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1401773 | Plaza 66 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza%2066 | Plaza 66
Plaza 66
Plaza 66 () is a commercial and office complex in Shanghai, consisting of a shopping mall and two skyscrapers. The shopping mall has 5 levels with a total area of over 50,000 square metres. Tower One is high and was completed in 2001, while Tower 2 is high and was completed in 2006.
Tower One is currently the 7th tallest skyscraper in Shanghai and the fourth tallest building in the Puxi area. It is located at 1266 Nanjing Road West and has 66 floors. The project was developed by Hang Lung Properties of Hong Kong, led by Ronnie Chan. The buildings were designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF) architects from New York. The lead designer for KPF was James von Klemperer and the manager in charge | 16,700 |
1401773 | Plaza 66 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza%2066 | Plaza 66
of the project was Paul Katz. The building got third most votes in the 2001 Emporis Skyscraper Award selection.
# Introduction.
Plaza 66 is an office building and integrated commercial complex in Shanghai, China. The building has 66 floors, which is why it was named Plaza 66. There is a department store from the first floor to the fifth floor containing high-end brands. Many fashion brands have chosen this department store as the location for their flagship stores in Shanghai. They include Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Cartier, Chanel, Dior, Celine, Escada, Bvlgari, Fendi, Loewe, Prada, Versace and Lanvin.
The building was up until 2010 the location for M2, one of the most famous nightclubs in Shanghai. | 16,701 |
1401773 | Plaza 66 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza%2066 | Plaza 66
integrated commercial complex in Shanghai, China. The building has 66 floors, which is why it was named Plaza 66. There is a department store from the first floor to the fifth floor containing high-end brands. Many fashion brands have chosen this department store as the location for their flagship stores in Shanghai. They include Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Cartier, Chanel, Dior, Celine, Escada, Bvlgari, Fendi, Loewe, Prada, Versace and Lanvin.
The building was up until 2010 the location for M2, one of the most famous nightclubs in Shanghai. M2 was relocated to another location the same year.
# See also.
- List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
# External links.
- Plaza 66 at www.hanglung.com | 16,702 |
1401776 | Ricoh Black Rams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricoh%20Black%20Rams | Ricoh Black Rams
Ricoh Black Rams
Ricoh Black Rams is a Japanese rugby union team in the Top League. Placed 10th in the 2004-2005 season which meant it had to win a play-off against one of the top regional teams to stay in the league, as it did.
Slogan for 2006 season: TAFU ("Tough" in English). The acronym stands for Team, Aggression, Faith, Unity.
In January 2008 it was announced that Stephen Larkham will be joining the team next season, but the team was relegated back to the Japan East League where Larkham will begin his career in Japan. In April 2008 Todd Louden was announced as head coach, to be assisted by Pote Human ("Daily Yomiuri", April 26, 2008).
# Schedule/Results.
2005
February 13. Ricoh Black | 16,703 |
1401776 | Ricoh Black Rams | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricoh%20Black%20Rams | Ricoh Black Rams
odd Louden was announced as head coach, to be assisted by Pote Human ("Daily Yomiuri", April 26, 2008).
# Schedule/Results.
2005
February 13. Ricoh Black Rams v Toyota Jido Shokki - placed third in the Top League Challenge Series.
# Players.
## Current squad.
The current Ricoh Black Rams squad is:
## Former.
- Glen Osborne - Fullback
- Inoke Afeaki - Lock
- Eroni Clarke - Centre
- James Haskell - Loose Forward
- Ma'a Nonu - Centre
- Stephen Larkham - Fly Half
- Sui Liaga - Wing
- Dean Hall - Wing
- Glenn Paterson - Fly Half
# Coaches.
- Tim Lane (2005-6 season)
# External links.
- Ricoh Black Rams - official site
- Ricoh unveils Larkham - Daily Yomiuri, February 14, 2008 | 16,704 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
Ludworth, County Durham
Ludworth is a pit village in County Durham, England situated between Durham and Peterlee.
It consists of just over 350 houses in three main housing estates (Barnard Avenue, Moor Crescent and Springfield Meadows) and a few smaller streets.
Ludworth has a Post Office, a primary school, a community centre and a printers. The village used to have a church, two Methodist chapels and a fish shop, most of which were destroyed in a fire. The last public house in Ludworth, "The Queen's Head", has been closed since before 2009.
Ludworth Tower was originally a medieval manor house, founded by the de Ludworth family. In 1422, Thomas Holden added a rectangular pele tower, when | 16,705 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
he was granted licence to crenellate his manorial complex, by Cardinal Langley. The only surviving remains are the barrel-vaulted basement, the three storey west wall and fragments of a first floor spiral stair in the south wall. The remains can be seen on the left as you come into the village from Shadforth.
# Economy.
Ludworth used to be a mining community. The "Low Main" and the "Main Coal" were the seams worked at Ludworth, giving an output at one time of 400 tons per day, and where employment was given to over 300 hands.
## Coal mining accidents.
34 people have been named as having died while working in the colliery:
Addison, Matthew, 03 Mar 1859, aged 10, Trapper, crushed by tub and | 16,706 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
pony
Anderson, Irvine, 24 Dec 1844, aged 29, who, with two others, was ascending Ludworth Pit in a corf. When it was about seven fathoms from the bottom of the shaft, it struck against the side and he was thrown out. He was recovered from the bottom of the shaft and taken home, but died three hours later from a fractured skull. The inquest into his death was held on Tuesday, 24 December
Arkley, Thomas, 26 Dec 1899, aged 64, Screenman, fell down dead from heart disease while at his work.
Atkin, Richard, 07 Aug 1924, aged 32, Pumpman, fell down shaft, Buried: St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, Shadforth
Berry, James, 12 Dec 1855, thrown down the shaft
Brown, William Michael, 21 Feb 1902, aged 57, | 16,707 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
Master Shifter, deceased signalled to the winding engineman to take the cage from the 5/4 to main coal seam and then attempted to get into the cage, but the engineman, not knowing there was no onsetter there, dropped the cage at once, and Brown was caught and killed
Craig, William, 6 May 1880, aged 40, Deputy, while attempting to draw a set of chocks in longwall he knocked out a wedge, and immediately a fall took place; he neglected to set a prop, although told by another deputy to do so, as the stone was found to be bad
Elsdon, Joseph, 10 Jan 1845, aged 26, Sinker, fell down shaft
Farrow, Joseph, 01 Mar 1848, Deputy Overman, he was crushed to death when part of the roof fell on him
Ferry, | 16,708 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
Joseph, Feb 1848, killed by a fall of stone from the roof
Fletcher, John, 20 Mar 1883, aged 31, Hewer, fall of stone while working in a jud, a stone fell out next to goaf
Gibson, George, 23 Apr 1852, aged 35, in cage which fell down the North Pit shaft [The Durham Chronicle - 02/04/1852], Buried: St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, Shadforth
Haddick, Craik, 10 Jan 1845, aged 33, Sinker, fell down shaft
Hedley, Thomas, 23 Apr 1852, aged 20, in cage which fell down the North Pit shaft [The Durham Chronicle - 02/04/1852], Buried: St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, Shadforth
Hedley, William, 23 Apr 1852, aged 24, in cage which fell down the North Pit shaft [The Durham Chronicle - 02/04/1852], Buried: St. Cuthbert's | 16,709 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
Churchyard, Shadforth
Hunter, John, 10 Jan 1845, aged 28, Sinker, fell down shaft
Iley, William, 22 Feb 1878, (accident: 14 Feb 1878), aged 30, Heap Keeper, leg badly crushed between waggons while passing between them
Johnson, Ralph, 10 Jun 1859, aged 14, Horse Driver, killed by a fall of stone
Johnson, Thomas, 04 Sep 1852, aged 11, Driver, fell off the limmers attached to a laden coal-tub, his head was jammed between the off-side fore wheel and the tramplate.
