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906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the entire Gyeongjeon Line is to be further upgraded for 230 km/h.
### Samnangjin-Masan-Jinju.
The upgraded section will be 101.4 km long. The 41 km section until Masan includes a re-alignment with tunnels closer to Changwon, the Masan–Jinju section also includes significant re-alignments along the way.
By April 2009, construction progress reached 50.9% of the planned budget of 2,018.782 billion won. The project is implemented as a public-private partnership: the government contribution is 1,680.473 billion won, private capital contributes 338.309 billion won. | 19,200 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
The Samnangjin-Masan section opened on December 15, 2010. The entire project is foreseen for completion in 2011.
### Connected projects.
A new long branch from Hallimjeong Station is to improve freight transport connections to Busan's expanded port. The line proper to Busan New Port Station is long, followed by of port access tracks. By April 2009, progress was 80.7% out of a total budget of 902.384 billion won. The line was opened and the first freight train travelled the line on December 13, 2010.
A planned new direct connection from Busan will meet up with the realigned Gyeongjeon Line at Jillye. The 32.6 km long double track cutoff is expected to be finished by 2017 with a budget of 1,396.15 | 19,201 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
billion won. The project is to be implemented with private finance, the preferred bidder for the franchise was selected in July 2010. This line is foreseen for an upgrade to 230 km/h under the government's 2010 plan for 2020.
### Jinju-Suncheon.
Work started in 2003 on a 56.1 km long section between Jinju and Gwangyang. By March 2010, progress was 19% out of a budget of 1,005.984 billion won. This section includes significant re-alignments with longer tunnels and bridges. The upgrade works also commenced at the junction with the Jeolla Line east of Suncheon. Electrification is to reach Suncheon by 2014.
Additionally, there are plans for a freight branch from Gwangyang to Gwangyang Port.
### | 19,202 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
Suncheon-Gwangju·Songjeong.
Between Hyocheon and Songjeong-ri, to relieve congestion at road crossings in the city, the Gyeongjeon Line got a new alignment bypassing Gwangju to the south. The section of the old alignment between Songjeong-ri and Gwangju was upgraded as a spur line, again called the Gwangju Line, while the section between Hyocheon and Gwangju, including Namgwangju Station, was torn up. The realignments opened on August 10, 2000.
From Boseong, a new cutoff branch is to connect with the Honam Line at Imseong-ri, just before Mokpo. Construction of the 79.5 km long branch commenced in 2002, however, work was suspended in the middle of the 2000s for lack of funds. As of 2010, the | 19,203 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
project is on hold after having progressed to 5.5% of the 1,297.924 billion won budget. This branch would include the 5,960 m long Jangdong Tunnel northeast of Jangheung.
The rest of the Suncheon-Gwangju section is foreseen for upgrading in a new alignment under the government's 2010 plan for 2020.
# Main stations.
"In South Gyeongsang:"
- Samnangjin Station, Miryang, junction with the Gyeongbu Line
- Changwon Station, Changwon, terminus of the Jinhae Line
- Masan Station, Masan
- Jinju Station, Jinju
- Hadong Station, Hadong County
"In South Jeolla:"
- Gwangyang Station, Gwangyang, terminus of the planned Gwangyang Port branch
- Suncheon Station, Suncheon, junction with the Jeolla | 19,204 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
Line
- Beolgyo Station, Boseong County
- Boseong Station, Boseong County, terminus of a planned line to Mokpo
- Gwangju·Songjeong Station, Gwangju, junction with the Honam Line and terminus of the Gwangju Line branch to Gwangju Station
# Services.
The line is served by passenger and freight trains. As of October 2010, from Bujeon Station in Busan, cross-country Mugunghwa-ho trains travel in a minimum 1 hour 25 minutes to Masan, 2 hour 55 minutes to Jinju, 4 hours 20 minutes to Suncheon, 6 hours 33 minutes to Gwangju·Songjeong, and 7 hours 34 minutes to Mokpo. Direct intercity Saemaul-ho trains also connect Seoul to Masan in around 5 hours, while the travel time with transfer from KTX high-speed | 19,205 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
trains at Miryang is as short as 3 hours 15 minutes.
