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1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
in American Poetry for the Use of Schools", was created specifically for that purpose. His knowledge in American poetry was emphasized by his claim that he had read every American poem published before 1850—an estimated 500 volumes. "He has more literary patriotism, if the phrase be allowable ... than any person we ever knew", wrote a contributor to "Graham's". "Since the Pilgrims landed, no man or woman has written anything on any subject which has escaped his untiring research." Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. noted that Griswold researched literature like "a kind of naturalist whose subjects are authors, whose memory is a perfect fauna of all flying and creeping things that feed on ink."
Evert | 15,100 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Augustus Duyckinck commented that "the thought [of a national literature] seems to have entered and taken possession of [Griswold's] mind with the force of monomania". Poet Philip Pendleton Cooke questioned Griswold's sincerity, saying he "should have loved [it] ... better than to say it". By the 1850s, Griswold's literary nationalism had subsided somewhat, and he began following the more popular contemporary trend of reading literature from England, France, and Germany. He disassociated himself from the "absurd notion ... that we are to create an entirely new literature".
Publicly, Griswold supported the establishment of international copyright, although he himself often duplicated entire | 15,101 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
works during his time as an editor, particularly with "The Brother Jonathan." A contemporary editor said of him, "He takes advantage of a state of things which he declares to be 'immoral, unjust and wicked,' and even while haranguing the loudest, is purloining the fastest." Even so, he was chosen to represent the publishing industry before Congress in the spring of 1844 to discuss the need for copyright law.
# Relationship with Poe.
Griswold first met Edgar Allan Poe in Philadelphia in May 1841 while working for the "Daily Standard". At the outset, their relationship was cordial, at least superficially. In a letter dated March 29, 1841, Poe sent Griswold several poems for "The Poets and Poetry | 15,102 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
of America" anthology, writing that he would be proud to see "one or two of them in the book". Griswold included three of these poems: "Coliseum", "The Haunted Palace", and "The Sleeper". In November of that year, Poe, who had previously praised Griswold in his "Autography" series as "a gentleman of fine taste and sound judgment", wrote a critical review of the anthology, on Griswold's behalf. Griswold paid Poe for the review and used his influence to have it published in a Boston periodical. The review was generally favorable, although Poe questioned the inclusion of certain authors and the omission of others. Poe also said that Griswold "unduly favored" New England writers. Griswold had expected | 15,103 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
more praise and Poe privately told others he was not particularly impressed by the book, even calling it "a most outrageous humbug" in a letter to a friend. In another letter, this time to fellow writer Frederick W. Thomas, Poe suggested that Griswold's promise to help get the review published was actually a bribe for a favorable review, knowing Poe needed the money.
Making the relationship even more strained, only months later, Griswold was hired by George Rex Graham to take up Poe's former position as editor of "Graham's Magazine". Griswold, however, was paid more and given more editorial control of the magazine than Poe. Shortly after, Poe began presenting a series of lectures called "The | 15,104 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Poets and Poetry of America", the first of which was given in Philadelphia on November 25, 1843. Poe openly attacked Griswold in front of his large audience and continued to do so in similar lectures. Graham said that during these lectures, Poe "gave Mr. Griswold some raps over the knuckles of force sufficient to be remembered". In a letter dated January 16, 1845, Poe tried to reconcile with Griswold, promising him that his lecture now omitted all that Griswold found objectionable.
Another source of animosity between the two men was their competition for the attention of the poet Frances Sargent Osgood in the mid to late 1840s. While both she and Poe were still married to their respective spouses, | 15,105 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
the two carried on a public flirtation that resulted in much gossip among the literati. Griswold, who was smitten with Osgood, escorted her to literary salons and became her staunchest defender. "She is in all things the most admirable woman I ever knew", he wrote to publisher James T. Fields in 1848. Osgood responded by dedicating a collection of her poetry to Griswold, "as a souvenir of admiration for his genius, of regard for his generous character, and of gratitude for his valuable literary counsels".
## "Ludwig" obituary.
After Poe's death, Griswold prepared an obituary signed with the pseudonym "Ludwig". First printed in the October 9, 1849, issue of the "New York Tribune", it was soon | 15,106 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
republished many times. Here he asserted that "few will be grieved" by Poe's death as he had few friends. He claimed that Poe often wandered the streets, either in "madness or melancholy", mumbling and cursing to himself, was easily irritated, was envious of others, and that he "regarded society as composed of villains". Poe's drive to succeed, Griswold wrote, was because he sought "the right to despise a world which galled his self-conceit". Much of this characterization of Poe was copied almost verbatim from that of the fictitious Francis Vivian in "The Caxtons" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.
Griswold biographer Joy Bayless wrote that Griswold used a pseudonym not to conceal his relationship to | 15,107 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
the obituary but because it was his custom never to sign his newspaper and his magazine contributions. Regardless, Griswold's true identity was soon revealed. In a letter to Sarah Helen Whitman dated December 17, 1849, he admitted his role in writing Poe's death notice. "I was not his friend, nor was he mine", he wrote.
## Memoir.
Griswold claimed that "among the last requests of Mr. Poe" was that he become his literary executor "for the benefit of his family". Griswold claimed that Poe's aunt and mother-in-law Maria Clemm said Poe had made such a statement on June 9, 1849, and that she herself released any claim to Poe's works. And indeed a document exists in which Clemm transfers power of | 15,108 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
attorney to Griswold, dated October 20, 1849, although there are no signed witnesses. Clemm, however, had no right to make such a decision; Poe's younger sister Rosalie was his closest next of kin. Although Griswold had acted as a literary agent for other American writers, it is unclear if Poe really appointed Griswold his executor (perhaps as part of his "Imp of the Perverse"), if it were a trick on Griswold's part, or a mistake on Maria Clemm's. It is also possible that Osgood persuaded Poe to name Griswold as his executor.
In any case, Griswold, along with James Russell Lowell and Nathaniel Parker Willis, edited a posthumous collection of Poe's works published in three volumes starting in | 15,109 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
January 1850. He did not share the profits of his edition with Poe's surviving relatives. This edition included a biographical sketch titled "Memoir of the Author" which has become notorious for its inaccuracy. The "Memoir" depicts Poe as a madman, addicted to drugs and chronically drunk. Many elements were fabricated by Griswold using forged letters as evidence and it was denounced by those who knew Poe, including Sarah Helen Whitman, Charles Frederick Briggs, and George Rex Graham. In March, Graham published a notice in his magazine accusing Griswold of betraying trust and taking revenge on the dead. "Mr. Griswold", he wrote, "has allowed old prejudices and old enmities to steal ... into the | 15,110 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
coloring of his picture." Thomas Holley Chivers wrote a book called "New Life of Edgar Allan Poe" which directly responded to Griswold's accusations. He said that Griswold "is not only incompetent to Edit any of [Poe's] works, but totally unconscious of the duties which he and every man who sets himself up as a Literary Executor, owe the dead".
Today Griswold's name is usually associated with Poe's as a character assassin, although not all believe that Griswold deliberately intended to cause harm. Some of the information that Griswold asserted or implied was that Poe was expelled from the University of Virginia and that Poe had tried to seduce his guardian John Allan's second wife. Even so, | 15,111 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
Griswold's attempts only drew attention to Poe's work; readers were thrilled at the idea of reading the works of an "evil" man. Griswold's characterization of Poe and the false information he originated appeared consistently in Poe biographies for the next two decades.
