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157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
two French armies successfully breached the Rhine River to invade Germany, Moreau's army in the south and Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's "Army of Sambre-et-Meuse" in the north. The French armies operated independently while Charles commanded both Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour's "Army of th... | 1,700 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
back. Though he failed to defeat the French, the battle gave the archduke enough space to get his troops over the Danube without interference. Though he had a chance to join his army to Jourdan's in the north, Moreau soon crossed to the south bank in pursuit.
# Background.
On 8 June 1796, the "Arm... | 1,701 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
François Delaborde, 8,300 infantry and 174 cavalry and Augustin Tuncq, 7,437 infantry and 432 cavalry. Desaix's three divisions were commanded by Michel de Beaupuy, 14,565 infantry and 1,266 cavalry, Antoine Guillaume Delmas, 7,898 infantry and 865 cavalry, and Charles Antoine Xaintrailles, 4,828 in... | 1,702 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
were soon transferred to Italy and Wurmser went with this force on 18 June. Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour was appointed the new commander of the "Army of the Upper Rhine". The former leader of the "Army of the Lower Rhine", Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen was replaced by Wilhelm v... | 1,703 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
and two artillery batteries. The Swabians suffered over 700 casualties and lost 14 guns and 22 munition wagons. Moreau's forces inflicted a second defeat on a force of 9,000 Swabians and their Austrian allies under Anton Sztáray at Renchen on 28 June. This time the French reported only 200 casualtie... | 1,704 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
a Left Wing under Michael von Fröhlich, a Center led by Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg and a Right Wing that Latour personally controlled. Fröhlich's wing was made up of eight battalions and 12 squadrons of Austrians organized in two brigades. Fürstenberg's command consisted of 17 battalions, five compan... | 1,705 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
Charles was approaching with an Austrian division under Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze and a Saxon division under General von Lindt. Hotze directed 16 battalions and 20 squadrons in three brigades while Lindt commanded nine battalions and 19 squadrons in five brigades.
With Desaix on the left and Sai... | 1,706 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
the Battle of Rastatt. By this time, Archduke Charles arrived from the north with 20,000 reinforcements. The archduke planned to attack on 10 July, but Moreau preempted him by one day. In the Battle of Ettlingen on the 9th, both commanders tried to hold with their left wings and attack with their ri... | 1,707 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
so the archduke ordered a retreat to the east.
Archduke Charles stopped long enough at Pforzheim to transfer his military stores to the army's wagon train. Moreau was surprised by his foe's decision to disengage and took several days to digest this information. The French commander planned to attac... | 1,708 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
through Villingen with Ferino in pursuit. The Swabians and Bavarian began negotiations with the French to quit the war while the Saxons marched away to the north to join Wartensleben's army. When Charles left the banks of the Rhine he left behind 30,000 troops in garrisons at Mannheim, Philippsburg,... | 1,709 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
with Charles' rear guard. Saint-Cyr occupied the city of Ulm on 8 August 1796. Two days later, Charles was joined by his left wing. At this time Ferino was at Memmingen to the south of the Danube.
# Battle.
On 13 July in Desaix's Left Wing, the division of Delmas consisted of the 50th and 97th Lin... | 1,710 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
brigadiers were Gilles Joseph Martin Brunteau Saint-Suzanne and Dominique Joba. Bourcier's Reserve division comprised the 93rd and 109th Line, the 1st and 2nd Carabiniers and the 2nd, 3rd, 9th, 14th and 15th Cavalry Regiments. All demi-brigades had three battalions, all Cavalry regiments had three s... | 1,711 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
Cheval and a detachment of the 11th Hussars, a total of 5,272 infantry and 292 cavalry. Taponier's division included the brigades of Antoine Laroche Dubouscat, Claude Lecourbe and Henri François Lambert. Laroche directed 5,124 soldiers of the 21st Light and 31st Line Infantry, Lecourbe commanded 5,8... | 1,712 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
wished to prevent the army of Moreau from joining with his colleague Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and the "Army of Sambre-et-Meuse". The Austrian commander hoped to withdraw to the south bank of the Danube but the "Army of Rhin-et-Moselle" was following too closely. By attacking Moreau, the archduke hoped ... | 1,713 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
to get behind the French right flank. His troops were ready to move at midnight, but heavy rains slowed several of his assault columns. On the 10th Saint-Cyr with Taponier's division, drove the Austrians in his front out of the village of Eglingen. Urged on by Moreau, Saint-Cyr balked because he bel... | 1,714 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
be on the safe side, Saint-Cyr stationed Lecourbe and one demi brigade at Dischingen where there was a bridge over the Egau River. Meanwhile, Duhesme stayed well to the south at Medlingen in the Danube valley.