Justice, James, 05 Jun 1850, aged 66, Furnaceman, he had gone to work at 4p.m. and was found on the following morning lying 40 yards from the furnace with 'a stone of considerable weight on his legs' — his head was also injured; the | 16,710 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
roof in that area was 16 feet high
Kyle, Edward, 31 Jan 1916, aged 53, Air Compressor Minder, he started his shift at 6 a.m. and ten hours later was found dead lying on the floor of the air compressor engine house
Lonsdale, William, 24 Nov 1861, aged 31, Shifter, fall of stone on horse road
Moor, Thomas, 13 Jan 1847, aged 26, Banksman, hit by part of the pulley wheel in a cage overwind
Morton, George, 18 Sep 1846, aged 11, Trapper, He left his door open and went to assist another lad to push a tub of coals up an incline. The cottril by which the pony was attached to the tub slipped, causing the tub to run back. Morton was jammed between a prop and another tub and died instantly
Porter, | 16,711 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
John, 07 Nov 1874, aged 64, Wasteman, crushed by cage at pit bottom, Buried: St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, Shadforth
Robson, John, 08 Mar 1899, aged 63, Hewer, Died while working at the coal face from heart disease.
Robson, Joseph, 10 Jan 1845, aged 28, Sinker, fell down shaft
Rose, Richard, 02 Oct 1878, aged 37, Labourer, severely crushed by tub at tip end by pony running away and upsetting a tub of stone on him; he died next day
Stephenson, Robert, 22 Oct 1860, aged 33, Hewer, killed by a fall of stone
Sweeny, Anthony, 18 Nov 1876, aged 12, Trapper, crushed between cage and flat sheets by getting into cage while it was in motion, contrary to rules
Taylor, John, 30 Jul 1893, aged 57, Labourer, | 16,712 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
Died in hospital to-day from alleged injuries received to foot while emptying a tub of stone on refuse heap a month ago. No confirmatory evidence; it appears to be an old wound.
Watson, William, 23 Apr 1852, aged 11, in cage which fell down the North Pit shaft [The Durham Chronicle - 02/04/1852], Buried: Thornley
White, Robert, 28 Oct 1877, (accident: 25 Oct 1877), aged 62, Mason, injury to spine by falling from scaffold while repairing smithy roof
Wilkinson, John, 13 Oct 1846, aged 12, while standing waiting to be drawn up from the High Main Coal seam at Ludworth Pit on 13 October, John Wilkinson, aged 12, was accidentally knocked through a hole in the brattice by the onsetter, who was taking | 16,713 |
1401755 | Ludworth, County Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludworth,%20County%20Durham | Ludworth, County Durham
], Buried: Thornley
White, Robert, 28 Oct 1877, (accident: 25 Oct 1877), aged 62, Mason, injury to spine by falling from scaffold while repairing smithy roof
Wilkinson, John, 13 Oct 1846, aged 12, while standing waiting to be drawn up from the High Main Coal seam at Ludworth Pit on 13 October, John Wilkinson, aged 12, was accidentally knocked through a hole in the brattice by the onsetter, who was taking a tub out of the cage. The boy fell down the opposite section of the shaft, a distance of about 10 fathoms, and was killed.
# References.
- Margot Johnson. "Ludworth Tower" in "Durham: Historic and University City and surrounding area". Sixth Edition. Turnstone Ventures. 1992. . Page 31. | 16,714 |
1401762 | NEC Green Rockets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEC%20Green%20Rockets | NEC Green Rockets
NEC Green Rockets
NEC Green Rockets is a Japanese rugby union team in the Top League. The team's captain is Ryota Asano. The previous captain was Takuro Miuchi, who was also the captain of the Japan national rugby union team. Before the semi-professional Top League was created, the team was just known as "NEC". The amateur club was founded in 1985 in the Kantō region.
NEC Green Rockets won the All-Japan Championship final for the second time on February 27, 2005, beating Toyota Verblitz 17-13. They drew 6-6 with Toshiba Brave Lupus in the 43rd Japan Championship final on February 26, 2006 after an effective defensive effort and the sin-binning of Glen Marsh in the last ten minutes of the game.
# | 16,715 |
1401762 | NEC Green Rockets | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEC%20Green%20Rockets | NEC Green Rockets
ter an effective defensive effort and the sin-binning of Glen Marsh in the last ten minutes of the game.
# Honours.
- All-Japan Championship
- Champions: 2005, 2006 (with Toshiba Brave Lupus)
# Current squad.
The current NEC Green Rockets squad is:
# Former players.
- John Kirwan - (before the Top League started), and later head coach of Japan national rugby union team
- Kiyonori Okano
- Takayuki Higo - coach
- George Konia
- Glen Marsh
- Joe Stanley
- Jeremy Stanley
# See also.
- Microsoft Cup
# External links.
- NEC, Toshiba share title, Daily Yomiuri, February 27, 2006
- NEC Green Rockets - official site
- Rugby gods smile on Green Rockets, Japan Times February 28, 2005 | 16,716 |
1401765 | The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Riddle%20of%20the%20Universe%20and%20Its%20Solution | The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution
The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution
"The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution" is a short story written by Christopher Cherniak appearing in the 1981 book "The Mind's I". It describes a research project in computer science which includes content that produces catatonia in anyone who views it. The material is harmful only if comprehended by its victim—in some cases there is an incubation period before an exposed subject reaches the fatal conclusion. Often, the last thing said by such individuals before slipping irrevocably into a coma is "Aha!"
Only after the lethal files tragically affect a team which fetches them remotely—hoping to avoid a presumed biological disease—is the true | 16,717 |
1401765 | The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Riddle%20of%20the%20Universe%20and%20Its%20Solution | The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution
last thing said by such individuals before slipping irrevocably into a coma is "Aha!"
Only after the lethal files tragically affect a team which fetches them remotely—hoping to avoid a presumed biological disease—is the true danger realised. Efforts to use apes to discover which part of the files has this effect fail: so the effect is limited to humans.
# See also.
- "BLIT"
- "Blipvert"
- "Snow Crash"
- "Infinite Jest"
- "The Funniest Joke in the World"
- "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and_Everything"
- Basilisk
- Harmful visual sensation is a recurring motif in the works of David Langford
# External links.
- "The Riddle of the Universe and Its Solution" | 16,718 |
1401827 | Narumi Yasuda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narumi%20Yasuda | Narumi Yasuda
Narumi Yasuda
Initially she was the winner of a competition to find a singer to sing the theme song and promote Hayao Miyazaki's now-popular anime film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind", "Kaze no Tani no Naushika", composed by Haruomi Hosono (former Yellow Magic Orchestra member).
# Selected filmography.
## Films.
- "Inujini seshi mono" (1986)
- "Minami e Hashire, Umi no Michi o!" (1986)
- "Sorobanzuku" (1986)
- "Bakayaro! I'm Plenty Mad" (1988)
- "" (2010)
- "Fukushima 50" (2020)
## Television.
- "Teppan" (2010–2011), Machiko Murakami
- "Totto TV" (2016), Cho Kuroyanagi
- "Miotsukushi Ryōrichō " (2017) | 16,719 |
1401829 | Qāriʾ | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qāriʾ | Qāriʾ
Qāriʾ
A qāriʾ (, plural "qāriʾūna", "qurrāʾ" or "qaraʾah"; English: "reader") is a person who recites the Quran with the proper rules of recitation ("tajwid").
Although it is encouraged, a qāriʾ does not necessarily have to memorize the Quran, just to recite it according to the rules of tajwid with melodious sound.
# Notable Qāri.
The following list is a partial list of some notable reciters of the Qur'an:
## Afghanistan.
- Muhammad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
## Bahrain.
- Ahmed Saoud
## Bangladesh.
- Delwar Hossain Sayeedi
## Egypt.
- Mohamed Salamah
- Muhammad Rifat
- Kamil Yusuf Al-Bahtimi
- Mahmoud Khalil Al-Hussary
- Mustafa Ismail
- Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad
## India.
- Zakaria | 16,720 |
1401829 | Qāriʾ | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qāriʾ | Qāriʾ
ad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
## Bahrain.
- Ahmed Saoud
## Bangladesh.
- Delwar Hossain Sayeedi
## Egypt.
- Mohamed Salamah
- Muhammad Rifat
- Kamil Yusuf Al-Bahtimi
- Mahmoud Khalil Al-Hussary
- Mustafa Ismail
- Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad
## India.
- Zakaria Badat
- Husain Burhanuddin
## Indonesia.
- Maria Ulfah
- Muammar Z.A.
