wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1214613 | Angus Buchanan (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus%20Buchanan%20(VC) | Angus Buchanan (VC)
1921 for the ceremony marking the dedication of the school's war memorial. Funds were raised in Coleford to mark his bravery, which he asked to be used to give children somewhere to play. He is buried in Coleford Cemetery, next to the recreation field named in his honour. His Victoria Cross was displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh in Brecon but is now in the Lord Ashcroft VC Collection in The Imperial War Museum.
# See also.
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
# External links.
- Captain Angus Buchanan of Coleford, Gloucestershire, who is invested by the King with the Victoria Cross and the Military Cross | 14,200 |
1214623 | Reported | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reported | Reported
Reported
Reported is the third EP from the band Dive
# Track listing.
CD:
- 1. "Final Report" (Numb Remix) – 4:12
- 2. "Final Report" (Monolith Remix) – 4:19
- 3. "Final Report" (Die Krupps Remix) – 3:03
- 4. "Final Report" (Hybryds Remix) – 3:36
- 5. "Final Report" (Wumpscut Remix) – 3:24
- 6. "Final Report" (Leæther Strip Remix) – 4:45
- 7. "Final Report" (Templebeat/Meathead Remix) – 4:22
- 8. "Final Report" (Starfish Pool Remix) – 5:48
Picture disc LP:
- 1. "Final Report" (Numb Remix)
- 2. "Final Report" (Die Krupps Remix)
- 3. "Final Report" (Monolith Remix)
- 4. "Final Report" (Starfish Pool Remix)
- 5. "Final Report" (Wumpscut Remix)
- 6. "Final Report" (Leæther Strip | 14,201 |
1214623 | Reported | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reported | Reported
Remix)
- 7. "Final Report" (It Remix)
- 8. "Final Report" (Sigillum S Remix)
# Personnel.
- Dirk Ivens - instruments, vocals
- Don Gordon - production on Numb remix
- David Collings - production on Numb remix
- Eric van Wonterghem - production on Monolith remix
- Jürgen Engler - keyboards and production on Die Krupps remix
- Chris Lietz - production on Die Krupps remix
- Sandy Nys - production on Hybryds remix
- Rudy Ratzinger - instruments on Wumpscut remix
- Claus Larsen - keyboards and production on Leæther Strip remix
- Paolo Favati - production on Templebeat/Meathead remix
- Teho Teardo - production on Templebeat/Meathead remix
- Koen Lybaert - production on Starfish Pool | 14,202 |
1214623 | Reported | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reported | Reported
- 7. "Final Report" (It Remix)
- 8. "Final Report" (Sigillum S Remix)
# Personnel.
- Dirk Ivens - instruments, vocals
- Don Gordon - production on Numb remix
- David Collings - production on Numb remix
- Eric van Wonterghem - production on Monolith remix
- Jürgen Engler - keyboards and production on Die Krupps remix
- Chris Lietz - production on Die Krupps remix
- Sandy Nys - production on Hybryds remix
- Rudy Ratzinger - instruments on Wumpscut remix
- Claus Larsen - keyboards and production on Leæther Strip remix
- Paolo Favati - production on Templebeat/Meathead remix
- Teho Teardo - production on Templebeat/Meathead remix
- Koen Lybaert - production on Starfish Pool remix | 14,203 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
John Brunt
Captain John Henry Cound Brunt, (6 December 1922 – 10 December 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served in Italy during the Second World War and was twice decorated for bravery in action before he was killed by mortar fire.
# Early life.
John Henry Cound Brunt was born on 6 December 1922, on a farm in Priest Weston, near Chirbury, Shropshire to Thomas Henry Brunt and Nesta Mary Brunt (née Cound), and began his education at Chirbury village school. He had an elder sister named Dorothy (born 13 May 1920) and a younger sister Isobel (born 5 October | 14,204 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
1923). When Dorothy was eight, the family moved to a farm near Whittington, Shropshire, where John grew up. As he became older, his fearless nature became more apparent; every week, he read the comic "Tiny Tots", which featured instructions on "How to teach yourself to swim". One day, he asked Dorothy to take him to the Shropshire Canal, which went through their farmland. Before his sister could stop him, Brunt had taken off all his clothes and jumped into the canal. When they finally arrived home, their mother wanted to know why he had no clothes on, and John responded that he had been teaching himself to swim. As he got older, his daredevil attitude became even more serious; on one occasion, | 14,205 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
he was found swinging himself along the guttering of a Dutch barn above the farmyard.
When old enough, Brunt was enrolled at Ellesmere College, where his mischievous streak became quickly apparent through pranks and dares; once, while in the sanatorium with mumps, he slipped a laxative into the matron's tea. Nevertheless, he is fondly remembered at the school. It was while he was at Ellesmere that he contracted measles, resulting in his need to wear glasses. An enthusiastic sportsman, Brunt played cricket, hockey, rugby, water polo and wrestling. He was the only pupil at the school to tackle the headmaster while playing rugby, injuring the older man's knee in the process.
In 1934, the Brunt | 14,206 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
family moved to Paddock Wood in Kent and, in his school holidays, "Young John" (as he was known in the village) would come home. Although he was still a reckless individual, he was thought of very highly, and helped train the Paddock Wood Home Guard between 1940 and 1943, assisted by his father. He spent his last days in Paddock Wood helping with the hop harvest.
# Military career.
Brunt joined the British Army when he left school, training as a private soldier with the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in 1941, during the Second World War. He received a commission as a second lieutenant on 2 January 1943, and was posted to North Africa. Although he was commissioned in the Sherwood Foresters, | 14,207 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
he never served with them, instead being posted to the 6th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment (6th Lincolns), a Territorial Army (TA) unit, having become friendly with Captain Alan Money, an officer in the Lincolns, on the boat to North Africa. The battalion was part of the 138th Infantry Brigade of the 46th Infantry Division. The division was then commanded by Major General John Hawkesworth.
On 9 September 1943, Brunt's battalion landed at Salerno as part of the Allied invasion of Italy and Brunt, now a lieutenant, was given command of No.9 Platoon in 'A' Company. The unit subsequently moved south-east to establish a base in a farm near the river Asa.
## Military Cross.
Between December 1943 | 14,208 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
and January 1944, during the Bernhardt Line fighting, Brunt commanded a battle patrol and saw near-constant action. In the early hours of 15 December, they received orders to destroy an enemy post based in some houses north of the River Peccia. In efforts to break the enemy line, he crossed and re-crossed the river so many times that the troops took to calling it "Brunt's Brook". After an intense five-minute bombardment, Brunt led a section into an assault. The first two houses contained two enemy soldiers, but it was the third house that provided the most resistance. Using grenades and Tommy guns, they managed to kill eight enemy troops outside the house, as well as those inside, all belonging | 14,209 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
to the 1st Battalion, 2nd Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment. After thirty minutes of intense fighting, the patrol withdrew, having had one man killed and six wounded. While the rest of the section pulled back, Brunt remained behind with his sergeant and a private to retrieve a wounded soldier. For his actions, he was awarded the Military Cross (MC).
On 5 January 1944, Brunt was in a sick bed in a rear hospital. He pleaded with doctors to be allowed to leave to take part in an attack, and was given permission, leading his patrol under heavy fire. He was back in the hospital 24 hours later with concussion after a piece of shrapnel almost split his helmet, but would have carried on fighting | 14,210 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
if it had not been for a non-commissioned officer (NCO), who forcibly led him away from the front line. At the end of the campaign, Brunt is said to have commented to his friends, "I've won the MC, now for the VC!"
## Victoria Cross.
Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to Syria and Egypt to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944. Having been promoted to temporary captain, Brunt was appointed second-in-command (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the Gothic Line offensive, the battalion was operating near Ravenna, fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, | 14,211 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
the battalion began their attack on the town of Faenza. By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of Ragazzina near Faenza, and after heavy fighting the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the "London Gazette" of 6 February 1945, reading:
The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon | 14,212 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before.
