wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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157737 | Battle of Seneffe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Seneffe | Battle of Seneffe
anish Netherlands, a secondary objective for the Dutch, who now focused on retaking Grave and Maastricht. On 9 October, William assumed command of the siege operations at Grave, which surrendered on 28th.
Condé received an elaborate state reception at Versailles for Seneffe but his health was failing... | 1,900 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
Battle of Steenkerque
The Battle of Steenkerque (Steenkerque also spelled "Steenkerke" or "Steenkirk") was fought on 3 August 1692, as a part of the Nine Years' War. It resulted in the victory of the French under Marshal François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg against a joint English-Sco... | 1,901 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
the strategical methods of the time. The French army lay facing north-west with its right on the Zenne at Steenkerque and its left towards Enghien. Their supposition was that the enemy would not dare to attack it.
William III had replaced Waldeck as supreme allied commander. The allied army was e... | 1,902 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
on 3 August and surprised the French right about Steenkerque. He completely misled the enemy by forcing a defected spy to give Luxemburg false news. In the 17th century when the objects of a war were, as far as possible, secured without the loss of valuable lives and general decisive battles were ... | 1,903 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
seemed so unlikely; the main body of the French army was farther back and forming up after the passage of some woods. However, the extremely experienced Comte de Montal held off the initial Allied attack long enough to enable Luxembourg to bring up his main force.
The march of the Allies' main bo... | 1,904 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
wing of cavalry at the tail of the column. On arrival at the field they were hastily sorted out into infantry and cavalry, for the ground was only suitable for the former.
Only a few Allied battalions had come up to support the advanced guard when the real attack opened at 12:30. Although the adv... | 1,905 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
its height.
Count Solms ordered the cavalry he commanded forward, but the mounted men, scarcely able to move over the bad roads and heavy ground, only blocked the way for the infantry. Some of the British foot, with curses upon Solms and the Dutch generals, broke out to the front, and Solms, angr... | 1,906 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
a consolidation of the infantry. When directly ordered by William to advance he reportedly said "the will of the Lord be done", and was killed at the head of the Mackay Regiment, men of his own clan, after taking his place, on foot, at their head.
At the crisis Luxembourg had not hesitated to thr... | 1,907 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
and to steady the retreat of Wurttemberg's force. The coup having manifestly failed, William ordered a general retreat. The Allies retired as they had come, their rear-guard under the Dutch Marshal Ouwerkerk showing too stubborn a front for the French to attack. The French army, very disordered an... | 1,908 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
Their commander, general Hugh Mackay, was also killed. Mackay's division, including the Mackay Regiment, composed of clansmen of his own name, bore the brunt of the day unsupported and the general himself was killed. John Cutts, was one of the few survivors.
The British blamed their great losses ... | 1,909 |
157743 | Battle of Steenkerque | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Steenkerque | Battle of Steenkerque
osed of clansmen of his own name, bore the brunt of the day unsupported and the general himself was killed. John Cutts, was one of the few survivors.
The British blamed their great losses on the ineptitude of the Dutch general Count Solms in command of the Allied cavalry.
# Steinkirk cravat.
An... | 1,910 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Battle of Rastatt (1796)
The Battle of Rastatt (5 July 1796) saw part of a Republican French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau clash with elements of a Habsburg Austrian army under Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour which were defending the line of the Murg River. Leading a wing ... | 1,911 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Desaix north, Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr east and Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino south. The French won a clash over Anton Sztáray at Renchen on the 28th before moving against Latour at Rastatt. Soon afterward, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen joined Latour with reinforcements from the north. Th... | 1,912 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Mainz. At the start of the campaign the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan confronted Clerfayt's Army of the Lower Rhine in the north, while the French Army of Rhine and Moselle under Pichegru lay opposite Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's army in the south. In August... | 1,913 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
supply base in the Battle of Handschuhsheim. With Pichegru unexpectedly inactive, Clerfayt massed against Jourdan, beat him at Höchst in October and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. About the same time, Wurmser sealed off the French bridg... | 1,914 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
portions of the west bank. During the campaign Pichegru had entered into negotiations with French Royalists. It is debatable whether Pichegru's treason or bad generalship was the actual cause of the French failure. which lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end o... | 1,915 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the Rhine knee, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ("Rheingraben"), part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west. In 1796, th... | 1,916 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In the 1790s, the river was wild and unpredictable, in som... | 1,917 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included more than 1,000 entities. Their size and influence varied, from the "Kleinstaaterei", t... | 1,918 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
the powerful Augsburg to the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Württemberg. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a "patchw... | 1,919 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of imperial circles, also called "Reichskreise", groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.