- Mu'min Ainul Mubarak
## Kuwait.
- Mishary Rashid Alafasy
## Pakistan.
- Waheed Zafar Qasmi
- Qari Syed Sadaqat Ali
- Shakir Qasmi
- Zahir Qasmi
- Muhammad Farooq
## Saudi Arabia.
- Ahmad bin Ali Al-Ajmi
- Saad El Ghamidi
- Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri
- Saud Al-Shuraim
- Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais
# External links.
- Qur'an recitation | 16,721 |
1401830 | A Season with McLaren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Season%20with%20McLaren | A Season with McLaren
A Season with McLaren
The Team: A Season With McLaren is a 7-part TV series produced by John Gau Productions for the BBC during the 1993 Formula One season and first transmitted on BBC2 between 12 November and 24 December 1993. The series followed the team and regular drivers Ayrton Senna and Michael Andretti, as well as test driver Mika Häkkinen, giving a behind-the-scenes insight to the McLaren team.
The series consisted of seven episodes, each approximately 30 minutes in length:
- A Man For All Seasons (12 November 1993)
- Mika Häkkinen joins the team in Portugal
- The Rookie (19 November 1993)
- Michael Andretti prepares for the race in Montreal
- A Few Good Men (26 November 1993)
- | 16,722 |
1401830 | A Season with McLaren | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%20Season%20with%20McLaren | A Season with McLaren
the team in Portugal
- The Rookie (19 November 1993)
- Michael Andretti prepares for the race in Montreal
- A Few Good Men (26 November 1993)
- A look at the hard work of the team mechanics as they rebuild a damaged car in Monaco
- The Boy From Brazil (3 December 1993)
- Working with Ayrton Senna
- Friendly Persuasion (10 December 1993)
- Marketing and Public Relations, focusing on the British Grand Prix
- The Rules Of The Game (17 December 1993)
- The team reacts to FISA's ban on active suspension
- Good-bye To All That (24 December 1993)
- Senna wins his final victory, making McLaren the most successful Grand Prix team in history
The episodes were narrated by Tim Pigott-Smith. | 16,723 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Shanshan
Shanshan (; ) was a kingdom located at the north-eastern end of the Taklamakan Desert near the great, but now mostly dry, salt lake known as Lop Nur.
The kingdom was originally an independent city-state, known in the almost undocumented language of its inhabitants as "Kröran" or "Kroraina" – which is commonly rendered in Chinese as Loulan. Chinese dynasties took direct control of the kingdom some time after 77 BCE, and it was later known in Chinese as Shanshan. The archaeologist J. P. Mallory has suggested that the name Shanshan may be derived from the name of another city in the area, "Cherchen" (later known in Chinese as "Qiemo").
# Location.
The kingdom of Kröran (Loulan), later | 16,724 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Shanshan, was probably founded at a strategically-located walled town, near the north-west corner of Lop Nur, next to the then outflow of the Tarim River into Lop Nur (40° 9’ N, 89° 5’ E). The site of Kröran covered about with a Buddhist pagoda about high, numerous houses, and irrigation ditches.
The kingdom included the city of Charklik (near the modern town of Ruoqiang to the south-west of Lop Nur), Cherchen (later Qiemo), as well as Niya, further to the south-west.
# History.
## Han Dynasty.
In 126 BCE, the Chinese envoy, Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near Lop Nur.
Because of its position on what became the main routes from China to the West, controlling both the Southern | 16,725 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Route between Dunhuang and Khotan, and the main Silk Route from Dunhuang to Korla Kucha and Kashgar during the Former Han and Later Han; control of the kingdom was regularly contested between the Chinese and the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu repeatedly contested the Han Chinese for control of the region until well into the 2nd century CE.
In 77 BCE, the Chinese envoy Fu Jiezi was sent to kill the Loulan king, named Chang Gui or An Gui (嘗歸 or 安歸), after several Han envoys were kidnapped and killed. He arrived on the pretext of carrying gold and valuables to the outer states and intending to give a presentation to the king, but stabbed the Loulan king to death while he was drunk. The king's younger brother | 16,726 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Wei-tu-qi (尉屠耆) was then installed as the king of Loulan by the Han ruler, and the kingdom was renamed Shanshan.
The newly installed king requested the presence of Han forces in Yixun (伊循), due to his fear of retribution from the sons of the assassinated king in Loulan. Chinese army officers were therefore sent to colonise the area, and an office of commandant was established at Yixun.
In 25 CE it was recorded that Shanshan was in league with the Xiongnu. In 73 AD, the Han army officer Ban Chao went to Shanshan with a small group of followers, which was also receiving a delegation from the Xiongnu. Ban Chao killed the Xiongnu envoys and presented their heads to the King, after which King Guang | 16,727 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
of Shanshan offered his allegiance to Han.
Loulan was later recorded as a dependent kingdom of Shanshan in the 3rd century "Weilüe".
## Buddhism in Shanshan.
An inscription in the Kharoṣṭhī script was found at Endere, originally written around in the middle of the 3rd century CE. The inscription describes the king of Shanshan as a follower of Mahāyāna Buddhism — one who has "set forth in the Great Vehicle." The king who this refers to was probably Aṃgoka, who was the most powerful king of Shanshan. According to Richard Salomon, there is every reason to believe that Mahāyāna Buddhism was prominent in Shanshan at this time and enjoyed royal patronage.
More evidence of official adoption of | 16,728 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Mahāyāna Buddhism in Shanshan is seen in a letter inscribed in wood which dates to several decades later. The letter describes the Great Cozbo Ṣamasena as one who is, "beloved of men and gods, honoured by men and gods, blessed with a good name, who has set forth in the Mahāyāna."
## Three Kingdoms period.
A military colony of 1,000 men was established at Loulan in 260 CE by the Chinese General So Man. The site was abandoned in 330 CE due to lack of water when the Tarim River, which supported the settlement, changed course and the military garrison was moved 50 km south to Haitou. The fort of Yingpan to the northwest remained under Chinese control until the Tang Dynasty.
## Jin Dynasty to | 16,729 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
early Tang.
Chinese rule continued into the Western Jin Dynasty and intermittently in later centuries. It was recorded that in 283 the son of the king was sent as a hostage to the Chinese court during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. In the 5th century, the Northern Wei installed a Chinese king in Loulan and called the city the Shanshan Fort. Then at the end of the 6th century, the Sui Dynasty established the city state of Shanshan at Loulan.
The Chinese pilgrim monk, Faxian, stayed about a month in Shanshan after a 17-day journey from Dunhuang in 399 CE. He described the country as "rugged and hilly, with a thin and barren soil. The clothes of the common people are coarse, and like | 16,730 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
those worn in our land of Han, some wearing felt and others coarse serge or hair. ... The king professed (our) Law, and there might be in the country more than four thousand monks, who were all students of the hînâyana (Hinayāna). ... (The monks) ...were all students of Indian books and the Indian language."
From the 5th century onwards, however, the land was frequently invaded by nomads such as Tuyuhuns, the Rourans, and the Dingling, and the area became gradually abandoned. In the spring of 442 CE, Loulan was invaded by Juqu Anzhou and its king fled to Jumo (Cherchen), and Shanshan then came to be ruled from Qiemo.
At around 630 (at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty period), the remaining | 16,731 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Shanshan people, led by Shan Fu Tuo (鄯伏陁), migrated to Hami in the Northern area. The Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang passed through this region in 644 on his return from India to China, visited a town called Nafubo (納縛波, thought to be Charklik) of the Loulan country, and he also wrote of Qiemo: "A fortress exists, but not a trace of man".
## Modern era.
In 2011, the local government decided to undertake a large-scale development aimed at positioning Shan Shan as "The Desert Tourism City" to attract a larger number to tourists to the area. Tourism and attraction development consultant Leisure Quest International (USA) was retained to develop a master plan and conceptual design for the development. | 16,732 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
The plan includes development of a themed destination which would include a walled city reminiscent of ancient Loulan, desert facing hotels, shops and restaurants as well as a themed residential development.
A county is named after Shanshan (Piqan County) in modern Xinjiang, although it lies outside of the historical area of Shanshan.
# Towns.
- Lop Desert
- Loulan
- Niya
- Miran
# See also.
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
# References.
- Baumer, Christoph. (2000). "Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin". Bangkok, White Orchid Books.
- Brough, J. 1965. "Comments on third century Shan-shan and the history of Buddhism." "Bulletin of the School of | 16,733 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Oriental and African Studies". XXVIII, 3, pp. 582–612.
- Brough, J. 1970. "Supplementary Notes on Third-Century Shan-Shan." "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies". XXXIII, pp. 39–45.
