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1214681 | Beer bong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer%20bong | Beer bong
from a beer bong is different from drinking beer normally (or other carbonated beverage). This is because the drinker is not in control of the volume of liquid entering the mouth. In addition, the force of gravity pushes the beer into the drinker's mouth and thus 'forces' the beer down. It is for this reason the beer bong often engages the gag reflex.
The beer bong is either 'hit' or 'chugged'. A hit from the beer bong is when a valve is used and one drinks as much beer as they can before turning off the valve. Chugging is where an entire, or a number of beers are consumed in one use. A popular technique is to 'open' the esophagus and simply allow the beer to flow down. This takes practice | 14,300 |
1214681 | Beer bong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer%20bong | Beer bong
ither 'hit' or 'chugged'. A hit from the beer bong is when a valve is used and one drinks as much beer as they can before turning off the valve. Chugging is where an entire, or a number of beers are consumed in one use. A popular technique is to 'open' the esophagus and simply allow the beer to flow down. This takes practice and may cause pain in trying it for the first time.
# In popular culture.
Beer bongs came to national attention in the US after a photograph of Senator John Kerry being offered one at an Iowa University tailgate party made national newspaper front pages.
Post Malone's second album is titled "Beerbongs & Bentleys".
# See also.
- List of drinking games
- Slap the bag | 14,301 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
John Hopkins (political activist)
John "Hoppy" Hopkins (15 August 1937 – 30 January 2015) was a British photographer, journalist, researcher and political activist, and "one of the best-known underground figures of 'Swinging London' " in the late 1960s.
# Life.
John Victor Lindsay Hopkins was born on 15 August 1937 in Slough, England.
At the age of 20 he graduated from Cambridge University (which he had entered on a scholarship in 1955) with a degree in physics and mathematics, and embarked upon a career as a nuclear physicist. However, a graduation present of a camera changed his career. Arriving in London on 1 January 1960, he began to work as a photographer for newspapers, music magazines | 14,302 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
including "Melody Maker", and "Peace News". He photographed many of the leading musicians of the period, including The Beatles and the Rolling Stones. He also recorded the seedier side of London, with photographs of tattoo parlours, cafes, prostitutes and fetishists.
By the mid-1960s he had drifted into the centre of London's emerging underground scene and recorded many peace marches, poetry readings and "happenings", as well as photographing leading counter-cultural figures including Allen Ginsberg and Malcolm X. He compiled and stencil-duplicated the names, contact details and interests of all of London's "movers and shakers". He then gave all of them a copy. This action is credited with | 14,303 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
greatly boosting the cultural velocity of the 1960s London-based underground movement.
In 1966, with Rhaune Laslett and others, he helped set up the London Free School in Notting Hill. This in turn led to the establishment of the Notting Hill carnival, first organised by Laslett with the guidance of local activists including Michael X. As an extension of the Free School news-sheet "The Gate" in 1966 Hopkins and Barry Miles co-founded the influential magazine "International Times" ("IT"). Hopkins also set up the UFO Club with Joe Boyd, with Pink Floyd as the resident band.
Arrested for cannabis possession, Hopkins elected for trial by jury. In court on 1 June 1967, Hopkins claimed that cannabis | 14,304 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
was harmless and that the law should be changed. The judge, describing him as "a pest to society", sentenced Hopkins to nine months in prison for keeping premises for the smoking of cannabis and possession of cannabis, although he served only six months. A "Free Hoppy" movement sprang up and, as one particular consequence, Stephen Abrams began co-ordinating a campaign for the liberalisation of the law on cannabis. This led to the publication in "The Times" on 24 July of a full-page advertisement that described the existing law as "immoral in principle and unworkable in practice", signed by Francis Crick, George Melly, Jonathan Miller and the Beatles. Paul McCartney, initially clandestinely, | 14,305 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
arranged the funding for this advertisement as a tribute to Hoppy, at the instigation of Barry Miles.
Hopkins remained a member of "IT"′s editorial board and a major contributor, and founded BIT as an information and agitprop arm. Hopkins favoured the more anarchistic elements in the "underground" centred on Ladbroke Grove, such as former UFO doorman Mick Farren, who by 1967 was also working at the "IT" newspaper.
In the 1970s Hopkins was involved in researching the social uses of video for UNESCO, the Arts Council of Great Britain, the Home Office and others, and edited the "Journal of the Centre for Advanced TV Studies". Later, he worked as a technical journalist in the video trade press, | 14,306 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
and co-authored distance learning video training courses. Subsequently, he took and exhibited macro photography of flowers and other plants, and co-authored papers on plant biochemistry at the University of Westminster. He also exhibited his photographs of events and personalities in the 1960s. He died at the age of 77 on 30 January 2015.
# Publications.
- "Long Hair Times", 1966
- "International Times/IT" Volume 1 – 1966–1973
- "From the Hip: Photographs 1960–66", Damiani Editore, 2008
# External links.
- Hoppy's Website
- Hoppy at The Photographers' Gallery
- John May (The Generalist) interviews Hoppy
- "Rewind – Artists' video in the 70's and 80's: Interview with Sue Hall & John | 14,307 |
1214660 | John Hopkins (political activist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Hopkins%20(political%20activist) | John Hopkins (political activist)
973
- "From the Hip: Photographs 1960–66", Damiani Editore, 2008
# External links.
- Hoppy's Website
- Hoppy at The Photographers' Gallery
- John May (The Generalist) interviews Hoppy
- "Rewind – Artists' video in the 70's and 80's: Interview with Sue Hall & John Hopkins" by Dr Jackie Hatfield, 17 November 2004.
- Database of John Hopkins articles, letters and video activities with The Arts Lab, TVX, IRAT and "Friends" magazine.
- "John Hopkins: John, Yoko, Mick ... and me", "The Times", 3 June 2009.
- Karley Sciortino, "John Hopkins Invented the 1960s", "Vice", 2 March 2010.
- Hoppy's video portrait and one video at Rebel Video
- Hoppy in the London Community Video Archive (LCVA) | 14,308 |
1214668 | John Walter (editor, born 1776) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201776) | John Walter (editor, born 1776)
John Walter (editor, born 1776)
John Walter (23 February 1776 – 28 July 1847) was an English newspaper editor and politician. He was the son of John Walter, the founder of "The Times", and succeeded his father as the newspaper's second editor.
# Biography.
Walter was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Oxford. About 1798 he was associated with his elder brother in the management of his father's business, and in 1803 became not only sole manager, but also editor of "The Times".
Walter expressed his opposition to the administration of William Pitt the Younger, which cost him government advertisements and the loss of his appointment as printer to the Customs. It also brought | 14,309 |
1214668 | John Walter (editor, born 1776) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201776) | John Walter (editor, born 1776)
the hostility of officials. When the King of Portugal sent him, via the Portuguese ambassador, a service of gold plate, he returned it.
Walter insisted on the anonymity of those whom he hired. From about 1810, he delegated to others editorial supervision, first to Sir John Stoddart, then to Thomas Barnes, and in 1841 to John Thadeus Delane, though never the ultimate direction of policy.
In 1830, Walter purchased an estate called Bearwood at Sindlesham in Berkshire where he built a house, afterwards rebuilt by his son. He was appointed High Sheriff of Berkshire the same year. Two years later, he was elected to Parliament for the county, and retained his seat till 1837, as a member of the Whigs. | 14,310 |
1214668 | John Walter (editor, born 1776) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201776) | John Walter (editor, born 1776)
ugh never the ultimate direction of policy.