The Austrian archduke commanded 43,000 men while Moreau led 44,737 troops. Charles massed... | 1,715 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
right, Hotze directed 7,500 foot and 1,800 horse toward Kösingen and Schweindorf. To Charles' immediate left, Latour's 5,500 troops would clear Eglingen and Dischingen. On the left flank, Fröhlich was in charge of the force that would cross the Danube behind the French right flank. He would cooperat... | 1,716 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
light cavalry, led by Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty, lost heart at seeing the heavy cavalry fleeing and fell back, leaving the French infantry at Eglingen without support. The Austrian horse fell on the flank of Lambert's brigade, routing its six battalions. This left Taponier's divisio... | 1,717 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
rear at Dischingen. At 9:00 AM the Austrians attacked this position but were beaten back. Their artillery set Dunstelkingen on fire but this actually helped prevent the Austrians from advancing. Moreau then returned from his meeting with Desaix to inform Saint-Cyr that the Left Wing's attack would b... | 1,718 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
assist the center. The clash at Bopfingen was fought by the "Duke Albert" Carabinier Regiment Nr. 5 and the "Siebenburger" Hussar Regiment Nr. 47. Desaix had little trouble fending off these advances. But a message came from the far right that said Duhesme's division was in trouble. Riese attacked D... | 1,719 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
was not able to rejoin Saint-Cyr for three days. The Center's artillery park at Heidenheim hurriedly displaced north to Aalen. This left Saint-Cyr's troops with no reserve artillery ammunition and dependent on supply from Bourcier's small artillery park. Moreau appeared a third time at Saint-Cyr's h... | 1,720 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
The Austrians threatening the French right flank began withdrawing to Dillingen an der Donau. For the fourth time that day Moreau came to see Saint-Cyr, this time accompanied by Desaix. They informed their colleague that Delmas' division was not available yet and it was too late to attack the Austri... | 1,721 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
for confirmation that the Austrians were withdrawing across the Danube.
Besides the two cavalry regiments that fought at Bopfingen, the Austrian units that came into action were four battalions of Infantry Regiments "Reisky" Nr. 13 and "Slavonier" Grenz, three battalions each of Infantry Regiments ... | 1,722 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
Nr. 29.
# Results.
According to one source that called the battle a French victory, the Austrians lost 1,100 killed and wounded plus 500 captured while the French suffered 1,200 killed and wounded plus 1,200 captured. Another authority characterized the action as a "drawn battle" and stated that c... | 1,723 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
later.