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. "China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty". E. Brill, Leiden. .
- Loewe, Michael 1969. "Chinese Relations with Central Asia." "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies", 32, pp. 91–103.
- Noble, Peter S. 1930–32 "A Kharoṣṭhī Inscription from Endere." "Bulletin of the Society of Oriental Studies", VI, (1930–32), pp. 445–455.
- Stein, | 16,734 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Aurel M. 1907. "Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan", 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. "Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China", 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.
- Stein Aurel M. 1928. "Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran", 5 vols. Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
- Thomas, F. W. 1943–46. "Some Notes On Central-Asian Kharosthī Documents." "Bulletin of the Society of Oriental Studies", 11, pp. 513–549.
- Watson, Burton, trans. (1993). "Records of | 16,735 |
1401760 | Shanshan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanshan | Shanshan
Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
- Thomas, F. W. 1943–46. "Some Notes On Central-Asian Kharosthī Documents." "Bulletin of the Society of Oriental Studies", 11, pp. 513–549.
- Watson, Burton, trans. (1993). "Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II - Revised Edition". Columbia University Press, New York. and (pbk)
# External links.
- Silk Road Seattle (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works)
- Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: Lou-lan
- Downloadable article: "Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age" Li et al. "BMC Biology" 2010, 8:15. | 16,736 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
Canada Corps
Canada Corps was a Canadian government program created to help developing and unstable countries to promote good governance and institution building. The programme was administered by the Canadian International Development Agency. The Minister for International Cooperation was responsible for the agency.
# Purpose.
In the October 2004 Speech from the Throne, one element of the Canada Corps mandate highlighted the need to "help young Canadians bring their enthusiasm and energy to the world." Canada Corps determined to create a common identity around Canadian excellence in governance by affiliating with others who deliver existing governance programming as well as developing new | 16,737 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
and innovative programs of its own.
Canada Corps facilitated Canadians voluntary working together to promote good governance and institution-building in developing countries and fragile states. New and existing programs to send Canadian expertise overseas were combined under one umbrella organization. Canada Corps was designed to mobilize citizens of all backgrounds, together with non-governmental organizations and all levels of government. The intention was that by sharing our expertise in governance, we can apply our skills and ideas in the countries that need them the most.
Canada Corps was built on four goals:
- Mobilization of Canadians to go abroad,
- Public engagement,
- Coherence | 16,738 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
of governance programming, and
- Expansion of Canada's governance base of knowledge.
# Governance.
All Canada Corps programs focused on governance, an area where Canada has long been regarded as a leader. Good governance is central to any political economy because it deals with the institutions, processes and relationships necessary to moving a society forward. Governance is also increasingly understood to be a central part of sustainable development and poverty reduction.
Programming in governance involved a wide range of activity areas: democracy, elections and parliaments, a fair and impartial judiciary, mechanisms to respect and protect human rights, an effective and transparent public | 16,739 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
sector, and a stable and reliable security system to protect people and resolve conflict fairly and peacefully. Good governance is also an integral component of private-sector development, creating an environment that enables economic growth.
At the provincial and national level, Canada Corps desired to help build on lasting institutions, enabling countries take charge of their own development. At the regional or local level, Canada Corps helped local governments respond better to citizens' needs.
# Missions.
The first mission of the programme was to send a delegation of approximately 500 Canadians as election observers to the December 26 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Since then, | 16,740 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
they have served as international observers in a number of other nations, notably the February 2006 Presidential Elections in Haiti and the January 2006 Palestinian Parliamentary Elections.
# Involvement.
To maximize the sharing of ideas and the long-term effectiveness of Canada's work overseas, Canada Corps also combined the maturity and experience of a wide variety of experts with the enthusiasm and new perspectives of younger Canadians.
The Canada Corps was geared towards young professionals, youth and in general younger Canadians, while drawing on experienced experts in the specific fields.
# Evolution.
In October 2006, Canada's newly elected Conservative government replaced Canada | 16,741 |
1401837 | Canada Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%20Corps | Canada Corps
while drawing on experienced experts in the specific fields.
# Evolution.
In October 2006, Canada's newly elected Conservative government replaced Canada Corps with the new Office for Democratic Governance (ODG). Subsequently, various programs were cut and others restructured. The ODG took over most Canada Corps responsibilities for supporting CIDA programming in the following pillars of democratic governance:
- Human Rights
- Accountable Public Institutions
- Freedom and Democracy
- Rule of Law
The ODG was dissolved shortly thereafter.
# See also.
- GlobalMedic
- Katimavik
# External links.
- Official Website
- Official Website of ODG
- Opinion Piece on Cancellation of the ODG | 16,742 |
1401838 | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine%20Accrediting%20Association%20of%20Schools,%20Colleges%20and%20Universities | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities
Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities
The Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU) is a private, voluntary, non-profit and non-stock corporation which was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines. It is a service organization which accredits academic programs which meet commonly accepted standards of quality education.
PAASCU is an accrediting body composed of different private educational institutions that stamp other private schools with a quality standard attained with regard to their programs.
# History.
PAASCU was established in November 5, 1957 as a private, voluntary, non-profit | 16,743 |
1401838 | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine%20Accrediting%20Association%20of%20Schools,%20Colleges%20and%20Universities | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities
and non-stock corporation. The Bureau of Education and Culture (now Department of Education) formally endorsed PAASCU as an accrediting agency in November 1967.
In 1977 the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines was established and one of its three founding members is PAASCU.
In 1991 the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE) was established and one of its founding members is the PAASCU. The INQAAHE is an international association of over 200 organizations that are active in theory and practice of quality assurance higher education.
PAASCU is also one of the founding member of the Asia-Pacific Quality Network (APQN). The APQN has | 16,744 |
1401838 | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine%20Accrediting%20Association%20of%20Schools,%20Colleges%20and%20Universities | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities
been established with the purpose of satisfying the needs of quality assurance agencies in higher education.
# Accredited Programs by PAASCU.
These are the following programs that are accredited by PAASCU:
# Standards.
PAASCU judges an institution not by comparison with other institutions but primarily by the degree to which each institution's own avowed purposes are matched by actual practice in the various areas being evaluated. Thus, a school is judged on the basis of the "total pattern" presented by it.
# See also.
- Educational accreditation
- Higher education in the Philippines
- List of universities and colleges in the Philippines
- Commission on Higher Education
- Professional | 16,745 |
1401838 | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine%20Accrediting%20Association%20of%20Schools,%20Colleges%20and%20Universities | Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities
ncies in higher education.
# Accredited Programs by PAASCU.
These are the following programs that are accredited by PAASCU:
# Standards.
PAASCU judges an institution not by comparison with other institutions but primarily by the degree to which each institution's own avowed purposes are matched by actual practice in the various areas being evaluated. Thus, a school is judged on the basis of the "total pattern" presented by it.
# See also.
- Educational accreditation
- Higher education in the Philippines
- List of universities and colleges in the Philippines
- Commission on Higher Education
- Professional Regulation Commission
- Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines | 16,746 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
Peugeot 307
The Peugeot 307 is a small family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot since 2001, following the Peugeot 306 which ceased production in 2002. It was awarded the European Car of the Year title for 2002, and continued to be offered in China and certain South American markets through 2014, despite the French launch of the 308 (its intended successor) in September 2007.
# History.
The 307 was presented as the 307 Prométhée prototype at the 2000 Mondial de l'Automobile. The production hatchback versions were introduced to the European markets on 26 April 2001, as a successor to the Peugeot 306. The 307 was also sold in Australia, New Zealand, Asia, and (in 1.6 and 2.0 petrol | 16,747 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
versions) Mexico.
In Brazil, the 307 is sold with 1.6 and 2.0 flex (gas/ethanol) engines.
# Design and engineering.
The 307 makes use of a reworked 306 platform, that can also be found on the Citroën Xsara as well as the 1991 Citroën ZX. However, the car is larger than the 306 in every direction. The 307 continued the company's styling first seen on the Peugeot 206 and Peugeot 607.
With upswept front lights and a steeply rising bonnet leading to a highly sloped windscreen (and the upright rear doors first seen on the 206), the 307 departed from the Pininfarina designed themes employed on the previous two generations of Peugeots, as introduced with the Peugeot 205, and ending with the (evolutionary) | 16,748 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
Peugeot 406.