# Bibliography.
Anthologies
- "Biographical Annual" (1841)
- "The Poets and Poetry of America" (1842, first of several editions)
- "Gems from American Female Poets" (1842)
- "Readings in American Poetry for the Use of Schools" (1843)
- "Curiosities of American Literature" (1844)
- "The Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth Century" (1844)
- "The Prose Works of John Milton" (1845)
- "The Poets and Poetry of England" | 15,112 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
(1845)
- "Poetry of the Sentiments" (1846)
- "Scenes in the Life of the Savior" (1846)
- "Prose Writers of America" (1847)
- "Female Poets of America" (1848)
- "The Sacred Poets of England and America" (1848)
- "Gift Leaves of American Poetry" (1849)
- "Poetry of the Flowers" (1850)
- "The Gift of Affection" (1853)
- "Gift of Flowers, or Love's Wreath" (1853)
- "Gift of Love" (1853)
- "Gift of Sentiment" (1854)
Poetry
- "The Cypress Wreath: A Book of Consolation" (1844)
- "Illustrated Book of Christian Ballads" (1844)
Nonfiction
- "The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington" (1854)
# Further reading.
- "Passages from the Correspondence and Other Papers | 15,113 |
1215064 | Rufus Wilmot Griswold | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus%20Wilmot%20Griswold | Rufus Wilmot Griswold
853)
- "Gift of Love" (1853)
- "Gift of Sentiment" (1854)
Poetry
- "The Cypress Wreath: A Book of Consolation" (1844)
- "Illustrated Book of Christian Ballads" (1844)
Nonfiction
- "The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington" (1854)
# Further reading.
- "Passages from the Correspondence and Other Papers of Rufus W. Griswold" (Cambridge, Mass., 1898), edited by his son William McCrillis Griswold (1853–1899)
# External links.
- "Edgar Allan Poe and Rufus Wilmot Griswold" at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online
- The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe (Griswold Edition) at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online
- Books by Rufus Wilmot Griswold at Google Book Search | 15,114 |
1215127 | Henry Eric Harden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Eric%20Harden | Henry Eric Harden
Henry Eric Harden
Henry Eric Harden (23 February 1912 – 23 January 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
# Details.
Harden was a 32-year-old, lance-corporal in the Royal Army Medical Corps attached No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.
On 23 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, at Brachterbeek, the Netherlands, three marines of the leading section of the Royal Marine Commando Troop to which Lance-Corporal Harden was attached fell, wounded. | 15,115 |
1215127 | Henry Eric Harden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Eric%20Harden | Henry Eric Harden
The Commando section had come under heavy machine-gun fire in the open field that morning, and the men were seriously wounded. One of the casualties was Lieutenant Corey. Under intense mortar and machine-gun fire Harden was wounded in his side as he carried one man back to the aid post, which had been set up in one of the houses along the Stationsweg in Brachterbeek. Against the orders of another Medical officer he then returned with a stretcher party for the other two wounded. Bringing in the second casualty the rescue party came under enemy fire which killed the wounded Commando. While finally bringing back the third man Lieutenant Corey, who had demanded he be recovered last, Harden was shot | 15,116 |
1215127 | Henry Eric Harden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Eric%20Harden | Henry Eric Harden
through the head and killed instantly. Henry Eric Harden was then 32 years old, married and father of a son and daughter. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his fearless action. On the bridge near the mill there is a plaque to commemorate Lance Corporal Harden.
Lance-Corporal Harden's final resting place is in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Nederweert, Limburg, the Netherlands.
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey.
# References.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
# External | 15,117 |
1215127 | Henry Eric Harden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Eric%20Harden | Henry Eric Harden
near the mill there is a plaque to commemorate Lance Corporal Harden.
Lance-Corporal Harden's final resting place is in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Nederweert, Limburg, the Netherlands.
# The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey.
# References.
- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
# External links.
- Henry Eric Harden - article at "Oorlog in Limburg" with full details and numerous images of Harden and memorials
- "Commando Medic" - Google eBook by Stephen J Snelling with substantial preview | 15,118 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
Sky Real Lives
Sky Real Lives was an in-house channel from BSkyB that showed extensive programmes about travel, adverts for travel agencies and documentaries. The channels closed on 19 August 2010.
# History.
Sky Real Lives first launched as Sky Travel on 3 October 1994, and became part of the Sky Multichannels package. It originally broadcast between Monday and Thursday between midday and midnight and on Friday between 12pm and 6am until September 1997. In 2001, the channel started broadcasting 7 days a week from 6am until 11pm.
The channel was revamped in September 2002. Sky Travel Extra and the main channel launched with Freeview on 30 October 2002, along with Sky News and Sky Sports News. | 15,119 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
In February 2003, a spin-off of the channels, Sky Travel Shop, launched a dedicated travel retail channel in the Specialist, then Shopping section of the EPG. In September 2003 both channels were launched on the NTL platform. With increased distribution, Sky Travel changed its programming strategy to attract a wider audience, skewing towards stronger entertainment programs with a travel theme, particularly reality shows.
By August 2004, the core channel was broadcasting 24 hours a day and in January 2005, a timeshifted version of Sky Travel was launched.
In October 2005, Sky Travel on Freeview was replaced by Sky Three and in March 2006, the Sky Travel channels were moved from the "Entertainment" | 15,120 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
section on the Sky EPG, to the "Lifestyle and Culture" section.
In August 2006, Sky Travel began showing reality TV, whilst Sky Travel Extra dedicated its airtime to documentaries
Sky Real Lives 2, the replacement channel for Sky Travel Extra, gained additional broadcast hours from its launch.
From 2002 until 2007, Sky Real Lives 2 only aired from 6am until 1am. However, on 7 November, the channel began 24-hour broadcasts.
Sky Real Lives programmes were showcased on Sky's main channels; Sky1, Sky2, but mostly on its free-to-air sister channel, Sky3 (now known as Pick).
# Changes on Freeview.
In 2004, Sky Travel showed the first two episodes of the fourth season of US drama "24", simulcasting | 15,121 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
with Sky's primary channel, Sky One. This led to rumours that the company had planned to turn Sky Travel into a general entertainment channel on Freeview. However, BSkyB's CEO, James Murdoch, had repeatedly denied the company had any plans to launch any new free-to-air services.
BSkyB's stance on the subject has since changed. On 22 September 2005, it was announced that Sky Travel would be replaced on Freeview by new entertainment channel Sky Three. Although some of Sky Travel's programming will form part of the schedule of Sky Three, Sky Travel itself will still be shown on Sky Digital. Sky Travel ceased to be broadcast on Freeview at 5pm on 31 October 2005.
# Sky Travel relaunches as Sky | 15,122 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
Real Lives.
On 17 September 2007, Sky announced plans to rebrand Sky Travel to Sky Real Lives from 7 November 2007. The new channel focused on programmes with a human interest story and was targeted more at women in the 35–54 age range.
Sky's managing director of entertainment Sophie Turner Laing said it seems that the channel would be given a "whole new makeover" that would make it more entertainment oriented. On 7 November, the following channels were changed:
Sky Travel was renamed as Sky Real Lives, Sky Travel +1 was renamed Sky Real Lives +1, Sky Travel Extra renamed to Sky Real Lives 2, and Sky Travel Shop was also renamed to Sky Travel. Sky Real Lives, Sky Real Lives 2, Sky Arts 1 | 15,123 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
and Sky Arts 2 were launched on UPC Ireland, before being removed on 8 December 2008.
# Closure.
On 16 June 2010, it was announced that Sky Real Lives, and its portfolio of channels would close on 19 August 2010, with the channels budget shifting to Sky1 and Sky2.
Sky Real Lives closed at midnight on 19 August 2010.
# Programming.
- 24 Hours In Soho
- Airline
- Air Rage
- A Life Without Pain
- America's Fattest City
- A Mother Like Alex
- Babies At Risk
- Baby Race
- Bad Behaviour
- Beat the Bailiff
- The Biggest Loser
- Bombs, Brits and Cheerleaders
- Brain Doctors
- Club Reps
- Coach Trip
- Crime Scene
- Crippendales
- Customs UK
- Dying to Be Apart
- Extreme Lives
- | 15,124 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
Grimebusters Series 1: 2007 6x24' Series 2: 2008 10x24'
- HD Short Films
- Hoilday Airline
- How Long Will You Live?