John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a Commonwealth War Grave headstone; his VC was announced posthumously in February 1945.
# Victoria Cross presentation.
On 18 December 1945, King George VI presented Brunt's VC and MC to his parents at Buckingham Palace. Brunt's father met Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI, later redesignated 15th Army Group) throughout most of the Italian Campaign, at the ceremony and said | 14,213 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
to him "I expect that you know many men who should have been awarded this medal", to which Alexander replied "No, because there is always only one who will do the unexpected and that day it was your son."
# Legacy.
In 1946, John Brunt's sister Dorothy gave birth to a boy which she named John Brunt Miller, in honour of his uncle.
On 3 September 1947 the Kent Arms public house in Paddock Wood, Kent, was renamed the John Brunt V.C. in his honour. In 1997, the pub's name was changed to The Hopping Hooden Horse; after local outrage the former name was restored in 2001. Behind the pub a small housing development called John Brunt VC Court was built.
During his military career, Brunt was awarded | 14,214 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
the VC, MC, 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star and the British War Medal 1939–1945, all of which are on display in Royal Lincolnshire Regiment and Lincolnshire Yeomanry Collections in the Museum of Lincolnshire Life in Lincoln. In 1951 an altar rail in the Soldiers' Chapel of St George in Lincoln Cathedral was dedicated to his memory by the regiment.
On 17 July 1965 "The Victor" comic featured a cover story named "Brunt V.C.", a two-page strip based on the actions that won Brunt the VC.
A John Brunt Memorial Cricket Pavilion was opened at Ellesmere College in 1970, after funds were raised for it since 1945. The College's ante-chapel holds a photograph of Brunt with a copy of his VC citation | 14,215 |
1214588 | John Brunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Brunt | John Brunt
incoln. In 1951 an altar rail in the Soldiers' Chapel of St George in Lincoln Cathedral was dedicated to his memory by the regiment.
On 17 July 1965 "The Victor" comic featured a cover story named "Brunt V.C.", a two-page strip based on the actions that won Brunt the VC.
A John Brunt Memorial Cricket Pavilion was opened at Ellesmere College in 1970, after funds were raised for it since 1945. The College's ante-chapel holds a photograph of Brunt with a copy of his VC citation displayed below.
In May 2004 an outdoor plaque to his memory was unveiled in Priestweston.
# External links.
- Lincolnshire Regiment VCs "(Royal Lincolnshire & Royal Anglian Regimental Association (Lincoln Branch))" | 14,216 |
1214609 | Lothar Bolz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar%20Bolz | Lothar Bolz
Lothar Bolz
Lothar Bolz (3 September 190328 December 1986) was an East German politician. From 1953 to 1965 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of East Germany (GDR).
# Biography.
Lothar Bolz was born in Gleiwitz in Upper Silesia, now Poland, on 3 September 1903. His father was a watchmaker.
He studied law at the universities of Breslau and Kiel. After his study he worked as a lawyer in Breslau In 1930, he joined the Communist Party of Germany. After the Nazis came to power in 1933 he was no longer allowed to work as a lawyer because of his political affiliation. Bolz went to Moscow, finding work as a teacher at the Marx-Engels Institute. From 1941 to 1945 he was headteacher of the Anti-fascist | 14,217 |
1214609 | Lothar Bolz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar%20Bolz | Lothar Bolz
School, which aimed to indoctrinate German prisoners of war against fascism. During his stay in the Soviet Union, he became a Soviet citizen and retained dual citizenship.
In 1947, he returned to Germany and joined the East German Socialist Unity Party, but in 1948 he founded the Communist-sponsored National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD). Many members of the NDPD were former Nazis and former Wehrmacht officers. From 1948 to 1972 he was the chairman of the NDPD. In 1949 he became a member of the People's Chamber (Parliament) and from 1949 to 1953 he was the Minister of Construction. From 1950 to 1967 he was one of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the GDR. In 1953, being the successor of Foreign | 14,218 |
1214609 | Lothar Bolz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar%20Bolz | Lothar Bolz
ed National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD). Many members of the NDPD were former Nazis and former Wehrmacht officers. From 1948 to 1972 he was the chairman of the NDPD. In 1949 he became a member of the People's Chamber (Parliament) and from 1949 to 1953 he was the Minister of Construction. From 1950 to 1967 he was one of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the GDR. In 1953, being the successor of Foreign Minister Anton Ackermann. He stayed in the office until 1965. From 1950 to his death he was a member of the Presidium of the National Front. He also acted as the chairman of Society for German-Soviet Friendship from 1968 to 1978.
Bolz died on 28 December 1986 in East Berlin at the age of 83. | 14,219 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
Mean radiant temperature
The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is defined as the uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure in which the radiant heat transfer from the human body is equal to the radiant heat transfer in the actual non-uniform enclosure.
MRT is a concept arising from the fact that the net exchange of radiant energy between two objects is approximately proportional to their temperature difference multiplied by their ability to emit and absorb heat (emissivity).
It is simply the area weighted mean temperature of all the objects surrounding the body. This is valid as long as the absolute temperatures of objects in question are large compared to the temperature differences, allowing | 14,220 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
linearization of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law in the relevant temperature range.
MRT also has a strong influence on thermophysiological comfort indexes such as physiological equivalent temperature (PET) or predicted mean vote (PMV).
What we experience and feel relating to thermal comfort in a building is related to the influence of both the air temperature and the temperature of surfaces in that space. The mean radiant temperature is expressed as this surface temperature and is controlled by enclosure performances.
Maintaining a balance between the operative temperature and the mean radiant temperature can create a more comfortable space. This is done with effective design of the building, interior | 14,221 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
and with the use of high temperature radiant cooling and low temperature radiant heating.
# Calculation.
There are different ways to estimate the mean radiant temperature, either applying its definition and using equations to calculate it, or measuring it with particular thermometers or sensors.
Since the amount of radiant heat lost or received by human body is the algebraic sum of all radiant fluxes exchanged by its exposed parts with the surrounding sources, MRT can be calculated from the measured temperature of surrounding walls and surfaces and their positions with respect to the person. Therefore, it is necessary to measure those temperatures and the angle factors between the person | 14,222 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
and the surrounding surfaces.
Most building materials have a high emittance ε, so all surfaces in the room can be assumed to be black. Because the sum of the angle factors is unity, the fourth power of MRT equals the mean value of the surrounding surface temperatures to the fourth power, weighted by the respective angle factors.
The following equation is used:
formula_1
where:
If relatively small temperature differences exist between the surfaces of the enclosure, the equation can be simplified to the following linear form:
formula_5
This linear formula tends to give a lower value of MRT, but in many cases the difference is small.
In general, angle factors are difficult to determine, | 14,223 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
and they normally depend on the position and orientation of the person. Furthermore, this method becomes complex and time consuming as the number of surfaces increases and they have elaborate shapes. There is currently no way to effectively collect this data. For this reason, an easier way to determine the MRT is by measuring it with a particular thermometer.
# Measurement.
The MRT can be estimated using a black-globe thermometer. The black-globe thermometer consists of a black globe in the center of which is placed a temperature sensor such as the bulb of a mercury thermometer, a thermocouple or a resistance probe. The globe can in theory have any diameter but as the formulae used in the | 14,224 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
calculation of the mean radiant temperature depend on the diameter of the globe, a diameter of , specified for use with these formulae, is generally recommended. The smaller the diameter of the globe, the greater the effect of the air temperature and air velocity, thus causing a reduction in the accuracy of the measurement of the mean radiant temperature. So that the external surface of the globe absorbs the radiation from the walls of the enclosure, the surface of the globe shall be darkened, either by the means of an electro-chemical coating or, more generally, by means of a layer of matte black paint.