In 1830, Walter purchased an estate called Bearwood at Sindlesham in Berkshire where he built a house, afterwards rebuilt by his son. He was appointed High Sheriff of Berkshire the same year. Two years later, he was elected to Parliament for the county, and retained his seat till 1837, as a member of the Whigs. In 1841 he was returned to Parliament for Nottingham, but was unseated the following year on petition. He was twice married, and by his second wife, Mary Smythe, had a family. His eldest son, John, also worked in the newspaper. He died in London on 28 July 1847. The Walter Fountain was erected in Nottingham by his son in 1866 in his memory. | 14,311 |
1214679 | Zantafio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zantafio | Zantafio
Zantafio
Zantafio is a recurring fictional antagonist in the "Spirou et Fantasio" comic book series. He was created by André Franquin and first appeared in "Spirou et les héritiers" (1952). Zantafio bears a strong resemblance to Fantasio, because they are cousins. In "Le dictateur et le champignon" (1953), he is a South-American dictator of the fictional country Palombia.
# Character evolution.
Zantafio first appears at an inheritance contest, arrogant and in debt. He and Fantasio are the only heirs, and he who wins three challenges wins the heritage. After continually employing dirty tactics and still losing, Zantafio admits defeat, claiming to see the errors of his cheating ways, and feels | 14,312 |
1214679 | Zantafio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zantafio | Zantafio
guilty about it. The cousins part on good terms while searching for the Marsupilami in the Palombian rainforest.
Yet, Zantafio, under the alias of "General Zantas", returns as the dictator of the country, much to the surprise of Spirou and Fantasio. He offers Spirou and Fantasio a place within his army, but they are repulsed by Zantafio's change in personality. No longer friendly, Zantafio becomes merciless, brutal, and drunk on power. Spirou and Fantasio, with the inventions of the Count of Champignac, initiate a revolt in Palombia. During the revolution, Zantafio is ousted from power and disappears into the jungle.
Zantafio later strikes back at his cousin by framing him for thievery. He | 14,313 |
1214679 | Zantafio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zantafio | Zantafio
employs special henchmen to impersonate him and therefore disgrace him, but Spirou manages to foil his plans. Zantafio continues to return several times as the nemesis antagonist, exploring many variants of crime. He even becomes Zorglub's second-in-command and then tries to replace him to gain power in "L'ombre du Z" (1956).
When Fournier took over the series, the criminal organisation known as the Triangle became the main recurring antagonist focus of the series. In "Tora Torapa" (1973), Zantafio returns as leader of the Triangle.
After Fournier left the series, Zantafio disappeared for a long time as well: the new creative team of Broca & Cauvin created new villains for their short run | 14,314 |
1214679 | Zantafio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zantafio | Zantafio
and their successors Tome & Janry started out their run creating own villains well. Their "La jeunesse de Spirou" included a story from the spin-off series "Le Petit Spirou", which showed Zantafio as a child (but still wearing a moustache), but this story was done for comedic purposes. In "Spirou à Moscou" (1990), Zantafio returns, as the "White Prince of the Russian Mafia", attempting to become the new Tsar of Russia. He uses the alias, as well as the anagram, "Tanaziof".
When Morvan and Munuera took over as Spirou creative team, Zantafio returned in their second issue, "L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir" (2005).
## Appearances.
- 4. "Spirou et les héritiers" (Franquin)
- 7. "Le dictateur | 14,315 |
1214679 | Zantafio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zantafio | Zantafio
io returns, as the "White Prince of the Russian Mafia", attempting to become the new Tsar of Russia. He uses the alias, as well as the anagram, "Tanaziof".
When Morvan and Munuera took over as Spirou creative team, Zantafio returned in their second issue, "L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir" (2005).
## Appearances.
- 4. "Spirou et les héritiers" (Franquin)
- 7. "Le dictateur et le champignon" (Franquin)
- 8. "La mauvaise tête" (Franquin)
- 16. "L'ombre du Z" (Franquin)
- 20. "Le faiseur d'or" (Fournier)
- 23. "Tora Torapa" (Fournier)
- 42. "Spirou à Moscou" (Tome & Janry)
- 48. "L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir" (Morvan & Munuera)
- 55. "La colère du Marsupilami" (Yoann & Vehlman) | 14,316 |
1214658 | Scaly leg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaly%20leg | Scaly leg
Scaly leg
Scaly leg is a disease of chickens and other birds. It is caused by a parasitic mite, "cnemidocoptes mutans". The mite burrows under the scales in the bird's legs, but may also infest other areas, such as the comb or wattles of chickens. The mite spends its entire lifecycle on the birds and is usually spread by direct contact.
Birds infested with scaly leg have raised or protruding scales, sometimes with a white crusty appearance. Scaly leg is irritating to the infected bird, and in extreme cases can result in lameness.
In domestic birds the disease may be treated by application of an oily substance such as petroleum jelly, vegetable oil, or a commercial chest rub, thus preventing | 14,317 |
1214658 | Scaly leg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaly%20leg | Scaly leg
ub, thus preventing the mites breathing. Alternatively an insecticide may be used to kill the mites – or the two methods may be combined. The loose crusty scales may also be removed by soaking the afflicted bird's legs in soapy water mixed with diluted ammonia, and the encrusted areas scrubbed gently with a soft brush. Complete removal may take multiple treatments. Dropped scales may remain infectious for up to a month, and so pen, perches, and nesting areas may also be treated, or birds may be moved to different housing for several weeks.
# References.
- Poultry parasitic diseases, Mississippi State University
- Scaley Leg Mite (Knemidocoptes mutans) information page on poultrykeeper.com | 14,318 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
Centipede game
In game theory, the centipede game, first introduced by Robert Rosenthal in 1981, is an extensive form game in which two players take turns choosing either to take a slightly larger share of an increasing pot, or to pass the pot to the other player. The payoffs are arranged so that if one passes the pot to one's opponent and the opponent takes the pot on the next round, one receives slightly less than if one had taken the pot on this round. Although the traditional centipede game had a limit of 100 rounds (hence the name), any game with this structure but a different number of rounds is called a centipede game.
The unique subgame perfect equilibrium (and every Nash equilibrium) | 14,319 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
of these games indicates that the first player take the pot on the very first round of the game; however, in empirical tests, relatively few players do so, and as a result, achieve a higher payoff than the payoff predicted by the equilibria analysis. These results are taken to show that subgame perfect equilibria and Nash equilibria fail to predict human play in some circumstances. The Centipede game is commonly used in introductory game theory courses and texts to highlight the concept of backward induction and the iterated elimination of dominated strategies, which show a standard way of providing a solution to the game.
# Play.
One possible version of a centipede game could be played as | 14,320 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
follows:
The addition of coins is taken to be an externality, as it is not contributed by either player.
# Equilibrium analysis and backward induction.
Standard game theoretic tools predict that the first player will defect on the first round, taking the pile of coins for himself. In the centipede game, a pure strategy consists of a set of actions (one for each choice point in the game, even though some of these choice points may never be reached) and a mixed strategy is a probability distribution over the possible pure strategies. There are several pure strategy Nash equilibria of the centipede game and infinitely many mixed strategy Nash equilibria. However, there is only one subgame perfect | 14,321 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
equilibrium (a popular refinement to the Nash equilibrium concept).
In the unique subgame perfect equilibrium, each player chooses to defect at every opportunity. This, of course, means defection at the first stage. In the Nash equilibria, however, the actions that would be taken after the initial choice opportunities (even though they are never reached since the first player defects immediately) may be cooperative.
Defection by the first player is the unique subgame perfect equilibrium and required by any Nash equilibrium, it can be established by backward induction. Suppose two players reach the final round of the game; the second player will do better by defecting and taking a slightly | 14,322 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
larger share of the pot. Since we suppose the second player will defect, the first player does better by defecting in the second to last round, taking a slightly higher payoff than she would have received by allowing the second player to defect in the last round. But knowing this, the second player ought to defect in the third to last round, taking a slightly higher payoff than he would have received by allowing the first player to defect in the second to last round. This reasoning proceeds backwards through the game tree until one concludes that the best action is for the first player to defect in the first round. The same reasoning can apply to any node in the game tree.