## Disposition.
The ar... | 1,920 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
troops stretched in a line from Switzerland to the North Sea. Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of the opposition. Compared to French cove... | 1,921 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. To the north, Wilhelm von Wartensleben’s autonomous corps stretched in a thin line between Mainz and Giessen.
In spring 1796, drafts from the free imperial cities, and other imperial estates in the Swabian and Franconian Circles augmented the Habs... | 1,922 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
June, when the French started to mass troops by Mainz and it looked as if the bulk of the French army would cross there—they even engaged the imperial force at Altenkirchen (4 June) and Wetzler and Uckerath (15 June)—Charles felt few qualms placing the 7000-man Swabian militia at the crossing b... | 1,923 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults, had already made itself unwelcome throughout France. It was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied for provisions and wages. Until 1796, wages were paid in the worthless "assignat" (France's paper cu... | 1,924 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
obstacle in addition to the Rhine. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garris... | 1,925 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
the Rhine from Mannheim to Switzerland. The original Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use their position on the Rhine's west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte's successes in northern Italy, Wurmser was s... | 1,926 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
the Army of the Rhine and Moselle, under Jean Victor Moreau's command, was positioned east of the Rhine from Hüningen (on the border with the French provinces, Switzerland, and the German states) northward, with its center along the Queich River near Landau and its left wing extended west towar... | 1,927 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Tuncq, and Henri François Delaborde. Desaix's command included three divisions led by Michel de Beaupuy, Antoine Guillaume Delmas and Charles Antoine Xaintrailles.
The French plan called for its two armies to press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states whil... | 1,928 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
troops. Once Charles moved the mass of his army to the north, Moreau’s army, which early in the year had been stationed by Speyer, would move swiftly south to Strasbourg. From there, they could cross the river at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000-man inexperienced and lightly trained militia—tro... | 1,929 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
force cut off his flank with Wartensleben's autonomous corps.
# Battle.
## Preliminary.
Responding to the French feint, Charles committed most of his forces on the middle and northern Rhine, leaving only the Swabian militia at the Kehl-Strasbourg crossing, and a minor force commanded by Karl... | 1,930 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
realized the French had even left Speyer. To accomplish this march rapidly, Moreau left his artillery behind; infantry and cavalry move more swiftly. On 20 June, his troops assaulted the forward posts between Strasbourg and the river, overwhelming the pickets there; the militia withdrew to Kehl... | 1,931 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons. This gave the French the desired pincer effect, with the Army of the Sambre and Meuse approaching from the north, the bulk of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle crossing in the center, and Ferino crossing in the south.
Within a day, Moreau had four... | 1,932 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
horsemen in the divisions of Alexandre Camille Taponier and François Antoine Louis Bourcier. The Austrian brought 6,000 men into action under the command of Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg and Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló. The French captured 200 Austrians and three field pieces.
## Battle.
On 5 J... | 1,933 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Rhine.
Recognizing the need for reinforcements, and fearing his army would be flanked by Moreau's surprise crossings at Kehl and Hüningen, Charles arrived near Rastatt with additional troops and prepared to advance against Moreau on 10 July. The French surprised him by attacking first, on 9 Ju... | 1,934 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
retreat to the east.
# Orders of Battle.
## French.
- Division Commander Antoine Guillaume Delmas
- Division: Michel de Beaupuy
- Division: Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
## Habsburg/Coalition.
The Swabian Circle Contingent:
# References.
## Sources.
- Bertaud, Jean Paul, R.R. Palmer (t... | 1,935 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797", USA, Leonaur, 2011.
- Gates, David, "The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815," New York, Random House, 2011.
- Graham, Thomas, Baron Lynedoch. "The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Ital... | 1,936 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
George. "French Troops Destined to Cross the Rhine, 24 June 1796". US Army Combined Arms Center. Accessed 2 October 2014.
- Philippart, John, "Memoires etc. of General Moreau", London, A.J. Valpy, 1814.
- Phipps, Ramsay Weston "The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du ... | 1,937 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
1998.
- Vann, James Allen. "The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715." Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975.
- Volk, Helmut. "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürl... | 1,938 |
157722 | Battle of Rastatt (1796) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rastatt%20(1796) | Battle of Rastatt (1796)
an Empire 1648–1715." Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975.
- Volk, Helmut. "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." "Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg", Band ... | 1,939 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
Battle of Solferino
The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 resulted in the victory of the allied French Army under Napoleon III and Sardinian Army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian Alliance) against th... | 1,940 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
Austrian Emperor refrained from further direct command of the army.