## Gyeongjeon KTX.
KTX service from Seoul to Masan started with KTX-II trains on December 15, 2010, with Seoul–Masan travel times between of 2 hours 54 minutes and 2 hours 59 minutes, depending on the stopping pattern. The service started with 14 daily trains on weekdays and 24 on weekends (Friday to Sunday), with standard class Seoul–Masan tickets costing 47,400 won on weekdays and 50,700 won on weekends. In the first month of service, express bus services between Seoul and Masan or Changwon experienced 30–40% drops in ridership. Korail added an extra pair of Monday morning trains on from January 17, 2011.
After leaving the Gyeongbu High | 19,206 |
906166 | Gyeongjeon Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongjeon%20Line | Gyeongjeon Line
ains on weekdays and 24 on weekends (Friday to Sunday), with standard class Seoul–Masan tickets costing 47,400 won on weekdays and 50,700 won on weekends. In the first month of service, express bus services between Seoul and Masan or Changwon experienced 30–40% drops in ridership. Korail added an extra pair of Monday morning trains on from January 17, 2011.
After leaving the Gyeongbu High Speed Railway, the Gyeongjeon KTX service stops at the following stations:
The service is to be extended to Jinju by 2012, and may cover the entire line after further upgrades under the government's 2010 plan for 2020.
# See also.
- Korail
- Transportation in South Korea
- List of Korea-related topics | 19,207 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
Angara (rocket family)
The Angara rocket family is a family of space-launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The rockets are to put between 3,800 and 24,500 kg into low Earth orbit and are intended, along with Soyuz-2 variants, to replace several existing launch vehicles.
# History.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many formerly Soviet launch vehicles were built in or required components from companies now located in Ukraine, such as Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, which produced Zenit-2, and Yuzhmash, which produced Dnepr and Tsyklon. Additionally, the Soviet Union's main spaceport, Baikonur Cosmodrome, was located in Kazakhstan, | 19,208 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
and Russia encountered difficulties negotiating for its use. This led to the decision in 1992 to develop a new entirely Russian launch vehicle, named Angara, to replace the rockets now built outside of the country, and ensure Russian access to space without Baikonur. It was decided that this vehicle should ideally use the partially completed Zenit-2 launch pad at the Russian Plesetsk spaceport, and be able to launch military satellites into geosynchronous orbit, which Proton could not due to lack of a launch pad at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Several companies submitted bids for the new rocket, and in 1994 Khrunichev, the developer of Proton, was selected as the winner. The commercial success of Proton | 19,209 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
over the next two decades would be an advantage to Khrunichev, as the Angara project immediately ran into funding difficulties from the cash-strapped Russian government.
Khrunichev's initial design called for the use of a modified RD-170 for first stage propulsion and a liquid hydrogen powered second stage. By 1997, the hydrogen-powered second stage had been abandoned in favor of kerosene, and the RD-170 was replaced with a modular design which would be powered by the new RD-191, a one-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170. In late 1997 Khrunichev was given approval from the Russian government to proceed with their new design, which would both be able to replace the ICBM-based | 19,210 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
Dnepr, Tsyklon, and Rokot with its smaller variants, as well as be able to launch satellites into geostationary orbit from Plesetsk with the Proton-class Angara A5. This new modular rocket would require construction of a new launch pad.
By 2004, the design of Angara had taken shape and the project proceeded with development of the launchers. In 2008, NPO Energomash, the builder of the RD-191, reported that the engine had completed development and burn tests and was ready for manufacturing and delivery, and in January 2009 the first completed Angara first stage was delivered to Khrunichev. The next year Vladimir Nesterov, Director-General of Khrunichev, announced that the first flight test of | 19,211 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
Angara would be scheduled for 2013, and in 2013 the first prototype Angara rocket arrived in Plesetsk.
In 2014, 22 years after Angara's original conception, the first launch took place on July 9, a suborbital test flight from the northern Plesetsk Cosmodrome. An Angara A5 was launched into geosynchronous orbit in December 2014.
# Vehicle description.
### first stage and boosters.
The Universal Rocket Module (URM-1) forms the core of every Angara vehicle. In the Angara A5, four additional URM-1s act as boosters. Each URM-1 is powered by a single NPO Energomash RD-191 burning liquid oxygen and RP-1 (kerosene).
The RD-191 is a single-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170, originally | 19,212 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
developed for the boosters powering the Energia launch vehicle. Zenit's four-chamber RD-171 and the dual-chamber RD-180 powering ULA's Atlas V are also derivatives of the RD-170, as is the RD-193 proposed as a replacement for the 1970s-era NK-33 powering the first stage of the Soyuz 2-1v. The RD-191 is capable of throttling down to at least 30%, allowing core URM-1 stages to conserve propellant until booster URM-1 separation.
