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906049 | Tarundeep Rai | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarundeep%20Rai | Tarundeep Rai
the semifinal round of the World Archery Championship in 2005, where he narrowly lost to Won Jong Choi of South Korea by 106-112 for the bronze medal play-off.
# Awards and achievements.
Tarundeep is a recipient of the Arjuna Award (2005) for his achievements in archery.
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men’s Team, Archery World Cup, Antalya, Turkey, 2012
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Porec, Croatia, 2011
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, Asian Games, Guangzhou, P.R. China, 2010
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Shanghai, P.R. China, 2010
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Porec, Croatia, 2010
- Gold Medalist, | 19,000 |
906049 | Tarundeep Rai | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarundeep%20Rai | Tarundeep Rai
Recurve Men's Team, 2nd Asian Grand Prix, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 5th Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Dakha, Bangladesh, 2009
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, 5th Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Dakha, Bangladesh, 2009
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009
- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Asian Games, Doha, Qatar, 2006
- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, The 3rd Asian Archery Grand Prix Tournament, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2005
- Silver Medalist, Men's Team, 43rd World Outdoor | 19,001 |
906049 | Tarundeep Rai | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarundeep%20Rai | Tarundeep Rai
Recurve Men's Individual, 5th Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Dakha, Bangladesh, 2009
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009
- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009
- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Asian Games, Doha, Qatar, 2006
- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, The 3rd Asian Archery Grand Prix Tournament, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2005
- Silver Medalist, Men's Team, 43rd World Outdoor Target Archery Championships, Madrid, Spain, 2005
- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, Asian Grand Prix, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004
# External links.
- Ready, Aim, Aspire... | 19,002 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
Human height
Human height or stature is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It is measured using a stadiometer, usually in centimetres when using the metric system, or feet and inches when using the imperial system.
A particular genetic profile in men called Y haplotype I-M170 is correlated with height. Ecological data shows that as the frequency of this genetic profile increases in the population, the average male height in a country also increases.
Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less | 19,003 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the “longevity gene” FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of a small body size. Short stature decreases the risk of venous insufficiency.
When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.
The development of human height can serve as an indicator of two key welfare components, namely nutritional | 19,004 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
quality and health. In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may result in delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions. Some research indicates that a greater height correlates with greater success in dating and earning in men, although other research indicates that this does not apply to non-white men.
Height is a sexually dimorphic trait in humans. A study of 20th century British natality trends indicated that while tall men tended to reproduce more than short men, women of below average height had more children than taller women.
# Determinants | 19,005 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
of growth and height.
The study of height is known as auxology. Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to differences among populations. Average height is relevant to the measurement of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations.
Attributed as a significant reason for | 19,006 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Average (male) height in a nation is correlated with protein quality. Nations that consume more protein in the form of meat, dairy, eggs, and fish tend to be taller, while those that attain more protein from cereals tend to be shorter. Therefore, populations with high cattle per capita and high consumption of dairy live longer and are taller. Historically, this can be seen in the cases of the United States, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia in the beginning of the 19th century.
Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise | 19,007 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations. This has been seen in North Korea, parts of Africa, certain historical Europe, and other populations. Developing countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in Totonicapán, and 49.8% nationwide.
Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling | 19,008 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes, partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors.
For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the first visit underestimating and | 19,009 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards.
Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to regression toward the mean, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than | 19,010 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
the parents themselves. Genetic potential and a number of hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances.
Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately | 19,011 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
3 more years, going to zero at about 18–19. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.
Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical period and pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is important for herself but also for the fetus as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation | 19,012 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.
The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life. These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological | 19,013 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
explanation.
It has been observed that first-born males are shorter than later-born males.
However, more recently the reverse observation was made. The study authors suggest that the cause may be socio-economic in nature.
## Nature versus nurture.
The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60–80% heritable, according to several twin studies and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height. The number of | 19,014 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
individuals has since been expanded to 253,288 individuals and the number of genetic variants identified is 697 in 423 genetic loci. In a separate study of body proportion using sitting-height ratio, it reports that these 697 variants can be partitioned into 3 specific classes, (1) variants that primarily determine leg length, (2) variants that primarily determine spine and head length, or (3) variants that affect overall body size. This gives insights into the biological mechanisms underlying how these 697 genetic variants affect overall height. These loci do not only determine height, but other features or characteristics. As an example, 4 of the 7 loci identified for intracranial volume had | 19,015 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
previously been discovered for human height.
The effect of environment on height is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist Barry Bogin and coworkers of Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited Guatemala, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only in height and the women averaged . Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War, during which up to a million Guatemalans fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were taller than the Guatemalan Maya | 19,016 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and health care. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had relatively longer legs, averaging longer than the Guatemalan Maya (a significantly lower sitting height ratio).
The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average tall, and Shilluk males averaged . The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather. However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 176.4 cm and 172.6 cm tall, | 19,017 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
respectively. As the study points out, Nilotic people "may attain greater height if privileged with favourable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of the genetic material." Before fleeing, these refugees were subject to privation as a consequence of the succession of civil wars in their country from 1955 to the present.
The tallest living married couple are ex-basketball players Yao Ming and Ye Li (both of China) who measure 228.6 cm (7 ft 6 in) and 190.5 cm (6 ft 3 in) respectively, giving a combined height of 419.1 cm (13 ft 9 in). They married in Shanghai, China, on 6 August 2007.
In Tibet, the khampas are known for their great height. | 19,018 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
Khampa males are on average 180 cm tall (5 ft 11 in).
The people of the Dinaric Alps, mainly South Slavs (Montenegro and East Herzegovina), are on record as being the tallest in the world, with a male average height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) and female average height of 170.9 cm (5 ft 7.3 in).
# Process of growth.
Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most | 19,019 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.