Moreau deserved criticism for spreading his forces too widely but he can be credited for keeping his composure despite the defeat of Duhesme. But Moreau now fell into a fatal strategic error. Charles entertained a desire to combine forces with Wartensleben at the earliest opportunity in orde... | 1,724 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
the distance between his army and Moreau, but also giving himself more room to maneuver. On 18 and 19 August Moreau's army finally crossed to the south bank of the Danube. But on the 17th the archduke made a crucial strategic move. Leaving Latour with 30,288 troops plus Condé's 5,000-6,000 men, Char... | 1,725 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
. On 18 and 19 August Moreau's army finally crossed to the south bank of the Danube. But on the 17th the archduke made a crucial strategic move. Leaving Latour with 30,288 troops plus Condé's 5,000-6,000 men, Charles and 28,000 troops recrossed to the north bank, heading for a rendezvous with Warten... | 1,726 |
157732 | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Sant%20Llorenç%20de%20la%20Muga | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
The Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga (in Catalan, in ) was fought on 13 August 1794 between an attacking Spanish–Portuguese army led by the Conde de la Unión and a French army commanded by Jacques François Dugommier. The local French defenders headed... | 1,727 |
157732 | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Sant%20Llorenç%20de%20la%20Muga | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
and several other actions, and seized the port of Collioure in December. In January 1794, the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees received a new commander in General of Division Jacques François Dugommier. Fresh from his triumph at the Siege of Toulon, the new leader reorganized the army. Dug... | 1,728 |
157732 | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Sant%20Llorenç%20de%20la%20Muga | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
their adversaries at the Battle of Boulou on 1 May. Immediately after their victory, they pushed the Allied army south of the Pyrenees and invested both Collioure and the Fort de Bellegarde. Collioure fell on 29 May, but Bellegarde proved to be much more difficult to capture. In a comb... | 1,729 |
157732 | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Sant%20Llorenç%20de%20la%20Muga | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
near Sant Llorenç de la Muga, the site of a cannon ammunition foundry. The Spanish assault, carried out by 14,000 regular infantry and 6,000 provincial militia, failed to break the French defenders, who received some help from Pérignon's division in the center. Sauret's defenses, on th... | 1,730 |
157732 | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Sant%20Llorenç%20de%20la%20Muga | Battle of Sant Llorenç de la Muga
illed. The Spanish suffered losses of 1,400 soldiers killed, wounded, and missing.
# Aftermath.
The Marquis of Val-Santaro surrendered Bellegarde to Pérignon on 17 September. The 1,000 starving survivors of the garrison became prisoners, while 68 cannon and 40,000 rounds of cannon sh... | 1,731 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Raynald of Châtillon
Raynald of Châtillon, also known as Reynald or Reginald of Châtillon (; 1125 – 4 July 1187), was Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death. He was born as his father's second son into a French noble family. After losing a ... | 1,732 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
to him. Raynald launched a plundering raid in Cyprus in 1155, causing great destruction. Four years later, the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, came to Antioch at the head of a large army, forcing Raynald to beg for his mercy. Raynald made a raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash ... | 1,733 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
barons of the realm. He controlled the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria. Baldwin, who suffered from leprosy, made him regent in 1177. Raynald led the crusader army that defeated Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. He was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin... | 1,734 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
succession of the king. Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald's co-operation with her uncle, Joscelin III of Courtenay. Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187, claiming that the truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jer... | 1,735 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
On the other hand, Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states.
# Early years.
Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II, Lord of Donzy. In older historiography, Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey, Count of... | 1,736 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
of Jerusalem before 1153 when he was mentioned as a mercenary fighting in the army of Baldwin III of Jerusalem. According to modern historians, he had joined the crusade of Louis VII of France. Louis departed from France in June 1147. The 12th-century historian William of Tyre, who was Raynald's op... | 1,737 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
of Antioch) came to Antioch at the head of his army at least three times during the following years. To secure the defence of the principality, Baldwin tried to persuade her to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused John Roger, whom the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos... | 1,738 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
of the siege (as Malcolm Barber proposes). They kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission to their marriage.
# Prince of Antioch.
After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald. He was installed prince in or shortly before May 1153. In that month, he confirmed ... | 1,739 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun, before imprisoning him. Aimery was only released on BaldwinIII's demand, but he soon left his see for Jerusalem.
Emperor Manuel sent his envoys to Antioch, proposing to recognize Raynald as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the Arm... | 1,740 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
the territory to them.
Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money. Raynald made an alliance with Thoros II of Cilicia. They attacked Cyprus, subjecting the Byzantine island to a three-week orgy of violence in early 1156. Th... | 1,741 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
advantage of the presence of Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that destroyed most towns of Northern Syria, BaldwinIII of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the Orontes River in the autumn of 1157. Raynald joined the royal army, and t... | 1,742 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
abandoned the siege. They marched on Harenc (present-day Harem, Syria), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, captured it in 1150. After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to the Flemish Raynald of Saint-Valery.