The URM-1 consists of a liquid oxygen tank at the top, followed by an intertank structure containing flight control and telemetry equipment, with the kerosene tank below that. At the base of the module is a propulsion bay containing engine gimballing equipment for vehicle | 19,213 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
pitch and yaw and thrusters for roll control.
### second stage.
The second stage of the Angara, designated URM-2, uses one KBKhA RD-0124A engine also burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. The RD-0124A is nearly identical to the RD-0124 currently powering the second stage of Soyuz-2, designated Block I. The URM-2 has a diameter of 3.6 meters for the Angara A5 and other proposed variants. The Angara 1.2 will fly a smaller RD-0124A-powered second stage, which may be 2.66 meters to maintain commonality with Block I or stretched to 2.9 meters to maintain a consistent diameter with URM-1.
## Upper stages.
Angara 1.2 will not use an upper stage, nor will Angara A5 when delivering payloads to low | 19,214 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
orbits. For higher energy orbits such as GTO, Angara A5 will use the Briz-M upper stage (currently used for the Proton-M rocket), powered by one S5.98M burning and UDMH, or eventually a new cryogenic upper stage, the KVTK. This stage will use the /LOX powered RD-0146D and allow Angara A5 to bring up to two tonnes more mass to GTO. The Blok D is being considered as an upper stage when launched from Vostochny since it will avoid the toxic propellant of the Briz-M.
# Variants.
## Angara 1.2.
The smallest Angara under development is the Angara 1.2, which consists of one URM-1 core and a modified Block I second stage. It has a lift-off mass of 171 tonnes and can deliver 3.8 tonnes of payload to | 19,215 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
a 200 km x 60° orbit.
### Angara 1.2pp.
A modified Angara 1.2, called Angara 1.2pp ("Angara-1.2 pervyy polyot", meaning "Angara-1.2 first flight"), made Angara's inaugural suborbital flight on July 9, 2014. This flight lasted 22 minutes and carried a mass simulator weighing . Angara 1.2PP weighed and consisted of a URM-1 core stage and a partially fueled -diameter URM-2, allowing each of the major components of Angara A5 to be flight tested before that version's first orbital launch, conducted on December 23, 2014.
## Angara A5.
The second Angara developed was the Angara A5 heavy lift launch vehicle, which consists of one URM-1 core and four URM-1 boosters, a 3.6m URM-2 second stage, and | 19,216 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
an upper stage, either the Briz-M or the KVTK. Weighing 773 tonnes at lift-off, Angara A5 has a payload capacity of 24.5 tonnes to a 200 km x 60° orbit. Angara A5 is able to deliver 5.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M, or 7.5 tonnes to the same orbit with KVTK.
In the Angara A5, the four URM-1s used as boosters operate at full thrust for approximately 214 seconds, then separate. The URM-1 forming the vehicle's core is operated at full thrust for lift off, then throttled down to 30% to conserve propellant. The core is throttled back up after the boosters have separated and continues burning for another 110 seconds.
## Proposed versions.
### Angara 1.1.
Initial plans called for an even smaller Angara | 19,217 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
1.1 using a Briz-KM as a second stage, with a payload capacity of 2 tonnes. This version was cancelled as it fell into the same payload class as the Soyuz 2-1v, which made its debut flight in 2013.
### Angara A3.
The Angara A3 would consist of one URM-1 core, two URM-1 boosters, the 3.6m URM-2, and an optional Briz-M or hydrogen powered upper stage for high energy orbits. The hydrogen powered stage for this vehicle, called RCAF would be smaller than the Angara A5's KVTK. This vehicle has no current plans for use (14.6 tonnes to 200 km x 60°, 2.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M or 3.6 tonnes with a hydrogen upper stage), but could be developed as a replacement for Zenit.
### Angara A5P.
Khrunichev | 19,218 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
has proposed an Angara A5 capable of launching a new crewed spacecraft weighing up to 18 tonnes: the Angara 5P. This version would have 4 URM-1s as boosters surrounding a sustainer core URM-1 but lack a second stage, relying on the spacecraft to complete orbital insertion from a slightly suborbital trajectory, much like the Buran or Space Shuttle. This has the advantage of allowing all engines to be lit and checked out while on the ground, eliminating the possibility of an engine failing to start after staging. The RD-191 engines may also be operated at reduced thrust to improve safety.