The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait, with men having proportionately longer legs. Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority | 19,020 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.
It has been shown that a log-normal distribution fits the data equally well, besides guaranteeing a non-negative lower confidence limit, which could otherwise attain a non-physical negative height value for arbitrarily large confidence levels.
# Height abnormalities.
Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a | 19,021 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities.
Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having | 19,022 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.
If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.
# Role of an individual's height.
## Height and health.
Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature | 19,023 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
& a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure & are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the “longevity gene” FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of a small body size. Short stature decreases the risk of venous insufficiency. Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity. Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.
Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account | 19,024 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
for the observed height variations worldwide. Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions. Consequently, the relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings.
At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including | 19,025 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces.
Sources | 19,026 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.
Women whose height is under may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.
A study done in Sweden in 2005 has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.
A large body of human and animal evidence indicates that shorter, smaller bodies age slower, and have fewer chronic diseases and greater longevity. For example, a study found eight areas of support for the | 19,027 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
"smaller lives longer" thesis. These areas of evidence include studies involving longevity, life expectancy, centenarians, male vs. female longevity differences, mortality advantages of shorter people, survival findings, smaller body size due to calorie restriction, and within species body size differences. They all support the conclusion that smaller individuals live longer in healthy environments and with good nutrition. However, the difference in longevity is modest. Several human studies have found a loss of 0.5 year/centimetre of increased height (1.2 yr/inch). But these findings do not mean that all tall people die young. Many live to advanced ages and some become centenarians.
## Height | 19,028 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
and occupational success.
There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success. The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago. Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.), whereas in many other sports taller people have a major advantage. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform; nonetheless several studies found that success was positively correlated with body height, although there may be other | 19,029 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
factors such as gender or socioeonomic status that are correlated with height which may account for the difference in success.
A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century. Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was and several prominent world leaders of the 20th century, such as Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below average height. These examples, however, were all before modern forms of multi-media, i.e., television, which may further height discrimination in modern society. Further, | 19,030 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with occupational success.
# History of human height.
In the 150 years since the mid-nineteenth century, the average human height in industrialised countries has increased by up to . However, these increases appear to have largely levelled off. Before the mid-nineteenth century, there were cycles in height, with periods of increase and decrease; however, examinations of skeletons show no significant differences in height from the Stone Age through the early-1800s.
In general, there were no big differences in regional height levels throughout the nineteenth century. The only exceptions | 19,031 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
of this rather uniform height distribution were people in the Anglo-Saxon settlement regions who were taller than the average and people from Southeast Asia with below-average heights. However, at the end of the nineteenth century and in the middle of the first globalisation period, heights between rich and poor countries began to diverge. These differences did not disappear in the deglobalisation period of the two World wars. Baten and Blum (2014) find that in the nineteenth century, important determinants of height were the local availability of cattle, meat and milk as well as the local disease environment. In the late-twentieth century, however, technologies and trade became more important, | 19,032 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
decreasing the impact of local availability of agricultural products.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people of European descent in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time.
Some studies also suggest that there existed the correlation between the height and the real wage, moreover, correlation was higher among the less developed countries. Interestingly, the difference in height between children from different social classes was already observed, when child was around two years old.
In the late-nineteenth century, | 19,033 |
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the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today Dutch people are among the world's tallest with young men averaging tall.
According to a study by economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella, in the first half of the eighteenth century, the average height of an English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), and the average height of an Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in). The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers was 163.6 cm – 165.9 cm (5 ft 4.4 in – 5 ft 5.3 in) for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9 cm (5 ft 6.1 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).
American-born colonial soldiers | 19,034 |
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of the late-1770s were on average more than 7.6 cm (3 inches) taller than their English counterparts who served in the Royal Marines at the same time.
The average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during periods of rapid industrialisation, possibly due to rapid population growth and broad decreases in economic status. This has become known as the early-industrial growth puzzle or in the U.S. context the Antebellum Puzzle. In England during the early-nineteenth century, the difference between average height of English upper-class youth (students of Sandhurst Military Academy) and English working-class youth (Marine Society boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed.
Data | 19,035 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of males and females in Leiden, The Netherlands was respectively 166.7 cm (5 ft 5.6 in) and 156.7 cm (5 ft 1.7 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in).
According to a study by J.W. Drukker and Vincent Tassenaar, the average height of a Dutch person decreased from 1830-57, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5% per year. The worst decline were in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5 cm (1 in). Urban mortality was also much higher than rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 4.6 in). | 19,036 |
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By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 3.8 in) and urban Dutchman was 158.5 cm (5 ft 2.4 in).
A 2004 report citing a 2003 UNICEF study on the effects of malnutrition in North Korea, due to "successive famines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter. In contrast South Koreans "feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference is minimal for Koreans over forty years old, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughly comparable to those in the South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s – a demographic in which South Koreans are about | 19,037 |
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taller than their North Korean counterparts – as this was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine where hundreds of thousands, if not millions, died of hunger. A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that eighteen-year-old males were 5 inches (13 cm) shorter than South Koreans their age due to malnutrition.
The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at . The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, United States, who was at the time of his death. The tallest woman in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood when she died at the age of seventeen. | 19,038 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
The shortest adult human on record was Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at .
Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.
Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changes | 19,039 |
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secondary to degenerative disease.
Working on data of Indonesia, the study by Baten, Stegl and van der Eng suggests a positive relationship of economic development and average height. In Indonesia, human height has decreased coincidentally with natural or political shocks.
# Average height around the world.
As with any statistical data, the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons:
- Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than its measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.
- Test subjects may have been invited instead | 19,040 |
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of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
- Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany. Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
- Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are taller, and university students are taller than the national average. As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not | 19,041 |
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represent a total population in some countries.