For a game that ends | 14,323 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
after four rounds, this reasoning proceeds as follows. If we were to reach the last round of the game, Player "2" would do better by choosing "d" instead of "r", receiving 4 coins instead of 3. However, given that "2" will choose "d", "1" should choose "D" in the second to last round, receiving 3 instead of 2. Given that "1" would choose "D" in the second to last round, "2" should choose "d" in the third to last round, receiving 2 instead of 1. But given this, Player "1" should choose "D" in the first round, receiving 1 instead of 0.
There are a large number of Nash equilibria in a centipede game, but in each, the first player defects on the first round and the second player defects in the | 14,324 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
next round frequently enough to dissuade the first player from passing. Being in a Nash equilibrium does not require that strategies be rational at every point in the game as in the subgame perfect equilibrium. This means that strategies that are cooperative in the never-reached later rounds of the game could still be in a Nash equilibrium. In the example above, one Nash equilibrium is for both players to defect on each round (even in the later rounds that are never reached). Another Nash equilibrium is for player 1 to defect on the first round, but pass on the third round and for player 2 to defect at any opportunity.
# Empirical results.
Several studies have demonstrated that the Nash equilibrium | 14,325 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
(and likewise, subgame perfect equilibrium) play is rarely observed. Instead, subjects regularly show partial cooperation, playing "R" (or "r") for several moves before eventually choosing "D" (or "d"). It is also rare for subjects to cooperate through the whole game. For examples see McKelvey and Palfrey (1992) and Nagel and Tang (1998). As in many other game theoretic experiments, scholars have investigated the effect of increasing the stakes. As with other games, for instance the ultimatum game, as the stakes increase the play approaches (but does not reach) Nash equilibrium play.
## Explanations.
Since the empirical studies have produced results that are inconsistent with the traditional | 14,326 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
equilibrium analysis, several explanations of this behavior have been offered. Rosenthal (1981) suggested that if one has reason to believe his opponent will deviate from Nash behavior, then it may be advantageous to not defect on the first round.
One reason to suppose that people may deviate from the equilibrium behavior is if some are altruistic. The basic idea is that if you are playing against an altruist, that person will always cooperate, and hence, to maximize your payoff you should defect on the last round rather than the first. If enough people are altruists, sacrificing the payoff of first-round defection is worth the price in order to determine whether or not your opponent is an | 14,327 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
altruist. Nagel and Tang (1998) suggest this explanation.
Another possibility involves error. If there is a significant possibility of error in action, perhaps because your opponent has not reasoned completely through the backward induction, it may be advantageous (and rational) to cooperate in the initial rounds.
However, Parco, Rapoport and Stein (2002) illustrated that the level of financial incentives can have a profound effect on the outcome in a three-player game: the larger the incentives are for deviation, the greater propensity for learning behavior in a repeated single-play experimental design to move toward the Nash equilibrium.
Palacios-Huerta and Volij (2009) find that expert | 14,328 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
chess players play differently from college students. With a rising Elo, the probability of continuing the game declines; all Grandmasters in the experiment stopped at their first chance. They conclude that chess players are familiar with using backward induction reasoning and hence need less learning to reach the equilibrium. However, in an attempt to replicate these findings, Levitt, List, and Sadoff (2010) find strongly contradictory results, with zero of sixteen Grandmasters stopping the game at the first node.
# Significance.
Like the Prisoner's Dilemma, this game presents a conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit. If it could be enforced, both players would prefer that they | 14,329 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
both cooperate throughout the entire game. However, a player's self-interest or players' distrust can interfere and create a situation where both do worse than if they had blindly cooperated. Although the Prisoner's Dilemma has received substantial attention for this fact, the Centipede Game has received relatively less.
Additionally, Binmore (2005) has argued that some real-world situations can be described by the Centipede game. One example he presents is the exchange of goods between parties that distrust each other. Another example Binmore (2005) likens to the Centipede game is the mating behavior of a hermaphroditic sea bass which takes turns exchanging eggs to fertilize. In these cases, | 14,330 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
we find cooperation to be abundant.
Since the payoffs for some amount of cooperation in the Centipede game are so much larger than immediate defection, the "rational" solutions given by backward induction can seem paradoxical. This, coupled with the fact that experimental subjects regularly cooperate in the Centipede game, has prompted debate over the usefulness of the idealizations involved in the backward induction solutions, see Aumann (1995, 1996) and Binmore (1996).
# See also.
- Backward induction
- Experimental economics
- Traveler's dilemma
- Unexpected hanging paradox
# External links.
- EconPort article on the Centipede Game
- Rationality and Game Theory - AMS column about | 14,331 |
1214667 | Centipede game | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centipede%20game | Centipede game
uch larger than immediate defection, the "rational" solutions given by backward induction can seem paradoxical. This, coupled with the fact that experimental subjects regularly cooperate in the Centipede game, has prompted debate over the usefulness of the idealizations involved in the backward induction solutions, see Aumann (1995, 1996) and Binmore (1996).
# See also.
- Backward induction
- Experimental economics
- Traveler's dilemma
- Unexpected hanging paradox
# External links.
- EconPort article on the Centipede Game
- Rationality and Game Theory - AMS column about the centipede game
- Online experiment in VeconLab
- Play the Centipede game in your browser on gametheorygame.nl | 14,332 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
Classroom
A classroom is a learning space, a room in which both children and adults learn. Classrooms are found in educational institutions of all kinds, ranging from preschools to universities, and may also be found in other places where education or training is provided, such as corporations and religious and humanitarian organizations. The classroom provides a space where learning can take place uninterrupted by outside distractions.
# Types of classroom.
In elementary schools (grades: [Kindergarten] through 5th), classrooms can have a whole group of 18 to 30 students and one, two, or even three teachers. When there are two teachers in a classroom, one is the lead teacher and the other | 14,333 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
one is the associate. Or the second teacher may be a special education teacher. There may be a third teacher in the back watching and taking notes. In lower elementary the classrooms are set up slightly different than upper elementary. In these classrooms there are tables instead of desks, a rug with a (smart board) for whole group learning, a library, computers, and centers. The rug is the vocal point of the classroom and everything else is strategically placed around it. The teacher must be able to move swiftly through the classroom. To determine if the classroom is meeting the highest level of quality there is a grading scale called ECERS (Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale). There | 14,334 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
are 43 items on this checklist and it is diveded into 7 categories and they are as followes: Space and Furnishings, Personal Care Routines, Language-Reasoning, Activities, Interactions, Program Structure, and Parents and Staff. In an upper elementary classroom students now use desks, there is no rug for whole group learning but there is a smart board and computers. Students also start practicing switching classes to get accustomed to middle and high, usually in fifth grade school transitions.
In a self-contained classrooms there are 7 or less students. Self-contained classrooms are designed for children that need more one-on-one time. Teachers get to solely focus on their small group of students | 14,335 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
and create individualized lessons for each child. An integrated or inclusion classroom can be thought of as a mix between a traditional classroom and a self-contained classroom. In this style of classroom, there is a mix of general students and students that need services. There are two teachers in this style of classroom, a general education teacher and special education teacher. They both teach and serve the students in the classroom, but during certain parts of the day the special education teacher may pull the students that have services to give them additional support. This allows students with accommodations or an Individual Education Program (IEP), to still get to be in a general classroom | 14,336 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
but also get the individualized instruction they need.
Middle school and high school classrooms are set up quite similar. There is one teacher and students transition from one classroom to the next. They do not stay in one classroom all day. These classrooms can have around 20 students. Students may not exactly have the same group of students in each class depending on the students schedule.