### Angara A5V.
Khrunichev has proposed an upgraded Angara A5 variant with a new big hydrogen-based upper | 19,219 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
stage(URM-2V) as replacement for URM-2 and upgraded engine thrust on the URM-1 stages. The thrust up the URM-1 boosters would be 10% higher during the first 40 seconds to allow good thrust/weight ratio even with the URM-2 replaced with the heavier URM-2V.
Cross-feed and even more powerful RD-195 engines for the URM-1 are also considered. The capacity of A5V is supposed to be around 35-40 tonnes to LEO depending on final configuration.
### Angara A7.
Proposals exist for a heavier Angara A7, weighing 1133 tonnes and capable of putting 35 tonnes into a 200 km x 60° orbit, or delivering 12.5 tonnes to GTO with an enlarged KVTK-A7 as a second stage in place of the URM-2. There are no current plans | 19,220 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
to develop this vehicle as it would require a larger core URM-1 to carry more propellant and would have to await the development of the hydrogen powered engine for KVTK. The Angara A7 would also require a different launch pad.
### Angara-100.
The Angara-100 was a 2005 proposal by Khrunichev to build a heavy-lift launch vehicle for NASA's Vision for Space Exploration. The rocket would consist of four RD-170-powered boosters, an RD-180-powered core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage using a modified Energia RD-0120 engine, the RD-0122. Its payload capacity to LEO would be in excess of 100 tons.
### Baikal.
Together with NPO Molniya, Khrunichev has also proposed a reusable URM-1 booster named | 19,221 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
Baikal. The URM-1 would be fitted with a wing, an empennage, a landing gear, a return flight engine and attitude control thrusters, to enable the rocket to return to an airfield after completing its mission.
# Testing and manufacturing.
The production of the Universal Rocket Modules and the Briz-M upper stages will take place at the Khrunichev subsidiary Production Corporation Polyot in Omsk. In 2009, Polyot invested over 771.4 million RUB (about $25 million) in Angara production lines. Design and testing of the RD-191 engine was done by NPO Energomash, while its mass production will take place at the company Proton-PM in Perm.
# Launches.
## Facilities.
Angara will primarily be launched | 19,222 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome.
Beginning in 2021, plans call for it to also be launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome. This would allow the phase out of Proton, a rocket whose operation at Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan has objected to, due to its use of large amounts of highly toxic UDMH and , and reliability issues.
## List of launches.
Future Launches
# Related projects.
The South Korean launch vehicle Naro-1 used a first stage derived from Angara's URM-1 (fitted with a lower-thrust version of the RD-191 engine called RD-151). The vehicle made its first flight on August 25, 2009. The flight was not successful, but the first stage operated as expected. A second launch on June 10, 2010 | 19,223 |
906087 | Angara (rocket family) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angara%20(rocket%20family) | Angara (rocket family)
ersion of the RD-191 engine called RD-151). The vehicle made its first flight on August 25, 2009. The flight was not successful, but the first stage operated as expected. A second launch on June 10, 2010 ended in failure, when contact with the rocket was lost 136 seconds after launch. The Joint Failure Review Board failed to come to a consensus on the cause of the failure. The third flight on January 30, 2013 successfully reached orbit.
# See also.
- Comparison of orbital launchers families
- Comparison of orbital launch systems
# External links.
- Angara family page by the Khrunichev Center (in Russian)
- Angara family, at Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Angara family, at RussianSpaceWeb | 19,224 |
906190 | Color a Dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color%20a%20Dinosaur | Color a Dinosaur
Color a Dinosaur
Color a Dinosaur is a 1993 electronic coloring book video game for children. It was developed by FarSight Studios for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
# Gameplay.
The player colors various dinosaurs by using the provided dinosaur images and palettes. Players can either color using the free form mode or in the automatic mode where they choose only a color.
Intended for ages 3 to 6, the game lacks sophisticated features such as animation and minigames, and the basic colors are either brightly colored patterns or limited variations on pink or red. An extra set of patterns can be reached by pressing the "Select" button.
Tommy Tallarico created the music for this game.
# Reception.
The | 19,225 |
906190 | Color a Dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color%20a%20Dinosaur | Color a Dinosaur
the "Select" button.
Tommy Tallarico created the music for this game.