- A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
- The height of persons can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a height increase from exercise done directly before measurement (normally inversely correlated), or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time (normally inversely correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day. Such factors may not have been controlled in some | 19,042 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
of the studies.
- Men from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Netherlands, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro have the tallest average height. Data suggests that Herzegovinians have the genetic potential to be more than two inches taller than the Dutch. In the Netherlands, about 35% of men have the genetic profile Y haplogroup I-M170, but in Herzegovina, the frequency is over 70%. Extrapolating the genetic trend line suggests that the average Herzegovinian man could possibly be as tall as 190 cm (nearly 6′ 3″). Many Herzegovinians do not achieve this potential due to poverty (citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina were 1.9 cm taller if both of their parents went to university, which is considered as a wealth | 19,043 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
indicator) and to nutritional choices: religious prohibition on pork may be largely to blame for the shorter average stature of Muslim Herzegovinians.
# See also.
- Anthropometry, the measurement of the human individual
- Body weight
- History of anthropometry
- Human physical appearance
- Human variability
- Pygmy peoples
- Economics and Human Biology
# Bibliography.
- (for heights in U.S. and Japan)
- (for heights in Germany)
- Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)
- A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, is archived here. A copy is available here (an English translation of | 19,044 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...)
# External links.
- CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles
- fao.org, Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles)
- The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world
- Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century
- European Heights in the Early eighteenth Century
- Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910
- The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia
- HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF AVERAGE | 19,045 |
905957 | Human height | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%20height | Human height
he Early eighteenth Century
- Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910
- The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia
- HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE
- Our World In Data – Human Height – Visualizations of how human height around the world has changed historically (by Max Roser). Charts for all countries, world maps, and links to more data sources.
- "What Has Happened to the Quality of Life in the Advanced Industrialized Nations?"
- A century of trends in adult human height, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), DOI: 10.7554/eLife.13410, 25 July 2016 | 19,046 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
Attempted murder
Attempted murder is a crime of attempt in various jurisdictions.
# Canada.
Section 239 of the "Criminal Code" makes attempted murder punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment. If a gun is used, the minimum sentence is four, five or seven years, dependent on prior convictions and relation to organized crime.
# United Kingdom.
## England and Wales.
In English criminal law, attempted murder is the crime of simultaneously preparing to commit an unlawful killing and having a specific intention to cause the death of a human being under the Queen's Peace. The phrase "more than merely preparatory" is specified by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 to denote the fact that preparation | 19,047 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
for a crime by itself does not constitute an "attempted crime".
In England and Wales, as an "attempt", attempted murder is an offence under section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 and is an indictable offence which carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment (the same as the mandatory sentence for murder). The corresponding legislation for Northern Ireland is section 3(1) of the Criminal Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983 (No.1120 (N.I.13)).
The "mens rea" ("Latin" for the "guilty mind") for murder includes an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm where there is virtual certainty of death resulting, whereas attempted murder depends on an intention to | 19,048 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
kill and an overt act towards committing homicide. Attempted murder is only the planning of a murder and acts taken towards it, not the actual killing, which is the murder. This makes the offence very difficult to prove and it is more common for a lesser charge to be preferred under the Offences against the Person Act 1861.
However, in "R v Morrison" [2003] 1 WLR 1859, the Court of Appeal considered the issue of alternative verdicts on an indictment with a single count of attempted murder. Morrison had gone into a shop with two other men on a robbery with a firearm. They demanded money and one of the men shot at the shopkeeper who suffered only minor injury. The prosecution had many opportunities | 19,049 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
to add other counts before the trial but failed to act. Having heard the case, the judge expressed his view that the jury could consider an attempted grievous bodily harm (GBH) under section 18 of the 1861 Act and Morrison was duly convicted of attempting to cause grievous bodily harm. The Court of Appeal confirmed that attempting to cause grievous bodily harm is a valid alternative to attempted murder because there can be no intention to kill someone without the intention also to cause grievous bodily harm.
This is a practical decision to ensure that the criminal justice system did not allow a guilty person to walk away because only one charge had been preferred. But it is not necessarily | 19,050 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
a good general principle because, in euthanasia for example, a person assisting intends to cause death, but with no suffering. That attempting to cause grievous bodily harm must be an alternative verdict should the intended victim not die would be a strange outcome because there is no intention to cause any long-lasting and serious injury: the two attempted offences have different "mens rea" requirements so that proof of intent to murder would not necessarily meet the requirement for section 18 of the 1861 Act.
First, acting deliberately and intentionally or recklessly with extreme disregard for human life, the person attempted to kill someone; and the person did something that was a substantial | 19,051 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
step toward committing the crime. [Mere preparation is not a substantial step toward committing a crime.]
### Proof of "mens rea".
There must be more than merely preparatory acts and, although the defendant may threaten death, this may not provide convincing evidence of an intention to kill unless the words are accompanied by relevant action, e.g. finding and picking up a weapon and making serious use of it, or making a serious and sustained physical attack without a weapon.
### Duress, necessity and marital coercion.
The defences of duress and necessity are not available to a person charged with attempted murder. Conversely, the statutory defence of marital coercion is, on the face of the | 19,052 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
statute, available to a wife charged with attempted murder.
### History.
Prior to 1967, sections 11 to 15 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 created a number of offences of attempting to commit murder by various specified means (ss.11 to 14), and an offence of attempting to commit murder by any means not specified in those offences (s.15).
After the repeal of these offences by the Criminal Law Act 1967, attempted murder was allowed to subsist at common law until the enactment of the 1981 Act.