Then college classrooms are set up in a lecture hall or auditorium with one teacher, also called a professor. Typically this teacher has a Teacher Assistant (TA), which is a grad student. This person may help administer or grade tests. They can also hold review sessions for college students to come to | 14,337 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
once or twice a week.
Some other types of classrooms that a middle/high school or college might have are: computer labs for IT lessons, gymnasiums for sports, and science laboratories for biology, chemistry and physics.
# Decor and design.
The layout, design and decor of the classroom has a significant effect upon the quality of the educational experience. Attention to the acoustics and colour scheme may reduce distractions and aid concentration. The lighting and furniture likewise influence factors such as student attention span.
Historically, relatively few pupil-centric design principles were used in the construction of classrooms. In 19th century Britain, one of the few common considerations | 14,338 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
was to try and orient new buildings so the class windows faced north as much as possible, while avoiding west or southern facing windows, as in Britain northern light causes less glare.
Desks were often arranged in columns and rows, with a teacher's desk at the front, where he or she would stand and lecture the class. Little color was used for fear of distracting the children. In the 1950s and 60s cheap and harsh fluorescent lights were sometimes used, which could cause eyestrain. Research has suggested that optimal use of daylight, acoustics, color selection and even the arrangement of the furniture in the classroom can affect pupils academic success. Georgetown University found that test | 14,339 |
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scores increased by 11% through the improvement of a classroom's physical environment.
In the design of a classroom, desk arrangements are essential to the decor and design of the classroom followed by seating arrangements for the students. Usually classroom desks are arranged in rows or columns, but there are many more ways to arrange the desks, for example making a circle with the desks so that it's more of a group discussion or having the desks in a "U" shape for group discussions and easy access for the teacher. Another common principle is arrangement in 'clusters' or small groups, which usually improves interaction and participation in (small) group-processes.
Color is also a big asset | 14,340 |
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to the classroom by realating the colors to the subjects learned in the classroom to help the students learn. Also color helps the atmosphere be fun and exciting and help visual stimulation for the students.
## Acoustics.
The acoustics of the classroom are very often overlooked, but are an important part of the success of a child. Choosing only materials that cause sound to reverberate, such as tile floors and hard wall surfaces, greatly increases noise levels and can prove detrimental to learning. One study of hyperactive versus control groups of children found that white noise has no impact on either group, but that auditory stimulation such as distant conversations or music has a negative | 14,341 |
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effect on both groups of students. Children with attention deficit disorder scored higher on tests when white noise was being pumped into the classroom than when music was played. The control group of children as well as the hyperactive group of children averaged the same test scores when there was no sound as when white noise was being played.
By utilizing soft surfaces, especially on the floor, the sounds within and outside of the classroom will be diminished, taking away from the distractions facing students and improving not just the test scores of hyperactive children, but those without attention deficit disorder as well. Although carpet is an obvious choice for sound absorption, it may | 14,342 |
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not be suitable for high traffic areas like hallways. In such cases, other sound absorbing materials, such as cork, can be used. The use of sound absorbing ceiling tiles may also be a wise choice for areas where carpet cannot be used for practical purposes.
## Color selection.
Color theory refers to the psychological effects color has on the human body. Red is said to increase both aggression and appetite, a poor combination for a school's interior. Yellow increases adrenaline levels and is also undesirable for a school setting. Blue, green, and brown create a relaxing and calming environment, which is a positive for the classroom. However, blue also is associated with cold and sadness and | 14,343 |
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elongates the sense of time, which would make a blue classroom tortuous for students (Vodvarka, 1999). Warm colors are often favored by students, making them more alert and increasing brain activity, which helps in increasing test scores. Cool colors had the opposite effect. By balancing warm and cool colors, bright and subdued, a pleasing effect can be achieved that will reduce absenteeism in schools and keep the students focused on what the teacher is saying. Test scores go up when children are not in a stark white environment, which can feel sterile and cold.
## Furniture arrangement.
Furniture is an important aspect because students spend most of their time seated in the classroom. The | 14,344 |
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furniture should be able to move and easy to arrange to allow students to sit in places that are best suited for their learning styles.
Traditionally, classrooms have had one setup: straight rows of desks facing the front of the classroom. The row style allows teachers ample amount of space to walk around. This makes it easier for teachers to supervise the students work and catch any students that may be misbehaving, insuring that students stay focused. Studies have found that the row style also fosters less off topic talking causing the atmosphere to be more conducive to learning. While the row style sounds ideal from a teacher's standpoint it can be damaging to the student's well being. The | 14,345 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
row style of desk arrangement has been found to cause the students to withdraw.
An alternative to the traditional row style desk pavement is to arrange the desks in groups. Phil Beadle, a UK Secondary Teacher of the Year, believes that it is best to arrange the desks in groups of six desks if at all possible. This allows for the most use out of the desk arrangement as you have the ability to utilize groups of two, three, or six students without moving a single chair. Beadle isn't the only teacher to swear by group desk arrangement; studies have shown that the group desk placement setup produces a greater number of on task actions than any other form of desk placement. The group setup does have | 14,346 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
one potentially serious negative side effect. Students sitting in group desk placements are more likely to misbehave when the teacher isn't looking, like using iPads that are provided by the school, such as in the Cupertino Union School District. To avoid this the groups of desks should be arranged around the outside of the room giving the teacher plenty of room to walk around and supervise as well as providing room for kinesthetic activities that can be beneficial to the students learning.
The final popular desk arrangement is the circle/semicircle placement. This particular desk setup is growing in popularity due to the numerous positive outcomes it provides. The circle desk arrangement facilitates | 14,347 |
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the flow of ideas by fostering positive group dynamics. When sitting in a circle it is easier for students to not only see who is talking, but to make eye contact with the speaker. Students sitting in a circle arrangement tend to feel more comfortable speaking up and asking questions. This style of desk placement also makes it easier for teachers to control the class, preventing misbehaving and off task comments as it allows them to easily see all the students, and allows all the students to see the teacher.
# Challenges to the classroom.
Online learning technologies make it possible for learning to take place at any time, at any place, and at any pace that the learner desires. This is particularly | 14,348 |
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important for adult students who may need to schedule their learning around work and parenting responsibilities. According to the American Society for Training and Development, as of 2014, approximately 25% of employee training hours take place online rather than in a classroom. However, critics argue that even the classroom space is full of distractions in the 21st century since even though access to the online world may be restricted by some institutions, students may find distractions in their physical vicinity and so tend to multitask and divide their attention without focusing on any one task at a time.
The traditional classroom has also been attacked by advocates of various forms of alternative | 14,349 |
1214654 | Classroom | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classroom | Classroom
y 25% of employee training hours take place online rather than in a classroom. However, critics argue that even the classroom space is full of distractions in the 21st century since even though access to the online world may be restricted by some institutions, students may find distractions in their physical vicinity and so tend to multitask and divide their attention without focusing on any one task at a time.
The traditional classroom has also been attacked by advocates of various forms of alternative education. Italian educator Maria Montessori wrote that "Stationary desks and chairs [are] proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school".
# See also.
- Factory model school | 14,350 |
1214610 | Kealakekua Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kealakekua%20Bay | Kealakekua Bay
Kealakekua Bay
Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii about south of Kailua-Kona.
Settled over a thousand years ago, the surrounding area contains many archeological and historical sites such as religious temples (heiaus) and also includes the spot where the first documented European to reach the Hawaiian islands, Captain James Cook, was killed. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii in 1973 as the Kealakekua Bay Historical District.
The bay is a marine life conservation district, a popular destination for kayaking, scuba diving, and snorkeling.
# Ancient history.
Settlement on Kealakekua Bay has a long history.