# Reception.
The September 1997 issue of "Nintendo Power" presented the votes of twelve staff members, to list their top 100 games of all time. This list also includes a 10 worst games of all time, placing "Color a Dinosaur" at 10th. The article described the game as "Mario Paint" "without anything fun in it" and that "even the producer of the game (Seth, wherever you are) would roll his eyes when reminded of this prehistoric patsy."
# Rarity.
Color a Dinosaur is recorded as being one of the more rare licensed NES games to acquire. This is recorded in a 2015 documentary titled ""Nintendo Quest"" starring Jay Bartlett. | 19,226 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
Harmala alkaloid
Several alkaloids that function as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are found in the seeds of "Peganum harmala" (also known as "Harmal" or "Syrian Rue"), as well as tobacco leaves including harmine, harmaline, and harmalol, which are members of a group of substances with a similar chemical structure collectively known as "harmala alkaloids". These alkaloids are of interest for their use in Amazonian shamanism, where they are derived from other plants. The harmala alkaloid harmine, once known as telepathine and banisterine, is a naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloid that is structurally related to harmaline, and also found in the vine "Banisteriopsis caapi". Tetrahydroharmine | 19,227 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
is also found in "B. caapi" and "P. harmala". Dr. Alexander Shulgin has suggested that harmine may be a breakdown product of harmaline. Harmine and harmaline are reversible MAOIs of the MAO-A isoform of the enzyme, and can stimulate the central nervous system by inhibiting the metabolism of monoamine compounds such as serotonin and norepinephrine.
The harmala alkaloids occur in "Peganum harmala" in concentrations of roughly 3%, though tests have documented anywhere from 2-7% or even higher, as natural sources tend to vary widely in chemical makeup. Harmala alkaloids are also found in the "Banisteriopsis caapi" vine, the key plant ingredient in the sacramental beverage Ayahuasca, in concentrations | 19,228 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
that range between 0.31-8.43% for harmine, 0.03-0.83% for harmaline and 0.05-2.94% for tetrahydroharmine.
Although other psychoactive plants are occasionally added to Ayahuasca to achieve visionary states of consciousness, the recipes vary greatly and no single combination is common. Peganum harmala, normally consumed as a tea or used as an incense, is mentioned in classical Persian literature both as a sacred sacrament and as a medicine. The harmala alkaloids are not especially psychedelic, even at higher dosages, when hypnagogic visions, alongside vomiting and diarrhea, become the main effect.
Harmala alkaloids are also found in many other plants, such as passion flower. The leaves of "P. | 19,229 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
incarnata" have been reported variously to give 0.005%, 0.12 mg%, and nil, of harman alkaloids.
# Telepathine.
Telepathine was originally thought to be the active chemical constituent of "Banisteriopsis caapi", a key plant ingredient in the preparation of ayahuasca; a sacramental beverage from the Amazon. This isolated chemical was so named because of the reported effects of Ayahuasca among the indigenous users, including: collective contact with and/or visions of jaguars, snakes, and jeweled birds, and ancestral spirits; the ability to see future events; and as the name suggests, telepathic communication among tribal members. It was assumed to be a newly discovered chemical at the time, however, | 19,230 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
it was soon realized that Telepathine was already more widely known as "harmine" from its previous discovery in "Peganum harmala" (Syrian Rue).
# Uses.
As mentioned above, some harmala alkaloids can be used as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) to facilitate the ingestion of DMT and other tryptamines; while not generally used as a hallucinogen alone, there are reports of such use. In high doses, it acts as purgative. Harmala alkaloids from "Banisteriopsis caapi" have been used to treat Parkinson's disease.
As a benzodiazepine site inverse agonist, harmala alkaloids are used as a model for Essential Tremor (ET) when injected to animals. Rats being treated with harmaline exhibit severe tremors | 19,231 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
after 5–7 minutes. Individuals diagnosed with essential tremor have been found to have elevated blood levels of harmala alkaloids.
Unlike many synthetic pharmaceutical MAOIs such as phenelzine, harmine is reversible and selective meaning it does not have nearly as high a risk for the "cheese syndrome" caused by consuming tyramine-containing foods, which is a risk associated with monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, but not monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Both MAO-A and MAO-B break down tyramine, but large doses of harmala alkaloids begin to affect MAO-B as well.
## Anticancer.
Isolated harmine was found to exhibit a cytotoxic effect on HL60 and K562 leukemic cell lines. This action might explain | 19,232 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
the previously observed cytotoxic effect of "P. harmala" on these cancer cells."