## Scotland.
Attempted murder is a crime at common law in Scotland. Attempted murder is the same as the offence of murder in Scottish law with the only difference being that the victim has | 19,053 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
not died. The offence of murder was defined in Drury v HM Advocate:
Intention can be inferred from the circumstances of the case. Wicked recklessness is determined objectively and is "recklessness so gross that it indicates a state of mind which falls to be treated as wicked and depraved as the state of mind of a deliberate killer." As with all common law offences in Scotland, the maximum punishment available is life imprisonment.
# United States.
In the United States, attempted murder is an inchoate crime. A conviction for attempted murder requires a demonstration of an intent to murder, meaning that the perpetrator either tried to murder and failed (e.g. attempted to shoot the victim and | 19,054 |
906044 | Attempted murder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted%20murder | Attempted murder
as the state of mind of a deliberate killer." As with all common law offences in Scotland, the maximum punishment available is life imprisonment.
# United States.
In the United States, attempted murder is an inchoate crime. A conviction for attempted murder requires a demonstration of an intent to murder, meaning that the perpetrator either tried to murder and failed (e.g. attempted to shoot the victim and missed or shot the victim and the victim survived) or took a substantial step towards committing a murder (e.g. purchasing a gun or other deadly weapon and writing about his or her intent to kill).
# See also.
- Death threat
- "People v. Superior Court (Decker)"
- "State v. Mitchell" | 19,055 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
Douglas B-23 Dragon
The Douglas B-23 Dragon is an American twin-engined bomber developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company as a successor to (and a refinement of) the B-18 Bolo.
# Design and development.
Douglas proposed a number of modifications designed to improve the performance of the B-18. Initially considered a redesign, the XB-22 featured 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-1 Twin Cyclone radial engines. The complete B-18 redesign was considered promising enough by the USAAC to alter the original contract to produce the last 38 B-18As ordered under Contract AC9977 as the B-23. The design incorporated a larger wingspan with a wing design very similar to that of the DC-3, a fully retractable undercarriage, | 19,056 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
and improved defensive armament. The B-23 was the first operational American bomber equipped with a glazed tail gun position. The tail gun was a .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine gun, which was fired from the prone position by a gunner using a telescopic sight.
The first B-23 flew on July 27, 1939 with the production series of 38 B-23s manufactured between July 1939 and September 1940.
# Operational history.
While significantly faster and better armed than the B-18, the B-23 was not comparable to newer medium bombers like the North American B-25 Mitchell and Martin B-26 Marauder. For this reason, the 38 B-23s built were never used in combat overseas, although for a brief period they were employed | 19,057 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
as patrol aircraft stationed on the west coast of the United States. The B-23s were primarily relegated to training duties, although 18 of the type were converted as transports and redesignated UC-67.
The B-23 also served as a testbed for new engines and systems. For example, one was used for turbosupercharger development by General Electric at Schenectady, New York.
After World War II, many examples were used as executive transports, with appropriate internal modifications, and as a result a large number have survived. With its wartime experience with the type, GE bought and used five of them. Howard Hughes (among others) used converted B-23s as personal aircraft.
# Operators.
- United | 19,058 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
States Army Air Corps
# Variants.
- B-23
- C-67
- UC-67
# Surviving aircraft.
## Ecuador.
- UC-67
- 39-031 (HC-APV) - Ecuadorian Air Museum, Quito.
## United States.
### On display.
- B-23
- 39-0036 - McChord Air Museum in McChord AFB, Washington.
- 39-0051 - Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.
- UC-67
- 39-0047 - Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California.
### Under restoration or in storage.
- B-23
- 39-0033 - to airworthiness by private owner in Bellevue, Washington.
- 39-0037 - in storage at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.
- 39-0038 | 19,059 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
- for display at the 1941 Historical Aircraft Group Museum in Geneseo, New York.
- UC-67
- 39-0057 - in storage at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
- 39-0063 - to airworthiness by private owner in Anchorage, Alaska. Flew in 2017.
### Wrecks.
- B-23
- 39-0052 - largely complete wreck at Loon Lake, Idaho.
# References.
## Bibliography.
- Francillon, René J. "McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920". London, Putnam, 1979. .
- Mondey, David. "The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II". London: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., 2002, (republished 1996 by the Chancellor Press), First edition 1982. .
# External links.
- Douglas B-23 Dragon – National Museum of the | 19,060 |
906060 | Douglas B-23 Dragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas%20B-23%20Dragon | Douglas B-23 Dragon
41 Historical Aircraft Group Museum in Geneseo, New York.
- UC-67
- 39-0057 - in storage at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
- 39-0063 - to airworthiness by private owner in Anchorage, Alaska. Flew in 2017.
### Wrecks.
- B-23
- 39-0052 - largely complete wreck at Loon Lake, Idaho.
# References.
## Bibliography.
- Francillon, René J. "McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920". London, Putnam, 1979. .
- Mondey, David. "The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II". London: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., 2002, (republished 1996 by the Chancellor Press), First edition 1982. .
# External links.
- Douglas B-23 Dragon – National Museum of the United States Air Force | 19,061 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
Canadian Mathematical Society
The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) () is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research, outreach, and scholarship and education in Canada. It serves the national community through the publication of academic journals, community bulletins, and the administration of mathematical competitions.
It was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. A name change was debated for many years; ultimately, a new name was adopted in 1979, upon its incorporation as a non-profit charitable organization.
The society is also affiliated with various national and international mathematical societies, | 19,062 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
including the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The society is also a member of the International Mathematical Union and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
# Publications.
The flagship publications of the CMS are the prominent, peer-reviewed research journals "Canadian Journal of Mathematics", which is intended for full research papers, and the "Canadian Mathematical Bulletin", which publishes shorter papers. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download. Access to the most recent research requires a subscription.
In cooperation with Springer Publications, the CMS publishes | 19,063 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
many text books aimed at a university and academic researcher level. The series is called "CMS Books in Mathematics".