"Hikiau | 14,351 |
1214610 | Kealakekua Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kealakekua%20Bay | Kealakekua Bay
Heiau" was a luakini temple of Ancient Hawaii at the south end of the bay, at coordinates , associated with funeral rites.
The large platform of volcanic rock was originally over high, long, and wide.
The sheer cliff face called "Pali Kapu O Keōua" overlooking the bay was the burial place of Hawaiian royalty. The name means "forbidden cliffs of Keōua " in honor of Keōua Nui. He was sometimes known as the "father of kings" since many rulers were his descendants. The difficulty in accessing the cliff kept the exact burial places secret.
The village of "Kaawaloa" was at the north end of the bay in ancient times, where the "Puhina O Lono Heiau" was built, along with some royal residences.
The | 14,352 |
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name of the village means "the distant Kava", from the medicinal plant used in religious rituals.
The name of the bay comes from "ke ala ke kua" in the Hawaiian Language which means "the god's pathway." This area was the focus of extensive Makahiki celebrations in honor of the god Lono. Another name for the area north of the bay was "hale ki'i", due to the large number of wood carvings, better known today as "tiki".
# Captain Cook and Kalaniʻōpuʻu.
Although there are theories that Spanish or Dutch sailors might have stopped here much earlier, the first documented European to arrive was Captain James Cook.
He and his crews on the "Resolution" and "Discovery" sighted Kealakekua Bay on the | 14,353 |
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morning of January 17, 1779. He estimated several thousand people lived in the two villages, and many thousand more in the surrounding areas. On January 28, he performed the first Christian service on the islands, for the funeral of a crew member who had died.
Cook had entered the bay during Makahiki a traditionally peaceful time. Cook and his men were welcomed, given much food and gifts from the island and treated as honored guests. John Ledyard, the only American on board Cook's third voyage, gives a detailed account of these events in his journals. Cook and his crew stayed for several weeks, returning to sea shortly after the end of the festival. After suffering damage to the mast during | 14,354 |
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a storm, the ships returned two weeks later on February 12. This time, already fraying relations came to a head.
One of Cook's captains accused a native chieftain of stealing the Resolution's jolly boat. The boat was soon found unstolen and the native chief soured from the false accusation. Cook himself attempted to barter for the wood used to border the natives "Morai" or sacred burial ground for certain high-ranking individuals. The native chiefs were mortified at this offer and refused to accept it. Cook later took the wood anyway, against the will of native chieftains. With a damaged mast, fraying relations with the natives and being heavily outnumbered, Cook attempted to lure Hawaiian | 14,355 |
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chief Kalaniōpuu aboard his ship to hold him hostage in order to induce 'good behavior among the natives.' Tensions mounted as Cook attempted to trick the chief, and natives surrounded the beach. Cook fired the first shot, and his men quickly shot several more natives. As Cook and his men attempted to retreat, Cook was stabbed through the chest by a native chief with an iron dagger which had been traded from Cook's own ship previously in the same visit. The majority of Cook's body was never recovered. Since Cook's men felt they could not leave without resupplying fresh water and further repair of their damaged mast, they shot dozens more natives with their own muskets and the ships cannons and | 14,356 |
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burned a portion of Kireekakooa, one of the towns in the bay. Cook's death was depicted in a series of paintings called "Death of Cook". The monument is accessed by a one-hour hike from the road or by crossing the bay by boat.
# Turmoil.
When Kalaniōpuu died in 1782, his oldest son Kiwalao officially inherited the kingdom, but his nephew Kamehameha I became guardian of the god Kūkailimoku. A younger son, Keōua Kuahuula, was not happy about this and provoked Kamehameha. Their forces met just south of the bay at the battle of Mokuōhai.
Kamehameha won control of the west and north sides of the island, but Keōua escaped. It would take over a decade to consolidate Kamehameha's control.
In 1786, | 14,357 |
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merchant ships of the King George's Sound Company under command of the maritime fur traders Nathaniel Portlock and Captain George Dixon anchored in the harbor, but avoided coming ashore. They had been on Cook's voyage when he was killed by natives. In December 1788, the "Iphigenia" under William Douglas arrived with Chief Kaiana, who had already traveled to China.
The first American ship was probably the "Lady Washington" around this time under Captain John Kendrick. Two sailors, Parson Howel and James Boyd, left the ship (in 1790 or when it returned in 1793) and lived on the island.
In March 1790, the American ship "Eleanora" arrived at Kealakekua Bay and sent a British sailor ashore named | 14,358 |
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John Young, to determine whether the sister ship, the schooner "Fair American", had arrived for its planned rendezvous. Young was detained by Kamehameha's men to prevent the "Eleanora's" Captain Simon Metcalfe from hearing the news of the destruction of the "Fair American", and the death of Metcalfe's son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, after the massacre at Olowalu. Young and Isaac Davis, the lone survivor of the "Fair American", slowly adjusted to the island lifestyle. They instructed Hawaiians in the use of the captured cannon and muskets, becoming respected advisers to Kamehameha. In 1791 Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper visited on the ship .
# More visitors.
George Vancouver arrived in March | 14,359 |
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1792 to winter in the islands with a small fleet of British ships. He had been a young midshipman on Cook's fatal voyage 13 years earlier and commanded the party that attempted to recover Cook's remains. He avoided anchoring in Kealakekua Bay, but met some men in canoes who were interested in trading. The common request was for firearms, which Vancouver resisted. One included chief Kaiana, who would later turn against Kamehameha.
Vancouver suspected Kaiana intended to seize his ships, so left him behind and headed up the coast. There he was surprised to encounter a Hawaiian who in broken English introduced himself as "Jack", and told of traveling to America on a fur-trading ship. Through him, | 14,360 |
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Vancouver met Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi, who gave him a favorable impression of Kamehameha (his son-in-law). He spent the rest of the winter in Oahu.
Vancouver returned in February 1793; this time he picked up Keeaumoku and anchored in Kealakekua Bay. When Kamehameha came to greet the ship, he brought John Young, now fluent in the Hawaiian language, as an interpreter. This greatly helped to develop a trusted trading relationship. The Hawaiians presented a war game, which was often part of the Makahiki celebration. Impressed by the warriors' abilities, Vancouver fired off some fireworks at night to demonstrate his military technology. Vancouver presented some cattle which he had picked up in California. | 14,361 |
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They were weak and barely alive, so he convinced Kamehameha to avoid killing them for ten years.
Scottish doctor James Lind had recommended the use of citrus juice to prevent scurvy on long voyages. The botanist Archibald Menzies had picked up some citrus fruit seeds in South Africa, and dropped them off here, so that future ships might be able to replenish their stocks at the Hawaiian islands.
Vancouver left in March 1793 after visiting the other islands to continue his expedition, and returned again January 13, 1794. He still hoped to broker a truce between Kamehameha and the other islands. His first step was to reconcile Kamehameha with Queen Kaahumanu.
He dropped off more cattle and sheep | 14,362 |
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from California, and discovered a cow left the year before had delivered a calf. The cattle became feral and eventually became pests. They were not controlled until the "Hawaiian Cowboys," known as the Paniolo, were recruited.
The ship's carpenters instructed the Hawaiians and the British advisers how to build a European-style ship, which they named the "Britania". On February 25, 1794, Vancouver gathered leaders from around the island onto his ship and negotiated a treaty. Although this treaty was sometimes described as "ceding" Hawaii to Great Britain, the treaty was never ratified by the British parliament.
# Decline.
For the next few years, Kamehameha was engaged in his war campaigns, | 14,363 |
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and then spent his last years at Kamakahonu to the north. By this time other harbors such as Lahaina and Honolulu became popular with visiting ships. By 1804, the heiau was falling into disuse. In 1814, a British ship HMS "Forester" arrived in the midsts of a mutiny. Otto von Kotzebue arrived in 1816 on a mission from the Russian Empire.
