrap pants online. Generally the most authentic and least expensive are purchased directly from Thailand, and there are several vendors in Thailand that ship very good quality pants internationally.
Thai pants are great pants for children and adults in 3/4 capri length, or full length, also popular for the larger persons they can be supplied extra large, (jumbo) size. | 14,482 |
1214819 | Marian Petre Miluț | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian%20Petre%20Miluț | Marian Petre Miluț
Marian Petre Miluț
Marian Petre Miluţ (born 29 December 1955, Craiova, Dolj County, Romania) is a Romanian politician, engineer and businessman. He was president of the "Romanian Small and Medium Entrepreneurs Union", assisting the Union's co-operation with the "European Popular Party", and president of the "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party". He has promoted and helped modernise Romanian small and medium enterprise, and has organized a series of debates on the modernising of Romanian infrastructure.
# Honours.
- Romanian Royal Family: 41st Knight of the Royal Decoration of the Cross of the Romanian Royal House | 14,483 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Neville A. Stanton
Neville A. Stanton is a British Professor of Human Factors and Ergonomics at the University of Southampton. Prof Stanton is a Chartered Engineer (C.Eng), Chartered Psychologist (C.Psychol) and Chartered Ergonomist (C.ErgHF). He has written and edited over a forty books and over three hundered peer-reviewed journal papers on applications of the subject. Stanton is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society, a Fellow of The Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors and a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He has been published in academic journals including "Nature". He has also helped organisations design new human-machine interfaces, such as the Adaptive | 14,484 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Cruise Control system for Jaguar Cars.
Other work includes assessment of human reliability in high risk systems, evaluation of control room interfaces, layouts, work design, social organisation and environment, and product design. He teaches courses on Human Factors methods, User Centred Design and Usability. His research interests include situation awareness, task analysis, cognitive work analysis, human error, socio-technical systems, naturalistic decision making and human reactions in emergencies.
Prof Stanton has been an expert witness for transport related collisions and offers expert advice to high reliability organisations.
# Authored Books.
Stanton, N. A. and Young, M. S. (1999) | 14,485 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
A Guide to Methodology in Ergonomics: Designing for Human Use (first edition). Taylor & Francis: London.
Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., Baber, C. and Jenkins, D. (2005) Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Stanton, N. A., Baber, C. and Harris, D. (2008) Modelling Command and Control: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Jenkins, D. P., Stanton, N. A., Walker, G. H. and Salmon, P. M. (2009) Cognitive Work Analysis: coping with complexity. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Salmon, P. M., Stanton, N. A., Walker, G. H. and Jenkins, D. P. (2009) Distributed Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Stanton, | 14,486 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
N. A., Walker, G. H., Jenkins, D. P., Salmon, P. M., Revell, K and Rafferty, L. (2009) Digitising Command and Control: Human Factors and Ergonomics Analysis of Mission Planning and Battlespace Management. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Walker G.H., Stanton N.A., Salmon P.M. and Jenkins D.P., (2009) Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective. Ashgate: Aldershot, UK.
Stanton N.A., Salmon P.M., Jenkins D.P. and Walker G.H. (2010) Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Central Control Room Operations. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Lockton, D., Harrison, D.J., Stanton, N.A. (2010) Design with Intent: 101 Patterns for Influencing Behaviour Through Design v.1.0. Equifine: Windsor.
Salmon, P, | 14,487 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Stanton, N. A., Gibbon, A, Jenkins, D. and Walker, G. H. (2010) Human Factors Methods and Sports Science: A Practical Guide. CRC Press: London, UK.
Salmon, P. M., Stanton, N. A., Lenné, M., Jenkins, D. P., Rafferty, L. A. and Walker, G. H. (2011) Human Factors Methods and Accident Analysis. Ashgate: Aldershot, UK.
Rafferty, L. A., Stanton, N. A. and Walker, G. H. (2012) Human Factors of Fratricide. Ashgate: Aldershot, UK.
Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Rafferty, L. A., Walker, G. H., Baber, C. and Jenkins, D. (2013) Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design (second edition). Ashgate: Aldershot.
Harvey, C. and Stanton, N. A. (2013) Usability Evaluation for In-Vehicle | 14,488 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Systems. CRC Press: London, UK.
Stanton, N. A., Young, M. S. and Harvey, C. (2014) A Guide to Methodology in Ergonomics: Designing for Human Use (second edition). Taylor & Francis: London.
Griffin, T. G., Young, M. S. and Stanton, N. A. (2015) Human Factors Modelling in Aviation Accident Analysis and Prevention. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A. and Salmon, P. M. (2015) Human Factors in Automotive Engineering and Technology. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Plant, K. L. and Stanton, N. A. (2017) Distributed Cognition and Reality: How pilots and crews make decisions. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Revell, K. M. A. and Stanton, N. A. (2017) Mental Models: Design of User Interaction and Interfaces | 14,489 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
for Domestic Energy Systems. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
McIlroy, R. C. and Stanton, N. A. (2017) Eco-driving: from strategies to interfaces. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Banks, V. A. and Stanton, N. A. (2017) Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Read, G., Beanland, V., Lenne, M. Stanton, N. A. and Salmon, P. M. (2017) Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stevens, N., Salmon P.M., Walker G.H. and Stanton N.A. (2018) Human Factors in Land Use Planning and Urban Design: Methods, Practical Guidance and Applications. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Walker, G. H., Stanton, | 14,490 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
N. A. and Salmon, P. M. (2018) Vehicle Feedback and Driver Situation Awareness. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Eriksson, A. and Stanton, N. A. (2018) Driver Reactions to Automobile Automation. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton N. A., Salmon P. M. and Walker G. H. (2019) Systems Thinking in Practice: Applications of the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Method. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Salmon, P. M., Read, G. J. M., Walker, G. H., Lenne, M. G. and Stanton, N. A. (2019). Distributed Situation Awareness in Road Transport: Theory, Measurement, and Application to Intersection Design. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Saward, J R. E. and Stanton, N. A. (2019) Individual Latent Error Detection: Making | 14,491 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
systems Safer. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Parnell, K. J., Stanton, N. A. and Plant, K. L. (2019) Driver Distraction: A Sociotechnical Approach. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
# Edited Books.
Stanton, N. A. (1994) Human Factors in Alarm Design. Taylor & Francis: London.