- Ian Wright's Unfit Kids
- Intervention (TV series)
- Jodie Kidd's Fashion Avenue
- The Lion Man
- London Ambulance Series 1: 2007 6x24' Series 2: 2008 6x24'
- Love Behind Bars
- Luton Airport
- Masterminds
- Petnapped
- Phobia
- Polygamous Wives
- Psychic Detectives
- Quintuplets
- Real A&E
- Redcoats
- Real Life Stories
- Risky Business
- Searching For My Son
- Secrets Revealed - DNA Stories
- Sky Travel
- Suicide In The Air
- Swapped Children
- Taken Away
- Teenage Gamblers
- The Clinic
- The Filth Files
- The Little Couple
- The Man Who Faked | 15,125 |
1215152 | Sky Real Lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky%20Real%20Lives | Sky Real Lives
amous Wives
- Psychic Detectives
- Quintuplets
- Real A&E
- Redcoats
- Real Life Stories
- Risky Business
- Searching For My Son
- Secrets Revealed - DNA Stories
- Sky Travel
- Suicide In The Air
- Swapped Children
- Taken Away
- Teenage Gamblers
- The Clinic
- The Filth Files
- The Little Couple
- The Man Who Faked His Life
- The Zoo UK
- Vanity Insanity
- Vain Men
- Wakey Wakey Campers
- Wildlife Detectives
- Women Behind Bars
- X-Weighted
- Zoo Story
- Zoo Vets At Large
# Sky Real Lives HD.
A high-definition version of the channel was launched on Sky+ HD on 20 October 2008, on channel 278.
# External links.
- Sky Real Lives at sky.com
- Sky Travel at sky.com | 15,126 |
1215167 | Ernst Goldenbaum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst%20Goldenbaum | Ernst Goldenbaum
Ernst Goldenbaum
Ernst Goldenbaum (15 December 1898, Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 13 March 1990) was an East German politician.
# Biography.
Goldenbaum was born in Parchim. During World War I he served in the military and he participated in the German November Revolution. In 1919 he joined the left-wing USPD and a few years later the Communist Party of Germany.
From 1923 to 1925 he was a member of the city council of Parchim and from 1924 to 1932 he was a member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. From 1932 to 1933 he was the editor of "Volkswacht", a communist newspaper. After the Nazis seized power he became a farmer and a member of the German resistance.
In 1944 he was arrested | 15,127 |
1215167 | Ernst Goldenbaum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst%20Goldenbaum | Ernst Goldenbaum
and he spent the last year of the war in concentration camp Neuengamme. In 1945, he was one of very few who survived the sinking of the SS "Cap Acrona" which claimed over 4000 lives.
After the war he joined the Socialist Unity Party (SED), but in 1948 he co-founded the communist-sponsored Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany (DBD). The DBD was a close ally of the SED. Until 1982, Goldenbaum was the Chairman of the party.
From 1949 to 1990 Goldenbaum was a member of the People's Chamber. From 1949 to 1950 Goldenbaum was East Germany's first Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Goldenbaum supported the SED's collectivisation in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1963 he was the deputy chairman | 15,128 |
1215167 | Ernst Goldenbaum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst%20Goldenbaum | Ernst Goldenbaum
a" which claimed over 4000 lives.
After the war he joined the Socialist Unity Party (SED), but in 1948 he co-founded the communist-sponsored Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany (DBD). The DBD was a close ally of the SED. Until 1982, Goldenbaum was the Chairman of the party.
From 1949 to 1990 Goldenbaum was a member of the People's Chamber. From 1949 to 1950 Goldenbaum was East Germany's first Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Goldenbaum supported the SED's collectivisation in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1963 he was the deputy chairman of the People's Chamber. After 1963 he was a member of the Presidium of the People's Chamber.
# See also.
- Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany | 15,129 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
Edmund Clarence Stedman
Edmund Clarence Stedman (October 8, 1833January 18, 1908) was an American poet, critic, essayist, banker, and scientist.
# Biography.
Edmund Clarence Stedman was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on October 8, 1833; his father, Major Edmund Burke Stedman died of tuberculosis two years later in December 1835. By the following spring, his mother Elizabeth Clementine Stedman moved the boy and his younger brother to Plainfield, New Jersey to live with her wealthy father, David Low Dodge. Dodge, a Calvinist and pacifist, was strict, did not want to use his finances to support his grandchildren, and often physically punished the boys for bad behavior. Mrs. Stedman sold poems | 15,130 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
and stories to magazines including "Graham's Magazine", "Sartain's Magazine", "The Knickerbocker", and "Godey's Lady's Book" for income. Eventually, the children were taken in by their paternal grandfather, Griffin Stedman, and his brother James in Norwich, Connecticut.
Stedman studied two years at Yale University; became a journalist in New York City, especially on the staffs of the "Tribune" and "World", for which latter paper he served as field correspondent during the first years of the Civil War. As opportunity offered, he studied law and was for a time private secretary to Attorney-General Bates at Washington, and was a member of the New York Stock Exchange in Wall Street from 1865 to | 15,131 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
1900. His first book, "Poems, Lyrical and Idyllic", appeared in 1860, followed by successive volumes of similar character, and by collected editions of his verse in 1873, 1884 and 1897. His longer poems are "Alice of Monmouth: an Idyl of the Great War" (1864); "The Blameless Prince" (1869), an allegory of good deeds, supposed to have been remotely suggested by the life of Prince Albert; and an elaborate commemorative ode on Nathaniel Hawthorne, read before the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1877.
An idyllic atmosphere is the prevalent characteristic of his longer pieces, while the lyric tone is never absent from his songs, ballads and poems of reflection or fancy. As an editor he put forth | 15,132 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
a volume of "Cameos" from Walter Savage Landor (with Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1874); a large Library of (selections from) American Literature (with Ellen M Hutchinson, 11 vols, 1888–1890); a "Victorian Anthology" (1895); and an "American Anthology, 1787–1899" (1900); the two last-named volumes being ancillary to a detailed and comprehensive critical study in prose of the whole body of English poetry from 1837, and of American poetry of the 19th century.
This study appeared in separate chapters in "Scribner's Monthly" (which closed in 1881 and was relaunched the same year as the "Century Magazine"), and was reissued, with enlargements, in the volumes entitled "Victorian Poets" (1875; continued | 15,133 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
to the Jubilee year in the edition of 1887) and "Poets of America" (1885), the two works forming the most symmetrical body of literary criticism yet published in the United States. Their value is increased by the treatise on "The Nature and Elements of Poetry" (Boston, 1892) a work of great critical insight as well as technical knowledge.
Stedman edited, with Ellen M. Hutchinson, "A Library of American Literature" (eleven volumes, 1888–90); and, with George E. Woodberry, the "Works of Edgar Allan Poe" (ten volumes, 1895). After the death of James Russell Lowell, Stedman had perhaps the leading place among American poets and critics. In 1876, he was one of several poets who were gently mocked | 15,134 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
by Bayard Taylor in his verse parody "The Echo Club and Other Literary Diversions".
In 1904, Edmund Clarence Stedman was one of the first seven chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
In addition to his literary achievements, Stedman pursued scientific and technical endeavors. In 1879, he proposed a rigid airship inspired by the anatomy of a fish, with a framework of steel, brass, or copper tubing and a tractor propeller mounted on the crafts bow, later changed to an engine with two propellers suspended beneath the framework. The airship never was built, but its design foreshadowed that of the dirigibles of the early decades of the 20th century.
# Literature.
- | 15,135 |
1215145 | Edmund Clarence Stedman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund%20Clarence%20Stedman | Edmund Clarence Stedman
vors. In 1879, he proposed a rigid airship inspired by the anatomy of a fish, with a framework of steel, brass, or copper tubing and a tractor propeller mounted on the crafts bow, later changed to an engine with two propellers suspended beneath the framework. The airship never was built, but its design foreshadowed that of the dirigibles of the early decades of the 20th century.