When Kamehameha I died in 1819, his oldest son Liholiho officially inherited the kingdom, calling himself Kamehameha II. His nephew Keaoua Kekuaokalani inherited the important military and religious post of guardian of Kūkailimoku. However, true power was held by Kamehameha's widow Queen Kaahumanu. She had been convinced by Vancouver and other visitors that | 14,364 |
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the European customs should be adopted. In the Ai Noa she declared an end to the old Kapu system.
Kekuaokalani was outraged by this threat to the old traditions, which still were respected by most common people. He gathered religious supporters at Kaawaloa, threatening to take the kingdom by force, as happened 37 years earlier. After a failed attempt to negotiate peace, he marched his army north to meet Kalanimoku's troops who were gathered at Kamakahonu. They met in the Battle of Kuamoo. Both sides had muskets, but Kalanimoku had cannon mounted on double-hulled canoes. He devastated the fighters for the old religion, who still lie buried in the lava rock.
The wood "Kii" carvings were burned, | 14,365 |
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and the temples fell into disrepair. A small Christian church was built in 1824 in Kaawaloa by the Hawaiian missionaries, and the narrow trail widened to a donkey cart road in the late 1820s, but the population declined due largely to introduced diseases and people shifted to other areas.
In 1825, Admiral Lord Byron (cousin of the famous poet) on the ship erected a monument to Cook and took away many of the old, sacred artifacts.
The last royalty known to live here was high chief Naihe, known as the "national orator," and his wife Chiefess Kapiolani, early converts to Christianity.
In 1829, she was saddened to see that the destruction of the temples included desecrating the bones of her ancestors | 14,366 |
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at the Puuhonua o Hōnaunau.
She removed the remains of the old chiefs and hid them in the "Pali Kapu O Keōua" cliffs before ordering this last temple to be destroyed. The bones were later moved to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1858, under direction of King Kamehameha IV.
In 1839 a massive stone church was built just south of the bay. It fell into ruin, and a smaller building called Kahikolu Church was built in 1852. This also fell into ruin, but has been rebuilt.
In 1894 a wharf was constructed at the village at the south of the bay, now called Napoopoo. A steamer landed in the early 20th century when Kona coffee became a popular crop in the upland areas.
A large white stone monument | 14,367 |
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was built on the north shore of the bay in 1874 on the order of Princess Likelike and was deeded to the United Kingdom in 1877. The chain around the monument is supported by four cannon from the ship HMS "Fantome"; they were placed with their breaches embedded in the rock in 1876. It marks the approximate location of Cook's death. It is located at coordinates .
The Cook monument is unreachable by road; this remote location is accessible only by water or an hour-long hike along a moderately steep trail. Many visitors have rented kayaks and paddled across the bay, about from its southern end. State conservation regulations prohibit kayaks, stand-up paddleboards, surfboards, and bodyboards from | 14,368 |
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entering the bay unless part of a tour with a licensed local operator. The pier at Napoopoo can be accessed down a narrow road off the Hawaii Belt Road.
The beach sand was mostly removed by Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Boat tours are also available, leaving from Honokōhau harbor, Keauhou Bay, and the Kailua pier.
A short single-day eruption of Mauna Loa volcano took place underwater within Kealakekua Bay in 1877, and within a mile of the shoreline; curious onlookers approaching the area in boats reported unusually turbulent water and occasional floating blocks of hardened lava.
Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins frequent Kealakekua Bay, especially in the morning. The bay serves as a place for them to | 14,369 |
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rest and feed, and as a nursery for mothers and their calves. Due to the calm water conditions, extensive coral reef, and thriving underwater life, Kealakekua Bay offers some of the best snorkeling and diving in Hawaii, especially in the shallow waters adjacent to the monument. The bay is a protected marine environment so visitors can snorkel but no fishing is allowed in this area.
About around the bay was designated a State Historic Park in 1967, and it was added as a Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as site 73000651. The of the bay itself were declared a Marine Life Conservation District in 1969.
A narrow one-lane road to the south leads to Puuhonua o | 14,370 |
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ric Park in 1967, and it was added as a Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as site 73000651. The of the bay itself were declared a Marine Life Conservation District in 1969.
A narrow one-lane road to the south leads to Puuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, which contains more historic sites.
# In popular culture.
- In Arthur C. Clarke's book "Rendezvous with Rama," Kealakekua Bay is mentioned as a place where Bill Norton, the Commander of the Space Survey Vessel "Endeavour," visited.
- The 1933 song "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii" mentions the state fish which can be found in the bay: the "Humuhumunukunukuapuaa" (Reef triggerfish). | 14,371 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
Ontario Highway 405
King's Highway 405, also known as Highway 405 and the General Brock Parkway, is a 400-Series Highway in the Canadian province of Ontario connecting the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) near St. Catharines with the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge in the village of Queenston. It then crosses the Niagara River, where it encounters the international border with the United States and continues into New York as Interstate 190 (I-190).
Designated and under construction by 1960, the short freeway was opened to traffic on September 11, 1963. Since that time, an interchange was added in 1969 and another removed in 2004. On August 13, 2006, Highway 405 was dedicated the General Brock Parkway. The | 14,372 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
entire length of Highway 405 is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP).
# Route description.
Highway 405 serves to connect the northern end of I-190 in New York at the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge with the QEW, and therefore it follows a somewhat direct path between the two.
Throughout its length, the highway gently climbs the Niagara Escarpment, reaching the top east of Stanley Avenue before crossing the Niagara Gorge. The highway is surrounded by forest to either side for most of its length, and the only settlement near it is the village of Queenston.
Highway 405 begins by diverging from the QEW at St. Catharines. It continues north-east for , then gently curves south-easterly. | 14,373 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
The opposing lanes, initially separated by a wide gap, converge towards each other to form a grass median.
The highway dips into a shallow gully, widens to five lanes (three eastbound, two westbound), and then curves northeast to pass north of a hydroelectric reservoir. The opposing lanes converge, with an Ontario Tall Wall separating them, and pass beneath Niagara Regional Road 102 (Stanley Avenue). The freeway's lone interchange is with Stanley Avenue, and traffic continuing east must cross the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge into the United States. The additional eastbound lane provided along this section is for the queueing of trucks.
After passing the reservoir, the highway reaches the Canada | 14,374 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
Border Services plaza. It then passes over the Niagara Parkway and heads onto the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge over the Niagara River. The Highway 405 designation ends at the border with the United States, where it continues as I-190 towards Buffalo, New York. As Highway 405 entirely lies within the Province of Ontario and is not subject to federal administration, its entire length is patrolled by the OPP.
# History.
Highway 405 was part of a network of divided highways envisioned by Thomas McQuesten in the mid-1930s to connect New York with Ontario. Though the Queen Elizabeth Way would cross the Niagara River by 1942 in Niagara Falls, Highway 405 and the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge would form | 14,375 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
the first direct freeway link between the neighbouring countries. Planning for both was underway by 1958, and construction began in 1960.
The bridge was built at the same time as the freeway, though it opened several months earlier on November 1, 1962.
Highway 405 was completed in August 1963
and officially opened to the public on September 11, 1963.
In 1969, an interchange with Stanley Avenue was built and opened to traffic.
In 2004, the eastern end of the freeway was modified to permit the queueing of trucks at the border. This included the addition of one lane to the eastbound carriageway beginning at Stanley Avenue, as well as the gradual removal of the interchange with the Niagara | 14,376 |
1214678 | Ontario Highway 405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario%20Highway%20405 | Ontario Highway 405
9, an interchange with Stanley Avenue was built and opened to traffic.
In 2004, the eastern end of the freeway was modified to permit the queueing of trucks at the border. This included the addition of one lane to the eastbound carriageway beginning at Stanley Avenue, as well as the gradual removal of the interchange with the Niagara Parkway; the westbound on-ramp from the Parkway remained open to traffic until December 4, 2006.