This thermometer actually measures the globe temperature (GT), tending towards thermal | 14,225 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
balance under the effect of convection and radiation coming from the different heat sources in the enclosure. Thanks to this principle, knowing GT allows the mean radiant temperature MRT to be determined.
According to ISO 7726 Standard, the equation that is used most frequently (forced convection) is the following:
formula_6
where:
And for the standard globe (D = 0.15 m, formula_10 = 0.95):
formula_14
The measurement is affected by air movement because the measured GT depends on both convection and radiation transfer. By effectively increasing the size of the thermometer bulb, the convection transfer coefficient is reduced and the effect of radiation is proportionally increased. Because | 14,226 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
of local convective air currents GT typically lies between the air temperature and MRT. The faster the air moves over the globe thermometer, the closer GT approaches the air temperature.
Moreover, since the MRT is defined with respect to the human body, the shape of the sensor is also a factor. The spherical shape of the globe thermometer gives a reasonable approximation of a seated person; for people who are standing, the globe, in a radiant nonuniform environment, overestimates the radiation from floor or ceiling, so an ellipsoid sensor gives a better approximation.
There are several other precautions to be taken when using a black-globe thermometer, depending on the conditions of the measurement. | 14,227 |
1214618 | Mean radiant temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean%20radiant%20temperature | Mean radiant temperature
e globe, in a radiant nonuniform environment, overestimates the radiation from floor or ceiling, so an ellipsoid sensor gives a better approximation.
There are several other precautions to be taken when using a black-globe thermometer, depending on the conditions of the measurement. Furthermore, there are different measuring methods, such as the two-sphere radiometer and the constant-air-temperature sensor.
# See also.
- Thermal comfort
- Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
- ASHRAE
- Glossary of HVAC
# External links.
- http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/DEA3500allnotes.html
- Free online thermal comfort and mean radiant temperature calculation tool developed by CBE at UC Berkeley | 14,228 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
Curse of Billy Penn
The Curse of Billy Penn (1987–2008) was a curse used to explain the failure of major professional sports teams based in Philadelphia to win championships since the March 1987 construction of the One Liberty Place skyscraper, which exceeded the height of William Penn's statue atop Philadelphia City Hall.
The curse ended on October 29, 2008, when the Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series, a year and four months after a statuette of the William Penn figure atop City Hall was affixed to the final beam during the June 2007 topping-off of the Comcast Center.
# Origins of the curse.
Atop Philadelphia City Hall stands a statue of William Penn, the city founder and original | 14,229 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
proprietor of the then-British colony of Pennsylvania (meaning "Penn's Woods"). For years, a "gentlemen's agreement" stated that the Philadelphia Art Commission would approve no building in the city which would rise above this statue. This ended in March 1987, when a modern steel-and-glass skyscraper, One Liberty Place, opened three blocks away. One Liberty Place is taller than City Hall by 397 feet (121 m), rising 945 feet (288 m) in height compared to the height of Penn's hat on City Hall, 547 feet (167 m). Its sister skyscraper, Two Liberty Place, at 848 ft (258 m), followed in 1990.
Philadelphia sports teams had enjoyed a run of success. Major League Baseball's Phillies won the 1980 World | 14,230 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
Series and the 1983 National League pennant; the National Hockey League's Flyers won back-to-back Stanley Cups in and , and appeared in the finals in , , , and ; the National Football League's Eagles appeared in Super Bowl XV following the 1980 season, losing to the Oakland Raiders; and the National Basketball Association's 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals, as well as making the finals in , , and . Before 1980, the Phillies had appeared in only two other World Series, in and , and the Eagles had won no NFC conference championships since the 1966 agreement that had created the Super Bowl, while the 76ers won NBA titles in both Philadelphia and in their previous incarnation, the Syracuse Nationals. | 14,231 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
The Villanova Wildcats won the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball tournament, in one of the most famous upsets in sports history. Construction on One Liberty Place began in 1985, two years after the last championship season in Philadelphia.
# Philadelphia sports since the curse's inception.
## Major-league sports.
opened, Philadelphia's franchises began a pattern of failures to win a world championship. The Flyers lost the Stanley Cup Finals twice, in to the Edmonton Oilers in seven games (although the Oilers were heavily favored), two months after One Liberty Place opened, and in , in a four-game sweep by the Detroit Red Wings which was considered a collapse as the Flyers had home-ice | 14,232 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
advantage and had dominated the previous three playoff series en route to meeting the Red Wings. The Phillies upset the Atlanta Braves to win the NLCS, but then lost the 1993 World Series in six games to the Toronto Blue Jays, with the Series ending on Joe Carter's walkoff 3-run home run. The 76ers lost the 2001 NBA Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers in five games, although the defending champion Lakers were favored despite the Sixers having league MVP Allen Iverson. The Eagles lost three straight NFC Championship games from the 2001 through 2003 seasons, before reaching Super Bowl XXXIX after the 2004 season, only to lose to the New England Patriots by three points.
In fact, the only years that | 14,233 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
Philadelphia's franchises reached their league's championship round after One Liberty Place opened were years that U.S. presidents were inaugurated, except for the Flyers in 1987, and losses during such years date back to the 76ers loss in . When the Flyers played for the 2010 Stanley Cup, "The Ottawa Citizen" reported that the main reason for that lengthy championship drought was because the only years the city's teams played for championships during that time were years presidents were inaugurated. The city's teams had lost championships during such years, beginning with the 76ers themselves in . The exceptions were the Phillies in and the Flyers in .
In addition, losses in semifinal rounds | 14,234 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
had occurred eight times since the opening of One Liberty Place. Five of these semi-final eliminations were by the Flyers, in 1989, 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008. The 2000 team was one win away from a Stanley Cup Finals appearance, after leading the eventual champion New Jersey Devils 3-1 before losing three straight (including Games 5 and 7 at home), the 2004 team lost Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning, and the 2008 team lost to their cross-state rival Pittsburgh Penguins in five games. The Eagles accounted for the other three conference-final losses; they lost the NFC Championship Game (the winner of which meets the winner of the AFC's corresponding | 14,235 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
game in the Super Bowl) three years in a row from to , thus becoming the first NFL team to do this in either conference since the Dallas Cowboys of –, losing the last two at home after posting the best record in the NFC. No other team in NFL history had lost back-to-back conference title games at home since the NFL began its practice in 1975 of awarding home-field advantage in postseason play based on regular-season record. The Eagles lost the 2001 NFC Championship game on the road to the St. Louis Rams 29-24, the 2002 NFC Championship game at home to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27-10, and the 2003 NFC Championship game to the Carolina Panthers 14-3. The Rams and Panthers would both lose to the | 14,236 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI and Super Bowl XXXVIII, while the Buccaneers won Super Bowl XXXVII over the Oakland Raiders.
During the period of the alleged Curse of Billy Penn, Philadelphia sports fans were infamous for rude and unsportsmanlike behavior. Fans pelted national TV broadcasters with snowballs, ice, and beer during a Cowboys-Eagles game in 1989 known as "Bounty Bowl II". On Nov. 10, 1997, an Eagles fan shot a flare gun across the field into the stands during a nationally televised Monday night game against the San Francisco 49ers. In 1999, "Sports Illustrated" blamed the fans' behavior on their teams' longtime poor quality of play, as seen in the 40-year championship | 14,237 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
drought for the Eagles and the 76ers' 1972-1973 season, which was the worst in NBA history at 9-73.
## Other sports.
The curse was also said to include Bensalem-Township-based thoroughbred racehorse Smarty Jones, who saw his bid for horse racing's Triple Crown disappear when he finished second in the 2004 Belmont Stakes behind 36-1 longshot Birdstone after victories in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. The curse has also been blamed for the death of the thoroughbred horse Barbaro, who was owned and bred by a couple from West Grove, a borough outside Philadelphia. Though Barbaro won the 2006 Kentucky Derby, his leg was dramatically shattered two weeks later during the 2006 Preakness | 14,238 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
Stake, leading to the horse's death.