Emperor Manuel un... | 1,743 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
was put to shame" on this occasion, because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald's humiliation. Manuel only forgave him after Raynald agreed to accept a Greek Patriarch in Antioch. Raynald also had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to sta... | 1,744 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
eight days later.
Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161. Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch. Raynald fought bravely,... | 1,745 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
made Patriarch Aimery regent for her fifteen-year-old son (Raynald's stepson), Bohemond III of Antioch. Constance died around 1163, shortly after her son reached the age of majority. Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch. However, he had become an important personality, with prominent ... | 1,746 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
1176. Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000 gold dinars, reflected his prestige. It was most probably paid by ManuelI Komnenos, according to Barber and Bernard Hamilton.
Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1September 1176 where he became a close ally of Joscelin's sister, Agnes of Courtena... | 1,747 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
that BaldwinIV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt.
# Lord of Oultrejordain.
## First years.
Raynald married Stephanie of Milly, the lady of Oultrejordain, and BaldwinIV also granted him Hebron. The first extant charter styling R... | 1,748 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
to Rodrigo Álvarez, the founder of the Order of Mountjoy, to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom. After William of Montferrat died in June 1177, the king made Raynald regent.
Baldwin IV's cousin, Philip I, Count of Flanders, came to the Holy Land at the head ... | 1,749 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
region of Ascalon, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the Battle of Montgisard on 25November, leading to his defeat. William of Tyre and Ernoul attributed the victory to the king, but Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander. Sala... | 1,750 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Sybilla, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage. The king's half sister, Isabella (whose stepfather, Balian of Ibelin was Guy of Lusignan's opponent) was engaged to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron, in autumn 1180. BaldwinIV dispatched Raynald, along with H... | 1,751 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
caravans travelling between Egypt and Syria, breaking the truce. Modern historians debate whether Raynald's desire for booty inspired these military actions, or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories. Saladin tried to seize Aleppo after As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ... | 1,752 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
ordered Raynald to free them, but Raynald did not obey him. His defiance annoyed the king, enabling Raymond III of Tripoli's partisans to reconcile him with the monarch. Raymond's return to the royal court put an end to his paramount position. He accepted the new situation and cooperated with the k... | 1,753 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
raid along the coasts, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Raynald left Ile de Graye, but his fleet continued the siege. Saladin's brother, Al-Adil, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Ile de Graye and destroyed the Christian... | 1,754 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
crusader states.
Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan "bailli" (or regent) in October 1183. Within a month, Baldwin dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson, Baldwin V, crowned king. Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he attended the wedd... | 1,755 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed. After envoys from Kerak informed BaldwinIV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and RaymondIII of Tripoli.... | 1,756 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
her sister, Isabella (who was the wife of Raynald's stepson), could be crowned without the decision of the pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of France and England about BaldwinV's lawful successor. However, Sybilla's uncle, JoscelinIII of Courtenay, took control of Jerusalem with the supp... | 1,757 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Knights Templar, accompanied Sybilla to the Holy Sepulchre, where she was crowned. She also arranged the coronation of her husband, although he was unpopular even among her supporters. Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald's stepson, Humphrey, to claim the crown on his wife's behalf, but Humphrey... | 1,758 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Hamilton, because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin covered Raynald's domains. In late 1186 or early 1187, a rich caravan travelled through Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria. Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan. Raynald seized the carava... | 1,759 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
his land, just as Guy was lord of his, and he had no truces with the Saracens". Saladin proclaimed a "jihad" (or holy war) against the kingdom, taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce.
# Capture and execution.
The "Estoire de Eracles" wrongly claimed that Salad... | 1,760 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Saladin marched to Ashtara, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.