Its height is , which is in the middle of the spectrum between small family cars (between 1400 and 1450 mm) and compact MPVs (between 1600 and 1650 mm). Some consider the 307 as a low compact MPV rather than a tall small family car, because of its height and profile.
One advertisement for the 307, which was first released in 2001, featured the hit song from 1987, "(Something Inside) So Strong".
# "Top Gear".
In a report from "Top Gear Magazine", the new Peugeot 307 1.6 16v TU5 JP4 went head to head with its competitors, the Ford Focus 1.6L I4 Zetec-SE and Honda Civic 1.6 VTEC. The Peugeot received high praise in all areas of the road test, beating both the Ford and Honda on | 16,749 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
price, space, handling, running costs and refinement.
The Peugeot won the road test, followed by the Ford, then the Honda.
However, Jeremy Clarkson then notes in a later episode of "Top Gear" that you could start a fire in the car by holding down the button that increases the temperature, one of the negative aspects of the car.
# Facelift.
In June 2005, the 307 was revised to meet the onslaught of rivals which had been launched since the introduction of the 307 four years earlier in 2001.
The front of the car was restyled featuring mildly revised lights, a new bonnet and the removal of the trademark Peugeot grille between the headlights. With the latter change, along with a new front bumper, | 16,750 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
the front of the car was now dominated by a larger air intake, as first established on the Peugeot 407, and which was now effectively the company's new grille.
# Body styles.
The 307 was launched as a three and five door hatchback, though in June 2002, the 307 range was expanded, with the introduction of a se estate car, the 307 SW. It features an optional third row of removable seats, so it is more flexible due to its MPV like configuration. The SW exists because Peugeot did not develop a compact MPV spinoff, as Citroën did with the Xsara Picasso, instead preferring to offer a more flexible version, but maintaining the style and road manners of an estate.
Unlike the previous model, there | 16,751 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
was no saloon version, but one was designed for emerging markets, such as China and the Latin American market, as saloons were much preferred to hatchbacks. The 307 CC, a cabriolet with a retractable hardtop, was launched in August 2003, to compete against the new European coupé cabriolets.
In June 2004, a four door saloon version of the 307 was launched in China. The 307 is produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile, a joint venture with the PSA Group. This model was also built in Argentina between May 2006 and November 2010. Production ended in China in 2014.
# Engines.
## Petrol.
- 1.4 L (1360 cc) "TU3" I4,
- 1.4 L (1360 cc) "ET3" I4, and
- 1.6 L (1587 cc) | 16,752 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
"TU5" I4, and
- 2.0 L (1997 cc) "EW10" 16-valve I4, and
- 2.0 L (1997 cc) "EW10" 16-valve I4, and
- 2.0 L (1997 cc) "EW10" 16-valve I4, and
For the 1.6 L setup also available (from 09/2007 onwards) is a version called 1.6 BioFlex that can as well run on ethanol E85.
## Diesel.
- 1.4 HDi 70 HP
- 1.6 L (1560 cc) "DV6 HDi" diesel I4, 90–110 PS and
- 2.0 L (1997 cc) "DW10 HDi" diesel I4, and
- 2.0 L HDI
## Hybrid HDi.
In January 2006, Peugeot announced a prototype diesel-electric hybrid engine for the 307 that could achieve , but was not intended for sale until at least 2010, by which time the 307 was replaced by the 308, and the hybrid was still not launched.
The Citroën C4 Hybride | 16,753 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
HDi was announced at the same time.
# Reliability.
According to some sources, the 307 suffers from below average build quality and reliability, having featured at the bottom of the German Automobile Club breakdown statistics for 3 to 5 year old small family cars in 2009. However, June 2005 saw a facelift within the model and reliability increased, making it a more popular model. 2006/2007 models were referenced as a lot more reliable and trustworthy.
# 307 in rallying.
The Peugeot 307 WRC, a World Rally Car based on the 307 CC, replaced the multiple manufacturers' and drivers' championship-winning 206 WRC in the World Rally Championship for the season of 2004.
The vehicle, nicknamed "The | 16,754 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
Flying Frog" and "The Whale", was plagued by transmission problems and only began to come into its element in competition towards the end of its factory supported participation in the WRC. It has three WRC victories to its name, but saw its competition life cut short at the end of 2005 by PSA's decision to withdraw both Citroën and Peugeot from top level rallying. It topped the podium in the series on the 2004 and 2005 Neste Rally Finland as well as in the 2005 Rally Japan.
All the victories were at the hands of double world drivers' champion Marcus Grönholm. A private undertaking by seasoned Peugeot preparatory firm Bozian Racing, dubbed "OMV Peugeot Norway World Rally Team", largely assumed | 16,755 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
responsibility for the running of WRC specification 307s for the following the season of 2006.
Manfred Stohl and Henning Solberg were named as the driving personnel, with Stohl placing fourth in the overall drivers' standings.
The 307 WRC will be remembered for the accident that befell WRC competitors Markko Märtin and Michael Park on September 18, 2005, which resulted in co-driver Park's death. On stage 15 of Wales Rally GB, Märtin lost control of his 307 WRC and collided with a tree, killing Park instantly. This was the first fatality in a WRC event since 1993.
The Peugeot 307 has also been raced in the World Touring Car Championship, the British Touring Car Championship, Stock Car Brasil, | 16,756 |
750632 | Peugeot 307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeot%20307 | Peugeot 307
nning Solberg were named as the driving personnel, with Stohl placing fourth in the overall drivers' standings.
The 307 WRC will be remembered for the accident that befell WRC competitors Markko Märtin and Michael Park on September 18, 2005, which resulted in co-driver Park's death. On stage 15 of Wales Rally GB, Märtin lost control of his 307 WRC and collided with a tree, killing Park instantly. This was the first fatality in a WRC event since 1993.
The Peugeot 307 has also been raced in the World Touring Car Championship, the British Touring Car Championship, Stock Car Brasil, TC2000 and the Danish Touring Car Championship.
# External links.
- Official international 307 English website | 16,757 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Nissan Micra
The , known in Latin America and in most of Asia as the , is a supermini produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan since 1982.
The Nissan Micra replaced the Japanese-market Nissan Cherry. It was exclusive to Nissan Japanese dealership network "Nissan Cherry Store" until 1999, when the "Cherry" network was combined into Nissan Red Stage until 2003. Until Nissan began selling badge engineered superminis from other Japanese manufacturers the March was Nissan's smallest vehicle, and was not renamed and sold at other Japanese Nissan dealership networks.
# First generation (K10; 1982–1992).
## Micra K10.
The original Micra (chassis name K10) was introduced onto the Japanese market | 16,758 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
in October 1982 as a challenger to the Honda City, Daihatsu Charade, Suzuki Cultus, and Toyota Starlet. It was intended to replace the Nissan Cherry as the company's competitor in the supermini sector, as the Cherry model sold in Europe had progressively become larger with each successive generation. In Japan, it was exclusive to "Nissan Cherry store" locations, as the Japanese market Cherry was renamed March, benefiting from engineering contributions from Nissan's 1966 acquisition of the Prince Motor Company, who originally developed the outgoing Cherry. The Micra had particularly low fuel consumption made possible by a specially developed engine only used in the Micra, an uncommonly high gearing, | 16,759 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
and a particularly low weight: only in early European trim. The low weight target necessitated a minimum of insulation, meaning that early Micras were quite loud.
The bodystyle was originally designed for Fiat as a replacement for the Fiat 127, but Fiat then adopted the Giugiaro styled Uno instead. It was introduced in the European market in June 1983, and in Canada in 1984 for the 1985 model year (replacing the slightly larger Nissan Pulsar hatchbacks). Because the Micra was launched during Nissan's rebranding effort to systematically phase out the Datsun name, a small appeared on the tailgate for the first two years, and in some European markets, the car was known as the "Datsun-Nissan Micra". | 16,760 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
The Datsun badges had disappeared completely by the end of 1984. The Micra was initially available with an extremely refined all-aluminium MA10S SOHC engine. European market cars developed or in the high compression version coupled with the five-speed option. It was also available with either automatic (called "Nissanmatic"), four-speed or five-speed gearbox. Both the automatic and five-speed manual gearboxes were unusual in a supermini at this time. The Nissanmatic model originally had a version of the 1-liter engine.