# Legal status.
## Australia.
Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.
Exceptions are made when in herbs, or preparations, for therapeutic use such as : (a) containing 0.1 per cent or less of harmala alkaloids; or (b) | 19,233 |
906175 | Harmala alkaloid | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmala%20alkaloid | Harmala alkaloid
tions are made when in herbs, or preparations, for therapeutic use such as : (a) containing 0.1 per cent or less of harmala alkaloids; or (b) in divided preparations containing 2 mg or less of harmala alkaloids per recommended daily dose.
# Chemical forms.
- Harmine: CHNO
- Harmaline: CHNO
- Harmalol: CHNO
- Tetrahydroharmine: CHNO
- Harmalane: CHN
- Isoharmine: CHNO
- Harmine acid methyl ester:
- Harmilinic acid:
- Harmanamide:
- Acetylnorharmine:
# See also.
- Harmane
- Beta-carboline (norharmane)
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA)
# External links.
- Tetrahydroharmine entry in TiHKAL • info
- Harmala Alkaloid - an Overview | 19,234 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
Whitney Young
Whitney Moore Young Jr. (July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an American civil rights leader. He spent most of his career working to end employment discrimination in the United States and turning the National Urban League from a relatively passive civil rights organization into one that aggressively worked for equitable access to socioeconomic opportunity for the historically disenfranchised.
# Early life and career.
Young was born in Shelby County, Kentucky, on July 31, 1921, to educated parents. His father, Whitney M. Young, Sr., was the president of the Lincoln Institute, and served twice as the president of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association. Whitney's mother, Laura | 19,235 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
Young, was a teacher who served as the first female postmistress in Kentucky (second in the United States), being appointed to that position by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Young enrolled in the Lincoln Institute at the age of 13, graduating as his class valedictorian, with his sister Margaret becoming salutatorian, in 1937.
Young earned his Bachelor of Science in social work from Kentucky State University, a historically black institution. Young had aspirations of becoming a doctor at Kentucky State. During this time at Kentucky State, Young was also a forward on the university's basketball team, and was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, where he served as the vice president. | 19,236 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
He became the president of his senior class, and graduated in 1941.
During World War II, Young was trained in electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was then assigned to a road construction crew of black soldiers supervised by Southern white officers. After just three weeks, he was promoted from private to first sergeant, creating hostility on both sides. Despite the tension, Young was able to mediate effectively between his white officers and black soldiers angry at their poor treatment. This situation propelled Young into a career in race relations.
After the war, Young joined his wife, Margaret, at the University of Minnesota, where he earned a master's | 19,237 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
degree in social work in 1947 and volunteered for the St. Paul branch of the National Urban League. He was then appointed as the industrial relations secretary in that branch in 1949.
In 1950, Young became president of the National Urban League's Omaha, Nebraska chapter. In that position, he helped get black workers into jobs previously reserved for whites. Under his leadership, the chapter tripled its number of paying members. While he was president of the Omaha Urban League, Young taught at the University of Nebraska from 1950 to 1954, and Creighton University from 1951 to 1952.
In 1954, he took up his next position, as the first dean of social work at Atlanta University. There, Young supported | 19,238 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
alumni in their boycott of the Georgia Conference of Social Welfare in response to low rates of African-American employment within the organization. In December, 1954, Young and his wife Margaret were the first blacks to join the United Liberal Church (since 1965, named the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta), and Whitney would eventually join its Board of Trustees. Due in part to the Youngs' influence, the church stopped having its annual picnics at segregated parks and became "integrated not just desegregated." Many in the congregation were active in the civil rights movement, and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., then assistant to his father at nearby Ebenezer Baptist Church, | 19,239 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
was a pulpit guest.
In 1957 he co-authored "Some Pioneers in Social Work: brief sketches; student work book" with Florence V. Adams.
In 1960, Young was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant for a postgraduate year at Harvard University. In the same year, he joined the NAACP and rose to become state president, where he was also a close friend of Roy Wilkins, its executive director.
# Executive Director of National Urban League.
In 1961, at age 40, Young became Executive Director of the National Urban League. He was unanimously selected by the National Urban League's Board of Directors, succeeding Lester Granger on October 1, 1961. Within four years he expanded the organization from 38 employees | 19,240 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
to 1,600 employees; and from an annual budget of $325,000 to one of $6,100,000. Young served as President of the Urban League until his death in 1971.