The Christian forces assembled at Sepphoris. Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort convinced Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although RaymondIII of Tripoli had tried to persuade th... | 1,761 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
rose water to Guy. After drinking from the cup, the king handed it to Raynald. Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (who was present) recorded that Raynald drank from the cup. Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not murder him, Saladin stated that it was Guy who ... | 1,762 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
reports of Saladin's offer to Raynald is subject to a scholarly debate, because the Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin's image. Ernoul's chronicle and the "Estoire de Eracles" recounted the events ending with Raynald's execution in almost the same language as t... | 1,763 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
Guy of Lusignan, but Saladin soon comforted him, stating that "A king does not kill a king, but that man's perfidy and insolence went too far".
# Family.
Raynald's first wife, Constance of Antioch (born in 1128), was the only daughter of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem. Constance su... | 1,764 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
succeeded his brother as BélaIII of Hungary in 1172. She followed her husband to Hungary, where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184. Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of Azzo VI of Este in 1204. Raynald also had a son, Baldwin, from Const... | 1,765 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
of Oultrejourdain. She was born around 1145. Her first husband, HumphreyIII of Toron, died around 1173. She inherited Oultrejourdain from her niece, Beatrice Brisbarre, shortly before she married Miles of Plancy in early 1174. Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174.
# Legacy.
Most informati... | 1,766 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre. The author of the "Estoire of Eracles" stated that Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the "reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Modern historians have usually also treat... | 1,767 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
behavior during the reign of Guy of Lusignan shows that the kingdom had broken up into "a collection of semi-autonomous fiefdoms" by that time.
Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith. Peter of Blois dedicated a book (entitled "Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch") to hi... | 1,768 |
157696 | Raynald of Châtillon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynald%20of%20Châtillon | Raynald of Châtillon
nt Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states.
Raynald is portrayed by Brendan Gleeson in the "Kingdom of Heaven" movie. He is also a character in the first episode of season 6 of "Horrible Histories".
# Sources.
## Primary sources.
- "The Rare and Excellent... | 1,769 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Samuel West
Samuel Alexander Joseph West (born 19 June 1966) is an English actor, theatre director and voice actor. He has directed on stage and radio, and worked as an actor across theatre, film, television and radio. He often appears as reciter with orchestras and performed at the Last Night of the Proms... | 1,770 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
English Literature and was president of the Experimental Theatre Club.
# Career.
## Stage.
West made his London stage debut in February 1989 at the Orange Tree Theatre, playing Michael in Cocteau's "Les Parents Terribles", of which critic John Thaxter wrote: "He invests the role with a warmth and validit... | 1,771 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
with the Royal Shakespeare Company playing the title roles in "Richard II" and "Hamlet", both directed by Steven Pimlott.
In 2002, West made his stage directorial debut with "The Lady's Not for Burning" at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester. He succeeded Michael Grandage as artistic director of Sheffield Thea... | 1,772 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Studios. He also continued his acting career: in 2007 he appeared alongside Toby Stephens and Dervla Kirwan in "Betrayal" at the Donmar Warehouse, in November 2008 he played Harry in the Donmar revival of T. S. Eliot's "Family Reunion" and in 2009 he starred as Jeffrey Skilling in "Enron" by Lucy Prebble. H... | 1,773 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
James McArdle.
## Film.
In 1991, West played the lower-middle-class clerk Leonard Bast in the Merchant Ivory film adaptation of E. M. Forster's novel "Howards End" (released 1992) opposite Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter and Anthony Hopkins. For this role, he was nominated for best supporting actor at... | 1,774 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
States in 2006 as "". In 2012, he played King George VI in "Hyde Park on Hudson".
## Television.
He is a familiar face on television appearing in many long-running series: "Midsomer Murders", "Waking the Dead" and "Poirot" as well as one-off dramas. He played Anthony Blunt in "Cambridge Spies", a BBC prod... | 1,775 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
in the televised adaptation of William Boyd's novel "Any Human Heart", while in 2011 he starred as Zak Gist in the ITV series "Eternal Law". In addition, he appeared in the BBC series "As Time Goes By" episode "We'll Always Have Paris" (1994) as the character Terry.