Although the curse was not generally considered as extending to college sports, two Philadelphia-area college basketball teams, the St. Joseph's Hawks (in Philadelphia) and the Villanova Wildcats (in Villanova), which had successful seasons in 2004 and 2006, respectively, failed to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Basketball Tournament. Both were eliminated in the fourth-round Elite Eight matches, with St. Joe's, first seed in the East Regional, losing in a close match to Oklahoma State, and Villanova, first seed in the Minneapolis Regional, falling to eventual NCAA-champion Florida. Villanova won the national championship in 1985, two years before the Liberty | 14,239 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
Place opening. A third Philadelphia-area team, the Temple Owls (in Philadelphia) has also lost five times in the Elite Eight (1988, 1991, 1993, 1999, 2001).
Villanova ended the college basketball drought for the Philadelphia teams with a national championship in 2016 and 2018.
The curse, however, was apparently not extended to professional teams outside the four major sports. The then–Philadelphia Wings of the NLL (indoor lacrosse winter league) won six titles between 1989 and 2001, before moving in 2014, and the now-defunct Philadelphia Barrage of the MLL (outdoor summer lacrosse league) won three championships (2004, 2006, and 2007). The AHL's Philadelphia Phantoms, the Flyers' top minor-league | 14,240 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
affiliate from 1996 to 2009, won the Calder Cup championship in 1998 and 2005. Additionally, the Philadelphia KiXX of the MISL won their league's championship in 2002 and 2007. The AFL's Philadelphia Soul won ArenaBowl XXII in 2008 and ArenaBowl XXIX in 2016. The Philadelphia Freedoms, a tennis team in the World Team Tennis league, also won titles in 2001 and 2006. One exception was the Philadelphia Charge, a women's soccer team in the now-defunct WUSA, which did not win a championship during the three years the WUSA existed, from 2001 to 2003.
# Decoration of Penn's statue.
In spite of the Curse, when Philadelphia sports teams have reached their league's championship round, Penn's statue | 14,241 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
has sometimes been decorated to support that team's success. For example, after the Phillies won the 1993 National League pennant, Penn was fitted with an oversized red Phillies baseball cap; when the Flyers went to the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals, the city adorned Penn with an orange-torso-with-white-shoulders Flyers jersey (at the time, the combination was the Flyers' road jersey).
When the Sixers faced the Lakers in the 2001 NBA Finals, Penn's statue was not decorated. Pat Croce, president and part-owner of the Sixers, said he would have "decked out" the statue had the Sixers won but not before. Penn's statue was also left untouched when the Eagles went to Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005.
# The Curse | 14,242 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
lifted.
On June 18, 2007, ironworkers helped raise the final beam in the construction of the Comcast Center at 17th Street and John F. Kennedy Boulevard in downtown Philadelphia. In an attempt to end the curse, workers John Joyce and Dan Ginion attached a small figurine of William Penn to the beam, along with the traditional American flag and small evergreen tree.
After the first William Penn figurine was stolen, it was replaced with a smaller 4-inch figure.
On October 29, 2008, the Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series in five games against the Tampa Bay Rays, ending the alleged Curse. It was the first major league professional sports title for the city of Philadelphia since the | 14,243 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
1983 NBA Championship. During the TV coverage of parade which occurred two days later, Comcast aired an ad congratulating the Phillies which featured the small figurine of William Penn standing at the top of the Comcast Center.
On November 27, 2017, the day of the "topping out" of the new tallest building in Philadelphia the Comcast Technology Center, ironworkers once again placed a new William Penn figurine atop the building's highest beam in hopes to ward off the curse.
On February 4, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII 41-33 to win their first Super Bowl in team history, and first championship since the 1960 NFL Championship.
# External links.
- | 14,244 |
1214585 | Curse of Billy Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curse%20of%20Billy%20Penn | Curse of Billy Penn
TV coverage of parade which occurred two days later, Comcast aired an ad congratulating the Phillies which featured the small figurine of William Penn standing at the top of the Comcast Center.
On November 27, 2017, the day of the "topping out" of the new tallest building in Philadelphia the Comcast Technology Center, ironworkers once again placed a new William Penn figurine atop the building's highest beam in hopes to ward off the curse.
On February 4, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII 41-33 to win their first Super Bowl in team history, and first championship since the 1960 NFL Championship.
# External links.
- Throwing Things explanation | 14,245 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
William Buckingham
William Buckingham VC (February 1886 – 15 September 1916) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He received the VC during the First World War, for his actions during the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915. He was killed the following year at Thiepval.
# Early life.
The exact date of William Buckingham's birth is not known, but he was born in February 1886 in Bedford, England. He was the oldest child of William and Annie Billington. His father died in 1888, and his mother remarried in 1891, to Thomas Buckingham. A couple | 14,246 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
of years later, when William was six, he and his brother was placed in the Countesthorpe Cottage Homes, in Leicester, where he would spend most of his youth.
# Military career.
Buckingham joined the British Army in November 1901, when he was nearly 16, and was posted to the 2nd Battalion of The Leicestershire Regiment. With the regiment, he served on Guernsey and in British India.
# First World War.
On the outbreak of the First World War, Buckingham was still in India with the 2nd Battalion. It was attached to the 20th Indian Brigade, 7th (Meerut) Division, and sent to the Western Front with the Indian Corps. He fought at the Defence of Givenchy, with his name being forwarded to Lieutenant | 14,247 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
General James Willcocks, the commander of the Indian Corps, for special mention.
In March 1915, the Meerut Division was selected to be involved in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, which called for an assault on the German lines at Neuve Chapelle. The Meerut Division was to help force a gap for the Cavalry Corps to exploit. His battalion was on the right of the division's sector and proceeded to capture a section of German trenches that had been overlooked for a preliminary artillery barrage. Over the next two days, until relieved, the battalion resisted German counterattacks and artillery. During this time, Buckingham carried out several sorties to recover men who had been wounded. For his actions, | 14,248 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation reads as follows:
Buckingham was wounded in the chest during the fighting, and was sent to England for recovery. He was unaware of the award of the VC until an acquaintance showed him a newspaper reporting it. King George V presented him with the VC on 4 June 1915, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. His caregivers from the Countesthorpe Cottage Homes were present for the investiture. It was later discovered that his mother was still alive, his stepfather having apparently abandoned the family many years previously. His | 14,249 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
hometown of Leicester took some pride in the award, gifting him ₤100 in war loan stock and a purse of gold.
Rather than immediately returning to his battalion, Buckingham was used in recruitment drives for the war effort. He remained in England until April 1916, at which time he was posted to the 1st Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment. He was promoted to acting corporal for a time but requested a return to his previous rank of private. He was killed at Thiepval on 15 September 1916, during the later stages of the Battle of the Somme. He has no known grave and his name is recorded on the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.
# Medals.
His medals, which in addition to the VC, | 14,250 |
1214624 | William Buckingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Buckingham | William Buckingham
September 1916, during the later stages of the Battle of the Somme. He has no known grave and his name is recorded on the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.
# Medals.
His medals, which in addition to the VC, included the 1914 Star, British War Medal, and the Victory Medal, were in the care of Countesthorpe Cottage Homes until 1958, at which time the facility was closed. They were then transferred to the care of the Child Welfare Department in Leicester. Since 1966, the medals have been displayed at the Royal Leicestershire Regiment Museum Collection in the Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester.
# External links.
- Pte Buckingham visits Countesthorpe Cottage Homes where he grew up | 14,251 |
1214627 | Alexander Buckley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Buckley | Alexander Buckley
Alexander Buckley
Alexander Henry Buckley, VC (22 July 1891 – 1 September 1918) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Early life.