The highway was named the General Brock Parkway on October 13, 2006 in honour of the War of 1812 hero, Major General Sir Isaac Brock, who died at the Battle of Queenston Heights.
# External links.
- COMPASS Traffic Cameras
- Highway 405 Images @ AsphaltPlanet.ca | 14,377 |
1214704 | Acacia Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia%20Prison | Acacia Prison
Acacia Prison
Acacia Prison is a medium security prison facility located in Wooroloo, Western Australia. The prison was opened in May 2001.
Acacia was the first privately managed prison in Western Australia and was managed by Australian Integration Management Services Corporation (AIMS Corp) for its first five years of operation. Serco is currently managing the prison since 2006. The prison currently employs over 300 custodial officers and more than 200 non-custodial staff to run day-to-day operation.
The prison provides open campus-style living. Prisoners use fingerprint recognition technology to move within the boundaries of the prison as well as gaining access to their bank accounts and | 14,378 |
1214704 | Acacia Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia%20Prison | Acacia Prison
purchasing goods. The prison has a self-care and pre-self section where prisoners cook and clean for themselves. In 2008 the prison began adding additional bunks to cells, increasing capacity from 800 to 1000.
Acacia Prison has an education unit run by custodial and non-custodial staff including teachers, psychologists, criminologists, resettlement staff and reintegration officers. They teach a range of classes including violence against women, violent offender treatment programs, domestic violence, drug and alcohol programs and "think first" classes.
Acacia Prison is currently undergoing a $100 million expansion to increase prison capacity from 1000 to 1387, set for completion in 2015.
Serco | 14,379 |
1214704 | Acacia Prison | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia%20Prison | Acacia Prison
o cells, increasing capacity from 800 to 1000.
Acacia Prison has an education unit run by custodial and non-custodial staff including teachers, psychologists, criminologists, resettlement staff and reintegration officers. They teach a range of classes including violence against women, violent offender treatment programs, domestic violence, drug and alcohol programs and "think first" classes.
Acacia Prison is currently undergoing a $100 million expansion to increase prison capacity from 1000 to 1387, set for completion in 2015.
Serco won the contract to operate the prison after a tender that involved submissions from AIMS, MTC and Serco. Serco's contract goes out for tender on 16 May 2016. | 14,380 |
1214686 | Witr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witr | Witr
Witr
Witr () is an Islamic prayer ("salat") that is performed at night after "isha'a" (night-time prayer) or before "fajr" (dawn prayer). According to the Hanafi Fiqh witr prayer is "wajib". The status of wajib is very close to that of "fard". There are a few distinguishing factors of the witr prayer that sets it apart from the "fard" (mandatory) and "sunnah" (recommended) prayers. Witr has an odd number of "rakat" prayed in pairs, with the final raka'ah prayed separately. Therefore, as little as one rakat can be prayed, and eleven at most. This differs from the usual trend of two, three and four rakat of the fard and sunnah prayers.
According to Abdullah ibn Umar( Radia' Allah wa anhou), Muhammad(Sallah | 14,381 |
1214686 | Witr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witr | Witr
Allah Alahoui wa salam) said, "The night prayer is offered as two rakat followed by two rakat and so on and if anyone is afraid of the approaching dawn (fajr prayer) he should pray one raka'ah and this will be a witr for all the rakat which he has prayed before."
In a "hadith" transmitted by Abu Darda(Radia'Allah wa anhou), he states that Muhammad(Sallah Allah alahoui wa salam) enjoined to him three things: to fast three days every month, to offer the Witr salat before sleep, and to offer two rakat sunnah of fajr.
But there are many "aḥādīth" that show the best time for the witr salat to be at night. If someone fears that he would not be able to awake, or may die in their sleep, then the prayer | 14,382 |
1214686 | Witr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witr | Witr
should be performed before sleeping.
Therefore, he who performs "tahajjud" (night prayer) regularly should perform witr after tahajjud.
It is recorded that Ali bin Abu Talib(radia'Allah wa anhoum) said, "The Witr prayer is not required like your obligatory prayers but the Prophet would perform the Witr prayer and say, 'O you people of the Quran, perform the Witr prayer, for Allah is One and He Loves the Witr."
The literal meaning of Witr is "chord of a circle". Considering the whole day as circle along which all the prayers are located, the Maghrib salat is offered at the sunset (beginning of night). It has an un-paired (odd) rakat. By offering Witr odd rakat as the last prayer of night, | 14,383 |
1214686 | Witr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witr | Witr
ry prayers but the Prophet would perform the Witr prayer and say, 'O you people of the Quran, perform the Witr prayer, for Allah is One and He Loves the Witr."
The literal meaning of Witr is "chord of a circle". Considering the whole day as circle along which all the prayers are located, the Maghrib salat is offered at the sunset (beginning of night). It has an un-paired (odd) rakat. By offering Witr odd rakat as the last prayer of night, a chord is created by pairing these two un-paired rakats.
# See also.
- Tarawih
- Zuhr prayer
- Asr prayer
- Maghrib prayer
- Tasbih
- Dhikr
# References.
- Translation of "Sahih Bukhari", Book 16: Witr Prayer Hadith no 111, 112
- The Witr Prayer | 14,384 |
1214682 | John Walter (editor, born 1818) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201818) | John Walter (editor, born 1818)
John Walter (editor, born 1818)
John Walter (8 October 1818 – 3 November 1894) was an English newspaper publisher and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1847 and 1885.
Walter was born at Printing-house Square, the eldest son of John Walter, editor of "The Times". He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, being called to the bar in 1847. On leaving Oxford he took part in the business management of "The Times", and on his father's death became sole manager, delegating some of his work to Mowbray Morris. He was a man of scholarly tastes and serious religious views, and his conscientious character had a marked influence on the tone of the paper. It was | 14,385 |
1214682 | John Walter (editor, born 1818) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201818) | John Walter (editor, born 1818)
under him that the successive improvements in the printing machinery, begun by his father in 1814, at last reached the stage of the "Walter Press" in 1869, the pioneer of modern newspaper printing-presses.
In 1847 Walter was elected to Parliament for Nottingham as a moderate Liberal, and was re-elected in 1852 and in 1857. In 1859 he was returned for Berkshire, where he lived at Bearwood House in Sindlesham. John Walter built a model village arranged around a green at Sindlesham, whose buildings included a "typically solid Victorian building" which housed a pub and still bears the family name today, as the Walter Arms.
Though defeated in 1865, John Walter III was again elected to Parliament | 14,386 |
1214682 | John Walter (editor, born 1818) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(editor,%20born%201818) | John Walter (editor, born 1818)
1865, John Walter III was again elected to Parliament for Berkshire in 1868, and held the seat until he retired in 1885.
Walter was twice married, first in 1842 to Emily Frances Court (d. 1858), and then in 1861 to Flora Macnabb. His eldest son by his first marriage, John, was accidentally drowned at Bearwood on Christmas Eve in 1870, while trying to rescue his brother and cousin.
Walter was succeeded by Arthur Fraser Walter (1846–1910), his second son by his first marriage. A.F. Walter remained chief proprietor of "The Times" until 1908, when it was converted into a company. He then became chairman of the board of directors, and on his death was succeeded in this position by his son John. | 14,387 |
1214707 | Out from Out Where | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out%20from%20Out%20Where | Out from Out Where
Out from Out Where
Out From Out Where is the fourth release by Amon Tobin on Ninja Tune. Many of the tracks segue together creating an ongoing feel to the album. Video clips were made for "Verbal" and "Proper Hoodidge", directed by Alex Rutterford and Corine Stübi respectively. The CD contains enhanced content of the "Verbal" video. The track "Mighty Micro People" is used in Need for Speed: Undercover Soundtrack, the film "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" (2004) and the iOS game "Eliminate Pro". In 2010 it was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 100,000 copies throughout Europe.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Back From Space" | 14,388 |
1214707 | Out from Out Where | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out%20from%20Out%20Where | Out from Out Where
k, the film "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" (2004) and the iOS game "Eliminate Pro". In 2010 it was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 100,000 copies throughout Europe.