# Literature.
- "A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895" (1895)
- William Winter, "Old Friends" (New York, 1909)
- An American Anthology, 1787–1900 (Online Edition)
- Stedman and Gould, "Life and Letters of Edmund Clarence Stedman" (two volumes, New York, 1910)
# External links.
- "", a poem by Florence Earle Coates | 15,136 |
1215144 | Al-Mawardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mawardi | Al-Mawardi
Al-Mawardi
Abū al-Hasan 'Alī Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Habīb al-Māwardī ( أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي ), known in Latin as Alboacen (972–1058 CE), was an Islamic jurist of the Shafi'i school most remembered for his works on religion, government, the caliphate, and public and constitutional law during a time of political turmoil. Appointed as the chief judge over several districts near Nishapur in Iran, and Baghdad itself, al-Mawardi also served as a diplomat for the Abbasid caliphs al-Qa'im and al-Qadir in negotiations with the Buyid emirs. He is best known for his treatise on "The Ordinances of Government." The Ordinances, Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya, provide a detailed | 15,137 |
1215144 | Al-Mawardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mawardi | Al-Mawardi
a definition of the functions of caliphate government which, under the Buyids appeared to be rather indefinite and ambiguous.
# Biography.
Al-Mawardi was born in Basrah during the year 972 C.E. Some authors make the claim that his family was Kurdish, a claim which is unsubstantiated.
The Shafi'i historian al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463/1072) recorded his father as being a rose-water seller. Growing up he was able to learn Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) from Abu al-Wahid al-Simari and subsequently took up his residence in Baghdad. While both Basrah and Baghdad were centers of the Mu'tazila school of thought, the great (orthodox) Shafi'i jurist al-Subki (d. 756/1355) would later condemn al-Mawardi | 15,138 |
1215144 | Al-Mawardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mawardi | Al-Mawardi
for his Mu'tazila sympathies. He was eventually appointed chief qadi of Baghdad, and subsequently was entrusted with various responsibilities on behalf of the Caliphate: On four occasions he served as a diplomat on behalf of Caliph al-Qa'im (422-1031, 428/1037, 434/1042 and 435/1043), his successor al-Qadir also entrusted al-Mawardi as a diplomat in a negotiation with the Buyid emirs and charged him with the task of writing his treatise on "The Ordinances of the Government." Among many of his various other works he is also credited with the creation of darura, a doctrine of necessity. Al-Mawardi died at an old age in Baghdad on 30 Rabi'a 450/27, May 1058.
# Works.
- "Al-Ahkam al-Sultania w'al-Wilayat | 15,139 |
1215144 | Al-Mawardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mawardi | Al-Mawardi
al-Diniyya" (The Ordinances of Government)
- "Qanun al-Wazarah" (Laws regarding the Ministers)
- "Kitab Nasihat al-Mulk" (The Book of Sincere Advice to Rulers)
- "Kitab Aadab al-Dunya w'al-Din" (The Ethics of Religion and of this World)
- "Personas of the Prophethood"
# On The Ordinances of the Government.
According to Wafaa H. Wahaba , "For al-Mawardi the caliphate symbolized an entire politico-religious system that regulates the lives of men in a Muslim community to the smallest detail. Hence the emphasis in [The Ordinances] placed on the qualifications, power and duties pertinent to [a given office of government]... This approach to the matter would explain the working arrangement finally | 15,140 |
1215144 | Al-Mawardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mawardi | Al-Mawardi
Ordinances] placed on the qualifications, power and duties pertinent to [a given office of government]... This approach to the matter would explain the working arrangement finally reached by the Buyids and the Abbasid caliphs, later followed also by the more efficient Seljuqs, whereby the military held actual power while recognizing the Caliph as the supreme head of government and receiving from him, in turn, recognition of their mundane authority."
# See also.
- List of Arab scientists and scholars
- Islamic scholars
- Nasîhatnâme
# External links.
- ABU AL-HASAN AL-MAWARDI
- Review of al-Ahkam as-Sultanniyah
- Kitab adab al-dunya wa-al-din, 1882, by Mward, Al ibn Muammad, 974?-1058 | 15,141 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
The Hits
The Hits was a music video channel broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned by Box Television. In 2008 it was rebranded as 4Music.
# Overview and availability.
The channel showcased a range of pop centred on chart hits and current favourites. Originally, the vast majority of music videos were selected by viewers by means of calling a premium-rate telephone number, however the policy was abandoned with the channel playing an automated selection of videos and countdown shows presented by celebrities and singers past and present. Programming was often themed to coincide with events such as St. Patrick's Day and Christmas.
The channel was available free-to-air on the British | 15,142 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
digital terrestrial television service Freeview on channel 18. It was also available on Sky Digital, encrypted as a part of Sky's Music Pack. The Hits was also available on Virgin Media and was included in the basic package. It was also be seen through the British Forces Broadcasting Service.
# Programmes on The Hits.
87-07 is a series of programmes where a song is played from each of the years from 1987 to 2007. There was a more up to date version called 88-08 which is the same as 87-07 except it goes from 1988 to 2008. There were different collections of songs depending on different things that the songs had in common, an example of 87-07 is Cheesy Pop 87-07 which includes the songs "Never | 15,143 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley, "Saturday Night" by Whigfield and "C'est la Vie" by B*Witched which are all commonly regarded as "cheesy pop songs".
Another type of programme on The Hits was where one hundred songs are played, usually counting down to a song that is featured as "number one". This varies from "100 Forgotten Gems of the Nineties" to "The Nation's Favourite Love Songs". Similarly formatted programmes with fifty or twenty songs were also broadcast.
"The Hits Chart" was played at around 12.15 and 17:15 Monday-Friday. The Hits Chart was simply a countdown of the biggest songs of the day.
The Hits had a programme called "Every Number One of the Nineties" which, as the title suggests, | 15,144 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
played every number one of the nineties back to back. It was played over a bank holiday weekend in two parts, the first part on the Sunday and the second part on the Monday. "Every Number One of the Nineties" has been played on 4Music in small segments. A similar programme was "Every Number One of the Twenty-first Century".
Early in the morning, there was a programme called "Signed by The Hits". This programme's duration was usually 30 minutes. The programme involved a sign language interpreter signing to the songs on screen to help deaf people understand the music. Due to persistent criticism, the show was removed.
# Replacement with 4Music.
On 20 February 2008, it was announced that The | 15,145 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
Hits would be replaced by 4Music later in the year, and a trial period broadcast on Sundays under the 4Music banner was broadcast on Sunday evenings during the spring. In June 2008 it was further announced that this replacement was to take place during the V Festival weekend on 15 August. The replaced station shows predominantly music videos, alongside live performances and Channel 4 programming like "Star Stories" and "The Sunday Night Project", in addition to documentaries about artists.
In the weeks before the launch, "4Music" aired teaser trailers for the channel as part of its extensive promotion of the rebrand and as part of the promotion one of the three stages for "T4 On The Beach" | 15,146 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
was named the 4Music stage.
The Hits ceased broadcasting music videos on Friday 15 August 2008 at 06:00. The last video played on The Hits was "Thank You for the Music" by ABBA, before fading in to a promo for 4Music.
# Ofcom controversy.
In November 2007, Ofcom found The Hits had breached broadcast licence for failing to retain copies of its programming. Two viewers had complained questioning the authenticity of some of the winning entries on text-in quiz programme "Win Win TV", broadcast overnight on 26 June.
The broadcaster was unable to provide Ofcom with a review copy of the programme in question because of "problems with its logging system". Condition 11 of a Television Licensable | 15,147 |
1215156 | The Hits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Hits | The Hits
gramme in question because of "problems with its logging system". Condition 11 of a Television Licensable Content Service licence requires the broadcaster to keep recordings of all output for 60 days after transmission, providing Ofcom with any material on request.
"Failure to supply these recordings is a serious and significant breach of the broadcaster’s licence. This will be held on record," the regulator noted.
# The Hits Radio.
In 2003, companion radio station The Hits Radio was launched. It ceased broadcasting on 4 June 2018 with Joe Cooper presenting the breakfast show.
# External links.
- Official Website (Now redirects to 4Music)
- 4Music Sundays
- 4Music
- 4Music on Myspace | 15,148 |
1215169 | River East | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River%20East | River East
River East
River East is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was officially created by redistribution in 1979, and has formally existed since the provincial election of 1981. The riding is located on the northeast corner of the City of Winnipeg. It is bordered by the Red River to the west, the city limit, by Springfield to the north and east, and by the riding of Rossmere to the south.