Buckley was born on 22 July 1891 to James and Julia Buckley at Gulargambone, New South Wales, Australia. One of four children, he was home schooled on his parents' property "Homebush" during his childhood. After completing his schooling, he worked on the family farm with his father.
# Military career.
Buckley enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 3 February 1916, volunteering for overseas service. After completing basic training | 14,252 |
1214627 | Alexander Buckley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Buckley | Alexander Buckley
at Bathurst, New South Wales in June, he was sent to England among a draft of reinforcements. Just prior to departing Australia, Buckley became engaged. He was posted to 54th Battalion, an infantry battalion assigned to the 14th Brigade, which was part of the 5th Division.
Joining the battalion on the Western Front in November 1916 at Flers, France, Buckley served with it as it manned defensive positions along the Somme during the winter months. The following year, after the Germans withdrew towards the Hindenburg Line, Buckley took part in the fighting around Bullecourt, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde and in November 1917 he was promoted to temporary corporal. In August 1918, the 54th Battalion | 14,253 |
1214627 | Alexander Buckley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander%20Buckley | Alexander Buckley
k part in the fighting around Bullecourt, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde and in November 1917 he was promoted to temporary corporal. In August 1918, the 54th Battalion took part in the initial stages of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens. On the night of 1/2 September 1918, at Peronne, France, during the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, Buckley performed the deeds that led to him being posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
He was originally buried at St Radegonde, but was later re-interred at Peronne Communal Cemetery Extension.
# Medals.
Buckley's Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. He also earned the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. | 14,254 |
1214628 | Wat Chedi Liam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat%20Chedi%20Liam | Wat Chedi Liam
Wat Chedi Liam
Wat Chedi Liam (; "Temple of the Squared Pagoda"), formerly known as Wat Ku Kham (; "Temple of the Golden Stupa"), is one of the wats in the ancient Thai city of Wiang Kum Kam, now part of present-day Chiang Mai.
# History.
The temple was built c. 1287 and remained in use during the early Lan Na period after the new city of Chiang Mai had been established by King Mangrai the Great.
## Renovation.
The current buildings are from a renovation in 1908 CE by a Burmese trader. Because of this many of the decorations of the wat are Burmese in style. For example, all but one of the Buddha images on the chedi are wearing the yellow Burmese colourings rather than the white Thai colours.
The | 14,255 |
1214628 | Wat Chedi Liam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat%20Chedi%20Liam | Wat Chedi Liam
chedi was also renovated in 1992 CE when a number of other improvements were made to the site. Not all of these improvements were popular, nor were some needed repairs carried out. Despite its great age the wat is used in much the same way as later wats (for example, there is a weekend market there).
# Architecture.
The Chedi (Cetiya) is a five-tiered design common in the early Lanna period and shows clear influence of the Mon Haripunchai design. Each corner of the chedi is guarded by a large, outward facing lion, and there are Buddha statues showing different mudras on four of the tiers of the Chedi. The main hall decorations are in very good condition both inside and out.
# References.
- | 14,256 |
1214628 | Wat Chedi Liam | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat%20Chedi%20Liam | Wat Chedi Liam
improvements were made to the site. Not all of these improvements were popular, nor were some needed repairs carried out. Despite its great age the wat is used in much the same way as later wats (for example, there is a weekend market there).
# Architecture.
The Chedi (Cetiya) is a five-tiered design common in the early Lanna period and shows clear influence of the Mon Haripunchai design. Each corner of the chedi is guarded by a large, outward facing lion, and there are Buddha statues showing different mudras on four of the tiers of the Chedi. The main hall decorations are in very good condition both inside and out.
# References.
- "History of Wiang Kum Kam & Ancient remains" - Anonymous | 14,257 |
1214631 | International Canoe Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International%20Canoe%20Federation | International Canoe Federation
International Canoe Federation
The International Canoe Federation (ICF) is the umbrella organization of all national canoe organizations worldwide. It is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and administers all aspects of canoe sport worldwide. 157 countries are affiliated with the ICF after seven national federations were added at the 2008 ICF Congress in Rome.
# Disciplines.
- Flatwater
- Canoe sprint, formerly flatwater racing (World Championships since 1938)
- Canoe marathon, (World championships since 1988),
- Dragon boat
- Canoe polo (World Championships since 1994)
- Paracanoe
- Va'a
- Ocean
- Canoe ocean racing
- Canoe sailing
- Waveski
- Whitewater / Wildwater
- Canoe | 14,258 |
1214631 | International Canoe Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International%20Canoe%20Federation | International Canoe Federation
slalom, formerly slalom racing (World championships since 1949)
- Wildwater canoeing
- Canoe freestyle (formerly called rodeo)
- Flatwater and Ocean
- Standup paddleboarding (SUP)
# Executive board.
- José Perurena, President
- István Vaskúti, 1st Vice President
- Joao Manuel Da Costa Alegre, 2nd Vice President
- Tony Estanguet 3rd Vice President
- Luciano Buonfiglio, Treasurer
# Membership.
## Continental associations.
There are five continental associations affiliated with the ICF. These associations are responsible for organizing continental championships, providing support for their member federations and communicating their interests at the ICF Board meetings.
- European Canoe | 14,259 |
1214631 | International Canoe Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International%20Canoe%20Federation | International Canoe Federation
## Continental associations.
There are five continental associations affiliated with the ICF. These associations are responsible for organizing continental championships, providing support for their member federations and communicating their interests at the ICF Board meetings.
- European Canoe Association
- Pan American Canoe Federation
- Oceania Canoe Association
- Asian Canoe Confederation
- African Canoe Confederation
# See also.
- American Whitewater
- Association of Summer Olympic International Federations
- Canoe
- Kayak
- Paddle
- Surf ski
# External links.
- ICF November 30, 2008 article on the 2008 ICF Congress in Rome - accessed 30 November 2008.
- Official website | 14,260 |
1214633 | Tryvann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryvann | Tryvann
Tryvann
Tryvann is a small lake in Nordmarka, the forest area just north of Oslo city, near the Holmenkollen ski jump. By the water lies a cabin called Tryvannstua, in which there is a café open regularly during both summer and winter. On a hill above the lake looms the television tower Tryvannstårnet ("The Tryvann tower"), visible from most of Oslo. Tryvann is the entry and beginning of Nordmarka. It is used all year around. The key purposes of this area in the winter are skiing and cross-country skiing, whereas in the summer it is more commonly used for walks in the forest and biking. When referring to Tryvann, it is mostly referred to as the Tryvann vinterpark.
# Facts and infrastructure.
Tryvann | 14,261 |
1214633 | Tryvann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryvann | Tryvann
vinterpark is an alpine ski resort in the area around Tryvann. The first ski slope of Tryvann vinterpark, named "Tryvannskleiva", was created in 1931. Since then an enormous expansion has occurred, and today Tryvann vinterpark consists of 18 slopes and 11 lifts. The longest run (Wyllerløypa) is 1,400 metres, with a drop of 381 metres. All the slopes have floodlighting which covers over 9.6 km of terrain. The resort has a fairly large terrain park featuring edge rails, boxes, jib features and a full-scale halfpipe, regularly hosting some minor national skiing and snowboarding competitions.
Tryvann vinterpark is easily accessed by visitors with the metro system. The ride from Oslo city centre | 14,262 |
1214633 | Tryvann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryvann | Tryvann
to the top of Tryvann takes approximately 25 minutes. This gives easy access and opportunities for over one million citizens in Oslo. Tryvann is Norway's fourth biggest ski resort in Norway, measured in ticket sales. In 2012 there were 205,000 visitors.