The CMS publishes ten issues per year of "Crux Mathematicorum", which contains problem-solving challenges and techniques suitable for training in secondary school problem solving competitions such as the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad or the International Mathematical Olympiad. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download and use. The CMS also publishes "A Taste of Mathematics" (ATOM), a series of small booklets on a variety of topics suitable for high school enrichment.
The "CMS Notes" is the Society's official newsletter, published six times per year | 19,064 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
and available to members or the public online. It includes news relevant to the Canadian mathematical community, including notice on conferences, columns on research and education, book reviews, award announcements, and employment advertisements for mathematicians.
# Activities.
## Student Committee.
The Canadian Mathematical Society's Student Committee (Studc) was formed in 1999. Studc aims to bring together French and English Canadian graduate and undergraduate mathematics students through research and networking events and publication opportunities. Studc manages and publishes "Notes from the Margin", a magazine-style publication devoted to publishing accessible research-based content | 19,065 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
in addition to opinion pieces, news articles, open problems that are of interest to the mathematical community, and brainteaser puzzles.
## Conferences.
Through its Student Committee, the CMS is the main sponsor for the bilingual Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference, an annual research and networking conference held each summer and targeted at Canadian undergraduates interested in any area of pure or applied mathematics. It is entirely student-run and driven by Studc. Delegates may opt to present a poster or paper, as well as a short talk on a topic of their choosing. The location of the conference is alternated between central Canada (defined as Ontario and Quebec) and Western or | 19,066 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
Eastern Canada every other year, with host applications being submitted by hopefuls a year in advance.
The Women in Mathematics committee of the CMS also runs Connecting Women in Mathematics Across Canada (CWiMAC), a workshop and conference aimed at upcoming Canadian female mathematicians. In particular, they target current PhD students and new postdoctoral fellows seeking guidance in their field. The conference strives to strengthen the community between young female mathematicians and their senior counterparts through the building of mentorship, relationships, and networking.
## Competitions.
The CMS administers the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, a problem solving competition targeted | 19,067 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
at Canadian high school students, which is modelled after the analogous William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates. High-scoring students may be invited to compete in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad, a problem-solving and mathematics competition run by the CMS which is also used as a screening process for the selection of the Canadian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad.
## Outreach.
CMS runs several annual summer math camps across Canada to foster interest and excitement in elementary-school and secondary-school aged students. The invitation-only Canada Math Camp is targeted at high-potential students from all backgrounds, but CMS also runs several smaller | 19,068 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
specialty camps targeted at visible minorities in the mathematical community.
Many member organizations also run outreach events to attract local talent to mathematics, such as Math Challenge programs held at the local university, Math Enrichment Centres, and educational events throughout the academic year.
# Awards.
The CMS annually awards the following prizes:
- Jeffery–Williams Prize to recognize mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
- Adrien Pouliot Award for contributions to mathematical education in Canada.
- Krieger–Nelson Prize is presented in recognition of an outstanding female in mathematics.
- Coxeter–James Prize to recognize young | 19,069 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
# Presidents.
## 1945–2000.
- Samuel Beatty (1945–1949)
- Adrien Pouliot (1949–1953)
- Gilbert de Beauregard Robinson (1953–1957)
- Ralph Lent Jeffery (1957–1961)
- Ralph James (1961–1963)
- Max Wyman (1963–1965)
- H. S. M. Coxeter (1965–1967)
- Maurice L'Abbé (1967–1969)
- Nathan Mendelsohn (1969–1971)
- George F. D. Duff (1971–1973)
- Albert John Coleman (1973–1975)
- William O. J. Moser (1975–1977)
- Rémi Vaillancourt (1977–1979)
- Peter Lancaster (1979–1981)
- Paul G. Rooney (1981–1983)
- Renzo Piccinini (1983–1985)
- David Borwein (1985–1987)
- Carl Herz (1987–1989)
- Frederick V. Atkinson | 19,070 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
(1989–1991)
- Sherman D. Riemenschneider (1991–1992)
- Michel Delfour (1992–1994)
- Peter Fillmore (1994–1996)
- Katherine Heinrich (1996–1998)
- Richard Kane (1998–2000)
## 2000–present.
- Jonathan Borwein (2000–2002)
- Christiane Rousseau (2002–2004)
- H. E. A. Campbell (2004–2006)
- Tom Salisbury (2006–2008)
- Anthony Lau (2008–2010)
- Jacques Hurtubise (2010–2012)
- Keith Taylor (2012–2014)
- Lia Bronsard (2014–2016)
- Michael Bennett (2016–2018)
- Mark Lewis (2018–2020)
# See also.
- American Mathematical Society
- Mathematical Association of America
- List of mathematical societies
# External links.
- Official website of the Canadian Mathematical Society
- Official | 19,071 |
906055 | Canadian Mathematical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian%20Mathematical%20Society | Canadian Mathematical Society
Delfour (1992–1994)
- Peter Fillmore (1994–1996)
- Katherine Heinrich (1996–1998)
- Richard Kane (1998–2000)
## 2000–present.
- Jonathan Borwein (2000–2002)
- Christiane Rousseau (2002–2004)
- H. E. A. Campbell (2004–2006)
- Tom Salisbury (2006–2008)
- Anthony Lau (2008–2010)
- Jacques Hurtubise (2010–2012)
- Keith Taylor (2012–2014)
- Lia Bronsard (2014–2016)
- Michael Bennett (2016–2018)
- Mark Lewis (2018–2020)
# See also.
- American Mathematical Society
- Mathematical Association of America
- List of mathematical societies
# External links.
- Official website of the Canadian Mathematical Society
- Official website of the Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference | 19,072 |
906076 | Startup.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Startup.com | Startup.com
Startup.com
Startup.com is a 2001 American documentary film about the dot-com start-up govWorks.com, which raised $60 million USD in funding from Hearst Interactive Media, KKR, the New York Investment Fund, and Sapient. The startup did not survive, but it became a reference for lessons learned, as it was the subject of a 2001 documentary that follows govWorks founders Kaleil Isaza Tuzman and Tom Herman from 1999-2000, as the Internet bubble was bursting.