River East is an affluent district with an average income of $62,534 and an unemployment rate of 5.60% in 1999. It also has a large immigrant population, at 17% of the total population. Twelve per cent of River East's residents list German as their ethnic origin, while a further | 15,149 |
1215169 | River East | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River%20East | River East
9% list Ukrainian. The riding's total population in 1996 was 19,840.
# History.
River East was the only riding in the northern part of Winnipeg to be represented by a Progressive Conservative up until the 2016 general election. Bonnie Mitchelson was the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the area from 1986 to 2016, and was re-elected five times. Bonnie Mitchelson announced her retirement in October, 2014, and did not seek re-election in the 2016 general election. The seat was won by Cathy Cox, who held it for the Progressive Conservatives while defeating NDP challenger Jody Gillis. Once considered safe for the Progressive Conservatives, the seat became extremely marginal, with Mitchelson | 15,150 |
1215169 | River East | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River%20East | River East
by a Progressive Conservative up until the 2016 general election. Bonnie Mitchelson was the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the area from 1986 to 2016, and was re-elected five times. Bonnie Mitchelson announced her retirement in October, 2014, and did not seek re-election in the 2016 general election. The seat was won by Cathy Cox, who held it for the Progressive Conservatives while defeating NDP challenger Jody Gillis. Once considered safe for the Progressive Conservatives, the seat became extremely marginal, with Mitchelson being re-elected in the 2007 provincial election by only 52 votes over the New Democrat candidate. Since then, the PC majorities have increased in 2011 and 2016. | 15,151 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Nathaniel Parker Willis
Nathaniel Parker Willis (January 20, 1806 – January 20, 1867), also known as N. P. Willis, was an American author, poet and editor who worked with several notable American writers including Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He became the highest-paid magazine writer of his day. For a time, he was the employer of former slave and future writer Harriet Jacobs. His brother was the composer Richard Storrs Willis and his sister Sara wrote under the name Fanny Fern.
Born in Portland, Maine, Willis came from a family of publishers. His grandfather Nathaniel Willis owned newspapers in Massachusetts and Virginia, and his father Nathaniel Willis was the founder of | 15,152 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
"Youth's Companion", the first newspaper specifically for children. Willis developed an interest in literature while attending Yale College and began publishing poetry. After graduation, he worked as an overseas correspondent for the "New York Mirror". He eventually moved to New York and began to build his literary reputation. Working with multiple publications, he was earning about $100 per article and between $5,000 and $10,000 per year. In 1846, he started his own publication, the "Home Journal", which was eventually renamed "Town & Country". Shortly after, Willis moved to a home on the Hudson River where he lived a semi-retired life until his death in 1867.
Willis embedded his own personality | 15,153 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
into his writing and addressed his readers personally, specifically in his travel writings, so that his reputation was built in part because of his character. Critics, including his sister in her novel "Ruth Hall", occasionally described him as being effeminate and Europeanized. Willis also published several poems, tales, and a play. Despite his intense popularity for a time, at his death Willis was nearly forgotten.
# Life and career.
## Early life and family.
Nathaniel Parker Willis was born on January 20, 1806, in Portland, Maine. His father Nathaniel Willis was a newspaper proprietor there and his grandfather owned newspapers in Boston, Massachusetts and western Virginia. His mother was | 15,154 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Hannah Willis ("née" Parker) from Holliston, Massachusetts and it was her husband's offer to edit the "Eastern Argus" in Maine that caused their move to Portland. Willis's younger sister was Sara Willis Parton, who would later become a writer under the pseudonym Fanny Fern. His brother, Richard Storrs Willis, became a musician and music journalist known for writing the melody for "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear". His other siblings were Lucy Douglas (born 1804), Louisa Harris (1807), Julia Dean (1809), Mary Perry (1813), Edward Payson (1816), and Ellen Holmes (1821).
In 1816, the family moved to Boston, where Willis's father established the "Boston Recorder" and, nine years later, the "Youth's | 15,155 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Companion", the world's first newspaper for children. The elder Willis's emphasis on religious themes earned him the nickname "Deacon" Willis. After attending a Boston grammar school and Phillips Academy at Andover, Nathaniel Parker Willis entered Yale College in October 1823 where he roomed with Horace Bushnell. Willis credited Bushnell with teaching him the proper technique for sharpening a razor by "drawing it from heel to point both ways ... the two cross frictions correct each other". At Yale, he further developed an interest in literature, often neglecting his other studies. He graduated in 1827 and spent time touring parts of the United States and Canada. In Montreal, he met Chester Harding, | 15,156 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
with whom he would become a lifelong friend. Years later, Harding referred to Willis during this period as "the 'lion' of the town". Willis began publishing poetry in his father's "Boston Periodical", often using one of two literary personalities under the pen names "Roy" (for religious subjects) and "Cassius" (for more secular topics). The same year, Willis published a volume of poetical "Sketches".
## Literary career.
In the latter part of the 1820s, Willis began contributing more frequently to magazines and periodicals. In 1829, he served as editor for the gift book "The Token", making him the only person to be editor in the book's 15-year history besides its founder, Samuel Griswold Goodrich. | 15,157 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
That year, Willis founded the "American Monthly Magazine", which began publishing in April 1829 until it was discontinued in August 1831. He blamed its failure on the "tight purses of Boston culture" and moved to Europe to serve as foreign editor and correspondent of the "New York Mirror". In 1832, while in Florence, Italy, he met Horatio Greenough, who sculpted a bust of the writer. Between 1832 and 1836, Willis contributed a series of letters for the "Mirror", about half of which were later collected as "Pencillings by the Way", printed in London in 1835. The romantic descriptions of scenes and modes of life in Europe sold well despite the then high price tag of $7 a copy. The work became | 15,158 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
popular and boosted Willis's literary reputation enough that an American edition was soon issued.
Despite this popularity, he was censured by some critics for indiscretion in reporting private conversations. At one point he fought a bloodless duel with Captain Frederick Marryat, then editor of the "Metropolitan Magazine", after Willis sent a private letter of Marryat's to George Pope Morris, who had it printed. Still, in 1835 Willis was popular enough to introduce Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to important literary figures in England, including Ada Byron, daughter of Lord Byron.
While abroad, Willis wrote to a friend, "I should like to marry in England". He soon married Mary Stace, daughter of | 15,159 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
General William Stace of Woolwich, on October 1, 1835, after a month-long engagement. The couple took a two-week honeymoon in Paris. The couple moved to London where, in 1836, Willis met Charles Dickens, who was working for the "Morning Chronicle" at the time.
In 1837, Willis and his wife returned to the United States and settled at a small estate on Owego Creek in New York, just above its junction with the Susquehanna River. He named the home Glenmary and the rural setting inspired him to write "Letters from under a Bridge". On October 20, 1838, Willis began a series of articles called "A New Series of Letters from London", one of which suggested an illicit relationship between writer Letitia | 15,160 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Elizabeth Landon and editor William Jordan. The article caused some scandal, for which Willis's publisher had to apologize.
On June 20, 1839, Willis's play "Tortesa, the Usurer" premiered in Philadelphia at the Walnut Street Theatre. Edgar Allan Poe called it "by far the best play from the pen of an American author". That year, he was also editor of the short-lived periodical "The Corsair", for which he enlisted William Makepeace Thackery to write short sketches of France. Another major work, "Two Ways of Dying for a Husband", was published in England during a short visit there in 1839–1840. Shortly after returning to the United States, his personal life was touched with grief when his first | 15,161 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
child was stillborn on December 4, 1840. He and Stace had a second daughter, Imogen, who was born June 20, 1842.
Later that year, Willis attended a ball in honor of Charles Dickens in New York. After dancing with Dickens's wife, Willis and Dickens went out for "rum toddy and broiled oysters". By this time, his fame had grown enough that he was often invited to lecture and recite poetry, including his presentation to the Linonian Society at Yale on August 17, 1841. Willis was invited to submit a column to the each weekly issue of "Brother Johnathan", a publication from New York with 20,000 subscribers, which he did until September 1841. By 1842, Willis was earning the unusually high salary of | 15,162 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
$4,800 a year. As a later journalist remarked, this made Willis "the first magazine writer who was tolerably well paid".