# History of Tryvannstua.
Tryvanstua was built in 1931. The cabin is constructed by windfall timber and was constructed unexpectedly after an immense storm in Nordmarka that occurred in November 1930. The storm damaged a radius close to 7000 m, bringing down 3000 trees. As a result, Tryvannstua was constructed with the purpose of serving food for people travelling in the woods, and that was the beginning of Tryvann vinterpark. Tryvannstua was | 14,263 |
1214633 | Tryvann | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryvann | Tryvann
and was constructed unexpectedly after an immense storm in Nordmarka that occurred in November 1930. The storm damaged a radius close to 7000 m, bringing down 3000 trees. As a result, Tryvannstua was constructed with the purpose of serving food for people travelling in the woods, and that was the beginning of Tryvann vinterpark. Tryvannstua was renovated and expanded in 1965-66. This increased the seating capacity to 175 people, and a fireplace was built for freezing alpinists. The renovation was an initiative mainly because of skiing in the 1966 World Cup.
# External links.
- Tryvann vinterpark - Tryvann Terrengpark (terrain park)
- Opening hours for cabins in Nordmarka
- Tryvannstårnet | 14,264 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
Division of Macarthur
The Division of Macarthur is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.
# History.
The division is named after John Macarthur and his wife Elizabeth, who were both pioneers of Australia's wool industry. The main products and work in the electorate are in the fruit and vegetable production, lucerne and fodder crops, wine, dairy cattle and horse-breeding.
Macarthur has changed hands regularly over the years as redistributions have favoured different parties. Macarthur was a bellwether seat from the time of its establishment in 1949 until the 2007 election—during that 58-year period it was always held by a member of the governing party or coalition. | 14,265 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
Originally a hybrid urban-rural seat stretching from southwest Sydney to the Southern Highlands, successive redistributions have shrunk the geographical size of the seat due to the rapid growth of the Campbelltown area. In the redistribution prior to the 2001 federal election, Southern Highlands towns such as Bowral and Moss Vale were removed, shrinking the seat to one eighth of its original size and making it an entirely Sydney-based seat. This made the seat notionally Labor by 1.3%, from the previous 5.6% of the Liberals, prompting Liberal minister and former New South Wales premier John Fahey to retire. However, his replacement as Liberal candidate, former ultra-marathoner, Pat Farmer, achieved | 14,266 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
an 8.3% swing to retain the seat for the Liberals, actually tallying a primary vote large enough to win without the need for preferences. He increased the margin from 7 to 9.5% at the 2004 election.
Ahead of the 2007 election, a redistribution seemingly consolidated Farmer's hold on the seat; the Liberal majority was boosted to 11.1%. However, Farmer was nearly defeated in the election, suffering a swing of 10.4%. The swing was spread evenly across the electorate, reflecting its solid mortgage belt character. The swing was particularly large in the heavily mortgaged suburbs of Narellan, Camden and the traditionally more Labor-voting areas of Campbelltown. Farmer's margin was reduced to an extremely | 14,267 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
marginal 0.7%. A further redistribution in 2010 made it notionally a Labor seat. Farmer was defeated for Liberal preselection by Campbelltown mayor Russell Matheson, who was able to retain the seat for the Liberals. Matheson gained a large swing at the 2013 election, increasing the Liberal margin to 11.1 percent. The Liberal margin was reduced to just 3.3 percent in the redistribution prior to the 2016 election, and additionally, a ReachTEL poll of 628 voters conducted in Macarthur during the election campaign saw Labor leading the Liberals. At the 2016 election Labor challenger Mike Freelander took the seat off the Liberals on a swing of just under 12 percent, ending the Liberals' twenty-year | 14,268 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
hold on the seat and turning it into a safe Labor seat in one stroke. Freelander actually won enough votes on the first count to defeat Matheson without the need for preferences.
Ahead of the 2016 federal election, ABC psephologist Antony Green listed the seat in his election guide as one of eleven which he classed as "bellwether" electorates.
# Boundaries and demographics.
Located in outer south-west Sydney and covering , the present boundaries of the division cover the southern suburbs of Campbelltown and parts of the local government area of Camden. It encompasses the suburbs of Airds, Ambarvale, Blair Athol, Blairmount, Bow Bowing, Bradbury, Campbelltown, Catherine Field, Claymore, Currans | 14,269 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
Hill, Eagle Vale, Englorie Park, Eschol Park, Gilead, Gledswood Hills, Glen Alpine, Gregory Hills, Kearns, Kentlyn, Leumeah, Menangle Park, Minto, Minto Heights, Oran Park, Raby, Rosemeadow, Ruse, Smeaton Grange, St Andrews, St Helens Park, Varroville, Wedderburn[[Woodbine,New South Wales; as well as parts of [[Bringelly, New South Wales|Bringelly]], [[Denham Court, New South Wales|Denham Court]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], [[Ingleburn, New South Wales|Ingleburn]], [[Leppington, New South Wales|Leppington]], [[Menangle, New South Wales|Menangle]], [[Mount Annan, New South Wales|Mount Annan]], [[Narellan, New South Wales|Narellan]], and [[Rossmore, New South Wales|Rossmore]].
While | 14,270 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
the electorate is predominantly outer-suburban, its contains some semi-rural areas such as Bringelly and [[Leppington, New South Wales|Leppington]]. The population of the electorate is likely to expand significantly over coming years due to the release of new land surrounding Sydney for residential development.
It is a mortgage belt area, with a high percentage of young families, leading to the proportion of residents under 18 being 35%, compared to the national average of 27.2%, with a low proportion of senior citizens (5.9% compared to 12.1%). This is further highlighted in the fact that 23.3% of the population is attending school, compared to the national average of 18.1%. The income is | 14,271 |
1214625 | Division of Macarthur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Macarthur | Division of Macarthur
ghlighted in the fact that 23.3% of the population is attending school, compared to the national average of 18.1%. The income is above average, with 19.7% of the families in the electorate earning less than A$500 per week, compared to 24.3% for the national average. The birth demographics of the electorate are similar to the rest of Australia, with the proportion of people born overseas and in non-English speaking countries within one percentage point of the national average.
# External links.
- Division of Macarthur- Australian Electoral Commission
[[Category:Electoral divisions of Australia]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Australia]] | 14,272 |
1214630 | John Walter (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(publisher) | John Walter (publisher)
John Walter (publisher)
John Walter (1 January 1738 – 17 November 1812) was an English newspaper publisher and founder of "The Times" newspaper, which he launched on 1 January 1785 as "The Daily Universal Register". He was born in London and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, then located in London.
# Biography.
Walter was engaged in a prosperous business as a coal merchant from the death of his father Richard Walter (about 1755/6) until 1781. Walter played a leading part in establishing the Coal Exchange in London; but shortly after 1781, when he began to occupy himself solely as an underwriter and became a member of Lloyds, he over-speculated and failed.
In 1782, he bought from one | 14,273 |
1214630 | John Walter (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(publisher) | John Walter (publisher)
Henry Johnson a patent for a new method of printing from logotypes (i.e. founts of words or portions of words, instead of letters), and made some improvements to it. In 1784 he acquired an old printing office in Blackfriars, which formed the nucleus of the Printing-house Square of a later date, and established there his Logographic Office.
At first Walter only undertook the printing of books, but on 1 January 1785 he started a small newspaper called "The Daily Universal Register", which on reaching its 940th number on 1 January 1788 was renamed "The Times".
The printing business developed and prospered, but the newspaper at first had a somewhat chequered career. On 11 July 1789 Walter was | 14,274 |
1214630 | John Walter (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(publisher) | John Walter (publisher)
convicted of libel on the Duke of York and was sentenced to a fine of £50, a year's imprisonment in Newgate, to stand in the pillory for an hour and to give surety for good behaviour for seven years; for further libels the fine was increased by £100 and the imprisonment by a second year. On 9 March 1791, however, he was freed and pardoned on the request of the Prince of Wales.