The battle led the Swiss Jean-Henri Dunant to write his book, "A Memory of Solferino". Although he did not witness the battle (his statement is contained in an "unpublished page" included in the 1939 English edition published by th... | 1,941 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
step in the Italian Risorgimento. The war's geopolitical context was the nationalist struggle to unify Italy, which had long been divided among France, Austria, Spain and numerous independent Italian states. The battle took place near the villages of Solferino and San Martino, Italy, south of Lake G... | 1,942 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
location. While the Piedmontese fought the Austrian right wing near San Martino, the French battled to the south of them near Solferino against the main Austrian corps.
## Opposing forces.
The Austrian forces were personally led by their militarily inexperienced 29-year-old emperor, Franz Joseph, ... | 1,943 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
War, but its commander-in-chief had no military experience of note. The Sardinian army had four divisions on the field.
Although all three combatants were commanded by their monarchs, each was seconded by professional soldiers. Marshal Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant served as Chief of Staff to Na... | 1,944 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
deploy along the right river banks of the Mincio. The French were to occupy the villages of Solferino, Cavriana, Guidizzolo and Medole with, respectively, the 1st Corps (Baraguey d'Hilliers), 2nd Corps (Mac-Mahon), 3rd Corps (Canrobert), and 4th Corps (Niel). The four Sardinian divisions were to tak... | 1,945 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
of Medole.
The battle started at Medole around 4 am. Marching towards Guidizzolo, the 4th Corps encountered an Austrian infantry regiment of the Austrian 1st Army. General Niel immediately decided to engage the enemy and deployed his forces east of Medole. This move prevented the three corps (III, ... | 1,946 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
by ably warding off attacks and counterattacking at opportune moments. After 15 hours of combat the Austrians retreated, both sides having lost in total nearly 15,000 men.
## Battle of Solferino.
Around 4:30 am the advance guard of the 1st Corps (three infantry divisions under Forey, de Ladmirault... | 1,947 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
on the towns of Solferino, Cavriana and Volta Mantovana. The Austrians were able to hold these positions all day against repeated French attacks.
Near 3 pm the French reserves, formed by Canrobert's 3rd Corps and the Imperial Guard under Regnaud, attacked Cavriana, which was defended by the Austria... | 1,948 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
The Austrian VIII Corps under Benedek had 39,000 men and 80 guns and was repeatedly attacked by a Sardinian force of 22,000 men with 48 guns. The Austrians were able to ward off three Sardinian attacks, inflicting heavy losses upon the attackers; at the end of day Benedek was ordered to retreat with... | 1,949 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
Results.
The battle was a particularly gruelling one, lasting over nine hours and resulting in over 2,386 Austrian troops killed with 10,807 wounded and 8,638 missing or captured. The Allied armies also suffered a total of 2,492 killed, 12,512 wounded and 2,922 captured or missing. Reports of wound... | 1,950 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
back in 1852 "the French Empire is peace", and for reasons including the Prussian threat and domestic protests by the Roman Catholics, he decided to put an end to the war with the Armistice of Villafranca on 11 July 1859. The Piedmontese won Lombardy but not Venetia. Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, ... | 1,951 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
International Red Cross. The Movement organized the 150th anniversary commemoration of the battle between the 23 and 27 June 2009. The Presidency of the European Union adopted a declaration on the occasion stating that "This battle was also the grounds on which the international community of States ... | 1,952 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
della Battaglia, dominating the area, a memorial to Victor Emmanuel II. It is 70 m high and was built in 1893. In the town there is a museum, with uniforms and weapons of the time, and an ossuary chapel.
At Solferino there is also a museum, displaying arms and mementos of the time, and an ossuary, ... | 1,953 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
Poems 1862).
Joseph Roth's 1932 novel "Radetzky March" opens at the Battle of Solferino. There, the father of the novel's Trotta dynasty is immortalized as the Hero of Solferino.
The Battle of Solferino was depicted also in a 2006 television drama "Henry Dunant: Du rouge sur la croix" (English tit... | 1,954 |
157738 | Battle of Solferino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Solferino | Battle of Solferino
l "Radetzky March" opens at the Battle of Solferino. There, the father of the novel's Trotta dynasty is immortalized as the Hero of Solferino.
The Battle of Solferino was depicted also in a 2006 television drama "Henry Dunant: Du rouge sur la croix" (English title: "Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross")... | 1,955 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
Battle of Stockach (1800)
The [Second] Battle of Stockach and Engen was fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the First French Republic under Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the army of Habsburg Austria led by Pál Kray. The fighting near Engen resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both... | 1,956 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
# Background.
"See the Messkirch 1800 Order of Battle for details of the French and Austrian armies in the campaign."