In 1842, Willis employed Harriet Jacobs, an escaped slave from North Carolina, as a house servant and nanny. When her owners sought to have her returned to their plantation, Willis's wife bought her freedom for $300. Nearly two decades later, Jacobs would write in her pseudonymized autobiography "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl", which she began composing while working for the Willis family, that she "was convinced that ... Nathaniel Parker Willis was proslavery". Willis is depicted as "Mr. Bruce", an unattractive Southern sympathizer in the book. One of Willis's tales, | 15,163 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
"The Night Funeral of a Slave", featured an abolitionist who visits the South and regrets his anti-slavery views; Frederick Douglass later used the work to criticize Northerners who were pro-slavery.
## "Evening Mirror".
Returning to New York City, Willis reorganized, along with George Pope Morris, the weekly "New York Mirror" as the daily "Evening Mirror" in 1844 with a weekly supplement called the "Weekly Mirror", in part due to the rising cost of postage. By this time, Willis was a popular writer (a joke was that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was Germany's version of N. P. Willis) and one of the first commercially successful magazine writers in America. In the fall of that year, he also became | 15,164 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
the first editor of the annual gift book "The Opal" founded by Rufus Wilmot Griswold. During this time, he became the highest-paid magazine writer in America, earning about $100 per article and $5,000 per year, a number which would soon double. Even the popular poet Longfellow admitted his jealousy of Willis's salary.
As a critic, Willis did not believe in including discussions of personalities of writers when reviewing their works. He also believed that, though publications should discuss political topics, they should not express party opinions or choose sides. The "Mirror" flourished at a time when many publications were discontinuing. Its success was due to the shrewd management of Willis | 15,165 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
and Morris and the two demonstrated that the American public could support literary endeavors. Willis was becoming an expert in American literature and so, in 1845, Willis and Morris issued an anthology, "The Prose and Poetry of America".
While Willis was editor of the "Evening Mirror", its issue for January 29, 1845, included the first printing of Poe's poem "The Raven" with his name attached. In his introduction, Willis called it "unsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception, masterly ingenuity of versification, and consistent, sustaining of imaginative lift ... It will stick to the memory of everybody who reads it". Willis and Poe were close friends, and Willis helped Poe financially | 15,166 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
during his wife Virginia's illness and while Poe was suing Thomas Dunn English for libel. Willis often tried to persuade Poe to be less destructive in his criticism and concentrate on his poetry. Even so, Willis published many pieces of what would later be referred to as "The Longfellow War", a literary battle between Poe and the supporters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, whom Poe called overrated and guilty of plagiarism. Willis also introduced Poe to Fanny Osgood; the two would later carry out a very public literary flirtation.
Willis's wife Mary Stace died in childbirth on March 25, 1845. Their daughter, Blanche, died as well and Willis wrote in his notebook that she was "an angel without | 15,167 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
fault or foible". He brought his surviving daughter Imogen to England to be with her mother's family and left her behind when he returned to the United States. In October 1846, he married Cornelia Grinnell, a wealthy Quaker from New Bedford and the adopted daughter of a local Congressman. She was two decades younger than Willis at the time and vocally disliked slavery, unlike her new husband. After the marriage, Willis's daughter Imogen came to live with the newlyweds in New York.
## "Home Journal".
In 1846, Willis and Morris left the "Evening Mirror" and attempted to edit a new weekly, the "National Press", which was renamed the "Home Journal" after eight months. Their prospectus for the | 15,168 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
publication, published November 21, 1846, announced their intentions to create a magazine "to circle around the family table". Willis intended the magazine for the middle and lower classes and included the message of upward social mobility, using himself as an example, often describing in detail his personal possessions. When discussing his own social climbing, however, he emphasized his frustrations rather than his successes, endearing him to his audience. He edited the "Home Journal" until his death in 1867. It was renamed "Town & Country" in 1901, and it is still published under that title as of 2011. During Willis's time at the journal, he especially promoted the works of women poets, including | 15,169 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Frances Sargent Osgood, Anne Lynch Botta, Grace Greenwood, and Julia Ward Howe. Willis and his editors favorably reviewed many works now considered important today, including Henry David Thoreau's "Walden" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Blithedale Romance".
## Idlewild.
In 1846, Willis settled near the banks of Canterbury Creek near the Hudson River in New York and named his new home Idlewild. When Willis first visited the property, the owners said it had little value and that it was "an idle wild of which nothing could ever be made". He built a fourteen-room "cottage", as he called it, at the edge of a plateau by Moodna Creek next to a sudden drop into a gorge. Willis worked closely with | 15,170 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
the architect, Calvert Vaux, to carefully plan each gable and piazza to fully take advantage of the dramatic view of the river and mountains.
Because of failing health Willis spent the remainder of his life chiefly in retirement at Idlewild. His wife Cornelia was also recovering from a difficult illness after the birth of their first child together, a son named Grinnell, who was born April 28, 1848. They had four other children: Lilian (born April 27, 1850), Edith (born September 28, 1853), Bailey (born May 31, 1857), and a daughter who died only a few minutes after her birth on October 31, 1860. Harriet Jacobs was re-hired by Willis to work for the family.
During these last years at Idlewild, | 15,171 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Willis continued contributing a weekly letter to the "Home Journal". In 1850 he assisted Rufus Wilmot Griswold in preparing an anthology of the works of Poe, who had died mysteriously the year before. Griswold also wrote the first biography of Poe in which he purposely set out to ruin the dead author's reputation. Willis was one of the most vocal of Poe's defenders, writing at one point: "The indictment (for it deserves no other name) is not true. It is full of cruel misrepresentations. It deepens the shadows unto unnatural darkness, and shuts out the rays of sunshines that ought to relieve them".
Willis was involved in the 1850 divorce suit between the actor Edwin Forrest and his wife Catherine | 15,172 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Norton Sinclair Forrest. In January 1849, Forrest had found a love letter to his wife from fellow actor George W. Jamieson. As a result, he and Catherine separated in April 1849. He moved to Philadelphia and filed for divorce in February 1850 though the Pennsylvania legislature denied his application. Catharine went to live with the family of Parke Godwin and the separation became a public affair, with newspapers throughout New York reporting on supposed infidelities and other gossip.
Willis defended Catharine, who maintained her innocence, in the "Home Journal" and suggested that Forrest was merely jealous of her intellectual superiority. On June 17, 1850, shortly after Forrest had filed for | 15,173 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
divorce in the New York Supreme Court, Forrest beat Willis with a gutta-percha whip in New York's Washington Square, shouting "this man is the seducer of my wife". Willis, who was recovering from a rheumatic fever at the time, was unable to fight back. His wife soon received an anonymous letter with an accusation that Willis was in an adulterous relationship with Catherine Forrest. Willis later sued Forrest for assault and, by March 1852, was awarded $2,500 plus court costs. Throughout the Forrest divorce case, which lasted six weeks, several witnesses made additional claims that Catherine Forrest and Nathaniel Parker Willis were having an affair, including a waiter who claimed he had seen the | 15,174 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
couple "lying on each other". As the press reported, "thousands and thousands of the anxious public" awaited the court's verdict; ultimately, the court sided with Catherine Forrest and Willis's name was cleared.
## Ruth Hall.
Willis arbitrarily refused to print the work of his sister Sara Willis ("Fanny Fern") after 1854, though she previously had contributed anonymous book reviews to the "Home Journal". She had recently been widowed, became destitute, and was publicly denounced by her abusive second husband. Criticizing what he perceived as her restlessness, Willis once made her the subject of his poem "To My Wild Sis". As Fanny Fern, she had published "Fern Leaves", which sold over 100,000 | 15,175 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
copies the year before. Willis, however, did not encourage his sister's writings. "You overstrain the pathetic, and your humor runs into dreadful vulgarity sometimes ... I am sorry that any editor knows that a sister of mine wrote some of these which you sent me", he wrote. In 1854 she published "Ruth Hall, a Domestic Tale of the Present Time", a barely concealed semi-autobiographical account of her own difficulties in the literary world. Nathaniel Willis was represented as "Hyacinth Ellet", an effeminate, self-serving editor who schemes to ruin his sister's prospects as a writer. Willis did not publicly protest but in private he asserted that, despite his fictitious equivalent, he had done | 15,176 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
his best to support his sister during her difficult times, especially after the death of her first husband.