He plays Frank Edwards in the ITV drama ... | 1,776 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
to Harold Pinter's Max.
In 2011, he made his radio directing debut with a production of "Money" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton on BBC Radio 3.
# Personal life.
West has appeared alongside his actor parents on several occasions; with his mother Prunella Scales in "Howards End" and "Stiff Upper Lips", and with hi... | 1,777 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
"The Soldiers Tale" at the St Magnus Festival on Orkney and in 2006 they gave a rehearsed reading of the Harold Pinter play "Family Voices" as part of the Sheffield Theatres Pinter season.
West became the patron of Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus in February 2008, having been the narrator for a concert of th... | 1,778 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
the Iraq War. On 26 March 2011, he spoke at the TUC March for the Alternative.
West has written essays on "Richard II" for the Cambridge University Press series "Players of Shakespeare", on "Hamlet" for Michael Dobson's CUP study "Performing Shakespeare's Tragedies Today" and on Shakespeare and Love and Vo... | 1,779 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
for "Christmas University Challenge", as part of a team of alumni from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
West is an Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company, Chair of the National Campaign for the Arts, and was a member of the council of the British Actors' Union Equity from 1996–2000 and 2008–2014. He ... | 1,780 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Laurence Rees centered on the Second World War:
- "" 1997
- "War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin" 1999
- "Horror in the East" 2001
- "" 2005
- "" 2008
In addition, he narrated the Yorkshire Television documentary "The SS in Britain" for director Julian Hendy in 1999, and considering his role... | 1,781 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Goldby, (Orange Tree Theatre)
- "The Bread-Winner" (1989) - directed by Kevin Billington, (Theatre Royal, Windsor and touring)
- "A Life in the Theatre" (October 1989-February 1990) - directed by Bill Bryden, (Theatre Royal Haymarket, transferred to Strand Theatre)
- "Hidden Laughter": Nigel (June 1990) ... | 1,782 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
(Royal National Theatre)
- "The Importance of Being Earnest": Algernon - directed by James Maxwell, (Royal Exchange Theatre)
- "Henry IV Part 1" and Part 2: Hal (1996–1997) - directed by Stephen Unwin (English Touring Theatre)
- "Journey's End": Captain Stanhope (January–February 1998) - directed by Davi... | 1,783 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Faustus": Faustus (2004) - directed by Steven Pimlott, Martin Duncan and Edward Kemp, (Minerva Theatre)
- "Much Ado About Nothing": Benedick (2005) - directed by Josie Rourke, (Crucible Theatre)
- "The Exonerated": Kerry Max Cook (2006) - directed by Bob Balaban, (Riverside Studios)
- "A Number": B1/B2/M... | 1,784 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
(2009) - directed by Rupert Goold, (Minerva Theatre, Royal Court Theatre, Noël Coward Theatre)
- "A Number" (revival): B1/B2/Michael Black (2010) - directed by Jonathan Munby, (Menier Chocolate Factory)
- "Kreutzer vs. Kreutzer": Man (2010) - directed by Sarah Giles, (Australian Chamber Orchestra - on tou... | 1,785 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Burning" (2002), Minerva Theatre
- "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" (2003), Bristol Old Vic
- "Cosi Fan Tutte" (2003), English National Opera at Barbican Theatre
- "Three Women and a Piano Tuner" (2004), Minerva Theatre and Hampstead Theatre (2005)
- "Insignificance" (2005), Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)
- "The... | 1,786 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Tricycle Theatre
- "The Watsons" (2018 Minerva Theatre, Chichester)