## Plans.
At the beginning of 1800 the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine. Feldzeug... | 1,957 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle, where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France. Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach, only a day's march from French-held Switze... | 1,958 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
troops of Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer guarding the passes through the Black Forest, 16,000 soldiers under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Anton Sztáray behind the Rhine from the Rench River north to the Main River and 8,000 men defending Frankfurt. Finally, a 20,000-strong reserve hove... | 1,959 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
of Division Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a well-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses. First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte offered a bold plan of opera... | 1,960 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
but Moreau had other plans.
## French Army.
At the beginning of March, Bonaparte ordered Moreau to form his army into all-arms army corps. Accordingly, by 20 March 1800, there were four corps, with the last one serving as an army reserve. The Right Wing was led by Lecourbe and included four ... | 1,961 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr and comprised four divisions under Generals of Division Michel Ney, Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers and Jean Victor Tharreau and General of Brigade Nicolas Ernault des Bruslys. Ney had 7,270 infantry and 569 cavalry, d'Hilliers counted 8,340 infantry and 542 cavalry, Tharre... | 1,962 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
4,687 infantry and 1,394 cavalry, Legrand counted 5,286 infantry and 1,094 cavalry and Delaborde supervised 2,573 infantry and 286 cavalry. Moreau personally directed the Reserve which was made up of three infantry and one cavalry divisions led by Generals of Division Antoine Guillaume Delmas,... | 1,963 |
157746 | Battle of Stockach (1800) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Stockach%20(1800) | Battle of Stockach (1800)
,848 infantry and 1,187 cavalry, Leclerc commanded 6,035 infantry and 963 cavalry and d'Hautpoul counted 1,504 heavy cavalry.
There were additional detached troops under Moreau's overall leadership. These included General of Division Louis-Antoine-Choin de Montchoisy's 7,715 infantry and 519 ... | 1,964 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
Fermat primality test
The Fermat primality test is a probabilistic test to determine whether a number is a probable prime.
# Concept.
Fermat's little theorem states that if "p" is prime and "a" is not divisible by "p", then
If we want to test whether "p" is prime, then we can pick random integ... | 1,965 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
holds trivially if "p" is odd and formula_3.
For this reason, one usually chooses a number "a" in the interval formula_4.
Any "a" such that
when "n" is composite "a" is known as a "Fermat liar". In this case "n" is called Fermat pseudoprime to base "a".
If we do pick an "a" such that
then "a"... | 1,966 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
of 221.
# Algorithm.
The algorithm can be written as follows:
The "a" values 1 and "n"-1 are not used as the equality holds for all "n" and all odd "n" respectively, hence testing them adds no value.
## Complexity.
Using fast algorithms for modular exponentiation and multiprecision multiplica... | 1,967 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
formula_12 are Fermat liars. For these numbers, repeated application of the Fermat primality test performs the same as a simple random search for factors. While Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers (Erdös' upper bound for the number of Carmichael numbers is lower than the ... | 1,968 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
of this, let formula_11 be a Fermat witness and formula_17, formula_18, ..., formula_19 be Fermat liars. Then
and so all formula_21 for formula_22 are Fermat witnesses.
# Applications.
As mentioned above, most applications use a Miller–Rabin or Baillie–PSW test for primality. Sometimes a Fermat... | 1,969 |
157755 | Fermat primality test | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermat%20primality%20test | Fermat primality test
abin tests. Libgcrypt uses a similar process with base 2 for the Fermat test, but OpenSSL does not.
In practice with most big number libraries such as GMP, the Fermat test is not noticeably faster than a Miller–Rabin test, and can be slower for many inputs.
As an exception, OpenPFGW uses only th... | 1,970 |
157758 | Battle of Turckheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Turckheim | Battle of Turckheim
Battle of Turckheim
The Battle of Turckheim was a battle during the Franco-Dutch War that occurred on 5 January 1675 between the towns of Colmar and Turckheim in Alsace. The French army, commanded by the Viscount of Turenne, fought against the armies of Austria and Brandenburg, led by Alexander von... | 1,971 |
157758 | Battle of Turckheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Turckheim | Battle of Turckheim
commander in that sector, failed to prevent the invasion of Alsace by a part of the imperial army. With the arrival of year's end in 1674, the Imperials went into their winter quarters in the region of Colmar, a few miles south of the French winter barracks, situated in Haguenau.