# Production.
The film was produced by D.A. Pennebaker, and directed by Chris Hegedus and Jehane Noujaim. Noujaim had been Kaleil Tuzman's Harvard classmate and began filming Tuzman as he quit his job at Goldman Sachs, to begin govWorks with | 19,073 |
906076 | Startup.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Startup.com | Startup.com
his high school friend Tom Herman. Noujaim contacted Hegedus and Pennebaker for help in financing the project. The film was distributed by Artisan Entertainment (which was later acquired by Lions Gate Entertainment).
The film was shot in digital video. The filmmakers shot for over two years, and were editing the more than 400 hours of video and film right up to their Sundance Film Festival premiere in early 2001. They re-edited the last few minutes of the film just prior to its May 2001 theatrical release.
Since the film's release, Herman and Tuzman have worked together again at Recognition Group and JumpTV.
# See also.
- e-Dreams
- Elizabeth Holmes
- Startup company
- Theranos
- Venture | 19,074 |
906076 | Startup.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Startup.com | Startup.com
financing the project. The film was distributed by Artisan Entertainment (which was later acquired by Lions Gate Entertainment).
The film was shot in digital video. The filmmakers shot for over two years, and were editing the more than 400 hours of video and film right up to their Sundance Film Festival premiere in early 2001. They re-edited the last few minutes of the film just prior to its May 2001 theatrical release.
Since the film's release, Herman and Tuzman have worked together again at Recognition Group and JumpTV.
# See also.
- e-Dreams
- Elizabeth Holmes
- Startup company
- Theranos
- Venture capital
# External links.
- Kaleil's Official Website
- Full documentary online. | 19,075 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal () is the public service broadcasting organisation of Portugal. It operates four national television channels and three national radio channels, as well as several satellite and cable offerings.
The current company dates from 2007, with the merger of two previously separate companies Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP; the radio broadcaster) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (television broadcaster), although they had been grouped under a single holding company and common branding since 2004.
RTP is funded by the "taxa de contribuição audiovisual" (broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills, and television advertising | 19,076 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
revenues.
# History.
## Radio.
The Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão (ENR) was established on 4 August 1935 as the public national radio broadcaster, inheriting the previous broadcasting operations of the national postal service, Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones (CTT). Five years later, ENR became independent of the CTT.
ENR was one of the 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. Following the Carnation Revolution, ENR was reorganised and in 1976 changed its name to Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP). During this process, several previously private radio stations – such as Rádio Clube Português (RCP) – were nationalised and integrated into RDP.
In 1979, | 19,077 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
the RCP network was rebranded as Rádio Comercial, and was later privatised in 1993. At the same time, RDP launched the youth-oriented radio station Antena 3 and abolished advertising from all of its stations, so that the aforementioned broadcasting contribution tax became its sole source of funding.
## Television.
Radiotelevisão Portuguesa's television service was established on 15 December 1955. Experimental broadcasts began in September 1956 from the "Feira Popular" (an entertainment park) studios in Lisbon. Twenty monitors were installed in the park, but crowds gathered in shops around the city. The broadcast was received within a range of about 20 km. Around 1,000 TV sets are sold within | 19,078 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
a month.
Regular broadcasting, however, did not start until 7 March 1957, by which time coverage had reached approximately 65% of the Portuguese population.
By the end of 1958 the total number of sets in Portugal was around 32,000.
RTP was accepted as a full active member of the EBU in 1959.
By the mid-1960s, RTP had become available throughout the country. Robert Farnon's "Derby Day" was extensively used as RTP's fanfare to open the programming since the very first day, and over the decades it has become RTP's official anthem.
25 December 1968 saw the opening of a second television channel, RTP2.
Two new regional channels were created in 1972 and 1975, for the Portuguese archipelagos | 19,079 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
of Madeira (opening on 6 August 1972) and the Azores (10 August 1975).
Before the Carnation Revolution, RTP was essentially a mouthpiece of the regime, and famously opened the newscast of 20 July 1969 – the day of the first moon landing – with a segment showing president Américo Thomaz opening a concrete factory. However, like many other broadcasters, it did broadcast live the landing of the man on the moon during the night.
The first colour broadcast was made in 1975, with the live coverage of the first parliamentary elections after the carnation revolution. But, due to the political turmoil and the economic situation of the country, the colour regular broadcast was delayed several times | 19,080 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
for nearly 5 years. During that time RTP started to purchase some colour equipment and make the occasional colour recording. But the pressure kept going as the black and white equipment was getting old and very hard to repair, so in 1978 and 1979 a massive investment supported by a foreign loan, gave RTP the opportunity to replace all the B/W to increase the current amount of equipment and to be updated with the most advanced broadcast technologies available at the time. Despite this, only in February 1980, the government finally authorised the regular colour broadcast and two weeks after, on the 7th of March RTP started the regular colour broadcast, with more than 70% of the programmes being | 19,081 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
already in colour. Also, RTP moved its headquarters to a brand new building. The building was originally built to be converted to a hotel, but the owner decided to leave it untouched and reached an agreement with RTP for the purchase and converted the interior for office use. RTP moved to more adequate headquarters and sold the building in 2003 and the new owner converted into what is today the VIP Grand Lisboa.