Among his later works, following in his traditional sketches about his life and people he has met, were "Hurry-Graphs" (1851), "Out-Doors at Idlewild" (1854), and "Ragbag" (1855). Willis had complained that his magazine writing prevented him from writing a longer work. He finally had the time in 1856, and he wrote his only novel, "Paul Fane", which was published a year later. The character Bosh Blivins, who served as comic relief in the novel, may have been based on painter Chester Harding. His final work was "The Convalescent" (1859), which included a chapter on his time spent with Washington | 15,177 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Irving at Sunnyside.
## Final years and death.
In July 1860, Willis took his last major trip. Along with his wife, he stopped in Chicago and Yellow Springs, Ohio, as far west as Madison, Wisconsin, and also took a steamboat down the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri, and returned through Cincinnati, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1861, Willis allowed the "Home Journal" to break its pledge to avoid taking sides in political discussions when the Confederate States of America was established, calling the move a purposeful act to bring on war. On May 28, 1861, Willis was part of a committee of literary figures—including William Cullen Bryant, Charles Anderson Dana, and Horace Greeley—to | 15,178 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
invite Edward Everett to speak in New York on behalf of maintaining the Union. The "Home Journal" lost many subscribers during the American Civil War, Morris died in 1864, and the Willis family had to take in boarders and for a time turned Idlewild into a girls' school for income.
Willis was very sick in these final years: he suffered from violent epileptic seizures and, early in November 1866, fainted in the streets, prompting Harriet Jacobs to return to help his wife. Willis died on his 61st birthday, January 20, 1867, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Four days later, the day of his funeral, all bookstores in the city were closed as a token of respect. | 15,179 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
His pallbearers included Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Samuel Gridley Howe, and James Thomas Fields.
# Reputation.
Throughout his literary career, Willis was well liked and known for his good nature amongst friends. Well traveled and clever, he had a striking appearance at six feet tall and was typically dressed elegantly. Many, however, remarked that Willis was effeminate, Europeanized, and guilty of "Miss Nancyism". One editor called him "an impersonal passive verb—a pronoun of the feminine gender". A contemporary caricature depicted him wearing a fashionable beaver hat and tightly closed coat and carrying a cane, reflecting Willis's wide reputation as a "dandy". | 15,180 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Willis put considerable effort into his appearance and his fashion sense, presenting himself as a member of an upcoming American aristocracy. As Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. once said, Willis was "something between a remembrance of Count D'Orsay and an anticipation of Oscar Wilde". Publisher Charles Frederick Briggs once wrote that "Willis was too Willisy". He described his writings as the "novelty and gossip of the hour" and was not necessarily concerned about facts but with the "material of conversation and speculation, which may be mere rumor, may be the truth". Willis's behavior in social groups annoyed fellow poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. "He is too artificial", Longfellow wrote to his | 15,181 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
friend George Washington Greene. "And his poetry has now lost one of its greatest charms for me—its sincerity". E. Burke Fisher, a journalist in Pittsburgh, wrote that "Willis is a kind of national pet and we must regard his faults as we do those of a spoiled stripling, in the hope that he will amend".
Willis built up his reputation in the public at a time when readers were interested in the personal lives of writers. In his writings, he described the "high life" of the "Upper Ten Thousand", a phrase he coined. His travel writings in particular were popular for this reason as Willis was actually living the life he was describing and recommending to readers. Even so, he manufactured a humble | 15,182 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
and modest persona, questioned his own literary merit, and purposely used titles, such as "Pencillings by the Way" and "Dashes at Life With Free Pencil", which downplayed their own quality. His informally toned editorials, which covered a variety of topics, were also very successful. Using whimsicality and humor, he was purposely informal to allow his personality to show in his writing. He addressed his readers personally, as if having a private conversation with them. As he once wrote: "We would have you ... indulge us in our innocent egotism as if it were all whispered in your private ear and over our iced "Margaux"". When women poets were becoming popular in the 1850s, he emulated their style | 15,183 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
and focused on sentimental and moral subjects.
In the publishing world, Willis was known as a shrewd magazinist and an innovator who focused on appealing to readers' special interests while still recognizing new talent. In fact, Willis became the standard by which other magazinists were judged. According to writer George William Curtis, "His gayety [sic] and his graceful fluency made him the first of our proper 'magazinists'". For a time, it was said that Willis was the "most-talked-about author" in the United States. Poe questioned Willis's fame, however. "Willis is "no" genius–a graceful trifler–no more", he wrote in a letter to James Russell Lowell. "In me, at least, he never excites an | 15,184 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
emotion." Minor Southern writer Joseph Beckham Cobb wrote: "No sane person, we are persuaded, can read his poetry". Future senator Charles Sumner reported: "I find Willis is much laughed at for his sketches". Even so, most contemporaries recognized how prolific he was as a writer and how much time he put into all of his writings. James Parton said of him:
By 1850 and with the publication of "Hurry-Graphs", Willis was becoming a forgotten celebrity. In August 1853, future President James A. Garfield discussed Willis's declining popularity in his diary: "Willis is said to be a licentious man, although an unrivaled poet. How strange that such men should go to ruin, when they might soar perpetually | 15,185 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
in the heaven of heavens". After Willis's death, obituaries reported that he had outlived his fame. One remarked, "the man who withdraws from the whirling currents of active life is speedily forgotten". This obituary also stated that Americans "will ever remember and cherish Nathaniel P. Willis as one worthy to stand with Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving". In 1946, the centennial issue of "Town & Country" reported that Willis "led a generation of Americans through a gate where weeds gave way to horticulture". More modern scholars have dismissed Willis's work as "sentimental prattle" or refer to him only as an obstacle in the progress of his sister as well as Harriet Jacobs. As biographer | 15,186 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Thomas N. Baker wrote, Willis is today only referred to as a footnote in relation to other authors.
# Selected list of works.
Prose
- "Sketches" (1827)
- "Pencillings by the Way" (1835)
- "Inklings of Adventure" (1836)
- "À l'Abri; or, The Tent Pitched" (1839)
- "Loiterings of Travel" (1840)
- "The Romance of Travel" (1840)
- "American Scenery" (2 volumes 1840)
- "Canadian Scenery" (2 volumes 1842)
- "Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil" (1845)
- "Rural Letters and Other Records of Thoughts at Leisure" (1849)
- "People I Have Met" (1850)
- "Life Here and There" (1850)
- "Hurry-Graphs" (1851)
- "Summer Cruise in the Mediterranean" (1853)
- "Fun Jottings; or, Laughs I have taken | 15,187 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
a Pen to" (1853)
- "Health Trip to the Tropics" (1854)
- "Ephemera" (1854)
- "Famous Persons and Places" (1854)
- "Out-Doors at Idlewild; or, The Shaping of a Home on the Banks of the Hudson" (1855)
- "The Rag Bag. A Collection of Ephemera" (1855)
- "Paul Fane; or, Parts of a Life Else Untold. A Novel" (1857)
- "The Convalescent" (1859)
Plays
- "Bianca Visconti; or, The Heart Overtasked. A Tragedy in Five Acts" (1839)
- "Tortesa; or, The Userer Matched" (1839)
Poetry
- "Fugitive Poetry" (1829)
- "Melanie and Other Poems" (1831)
- "The Sacred Poems of N. P. Willis" (1843)
- "Poems of Passion" (1843)
- "Lady Jane and Humorous Poems" (1844)
- "The Poems, Sacred, Passionate, and | 15,188 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Humorous" (1868)
# References.
## Sources.
- Auser, Cortland P. "Nathaniel P. Willis". New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.