Stanton, N. A. (1996) Human Factors in Nuclear Safety. Taylor & Francis: London.
Stanton, N. A. (1998) Human Factors in Consumer Products. Taylor & Francis: London.
Stanton, N. A. and Edworthy, J. (1999) Human Factors in Auditory Warnings. Ashgate: Aldershot.
Annett , J. and Stanton, N. A. (2000) Task Analysis. Taylor & Francis: London.
Tabor, E.; Chappell, A.; Stanton, N. A. and Turnock, P. (2000) Exploring Design and Innovation. | 14,492 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Design Council: London.
Diaper, D. and Stanton, N. A. (2004) Handbook of Task Analysis in Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stanton, N. A., Hedge, A., Salas, E., Hendrick, H. and Brookhaus, K. (2005) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods. Taylor & Francis: London.
Stanton, N. A. (2011) Trust in Military Teams. Ashgate: Aldershot, UK.
Karwowski, W., Soares, M. M. and Stanton, N. A. (2011) Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design: Methods and Techniques. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Karwowski, W., Soares, M. M. and Stanton, N. A. (2011) Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design: Uses and Applications. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton, | 14,493 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
N. A. (2012) Advances in Human Aspects of Road and Rail Transportation. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton, N. A., Landry, S., Di Bucchianico, G. and Vallicelli, A. (2014) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation – Part 1. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton, N. A., Landry, S., Di Bucchianico, G. and Vallicelli, A. (2014) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation – Part 2. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton, N. A., Landry, S., Di Bucchianico, G. and Vallicelli, A. (2014) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation – Part 3. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Di Bucchianico, G., Vallicelli, A., Stanton, N. A. and Landry, S. (2016) Human Factors in Transportation: Social and Technological | 14,494 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
Evolution Across Maritime, Road, Rail, and Aviation Domains. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton, N. A., Landry, S., Di Bucchianico, G. and Vallicelli, A. (2016) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A., Salmon P. M., Walker G. H. and Jenkins D. P. (2017) Cognitive Work Analysis: Applications, Extensions and Future Directions. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton N. A. (2017) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A. (2018) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A., Salmon P. M. and Walker G. H. (2019) New Paradigms in Ergonomics. Routledge: Oxford.
Stanton N. A. | 14,495 |
1214810 | Neville A. Stanton | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville%20A.%20Stanton | Neville A. Stanton
inger Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A., Salmon P. M., Walker G. H. and Jenkins D. P. (2017) Cognitive Work Analysis: Applications, Extensions and Future Directions. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
Stanton N. A. (2017) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A. (2018) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
Stanton N. A., Salmon P. M. and Walker G. H. (2019) New Paradigms in Ergonomics. Routledge: Oxford.
Stanton N. A. (2019) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
# External links.
- University of Southampton profile
- Human Factors Engineering team
- ResearchGate
- Google Scholar
- ORCID | 14,496 |
1214780 | Seymour Benzer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seymour%20Benzer | Seymour Benzer
Seymour Benzer
Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist. His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a productive genetics research lab both at Purdue University and as the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology.
# Biography.
## Early life and education.
Benzer was born in South Bronx, to Meyer B. and Eva Naidorf, both Jews from Poland. He had two older sisters, and his parents favored him as the only boy. One of Benzer's earliest | 14,497 |
1214780 | Seymour Benzer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seymour%20Benzer | Seymour Benzer
scientific experiences was dissecting frogs he had caught as a boy. In an interview at Caltech, Benzer also remembered receiving a microscope for his 13th birthday, “and that opened up the whole world.” The book "Arrowsmith" by Sinclair Lewis heavily influenced the young Benzer, and he even imitated the handwriting of Max Gottlieb, a scientist character in the novel. Benzer graduated from New Utrecht High School at 15 years old.
In 1938 he enrolled at Brooklyn College where he majored in physics. Benzer then moved on to Purdue University to earn his Ph.D. in solid state physics. While there he was recruited for a secret military project to develop improved radar. He performed research that | 14,498 |
1214780 | Seymour Benzer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seymour%20Benzer | Seymour Benzer
led to the development of stable germanium rectifiers and discovered a germanium crystal able to be used at high voltages, among the scientific work that led to the first transistor.
## Personal life.
At Brooklyn College, as a sixteen-year-old freshman, Benzer met Dorothy Vlosky (nicknamed Dotty), a twenty-one-year-old nurse. He later married her in New York City in 1942. They had two daughters, Barbie (Barbara) and Martha Jane.
Benzer died of a stroke at the Huntington Hospital in Pasadena, California.
# Scientific career.
## Molecular biology.
Upon receiving his Ph.D. in 1947, he was immediately hired as an assistant professor in physics at Purdue. However, Benzer was inspired by Erwin | 14,499 |
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