# Radio.
## Directing.
- "Money" (2011), BBC Radio 3
- "Close the Coalhouse Door" (2012), BBC Radio 4
# Audiobooks, reciting and work with musicians.
West has recorded over fifty audiobooks, among which are the Shakespeare plays "All... | 1,787 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
of the Middle March"), five books by Sebastian Faulks ("Charlotte Gray", "Birdsong", "The Girl at the Lion d'Or", "Human Traces" and "A Possible Life"), four by Michael Ridpath ("Trading Reality", "Final Venture", "Free to Trade", and "The Marketmaker"), two by George Orwell ("Nineteen Eighty-Four" and "Hom... | 1,788 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
"Bomber", "Doctor Who: The Vengeance of Morbius", "Empire of the Sun", "Brighton Rock", "Fair Stood the Wind for France", "Fluke", "Great Speeches in History", "How Proust Can Change Your Life", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Peter Pan", "The Alchemist", "The Day of the Triffids", "The Hairy Hands", "The Lives o... | 1,789 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My" by Tove Jansson for an interactive audiobook developed by Spinfy and published by Sort of Books.
In May 2015, West's reading of "Brighton Rock" was chosen as one of 'The 20 best audiobooks of all time' by Carole Mansur of the Daily Telegraph.
As a reciter West has ... | 1,790 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Bernstein's "Kaddish", Walton's "Façade" and "Henry V", "Night Mail" and "The Way to the Sea" by Britten and Auden, the world premieres of "Concrete" by Judith Weir at the Barbican and Howard Goodall’s "Jason and the Argonauts" at the Royal Albert Hall and the UK premiere of Jonathan Harvey's final piece "W... | 1,791 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
six times, including the suite version of "Henry V" at the 2002 Last Night of the Proms.
He has also appeared with the Nash Ensemble, the Raphael Ensemble, The Hebrides Ensemble, Ensemble 360 and the Lindsay, Dante and Endellion Quartets at the Wigmore Hall, London. Recordings include Prokofief's "Eugene O... | 1,792 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
the centenary year of Benjamin Britten, West narrated the Britten/Auden film score "Night Mail" with the Nash Ensemble at the Wigmore Hall and later added "Coal Face, God’s Chillun, The Peace of Britain, The Way to the Sea" and "The King's Stamp" with the Aurora Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth and Fairfiel... | 1,793 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
America" for the Hallé orchestra, which was released on CD together with West’s recordings of speeches to Britten’s incidental music for Auden and Isherwood’s play "The Ascent of F6" (the disc, "Britten to America", was later nominated for a 2014 Grammy Award for Best Classical Compendium). He also toured a... | 1,794 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
giving a personal account of the fire scene and his inner thoughts on duty that night.
# Awards and nominations.
As actor
- 1993 - Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor for "Howards End"
- 1999 - Nominated Genie Award for Best Actor for "Rupert's Land"
- 2001 - Won London Critics' Circle Thea... | 1,795 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Whatsonstage Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Actor for "ENRON"
- 2010 - Nominated Olivier Award Best Actor for "ENRON"
As reader
- 1999 - Won Talkie award for "Charlotte Gray" by Sebastian Faulks
- 2000 - Won Audie award for "Realms of Gold: Letters and Poems of John Keats"
- 2001 - Won Spoken Word... | 1,796 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
Swimming Pool Library" by Alan Hollinghurst (2007), "Faust" by Goethe (2011), "A Shropshire Lad" by A. E. Housman (2011), "A Possible Life" by Sebastian Faulks (2012) and Philip Pullman's "Grimm Tales for Young and Old" (2013)
As director
- 2004 - Nominated Olivier Award for Best Opera Revival for "Cosi F... | 1,797 |
157663 | Samuel West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel%20West | Samuel West
hurst (2007), "Faust" by Goethe (2011), "A Shropshire Lad" by A. E. Housman (2011), "A Possible Life" by Sebastian Faulks (2012) and Philip Pullman's "Grimm Tales for Young and Old" (2013)
As director
- 2004 - Nominated Olivier Award for Best Opera Revival for "Cosi Fan Tutte"
- 2008 - Nominated Olivier ... | 1,798 |
157721 | Timothy West | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy%20West | Timothy West
Timothy West
Timothy Lancaster West, CBE (born 20 October 1934) is an English film, stage and television actor, with more than fifty years of varied work in the business. As well as many classical theatre performances, he has appeared frequently on television, including spells in both "Coronation Street" ... | 1,799 |
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