In 1799 Walter was again convicted for a technical libel, this time on Lord Cowper. He had then given up the management of the business to his eldest son, William, and had (1795) retired to Teddington, where he lived till his death. In 1759 he had married Frances Landen (died 1798), by whom he had six children. William | 14,275 |
1214630 | John Walter (publisher) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walter%20(publisher) | John Walter (publisher)
to give surety for good behaviour for seven years; for further libels the fine was increased by £100 and the imprisonment by a second year. On 9 March 1791, however, he was freed and pardoned on the request of the Prince of Wales.
In 1799 Walter was again convicted for a technical libel, this time on Lord Cowper. He had then given up the management of the business to his eldest son, William, and had (1795) retired to Teddington, where he lived till his death. In 1759 he had married Frances Landen (died 1798), by whom he had six children. William Walter very soon gave up the duties he undertook in 1795, and in 1803 transferred the sole management of the business to his younger brother, John. | 14,276 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
SR Class 6Pul
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6-PUL, 6-CITY and 6-PAN to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6-PUL units were designated 6-COR until 1935 (the COR designation was later used for 4-COR units).
# Prototype cars 11001–11002.
Coach numbers 11001 and 11002 were prototype driving motor brake vehicles for the mainline stock that was being developed for the London to Brighton electrification. The first was built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) and the second by | 14,277 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company. Both were introduced in October 1931, and ran with three trailers converted from former London and South Western Railway carriages as unit number 2001.
After trials with this unit had been completed the set was disbanded, and the two prototype driving cars were reformed into 6-CITY units 2041 and 2042 respectively. Unit number 2001 was then reused for one of the production 6-PUL units.
# Construction.
The 6-PUL (6-car Pullman stock, numbers 2001–2020) and 6-CITY (6-car City stock, numbers 2041–2043) units were built in 1932 to provide high quality accommodation on the newly electrified London to Brighton route. Units of both types each included | 14,278 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
a Pullman composite kitchen car, which were built by Metropolitan Cammell and numbered 256 to 278 in the Pullman Car Company series.
The 6-CITY units differed from the 6-PUL units only in that the three trailers other than the Pullman car had all first class accommodation. They were dedicated for use on the London Bridge to Brighton route (as opposed to the London Victoria route on which the 6-PUL units were used), and were intended for the trains used by City workers, hence their designation.
The 6-PAN (6-car Pantry units, numbers 2021–2037) units were introduced in 1935, upon the extension of the electrified network to Ore. They were similar to the 6-PUL units, except that the Pullman car | 14,279 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
was replaced by a first class dining car with a pantry. From this time, 12-car trains were often formed from a 6-PAN coupled to either a 6-PUL or 6-CITY.
Until the arrival of the 6-PAN units, the 6-PUL units had been referred to as 6-COR (6-car Corridor stock) and, as explained below, the designation COR was again used by this stock in later years for various reasons. The numbers of all three types of unit were revised in January 1937 from 20xx to 30xx.
# Formations.
Initial formations of these units were as follows (coaches were not formed in numerical order):
The Pullman cars used in these sets were numbered and named as follows:
# Reformations and conversions.
Between May 1942 and May | 14,280 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
1946, the Pullman cars in these units were withdrawn and stored at the Pullman workshops in Brighton. This was part of the general withdrawal of Pullman and other restaurant and dining cars from railway stock during World War II. During this period, the 6-PUL and 6-CITY stock were referred to as 5-COR. When the Pullman cars were returned to service, not all were inserted into the same units that they had been in before the war. Those that were reformed were:
During 1947 and 1948, the three 6-CITY units were converted to non-standard 6-PUL units by reclassifying their three Trailer First vehicles into a Trailer Third (numbered 10113–10115) and two Trailer Composites (11862–11867).
After the | 14,281 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
6-PUL and 6-PAN units were disbanded, many of the carriages continued to run in service together with former 4-RES and 4-COR stock. These reformed units were classified either 4-PUL, 4-COR, 4-COR(N), 6-COR or 6-TC.
## 6-TC.
The 6-TC unit was formed in 1965 to trial push-pull equipment that would allow a diesel locomotive to be operated remotely from the driving cab in the multiple unit. It was
composed of former 4Cor driving motor cars, which had their motors removed and the end gangways removed, and 6-PAN/6-PUL trailer cars. At the same time a Class 33 locomotive was modified to work with the unit.
From early 1966, the experimental train was used on the Oxted line, and was later transferred | 14,282 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
to the Clapham Junction to Kensington Olympia service. The trials were successful, and led to the production of the 3-TC and 4-TC units for working the Bournemouth line with Class 33/1 locomotives. However, the 6-TC unit had a short life, and was withdrawn after incurring accident damage.
# Accidents and incidents.
- On 23 January 1948, a passenger train formed by a 6PUL and a 6PAN unit overran signals at and collided with an empty stock train formed by two 6PAN units. Three people were killed and 34 were injured.
- On 25 August 1958, 6 PUL unit No. 3014 and 6PAN unit 3042 formed a passenger train that was involved in a head-on collision with a sleeper car train at , East Sussex after the | 14,283 |
1214638 | SR Class 6Pul | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR%20Class%206Pul | SR Class 6Pul
unit No. 3014 and 6PAN unit 3042 formed a passenger train that was involved in a head-on collision with a sleeper car train at , East Sussex after the latter overran a signal. Five people were killed and 40 were injured.
# Preservation.
Former 6-PUL Pullman cars 264 "Ruth" and 278 "Bertha" have been preserved, and are now used as ordinary locomotive-hauled Pullman cars. Number 264 is part of the Venice Simplon Orient Express fleet, working charter trains on the main line, while 278 is at Carnforth under private ownership.
The underframes of several PUL and PAN unit carriages were reused by the engineering department as long-welded rail carriers and crane runners.
# References.
- Sources | 14,284 |
1214677 | Porsche Carrera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porsche%20Carrera | Porsche Carrera
Porsche Carrera
Carrera (Spanish for "race" and "career") is a brand of Porsche automobile. The name commemorates the company's success in the Carrera Panamericana race.
The following vehicles have been called "Carrera":
- Porsche 356
- Porsche 904
- Porsche 911
- Porsche 911 (1963–1989)
- Porsche 930 (1975–1989)
- Porsche 964 (1989–1993)
- Porsche 993 (1993–1998)
- Porsche 996 (1998–2004)
- Porsche 997 (2004–2012)
- Porsche 991 (2012–)
- Porsche 992 (2019–)
- Porsche 924
- Porsche Carrera GT
# In fiction.
- Sally Carrera, fictional character from Disney Pixar's "Cars" franchise | 14,285 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
John Buckley (VC)
Major John Buckley VC (24 May 1813 – 14 July 1876) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross. He was the 115th recipient of the award and the first of 182 awarded during the Indian Mutiny (1358 have been awarded in total).
# Early life.
Buckley was born in a cottage on Cocker Hill in Stalybridge, Cheshire on 24 May 1813 and was baptised in Old St George's Church. He was destined to have a tragic family life though he himself thwarted death many times. His early employment was in the textile industry, working locally at Harrison's Mill and then Bayley's Mill. Recognising that his ambitions went beyond mill work, Buckley left home at Christmas 1831 to travel to Manchester, | 14,286 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
where he enlisted at the Recruiting Office into the Bengal Artillery. He joined the Regiment as a Gunner at Chatham and on 20 June 1832 he embarked on HMS Layton at Gravesend to join his unit in India.
He married fourteen year old Mary Ann Broadway on 28 July 1835 at Chunar, India. He was then stationed at Fort William, Calcutta. By 1845 his wife and two of his three children had died of tropical disease. He then married Esther Hunter at Allahabad, India on 17 August 1846. In 1852 the surviving daughter from his first marriage died, and in the following year two sons by his second marriage also died.