Until 1991, RTP owned its transmitter network, which was transferred to a state-owned enterprise which, through a series of mergers, became part of Portugal Telecom. RTP held the television monopoly until 1992, the year when the private SIC started broadcasting. Over the years, RTP's | 19,082 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
audience share has constantly reduced in favour of the private channels. 2007 was an exception to this tendency, and RTP1 became the second channel most watched in Portugal, only behind TVI, a rarity which occurred again in 2009 and 2010.
In 2004, RTP and RDP were organized under a new company and became part of a larger state-owned holding, named Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, SGPS, and inaugurated the new headquarters near Parque das Nações, in Lisbon. In the same year, the second channel was rebranded as '2:', promoting itself as the civil society service. Later in March 2007, 2: became 'RTP2' again. In February 2007 Radiotelevisão Portuguesa SA (the former RTP) and Radiodifusão Portuguesa | 19,083 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
SA (RDP) were merged into the new Radio e Televisão de Portugal SA, ceasing to be independent entities.
Due to the financial crisis Portugal faced, RTP was to be heavily restructured as part of the (2011-2015) Portuguese government's austerity plan and would have included the sale of one of the free to air channel licenses. Pressure from the public and other organisations stopped the planned channel privatization, although some restructuring took place, namely the phasing out of the international shortwave radio channels.
RTP has 16 regional offices spread all over the country, as well as international bureaus in Washington D.C., Brussels, Moscow, Brazil and several other locations.
RTP aired | 19,084 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
the 2008 Olympic Games in HD through the ZON TV Cabo satellite and cable platform. On 30 September 2009, RTP 1 HD returned in an experimental broadcast.
Following Salvador Sobral's win in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, RTP took on hosting duties for the 2018 contest.
## Post-merger.
The use of original full names of radio and television departments (Radiodifusão Portuguesa and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa, respectively) was phased out, but the abbreviation RDP is still used by international services RDP Internacional and RDP África, as well as radio services in the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira, while another abbreviation RTP now represents the merged company.
# Television channels.
## | 19,085 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Former channels.
- RTP Mobile, is a channel adapted to mobile devices. It ended in 2011/2012, with the ascension of mobile apps.
- RTP 4K, which was used to broadcast UEFA Euro 2016 matches in 4K Ultra HD.
# Radio stations.
- Antena 1, news, talk and sports station with a strong focus on Portuguese music;
- Antena 2, cultural programming, classical and world music, featuring live performances;
- Antena 3, an up-tempo, youth-oriented station with focus on contemporary and alternative music;
## International.
- RDP Internacional, the international radio service;
- RDP África, programming directed towards the Portuguese-speaking African communities;
## Digital.
- Rádio Lusitania, a digital-only | 19,086 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
station with a focus on Portuguese music;
- Rádio Vivace, a digital-only station with a focus on Classical music;
- Rádio ZigZag, a digital-only station with a focus on Children's programmes;
- Antena 1 Fado, a digital-only station with a focus on fado;
- Antena 1 Memória, a digital-only station with a focus on rebroadcasts of programmes from the extensive archives of RDP and golden oldies music (in both cases from the 1930s to the 1980s). It is the only station to rely entirely on pre-existing recorded programmes and material;
- Antena 1 Vida, a digital-only station;
- Antena 2 Ópera, a digital-only station with a focus on opera music;
- Antena 2 Jazzin, a digital-only station with a | 19,087 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
focus on jazz music;
- Notes
## Regional.
The following stations are Antena 1 regional stations:
- RDP Norte
- RDP Centro
- RDP Lisboa
- RDP Sul
- RDP Açores
- RDP Madeira
# News services.
Most RTP1 news programmes are simulcasted with RTP Internacional, RTP África, and, sometimes, RTP 3 television channel. These news programs include:
- Bom Dia Portugal (6:30−10 am), live from the Lisbon studios;
- Jornal da Tarde (1 pm), live from the Porto studios;
- Portugal em Direto (6 pm), live from the Lisbon studios;
- Telejornal (8 pm), live from the Lisbon studios.
RTP2’s only news service is Jornal 2 (‘Journal 2’ or ‘News 2’ in English) (9 pm), a shorter and a more objective newscast | 19,088 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
than the RTP1 ones.
RTP3 features hourly news updates and headlines.
# Organisation.
## Chairmen of the board.
- Almerindo Marques, 2002−2008
- Guilherme Costa, 2008−2012
- Alberto da Ponte, 2012−2015
- Gonçalo Reis, 2015−present
## Managing Editors.
- José Rodrigues dos Santos, 2001−2004
- José Alberto Carvalho, 2004−2011
- Nuno Santos, 2011−2012
- Paulo Ferreira, 2012–2014
- José Manuel Portugal, 2014–2015
- Paulo Dentinho, 2015–2018
- Maria Flor Pedroso, 2018–present
## Programming directors of RTP1.
- Nuno Santos, 2002−2007
- José Fragoso, 2008−2011, 2018−
- Hugo Andrade, 2011-2015
- Daniel Deusdado, 2015–2018
## Programming directors of RTP2.
- Manuel Falcão, 2003−2006
- | 19,089 |
906053 | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rádio%20e%20Televisão%20de%20Portugal | Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
15
- Paulo Dentinho, 2015–2018
- Maria Flor Pedroso, 2018–present
## Programming directors of RTP1.
- Nuno Santos, 2002−2007
- José Fragoso, 2008−2011, 2018−
- Hugo Andrade, 2011-2015
- Daniel Deusdado, 2015–2018
## Programming directors of RTP2.
- Manuel Falcão, 2003−2006
- Jorge Wemans, 2006−2012
- Hugo Andrade, 2012-2014
- Elíseo Oliveira, 2014-2015
- Teresa Paixão, 2015–present
# See also.
- List of Portuguese language television channels
- Festival da Canção
- Television in Portugal
- Digital television in Portugal
- Sociedade Independente de Comunicação
- Televisão Independente
- Luis Miguel Loureiro, RTP journalist
# External links.
- Official Site
- Live Radio | 19,090 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
Anti-Rent War
The Anti-Rent War (also known as the Helderberg War) was a tenants' revolt in upstate New York in the period 1839–1845. The Anti-Renters declared their independence from the manor system run by patroons, resisting tax collectors and successfully demanding land reform.