According to the c... | 1,972 |
157758 | Battle of Turckheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Turckheim | Battle of Turckheim
surprised Imperials hastily fell back on Turckheim.
# Battle.
Turenne with 33,000 troops found the Imperial army very well positioned with 30,000 to 40,000 men under the command of Frederick William, the Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, on the afternoon of 5 January 1675. However, the Imperial forc... | 1,973 |
157758 | Battle of Turckheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Turckheim | Battle of Turckheim
view of the enemy because of the terrain. Turenne captured the small village of Turckheim. Frederick William attempted to retake the town but he was defeated by heavy fire from French guns and an infantry charge. Turenne, then, fell against the extreme right of the enemy. The speed of the attack (wh... | 1,974 |
157758 | Battle of Turckheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Turckheim | Battle of Turckheim
le point, disrupted and demoralized the defenders, putting them to flight after suffering 3,400 casualties, retreating to avoid further casualties.
# Aftermath.
Now, with their winter quarters threatened, Frederick William of Brandenburg's army was forced to leave Alsace, and sought the safety of ... | 1,975 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algeria
Algeria ( ; , ; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (, ), is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country i... | 1,976 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
communes (counties). It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries.
Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Rustamid, Fatimids, Zirid, Hamm... | 1,977 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent; most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally. Algeria... | 1,978 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Arabic (, "The Islands"), a truncated form of the older (, "Islands of the Mazghanna Tribe"), employed by medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi.
# History.
## Ancient history.
In the region of Ain Hanech (Saïda Province), early remnants (200,000 BC) of hominid occupation in North Africa were found. Neandert... | 1,979 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Africa are called Iberomaurusian (located mainly in the Oran region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early... | 1,980 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa, east of Cherchell, Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) and Rusicade (modern Skikda). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages.
As Carthaginian power gre... | 1,981 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of tribute from others.
By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They succeeded in obtaining control ... | 1,982 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in Numidia, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay Mauretania, which extended across the Moulouya River in modern-day Morocco to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civiliz... | 1,983 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. Saint Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius (modern-day Algeria), located in the Roman province of Afr... | 1,984 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
military and cultural revival.
## Middle Ages.
After negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority i... | 1,985 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
last were evacuated to Sicily by the Normans and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.
During the Middle Ages, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including Judah Ibn Quraysh, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great Sufi masters Sidi Bou... | 1,986 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of Arabs and Levantines extending from Algeria to their capital state of Cairo. The Fatimid caliphate began to collapse when its governors the Zirids seceded. In order to punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic Tāghribāt. In Al-T... | 1,987 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz and Yemen. Caliphates from North... | 1,988 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
(for example, Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, and Berghwata). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.
Several Amazigh dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands. Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghre... | 1,989 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
to attempt a punitive expedition; The Viceroy, el-Mu'izz, also found another means of revenge.
Between the Nile and the Red Sea were living Bedouin tribes expelled from Arabia for their disruption and turbulent influence, both Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym among others, whose presence disrupted farmers in the Nil... | 1,990 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
especially in Cyrenaica, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in Ifriqiya by the Gabes region. The Zirid ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of Kairouan, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters o... | 1,991 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the Arabs were in all of North Africa, with the exception of the main mountain ranges and certain coastal regions which remained entirely Berber. The influx of Bedouin tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural Arabization of the Maghreb and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had pr... | 1,992 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
of Algiers ceded one of the rocky islets in their harbour to Spain, which built a fort on it. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be a costly and largely ineffective military endeavour that did not guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet.
## Ottoman era.
The region of Algeria was partially ruled b... | 1,993 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
III of the "Bani Ziyad" dynasty, to flee. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his invasion of Tlemcen, Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The Ottoman sultan gave him the title of beylerbey and a contingent of some 2,000 janissaries. With the aid of this force, Hayreddin conquered the whol... | 1,994 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
terms. The pasha was assisted by janissaries, known in Algeria as the ojaq and led by an agha. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized... | 1,995 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
divan, a council of some sixty nobles. It was at first dominated by the "ojaq"; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. In 1710, the dey persuaded the sultan to recognise him and his successors as regent, replacing the pasha in that role, although Algiers remained a part of the Ottoman Empi... | 1,996 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the Kabylie.
The Barbary pirates preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean ... | 1,997 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
at slave markets in North Africa and other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In 1544, for example, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, Turgut Reis, enslaved t... | 1,998 |
358 | Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria | Algeria
the command of Dutch pirate Jan Janszoon sailed as far as Iceland, raiding and capturing slaves. Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from Salé in Morocco had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629 pirate shi... | 1,999 |
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