He was promoted Corporal on 31 August 1840, Sergeant on 1 September 1853, and being able to | 14,287 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
speak several Indian dialects he gained a position with the Bengal Veterans' Establishment as a Sub-Conductor on 21 April 1854. He was appointed Staff Conductor on 26 May 1856, and in 1857 he took his wife and three surviving children to Delhi, where he became Assistant Commissary of Ordnance and was employed at the Great Magazine, a storehouse for guns and ammunition.
# Defence of the Magazine at Delhi.
Buckley was 43 years old, and a Deputy Assistant Commissary of Ordnance in the Commissariat Department (Bengal Establishment) of the British East India Company during the Indian Mutiny when the following took place on 11 May 1857 at Delhi, India for which he was awarded the VC. Deputy Assistant | 14,288 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
Commissary Buckley was one of nine men who defended the ammunition storehouse for more than five hours against large numbers of mutineers. When the wall was being scaled and hope of outside help was gone, they blew up the ammunition, killing many of the mutineers. Of the defenders, five died in the explosion and one shortly afterwards, while Buckley, George Forrest, and William Raynor survived. His citation in the London Gazette reads:
# Remaining life.
He was captured by the enemy and soon learnt that his entire family had been ruthlessly murdered by the rebels. He had now lost two wives and eight children in total and wanted to live no longer. He begged for death from his captors but they | 14,289 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
refused to kill him on account of his bravery at the magazine.
On escaping to the British lines he volunteered for every dangerous mission he could in order to vent his anger and seek revenge. He was present at the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai on 8 June 1857, and three attacks of sunstroke left him weak and ill, but he survived. He was then appointed Provost Marshal at Meerut, where one of his duties was to superintend the execution of 150 rebels. He devised their punishment of being strapped to the muzzle of a cannon and blown apart. Buckley was promoted to Lieutenant on 18 October 1858. He became ill again and the Medical Board at Fort William, Calcutta, granted him two years leave. He departed | 14,290 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
for Britain on 21 May 1858 and arrived home on 6 July.
John Buckley was invested with his Victoria Cross by Queen Victoria on the 2nd August 1858 during a parade of the garrison on Southsea Common, Portsmouth.
He returned to Stalybridge in September 1858, but soon left again for India. Buckley retired as a Major on 1 October 1861, returned to England and lived for may years with his final wife, Sara, at 213 East India Dock Road, Poplar until his death on 14 July 1876, aged 63. He was laid to rest at Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, Mile End in common ground.
# The medal.
Buckley has no direct descendants but a great-niece survived until 1955, at which time his VC was purchased by the Royal Army | 14,291 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
Ordnance Corps for ₤11,000. His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Logistic Corps Museum at Camberley, Surrey, England.
# Commemorations.
A blue plaque to commemorate Buckley's life is sited at the Travellers Call public house in Stalybridge.
Buckley Barracks, home of 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (formed from the amalgamation of the RAOC/RCT) at Hullavington, Wiltshire is named for him.
Buckley House, the official residence of the commander of the Defence Storage and Distribution Centre at Bicester is also named after Buckley.
His grave was left unmarked for 136 years until it was found by Doreen Kendall in 2012. Two years later the grave was marked with a headstone in a ceremony | 14,292 |
1214639 | John Buckley (VC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Buckley%20(VC) | John Buckley (VC)
the Defence Storage and Distribution Centre at Bicester is also named after Buckley.
His grave was left unmarked for 136 years until it was found by Doreen Kendall in 2012. Two years later the grave was marked with a headstone in a ceremony on 14 July 2014, which was attended by Jim Fitzpatrick MP, soldiers from 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps and the Victoria Cross Trust.
# References.
- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)
- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)
# External links.
- Location of grave and VC medal "(E. London)"
- An account of the Indian Mutiny and the Buckley VC – extract from RAOC Gazette, February 1988, pp386–388 at www.rlc-conductor.info | 14,293 |
1214636 | Whau River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whau%20River | Whau River
Whau River
The Whau River is an estuarial arm of the southwestern Waitemata Harbour (rather than a river) within the Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand. It flows north for from its origin at the confluence of the Avondale Stream and Whau Stream to its mouth between the Te Atatu peninsula and the long, thin Rosebank Peninsula in Avondale. It is at its widest and wide at its mouth.
The estuary extends past the suburbs of Glendene and Kelston, between Auckland City to the east and Waitakere City to the west. It has one small estuarial tributary arm, the Wairau Creek in the southwest. The tide flows up the Wairau Creek as far as Sabulite Road in Kelston, and up the Rewarewa Creek to Clark | 14,294 |
1214636 | Whau River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whau%20River | Whau River
Street and Wolverton Road in New Lynn. The area at the mouth of the estuary is legally protected as the Motu Manawa (Pollen Island) Marine Reserve.
The Whau River is named after a native tree, the whau ("Entelea arborescens").
# History.
In earlier times, Maori used the Whau for travel between the Waitemata Harbour (on the Pacific east coast) and the Manukau Harbour (on the Tasman west coast). They paddled canoes up the Whau River and the Avondale Stream and then carried the canoes over a short stretch of land to Green Bay on the Manukau. This is remembered in the name for Portage Road, which runs alongside the Avondale Stream, and it is known that seasonal Maori settlements existed at the | 14,295 |
1214636 | Whau River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whau%20River | Whau River
mouth of the river. For many years after European settlement, there was talk of making a canal between the Whau and the Manukau. Plans for a long canal, with a cutting up to deep, were made in 1907, but dismissed as too costly in 1921.
European settlers used the Whau for marine transport and by 1865 there were five public wharves at New Lynn. Boats carried the products of local industries including brickworks, a leather tannery, a gelatine and glue factory and firewood cutting. The last commercial vessel to use the Whau was a flat-bottomed scow the "Rahiri", which carried bricks and manuka firewood from the area until 1948. For nearly a hundred years, factories such as the tannery and an abbatoir | 14,296 |
1214636 | Whau River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whau%20River | Whau River
discharged wastes directly into the Whau.
Friends of the Whau Inc. was formed in 1999 to restore the ecology of the Whau through revegetation and reduction of pollution. The Whau River Catchment Trust was formed in 2012.
The West End Rowing Club has been based on the Whau since 2001.
In 2015 construction began on the Te Whau Pathway, a walking and cycling path along the western edge of the Whau River from Te Atatu Peninsula to Olympic Park in New Lynn. The path is planned to continue on to Green Bay beach thus connecting the Waitemata Harbour to the Manukau Harbour.
# Geography.
The geology of the area is mainly composed of marine and riverine sediment. The stream's intertidal banks are | 14,297 |
1214636 | Whau River | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whau%20River | Whau River
rine and riverine sediment. The stream's intertidal banks are commonly settled by mangroves and exotic weed species.
The river's catchment covers and includes all or part of Te Atatu South, Glendene, Kelston, Titirangi, Titirangi North, Green Bay, New Lynn, Glen Eden, Avondale, Blockhouse Bay and Mount Albert. Watersheds closely follow Te Atatu Road, Titirangi Road, Hillsborough Road, Richardson Road and Rosebank Road. The catchment consists of clay, sandstone and mud and was formed 20 million years ago when the land was raised from the sea.
# External links.
- Whau River Catchment Trust and Friends of the Whau
- Photographs of Whau River held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections. | 14,298 |
1214681 | Beer bong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer%20bong | Beer bong
Beer bong
A beer bong is a device composed of a funnel attached to a tube used to facilitate the rapid consumption of beer. The use of a beer bong is also known as funneling.
# Construction.
The typical construction of a beer bong involves a large funnel connected to tubing. Beers are stockpiled in the funnel and as the user drinks, the beer will pour down the tubing. Beer bongs often have valves to engage/disengage the flow of beer.
# Use.
One person holds a clear pipe to their mouth, while a second holds the other end of the pipe with a large plastic funnel attached. The pipe is part-filled with beer, with the remainder of the pipe and the bottom of the funnel filling with a foamy head.
Drinking | 14,299 |
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