It was one of several important small cars to be launched onto the European market during 1983. Also launched that year were the Fiat Uno, Peugeot 205, Vauxhall Nova (a Britain-only | 16,761 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
model which had been launched across Europe the previous year as the Opel Corsa) and the second generation of the Ford Fiesta. It sold well in Britain, being launched there in June 1983 and peaking at more than 50,000 sales for the year in 1989, and was one of the most popular imported cars of its era.
The model was revised in June 1985, identifiable by the slightly larger rear lamp clusters. The Japanese market saw the debut of the first Micra Turbo/MA10ET, where Nissan grafted a turbocharger to the small 1.0 L engine. This version was never sold in Europe, where the only engines ever available were the 1.0 and 1.2 units. The 1.2, with the larger MA12 1.2 L engine with an electronically controlled | 16,762 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
carburettor with , arrived in late 1987. A non-catalyzed version produced 60 PS. Another facelift came in March 1989, which consisted of some minor upgrades such as deeper bumpers, a new front grille, minor interior details, and headlight changes. This was also when the five-door hatchback version was introduced in Europe, shortly before Ford launched the third-generation Fiesta which also offered a 5-door model for the first time.
The Micra's chassis spawned a number of variations. The Be-1 (BK10), launched at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1985 (but not sold until 1987), was a limited edition model with a more rounded bodyshape, and only 10,000 were sold. In 1987, the canvas-topped, retro looking | 16,763 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
hatchback Pao (パオ) (PK10) was launched (also at the Tokyo Motor Show) and sold to the public in 1989; 51,657 models were sold. The canvas-topped Figaro (フィガロ) (FK10) coupé was unveiled at the same show in 1989, but not released until 1991. Because demand for the Figaro exceeded the 20,000 vehicles built, Nissan sold the car by lottery: winners could place orders for the car. Despite being a JDM-only model, the Figaro is one of the most imported models of the K10 derivatives; its popularity among numerous celebrity owners helped it earn cult status. The K10 ceased production on 21 December 1992, although its replacement had gone into production some months earlier.
During its lifetime, the Micra | 16,764 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
gained a good reputation for reliability and economy. In 1995, it topped the small car class in a reliability survey of four to six-year-old cars undertaken by the German Automobile Association (ADAC), with 7.5 recorded breakdowns per 1,000 vehicles for four-year-old Micras and 11.5 for six-year-old cars: this compared with 8.0 breakdowns per 1,000 cars for four-year-old Volkswagen Polos and 15.3 for six-year-old Polos. (The class loser was the Fiat Uno with 20.7 breakdowns per 1,000 for four-year-old cars and 37.3 for six-year-old Unos. In the longer term, the Micra would also go on to achieve a much higher survival rate than many of its competitors.)
For the 1991 model year, a re-badged Nissan | 16,765 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Sentra B12 entered Canada to replace the Micra as the Nissan Sentra Classic after Nissan announced it would not import the Micra to Canada after 1991. The Sentra Classics were built in Mexico.
## Super S.
The European market Super S trim became available along with the second facelift in 1989. Sporty Super S included a factory bodykit, racing seats and a tachometer and was only available in black, gray, white and red. Despite its appearance it had the same MA12 engine as the standard K10 Micra, although catalytic converters were a non-deletable feature on the car making them slightly less powerful than the non-cat cars.
## Super Turbo.
In 1988, Nissan launched a limited 10,000 unit run of | 16,766 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
its homologated (certified) Nissan 1989 Micra Super Turbo (EK10GFR/GAR). Both this and the 1988 Micra R (EK10FR) featured the same highly advanced sequential compound charged (supercharger plus turbocharger) engine in an all-aluminium straight-four 930 cc eight-valve MA09ERT unit that produced at 6400 rpm. This car came with either a 3-speed automatic or 5-speed manual gearbox with viscous limited slip differential, as well as options such as air conditioning and electric mirrors. The Micra Super Turbo still holds the crown for the fastest production Micra in Nissan's history, with factory performance figures of 7.7 seconds to go from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) and 15.5 seconds to run a quarter | 16,767 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
mile. It has a top speed of .
# Second generation (K11; 1992–2002).
## Micra K11 (1992–1997).
The second-generation K11 was built in the UK, Japan and Taiwan. It was launched in Japan in January 1992, and released in Europe in the fourth quarter of the year. It was powered by brand new all-aluminium 1.0 L (CG10DE) and 1.3 L (CG13DE) DOHC 16-valve engines, with and respectively (higher outputs were claimed in Japan, according to the JIS rather than DIN/ECE rating), both with ECCS (Electronic Concentrated Control System) fuel injection. It was the second Nissan model line to be produced in the UK at the Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK (NMUK) plant, Washington Tyne and Wear. A diesel version was | 16,768 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
offered with the 1.5 L PSA TUD market in Europe as Micra 1.5 D. CVT automatic transmission and Power steering was an option on some models, and the equipment list included safety features not usually available in this market segment: a toughened safety-cage and side-impact door beams were standard and pre-tensioning seat-belts and a driver's air-bag were optional. However, the Mk2 Micra scored only a modest two stars in Euro NCAP testing in 1997. Airbags, antilock brakes, electric windows, central locking and air conditioning were as either standard equipment or options on some models in the Micra range. The European model range consisted of 1.0L and LX, 1.3LX, SLX and Super S. The car soon | 16,769 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
won the European Car of the Year award for 1993 (the first Japanese car to do so) and the Good Design Award (a Trade and Industry Design award in Japan) along with the Car of the Year Japan award in 1992. At its introduction in 1993, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference Car of the Year award in Japan. Having won several awards, Nissan manufactured the V3 Award edition.
After minor changes in 1996, in 1998, six years after its launch, the Micra received a facelift which saw the whole range get power steering as standard.
There was a Cabriolet (FHK11) unveiled at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1995, but it was not sold until August 1997, with an electric top. These were produced | 16,770 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
in limited numbers for the Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) only. However, much like the Nissan Figaro, some have been imported into the UK unofficially. There was also an estate version called the March Box (WK11), which was unveiled in November 1999, with a double folding rear seat, along with an automatic transmission four-wheel drive model.
## K11C (facelift).
In late 1997, a facelift version was introduced, and was built from late 1997 until early 2003. Only a few units were produced in 1997, as most of them started in 1998.
The cumulative visual changes from the first models included a revised front grille and headlights, redesigned front and rear bumpers, oval instead of round side repeater | 16,771 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
indicators, major changes to the interior and dashboard, redesigned rear light lenses, and a radio aerial repositioned from the top of the right-hand A-pillar to the middle of the roof, towards the rear.
In late 2000, the original facelift was replaced by a second version known as the K11C, While it still looked quite similar from the outside, the engines had been updated to run on the newer individual coilpack system (where as the earlier models had been fitted with a distributor). As well as this, the secondary catalytic converter was removed and the primary catalytic converter (on the manifold) was enlarged. Other exterior changes included new lights on the bumper, an altered lower body, | 16,772 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
orange turn signals and minor changes to the interior. Further changes included a redesigned rear wiper which rested horizontally instead of vertically, and the centre high level brake lamp being reduced in size and mounted at the top of the rear window, instead of on the parcel shelf.
The 1.3l (1275CC) CG13DE engine offered in previous K11s were removed in the second facelift, and replaced by a 1348 cc "1.4" unit (CGA3DE). The 1.0l CG10DE remained in the second facelift models but had a slightly higher power output ( compared to the earlier )
In 2001 Muji, the well-known Japanese "non-brand" issued a limited release of 1,000 badgeless and decontented Nissan Marches, only available online. | 16,773 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
It was intended as an exercise to test their online marketing systems and was sold as the "Muji Car 1000" (ムジ・カー 1000). The rear seat is upholstered in vinyl, the hubcaps are minimal, and the car was only offered in "marble white". The Muji Car 1000 has a four-speed automatic transmission and the 1 litre CG10DE engine.
By late 2002, the new K12 was introduced (although the S and SE models were still being built). They were fully replaced by K12 in early 2003.
## Bolero.
The Bolero was a luxury model available in certain markets from 1999 to 2003. It featured a redesigned exterior, and an interior which had leather seats.
The model with different front was also available in Taiwan as Nissan | 16,774 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Verita.