- Baker, Thomas N. "Sentiment and Celebrity: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Trials of Literary Fame". New York, Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Bayless, Joy. "Rufus Wilmot Griswold: Poe's Literary Executor". Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1943.
- Beers, Henry A. "Nathaniel Parker Willis". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913.
- Callow, James T. "Kindred Spirits: Knickerbocker Writers and American Artists, 1807–1855". Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1967.
- Meyers, Jeffrey. "Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy". New York: Cooper | 15,189 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
Square Press, 1992.
- Pattee, Fred Lewis. "The First Century of American Literature: 1770–1870". New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966.
- Phillips, Mary E. "Edgar Allan Poe: The Man". Volume II. Chicago: The John C. Winston Co., 1926.
- Quinn, Arthur Hobson. "Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography". New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1941.
- Silverman, Kenneth. "Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance". New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.
- Tomc, Sandra. "An Idle Industry: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Workings of Literary Leisure", "American Quarterly". Vol. 49, Issue 4, December 1997: 780–805.
- Yellin, Jean Fagan. "Harriet Jacobs: A Life". Cambridge, Massachusetts: | 15,190 |
1215089 | Nathaniel Parker Willis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%20Parker%20Willis | Nathaniel Parker Willis
York: Harper Perennial, 1991.
- Tomc, Sandra. "An Idle Industry: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Workings of Literary Leisure", "American Quarterly". Vol. 49, Issue 4, December 1997: 780–805.
- Yellin, Jean Fagan. "Harriet Jacobs: A Life". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Civitas Books, 2004.
# External links.
- "Death of Edgar Poe" by Nathaniel Parker Willis. From the "Home Journal", October 20, 1849. Courtesy of The Edgar Allan Poe Society Online
- Summer cruise in the Mediterranean on board an American frigate by Nathaniel Parker Willis
- Nathaniel Parker Willis vs. Edwin Forrest from "The New York Times", May 2, 1852
- "Letter from Idlewild" from "Home Journal ", February 21, 1852 | 15,191 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
Gonzo (company)
# History.
- September 1992: Gonzo Inc. established by former Gainax members.
- May 1996: Digimation K.K. established.
- May 1999: Gonzo Inc. changed its company name to Gonzo K.K.
- February 2000: GDH established.
- May 2000: Creators.com K.K. established.
- April 2002: Gonzo K.K. and Digimation K.K. merge; the combined company is renamed Gonzo Digimation K.K.
- November 2003: Future Vision Music K.K. established.
- July 2004: Gonzo Dijimation K.K. changed its company name to GONZO K.K.; Creators.com K.K. changed its name to G-creators K.K.; Gonzo Digimation Holding changed its company name to GDH K.K.
- July 2005: Gonzino K.K. established.
- September 2005: Warp Gate | 15,192 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
Online K.K. becomes subsidiary.
- December 2005: GDH Capital K.K. established and Warp Gate Online K.K. changed its company name to Gonzo Rosso Online K.K.
- February 2006: GK Entertainment established.
- April 2009: GDH K.K. merged with its subsidiary, Gonzo K.K., and changed its name to Gonzo K.K.
- June 2019: Gonzo transfers some of the properties to Studio Kai.
# Financial issues.
The studio had a financial problem in their closing account in the 2008–2009 term and stated its deficit was estimated over 30 million dollars. The Tokyo Stock Exchange announced that on July 30, 2009 Gonzo would be delisted from the exchange. This delisting is the conclusion of a notification made to investors | 15,193 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
in March 2008 that the studio's financial liabilities exceeded its total financial assets. Since Gonzo was unable to reverse this, paperwork for delisting was filed at the end of June.
The studio is still able to operate, and its parent company GDH has absorbed it in an effort to consolidate management. The combined company now simply refers to itself as Gonzo. By April 2009, the merger was complete.
As part of the restructuring, GDH also sold the Gonzo Rosso game development subsidiary, GDH Capital financing subsidiary, and remaining shares of Tablier Communications initially acquired in March 2006. Gonzo Rosso K.K. was sold to Chushou service kikou kabushikigaisha (division of Incubator | 15,194 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
Bank of Japan, Limited) on 2009-03-31.
Since this deficit, Gonzo has started to post better earnings due to the release of titles such as Rosario + Vampire to western online streaming websites such as Netflix. The marketing of these products to western audiences has returned Gonzo to financial stability, and Gonzo posted higher than expected profit margins in the April–September 2012 period.
# Works.
## ONAs.
- October 2001 – ""
- July 2018 – "Calamity of a Zombie Girl"
- December 2018 – ""
- June 2019 – "7 Seeds"
- TBA – "Cagaster of an Insect Cage"
## OVAs.
- 1998–2000 – "Blue Submarine No. 6"
- 1999–2000 – "Melty Lancer: The Animation"
- 2001 – ""
- 2002-2003 - "Gate Keepers | 15,195 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
21"
- 2002–2005 – "Yukikaze (anime)"
- 2004 – "Kaleido Star Aratanaru Tsubasa Extra Stage"
- 2007 – "Bakuretsu Tenshi -Infinity", "Strike Witches", ""
- 2018 – "Hori-san to Miyamura-kun" (Ep 4)
## Films.
- January 2006 – "Gin-iro no Kami no Agito" Also known as ""
- July 2006 – "Brave Story"
- July 2007 – "Summer Days with Coo"
- January 2009 – "" (with Spike Animation Studios)
- November 2013 – ""
## Games.
- 1996: "" (PlayStation / Sega Saturn) – contributed anime sequences
- 1997: "Silhouette Mirage" – contributed anime sequences
- 1998: "" (PlayStation / Sega Saturn) – contributed anime sequences
- 1998: "Radiant Silvergun" – contributed anime sequences
- 1999: "" contributed | 15,196 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
intro FMV and character stills
- 2001: "" – contributed intro FMV and character stills
- 2001: "SkyGunner" – contributed anime sequences
- 2002: "Suikoden III" – contributed intro FMV
- 2003: "" – contributed anime sequences
- 2009: "" – contributed anime sequences in home version
- 2010: "Super Street Fighter IV" – contributed anime ending sequences
- 2010: "" – contributed anime sequences in home version
## Music videos.
- 2004: "Breaking the Habit" by Linkin Park
- 2007: "Freedom" by Blood Stain Child
- 2008: "Forsaken" by Dream Theater
## Shorts.
- 2013: "The Midnight Animals"
## Manga.
- 2001: "Vandread"
- 2002: "Vandread" (Vandread Special Stage)
- 2003: "Kiddy Grade" | 15,197 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
(Kiddy Grade Versus)
- 2003: "Kiddy Grade" (Kiddy Grade Reverse)
- 2004: "Bakuretsu Tenshi" (Angel's Adolescence)
- 2005: "Gankutsuou"
- 2005: "Speed Grapher"
- 2007: "Romeo x Juliet"
- 2007: "Red Garden"
- 2007: "Getsumen to Heiki Miina"
- 2008: "Blassreiter – Genetic"
# International distribution.
Many of Gonzo's titles were licensed for North American distribution by Geneon, ADV Films, and Funimation Entertainment. ADV Films UK branch was the UK distributor for Gonzo titles licensed by ADV, with the exception of "Gantz", as it was licensed by MVM Films. "Gad Guard", "Hellsing", and "Last Exile", which were titles originally licensed by Geneon, were also licensed by ADV Films UK, | 15,198 |
1215174 | Gonzo (company) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzo%20(company) | Gonzo (company)
although they're no longer licensed since the company's closure. MVM Films was the UK licensee for the majority of Gonzo titles licensed by Funimation in the US, with the exception of "Afro Samurai", which was initially distributed directly in the UK by GDH and later by Manga Entertainment UK who also licensed "Strike Witches" (season 1), "", and recently "Last Exile" and "Hellsing". "Welcome to the N.H.K.", "Pumpkin Scissors", and "Red Garden", which were originally licensed by ADV Films UK, were re-licensed by MVM Films.
In June 2006, it signed a long-term output deal with the anime television network, Animax, which saw Animax broadcasting all of Gonzo's anime titles across all of its networks | 15,199 |
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