# Events.
The incident began with the death of Stephen Van Rensselaer III in 1839. Van Rensselaer, who was described as having "...proved a lenient and benevolent landowner" was the patroon of the region at the time, and was a descendant of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, the first patroon of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. During his life, he preferred to allow rents to accumulate or to accept partial payment when tenants | 19,091 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
were in financial constraints. However, his leases also included a "quarter-sale" provision, which required tenants who sold their leases to pay Van Rensselaer one fourth of the sale price or one additional year's rent. The patroons owned all the land on which the tenants in the Hudson Valley lived, and used this feudal lease system to maintain control of the region. When he died, Van Rensselaer's will directed his heirs to collect outstanding rents and "quarter sale" payments to apply to the estate debts. When the heirs attempted to collect, tenants could not pay the amounts demanded, could not secure a favorable payment schedule from the heirs, and could not obtain relief in the courts, so | 19,092 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
they revolted.
The first mass meeting of tenant farmers leading to the Anti-Rent War was held at the top of the Helderberg mountains in Berne, New York on July 4, 1839. They issued a declaration of independence, promising: "We will take up the ball of the Revolution where our fathers stopped it and roll it to the final consummation of freedom and independence of the masses."
In December 1839 the Anti-Renters repulsed a 500-man posse led by Albany County sheriff Michael Artcher and including William Marcy and John Van Buren. Governor William Seward threatened the rebels with 700 militiamen and obtained their surrender. However, an insurrection continued to smolder. Disguised "Calico Indians" | 19,093 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
resisted tax collection and law enforcement, sometimes tarring and feathering their enemies.
In January 1845, one hundred and fifty delegates from eleven counties assembled at St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Berne to call for political action to redress their grievances.
# Results.
The Anti-Rent War led to the creation of the Antirenter Party, which had a strong influence on New York State politics from 1846–51.
Newly elected governor Silas Wright moved in 1845 to stamp out the Calico Indians, and pushed for a law which outlawed disguises.
Trials of leaders of the revolt, charged with riot, conspiracy and robbery, were held in 1845 with Amasa J. Parker presiding. Attorneys included Ambrose | 19,094 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
L. Jordan, as leading counsel for the defense, and John Van Buren, the state attorney general, who personally conducted the prosecution. At the first trial, the jury came to no conclusion and Parker declared a mistrial.
During a re-trial in September 1845, the two attorneys started a fistfight in open court. Both were sentenced by the presiding judge, John W. Edmonds, to "solitary confinement in the county jail for 24 hours." At the conclusion of the trial, one defendant, Smith A. Boughton, was sentenced to life imprisonment. After the election of John Young as governor with the support of the Anti-Renters, he pardoned Boughton.
The New York Constitution of 1846 added provisions for tenants' | 19,095 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
rights, abolishing feudal tenures and outlawing leases lasting longer than twelve years. The remaining manors dissolved quickly as the patroons sold off the lands.
# People involved.
- Lawrence Van Deusen, president of the Anti-Rent Association of Albany County, New York.
- John I. Slingerland, state legislator and U.S. Congressman, was an advocate for the tenants during the Anti-Rent War.
# See also.
- Anya Seton's novel "Dragonwyck" (1944) is set during the Anti-Rent War.
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- Manor of Rensselaerswyck#Anti-rent movement and downfall, for further information on how the following years convinced landed proprietors to sell out their | 19,096 |
906070 | Anti-Rent War | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Rent%20War | Anti-Rent War
ce Van Deusen, president of the Anti-Rent Association of Albany County, New York.
- John I. Slingerland, state legislator and U.S. Congressman, was an advocate for the tenants during the Anti-Rent War.
# See also.
- Anya Seton's novel "Dragonwyck" (1944) is set during the Anti-Rent War.
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- Manor of Rensselaerswyck#Anti-rent movement and downfall, for further information on how the following years convinced landed proprietors to sell out their interests
- Andes, New York
# Further reading.
- .
- .
- Miller, Douglas T. (1967) "Jacksonian Aristocracy: Class and Democracy in New York, 1830–1860." New York: Oxford University Press. | 19,097 |
906048 | Tony Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Plana | Tony Plana
Tony Plana
José Antonio Plana (born April 19, 1952), better known as Tony Plana, is a Cuban American actor and director. He is known for playing Betty Suarez's father, Ignacio Suarez, on the ABC television show "Ugly Betty" and also for voicing Manuel "Manny" Calavera in the video game "Grim Fandango".
# Personal life.
José Antonio Plana was born in Havana, Cuba. His family moved to Miami in 1960. He is a graduate of Loyola Marymount University and was trained in acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, UK.
# Career.
While he is known to a broad audience for his roles in feature films and television, Plana is also known for his skills in acting and directing for the stage. | 19,098 |
906048 | Tony Plana | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony%20Plana | Tony Plana
He has created and directed a number of productions of the works of Shakespeare for minority audiences and he has been active in both the Los Angeles, Washington, D.C. and New York City theater communities, including leading appearances on Broadway and at New York City's Public Theater. He originated the role of Rudy in the L.A. production of the Luis Valdez play "Zoot Suit", going on to play Rudy in the film version as well.
Plana has acted, directed and written for television in series, mini-series, and specials such as "Hill Street Blues", "," "Resurrection Boulevard," "Commander in Chief," "," "The West Wing," "24", "Cagney & Lacey" and many others.
Plana has acted in films such as "An | 19,099 |
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