## Super S.
Super S trim was available in 1993–1997, then the name was changed to SR (Facelift); Differences include a slightly faster 3.6 turns lock-to-lock rack, over the standard 3.8 turns, different colour coded front and rear bumpers, colour coded wing mirrors and bump strips, rear wrap around spoiler, front fog lights, remote fuel flap opening, wider 175/60/r13 tyres, rear ash tray, tachometer, more heavily bolstered seats, split folding rear seats and rear speaker shelf as standard. Features such as electric windows and power steering were still optional extras. The only engine available for the Super S was the CG13DE/ 1.3 twin cam 16v engine.
# Third generation (K12; 2002–2010).
## | 16,775 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Micra K12 (2002–2007).
The next version of the Micra, the K12, was unveiled in production form at the 2002 Paris Motor Show, following the lines of the Nissan mm.e concept car presented the year before at the Frankfurt Motor Show. It was introduced to the Japanese market in February 2002 and to the European market At the end of 2002., The car was radically redesigned: it featured a new, 70 mm longer wheelbase (developed with Renault) and an even more curvy exterior that was taller and slightly wider. Its most distinctive feature was a pair of prominent headlamps that extended to the wing-tops. The redesign coincided with the Japanese Nissan dealership network "Nissan Cherry Store" being renamed | 16,776 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
"Nissan Red Stage" in 1999. Other additions included a sliding rear seat and the option of keyless ignition on higher specification models. The range of engines included improved 1.2 (CR12DE) and 1.4 (CR14DE) petrol models, and a Renault-sourced 1.5 diesel unit (K9K). The automatic CVT transmission of the previous model was replaced by a conventional automatic transmission.
The K12 was well received by the motor industry and set a new standard for the superminis that followed it. Even though it’s successor came out in 2010, the K12 model years go up to 2011.
EuroNCAP tested a Micra 1.2 S in 2003 achieving safety ratings of:
- Adult Occupant:
- Pedestrian:
### Nissan March (2002–2010).
The | 16,777 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
vehicle was unveiled in Nissan Headquarters Gallery, and in Nissan's Ginza Gallery in a display featuring the wide array of color variations.
March Enchante includes a swivel front passenger's seat that turns 90° in a simple operation to allow easy ingress and egress by senior citizens and wheelchair users as well as by persons wearing traditional Japanese clothing. The March Driving Helper is fitted with hand-operated driving controls that are primarily intended to enable persons with leg disabilities to drive and include a control lever for operating the accelerator and the brakes with the left hand. These hand-operated controls are incorporated in the Autech Driving Control package, developed | 16,778 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
originally by Autech Japan for Nissan vehicles and featuring an outstanding design, operating ease and reliability.
The March Enchante was unveiled at the 2004 Tokyo Motor Show.
The vehicles went on sale on 5 March 2002. Early models include 14e (5-door), 12c (3/5-door), 10b (3/5-door). Early March Enchante models include 12c (3/5-door). Early March Driving Helper models include 12c (3/5-door).
### Nissan March Rafeet, 4WD models (2002–2007).
March Rafeet and 4WD March models went on sale on 5 September 2002. Early March Rafeet models include 12c, 14c-four. Other four wheel drive models included March Enchante (14c-four, 14e-four), March Enchante flip seat (14c-four), March Driving Helper | 16,779 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
(14c-four).
### Nissan Micra R (2003).
In 2003, Nissan UK, inspired by the Andros Trophy K11, unveiled the Micra-R, a one-off mid-engined K12. Shown at the Geneva Motor Show without running gear and engine, being only a display car, it was later given the go-ahead and Nissan commissioned Ray Mallock Ltd to insert a mid-mounted BTCC-derived Primera QG20DE engine for show and press demonstration purposes. In 2005, Nissan UK decided to replace the Primera engine with a VQ35DE from a 350Z with a modified Altima SE-R gearbox for user-friendliness on the road. This model was baptized 350SR, although it was not offered for sale. It was taken on to "EVO" magazine's "fast fleet" for a period of time | 16,780 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
where it became a favourite of many of the writers. Other modifications to this car include a vented rear arch and a set of Rays wheels. To date, Nissan has no plans to put this model into production.
## 2004 update.
### Nissan Micra (2004-2007).
Changes include addition of clear front indicator lamps, a new seven spoke design of 15" wheel cover, 2 new body colours (Emotion Red, Cocoon Green) for total of 7 colours, body coloured powered door mirrors and door handles, front seats with improved support, addition of remote controls for the CD audio system and drive computer. Even though clear indicator lamps were added in 2004, not all models received them. Some Micras produced kept the original | 16,781 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
indicator lamps.
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2004 Paris Motor Show.
### Nissan March 12c i Selection/14c-four i Selection, March Bolero (2004–).
Nissan March 12c i Selection, 14c-four i Selection, Enchante 12c i Selection are versions of Nissan March 12c, 14c-four, Enchante 12c respectively, with:
- exclusive seat cloth
- MD/CD integrated AM/FM electronic tuner radio with 4 speakers
- meter finisher and inside door handle ivory decoration
- privacy glass
- coloured door handle
- choice of 12 colours (including exclusive air blue pearl metallic)
March Bolero is based on Nissan March 12c and 14c-four 5-door with:
- exclusive front grille and hood top moulding, front bumper
- multi | 16,782 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
reflector halogen head lamp
- exclusive front fog lamp, front turn lamp, rear plated overrider, plated side guard moulding
- coloured door handle
- exclusive rear combination lamp (clear type), naming emblem, 15-inch aluminium wheels with 175/60R 15 81H tyres, seat floor
- dimpled leather wrapped 3-spoke steering wheel
- exclusive finisher
- intelligent key
- 60/40 rear invertible seat
- front seats back pocket
- front passenger seat under tray
- exclusive meter
Japanese models went on sale on 1 December 2004.
### Bolero, Rafeet.
Autech, a Nissan-owned company, unveiled alternative models called the Bolero and the Rafeet. The Bolero, like Autech's versions of the K11, has the usual | 16,783 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
retro front end (which with the standard Micra headlights makes the car resemble the Lancia Ypsilon); the Rafeet has a more modern approach, resembling a BMW MINI, with either a black or white leather interior, whereas the Bolero has partial wood panelling and exclusive seating.
### Nissan Micra C+C (2005–2010).
In 2005, the K12 chassis spawned the coupé convertible model called the . It was designed at the new London-based Nissan Design Europe studio, developed at the Nissan Technical Centre Europe at Cranfield, Bedfordshire and built, as with its predecessor, at the Sunderland plant. It is built as a modern interpretation of the 1991 Micra-based Nissan Figaro with a convertible hardtop instead | 16,784 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
of the canvas top the Figaro had. The electric folding glass roof is made by Karmann coachworks and has a 2+2 seating layout. The car is powered by a 1.4 or 1.6 L gasoline engine, or a 1.5 L diesel available on European versions only. It was originally available only in Europe (launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show), but sales in Japan began in 2007 after the introduction at the Tokyo Auto Show.
There were originally four trim levels: Urbis, Sport, Essenza and Active Luxury.
In October 2013, "Top Gear" magazine placed the Micra C+C on its list of "The 13 worst cars of the last 20 years", on the basis that "If you need us to justify its inclusion here, you are not only reading the wrong mag | 16,785 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
[...] As much fun as sticking chilli-infused toothpicks in your eyes."
## 2005 update.
### 2005 Nissan March update, March 12SR, March 15SR-A, March Bolero, March Rafeet, March Life Care Vehicles (2005–2007).