# Track listing.
- 1. "Back From Space" – 4:52
- 2. "Verbal (Feat. MC Decimal R.)" – 3:55
- 3. "Chronic Tronic" – 6:07
- 4. "Searchers" – 5:45
- 5. "Hey Blondie" – 4:31
- 6. "Rosies" – 5:22
- 7. "Cosmo Retro Intro Outro" – 4:07
- 8. "Triple Science" – 4:58
- 9. "El Wraith" – 5:59
- 10. "Proper Hoodidge" – 5:26
- 11. "Mighty Micro People" – 5:48
# External links.
- "Out From Out Where" at the Ninja Tune discography (features audio clips). | 14,389 |
1214697 | Wet-bulb globe temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet-bulb%20globe%20temperature | Wet-bulb globe temperature
Wet-bulb globe temperature
The wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a type of apparent temperature used to estimate the effect of temperature, humidity, wind speed (wind chill), and visible and infrared radiation (usually sunlight) on humans. It is used by industrial hygienists, athletes, and the military to determine appropriate exposure levels to high temperatures. It is derived from the following formula:
where
- "T" = Natural wet-bulb temperature (combined with dry-bulb temperature indicates humidity)
- "T" = Globe thermometer temperature (measured with a globe thermometer, also known as a black globe thermometer)
- "T" = Dry-bulb temperature (actual air temperature)
- Temperatures | 14,390 |
1214697 | Wet-bulb globe temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet-bulb%20globe%20temperature | Wet-bulb globe temperature
may be in either Celsius or Fahrenheit
Indoors, or when solar radiation is negligible, the following formula is often used:
# Uses.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists publishes threshold limit values (TLVs) that have been adopted by many governments for use in the workplace. The process for determining the WBGT is also described in ISO 7243, Hot Environments - Estimation of the Heat Stress on Working Man, Based on the WBGT Index. The American College of Sports Medicine bases its guidelines on the intensity of sport practices based on WBGT.
In hot areas, some US military installations display a flag to indicate the heat category based on the WBGT. The military publishes | 14,391 |
1214697 | Wet-bulb globe temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet-bulb%20globe%20temperature | Wet-bulb globe temperature
guidelines for water intake and physical activity level for acclimated and unacclimated individuals in different uniforms based on the heat category.
# Related temperature comfort measures.
The heat index used by the U.S. National Weather Service and the humidex used by the Meteorological Service of Canada, along with the wind chill used in both countries, are also measures of perceived heat or cold, but they do not account for the effects of radiation.
The "RealFeel" temperature is a measure offered by AccuWeather, a commercial weather forecasting company, to purportedly combine temperature and humidity plus radiation (presumably by approximation, since American weather observation systems | 14,392 |
1214697 | Wet-bulb globe temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet-bulb%20globe%20temperature | Wet-bulb globe temperature
on (presumably by approximation, since American weather observation systems do not measure solar radiation directly); the RealFeel formula is a proprietary trade secret.
# See also.
- Wet-bulb temperature
- Hygrometer
# Further reading.
- Air Force Pamphlet 48-151
- U.S. Army Technical Bulletin Medical 507/Air Force Pamphlet 48-152
- Zunis Foundation background article
# External links.
- Thermal Comfort observations from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology
- Extreme Hot or Cold Temperature Conditions from the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
- OSHA Technical Manual: Heat Stress from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- Knowledge Portal WBGT | 14,393 |
1214699 | Patrick Bugden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Bugden | Patrick Bugden
Patrick Bugden
Patrick Joseph Bugden, VC (17 March 1897 – 28 September 1917) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served during the First World War in the 31st Battalion, Australian Imperial Force and was killed during the Battle of Polygon Wood during which he displayed the bravery for which he was posthumously awarded the VC.
# Early life.
Patrick Bugden was born in the Australian state of New South Wales, at South Gundurimba on 17 March 1897. His father, a farmer, died when Bugden was still a child and his mother later remarried. After completing his schooling, | 14,394 |
1214699 | Patrick Bugden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Bugden | Patrick Bugden
he worked at a hotel in Alstonville. In 1911, he commenced a year of compulsory military service.
# First World War.
Bugden enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force at Brisbane on 25 May 1916, claiming to be 21 years old. After completing a period of basic training, he embarked for England in September 1916 and arrived in Plymouth in December. Shortly afterwards he was admitted to hospital sick, before being sent to France in January 1917 and being taken on strength by the 31st Battalion in March. In May 1917, he was again admitted to hospital with influenza, before being released and returning to his unit.
It was at Battle of Polygon Wood near Zonnebeke in Belgium, during the Passchendaele | 14,395 |
1214699 | Patrick Bugden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Bugden | Patrick Bugden
Offensive in the period from 26 September to 28 September 1917 that Bugden performed the actions that led to his posthumous award of the Victoria Cross. During an advance by his battalion at Polygon Wood, he led small parties against strongly defended pillboxes, successfully dealing with them. He later carried out a number of rescues of wounded men, often under heavy artillery and machine gun fire. He was killed during one of these rescue missions. He was later recommended for the VC; the citation, published in the "London Gazette", read:
## Memorials.
Bugden is buried at Hooge Crater Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery. In 1997, a memorial to his service was dedicated at Alstonville, | 14,396 |
1214699 | Patrick Bugden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick%20Bugden | Patrick Bugden
y artillery and machine gun fire. He was killed during one of these rescue missions. He was later recommended for the VC; the citation, published in the "London Gazette", read:
## Memorials.
Bugden is buried at Hooge Crater Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery. In 1997, a memorial to his service was dedicated at Alstonville, about 30 km from Tatham. The memorial is on Bugden Avenue, and the local ANZAC Day march starts there.
Bugden Avenue in the Canberra suburb of Gowrie is also named for him.
# The medal.
Bugden's VC is on display in the Queensland Museum, South Bank. He was also entitled to the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.
# External links.
- CWGC: Patrick Bugden | 14,397 |
1214732 | Daddy Cool | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy%20Cool | Daddy Cool
Daddy Cool
Daddy Cool may refer to:
- "Daddy Cool" (The Rays song), a 1957 song by US doo-wop group The Rays, also covered by Drummond and Darts
- "Daddy Cool" (Boney M. song), a 1976 hit single by Boney M.
- Daddy Cool (band), a 1970s Australian rock band, reformed since 2005
- "Daddy Cool" (2009 Malayalam film), a 2009 Malayam film
- "Daddy Cool" (2009 Hindi film), a 2009 Hindi film
- "Daddy Cool" (novel), a 1974 book by Donald Goines
- "Daddy Cool" (musical), a 2006 musical featuring the music of Boney M and other Frank Farian productions | 14,398 |
1214749 | Sol Invictus (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sol%20Invictus%20(disambiguation) | Sol Invictus (disambiguation)
Sol Invictus (disambiguation)
Sol Invictus is a Roman god identified with Sol (the solar deity in Ancient Roman religion).
Sol Invictus may also refer to:
- Sol Invictus (band), an English neofolk band
- "Sol Invictus" (album), a 2015 album by Faith No More
# See also.
- Augustus Sol Invictus (born c. 1983), former Libertarian, alt-right Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in Florida
- Elagabalus (deity), a Syrian sun god
- Mithraism
- Sol (disambiguation) | 14,399 |
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