Changes to Nissan March include:
- redesigned front grille, front bumper, 14-inch full wheel cover, rear combination lamb, rear bumper
- 4 new body colours (China blue metallic, wild blueberry, Sherry silver titan metallic, Irish cream) for total of 12 colour choices
- new interior colour (ice blue) for total of 3 colour choices (redesigned green)
- new seat cloth, reshaped seat
- added foor trim cloth
- redesigned meter
- head lamp manual levellizer (with xenon head lamp auto | 16,786 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
levellizer)
- interior package become manufacturer option (some grades)
- DVD simple navigation system manufacturer option (except 12B)
- Change to HR15DE engine
Micra 12SR is a version of Nissan March with:
- CR12DE engine with stainless exhaust manifold, cylinder head port polish
- Bridgestone Potenza RE-01R 185/55R15 81V with new aluminium wheel design
- redesigned suspension, power steering assist
- enlarged front brake rotor
- tail crossbar
- SR-exclusive front spoiler, rear under protector, large roof spoiler, under body aerodynamic parts
- exclusive sport seat, meter, aluminium pedal, grade and black interior colour scheme
Micra 15SR is a version of Nissan March 12SR with:
- | 16,787 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
HR15DE engine
- Xtronic CVT transmission
March Bolero and Rafeet are versions of Nissan March with:
- unique exterior designs
- Plasmacluster full auto air conditioner as standard equipment
March Life Care Vehicles include:
- Enchante (front passenger slide up seat, front driver swivel seat)
- Driving helper Auto drive gear type e
Japanese models went on sale on 25 August 2005. Early Nissan March models include 12B, 12S, 12E, 15S, 15E, 15G, 15RX, 12SR, 15SR-A, 14S FOUR, 14E FOUR, 14G FOUR. Early March Bolero and Rafeet models include 12S and 14S FOUR. Early March Enchante models include 12E, 15E, 14E FOUR. Early March Driving helper models include 12E, 14E FOUR. These modifications became | 16,788 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
available to the rest of the world for the 2006 model year.
### Nissan Micra 160 SR (2005–2010).
In 2005, Nissan Europe released a performance model of the K12. Dubbed the 160 SR, it was released as a direct competitor to the Mazda 2 Genki (DY), Toyota Yaris RS 1.5 (XP90), Suzuki Swift Sport (ZC31S), with a 1.6 L HR16DE engine, giving and uprated sports suspension. In 2006, Nissan renamed the 160 SR to the Sport SR in line with name changes across the board for the K12. However, this rebranding was short-lived: the performance model reverted to the 160 SR name in late 2007.
The launch of the 160 SR coincided with a revision of the K12. The radiator grilles were given a chrome strip through | 16,789 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
the centre and the original amber indicators were replaced with clear ones. The rear bumper was restyled and made more robust (apparently in response to French parking habits). The interior was also given a makeover, with more supportive seats, thicker glass and better soundproofing.
There were originally six trim levels of the K12, but in 2006 they were simplified to just three: Initia, Spirita and Sport. In addition, the launch line-up of six engines was reduced to the most popular four. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show.
### Nissan March 2006 Tokyo Auto Salon concepts (2006).
The Nissan March 12SR and NISMO March S-tune were unveiled at the 2006 Tokyo Auto Salon.
### | 16,790 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Nissan Micra C+C (2006–2010).
The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by the 2006 Geneva Motor Show.
The Japanese model (with HR16DE engine, 5-speed manual or 4-speed electronic automatic transmission) went on sale as 2007 model in limited quantities (1500 units) on 23 July 2007.
### Micra Active Luxury (2006–2010).
Micra and Micra C+C Active Luxury are versions of Nissan Micra and Micra C+C with 11-spoke 16-inch alloy wheel from Micra C+C, chromed headlamps, a rear spoiler and small front foglamps, adaptive 6CD audio system, full automatic air-conditioning, heated front sports seats with lumbar support, rain-sensing windscreen wipers and automatic headlight activation | 16,791 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
(Micra hatchback).
The vehicles were unveiled at the 2006 Paris Motor Show.
Retail models went on sale in Europe in mid-September 2006.
### Marketing.
Micra C+C was marketed under the tagline of "SHIFT_happiness."
## Micra K12C (2007–2010).
In late 2007, the Nissan Micra was facelifted again. It had several cosmetic tweaks: every model featured the standard racing grille taken from the K12 160 SR; the front headlights were tidied up (incorporating light blue-tinted sidelights) and the grilles housing the indicators were edged in chrome. In addition, the B-pillar trims were no longer colour-coded. Inside, there were new seat fabric designs, and the dashboard featured parts taken from other | 16,792 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Nissans. New equipment included an audible speed warning, bluetooth connectivity with the vehicle and reversing sensors. All models (save for entry-level) were fitted with sport bumpers and spoilers on the sides and rear. Larger wing mirrors were also added on some models.
K12C models in Europe:
- Visia: old K12 model with facelift
- Acenta/Acenta +: luxury models
- Tekna: sportive model
- 160 SR: sportive/performance model
- Active Luxury: luxury/sportive model
The 1.2-litre engine for the entry-level Visia was a unit, as opposed to the version on other grades. In addition, the Visia did not have the option of a 1.4 L engine. The 1.6 L engine was reserved for the 160 SR and as an option | 16,793 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
on the Active Luxury grade.
Starting from 2007, Nissan began selling the K12 in Australia. Imported from Japan, all were five-door hatchbacks, with the 1.4-litre petrol engine and automatic transmission. The only factory option was the City Collection pack, which included an upgraded six disc sound system, six spoke alloy wheels, and side and curtain air bags. The Australian specification adopted the Japanese facelift, with indicators integrated into the headlamps.
In 2009, it was reported that a total of 31,600 units were sold in Japan and nearly 122,000 worldwide.
# Fourth generation (K13; 2010–2017).
## Nissan Micra K13 (2010–2017).
The first sketches of the fourth generation Nissan | 16,794 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Micra, first referred to as W02A and later in Nissan press releases as K13, were unveiled on 1 October 2009.
The Nissan Micra K13 was unveiled at the 80th International Geneva Motor Show.
It was sold in more than 160 countries, including Thailand from March 2010, India from July 2010, Europe from November 2010, and Indonesia from December 2010. It was the first March/Micra to be built in a North American plant, even though this generation did not have any sales in the United States. The K13 was however available in Canada after the spring of 2014.
It is based on the new Type-V platform with a new 1.2-litre HR12DE (XH5) , 3-cylinder engine (the first for a March/Micra). In the end of 2011 | 16,795 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Nissan introduced the supercharged version of 1.2 (HR12DDR) called in Europe as Micra 1.2 DIG-S and the other engine 1.5 (HR15DE) and 1.6 (HR16DE) for South American, Asian and Australian country. The car is expected to be fuel efficient, delivering 18 km to a litre of petrol. The new Idling Stop System is reported to improve fuel economy by 2.0 km/L. It features variable control of voltage for power generation with an alternator (including regenerative charging function with braking energy). The Micra's coefficient of drag is just 0.32 achieved in part by the sleek roofline, with a raised rear end, which optimally adjusts airflow to the rear sides and other elements of the body designed to | 16,796 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
reduce air resistance such as door mirrors, a large front spoiler and the underbody configuration. A lightweight roof panel helps to keep weight to . The car was designed to appeal to a unisex crowd, yet look stylish and elegant to face the tough competition.
In India, the Micra was offered with a diesel unit: the 1.5 dCI K9K produced by Renault.
### Nissan March.
The Nissan March was unveiled at the 2010 Bangkok International Motor Show, followed by 2010 Beijing International Automobile Exhibition, followed by Nissan Global Headquarter gallery.
The Japanese model went on sale on 13 July 2010. Early models include 1.2L 3-cylinder HR12DE engine, Xtronic CVT with an auxiliary two-speed transmission, | 16,797 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
Idling Stop (standard on 12X and 12G).
### 2011 Nissan March update, March 12S V Package (2011–2013).
Changes include:
- price adjustments for 12X and 12X FOUR
- Orange body colour option (12X, 12X FOUR, 12G, 12G FOUR)
- All vehicle models certified as SU-LEV vehicles
March 12S V Package is a version of March 12S with electronically powered remote control coloured door mirror and power socket (DC12V), UV-reduced heat blocking green glass (front door).
Japanese models went on sale on 30 June 2011.
### Nissan New March (2011–2017).
The Nissan New March is a version of the Nissan March for the Taiwan market.
The vehicles went on sale on 17 December 2011 at Nissan showroom. Early models | 16,798 |
750514 | Nissan Micra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan%20Micra | Nissan Micra
included 1.5HR engine, I-KEY, push button start, 3 trim models (S, SV, SL).
### Renault Pulse (2012–2018).
The Renault Pulse is a version of the Nissan Micra built by Renault India Private Limited for the Indian market, designed by Renault's Design Center in Mumbai. Changes include a large arched roof, big cabin, and heavily resculpted nose. RxZ models include front dual airbags, automatic climate control, engine start/stop button, lock/unlock sensing, folding outside rear view mirrors etc.
The vehicle went on sale in January 2012 at the New Delhi Motor Show. Early models include a 1.5 dCi diesel engine.
### Transmission.
Micra's new-generation Xtronic CVT features a new structure combining | 16,799 |
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