The Urban League had traditionally been a cautious and moderate organization with many white members. During Young's ten-year tenure at the League, he brought the organization to the forefront of the American Civil Rights Movement. He both greatly expanded its mission and kept the support of influential white business and political leaders. In a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book "Who Speaks for the Negro?" and archived at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, Young expressed the mission of the Urban League not as ground-level | 19,241 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
activism in itself but as the supplement and complement of the activities of all other organizations; he states, "we are the social engineers, we are the strategists, we are the planners, we are the people who work at the level of policy-making, policy implementation, the highest echelons of the corporate community, the highest echelons of the governmental community – both at the federal, state and local level – the highest echelons of the labor movement." As part of the League's new mission, Young initiated programs like "Street Academy", an alternative education system to prepare high school dropouts for college, and "New Thrust", an effort to help local black leaders identify and solve community | 19,242 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
problems.
Young also pushed for federal aid to cities, proposing a domestic "Marshall Plan". This plan, which called for $145 billion in spending over 10 years, was partially incorporated into President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty. Young described his proposals for integration, social programs, and affirmative action in his two books, "To Be Equal" (1964) and "Beyond Racism" (1969).
As executive director of the League, Young pushed major corporations to hire more blacks. In doing so, he fostered close relationships with CEOs such as Henry Ford II, leading some blacks to charge that Young had sold out to the white establishment. Young denied these charges and stressed the importance | 19,243 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
of working within the system to effect change. Still, Young was not afraid to take a bold stand in favor of civil rights. For instance, in 1963, Young was one of the organizers of the March on Washington despite the opposition of many white business leaders.
Despite his reluctance to enter politics himself, Young was an important advisor to Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. In 1968, representatives of President-elect Richard Nixon tried to interest Young in a Cabinet post, but Young refused, believing that he could accomplish more through the Urban League.
Young had a particularly close relationship with President Johnson, and in 1969, Johnson honored Young with the highest civilian | 19,244 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Young, in turn, was impressed by Johnson's commitment to civil rights.
Despite their close personal relationship, Young was frustrated by Johnson's attempts to use him to balance Martin Luther King's opposition to the increasingly unpopular Vietnam War. Young publicly supported Johnson's war policy, but came to oppose the war after the end of Johnson's presidency.
In February 1968 President Lyndon Johnson and Mayor of Chicago Richard Daley discussed the possibility of Young replacing fellow African American Robert Weaver in the position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
In 1968, as part of an FBI organized COINTEL operation against the | 19,245 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
Black liberation movement, Herman B. Ferguson and Arthur Harris were convicted of conspiring to murder Young. The police infiltrators who concocted this frame-up portrayed it as a "Black revolutionary plot." The trial took place in the New York State Supreme Court, with Justice Paul Balsam presiding.
# Leadership at the National Association of Social Workers (NASW).
Young served as President of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), from 1969 to 1971. He took office at a time of fiscal instability in the association and uncertainty about President Nixon's continuing commitment to the "War on Poverty" and to ending the war in Vietnam. At the 1969 NASW Delegate Assembly Young stated,
First | 19,246 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
of all, I think the country is in deep trouble. We, as a country have blazed unimagined trails technologically and industrially. We have not yet begun to pioneer in those things that are human and social… I think that social work is uniquely equipped to play a major role in this social and human renaissance of our society, which will, if successful, lead to its survival, and if it is unsuccessful, will lead to its justifiable death.
Mr. Young spent his tenure as President of NASW ensuring that the profession kept pace with the troubling social and human challenges it was facing. "NASW News" articles document his call to action for social workers to address social welfare through poverty reduction, | 19,247 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
race reconciliation, and putting an end to the War in Vietnam. In the "NASW News", July 1970, he challenged his professional social work organization to take leadership in the national struggle for social welfare:
The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation today highlights for NASW what many of us have been stressing for a long time: inherent in the responsibility for leadership in social welfare is responsibility for professional action. They are not disparate aspects of social work but merely two faces of the same coin to be spent on more and better services for the people who need our help. It is out of our belief in this broad definition of responsibility for social welfare | 19,248 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
that NASW is taking leadership in the efforts to reorder our nation's priorities and future direction, and is calling on social workers everywhere to do the same.
The "NASW News", May 1971, tribute to Young noted that "As usual Whitney Young was preparing to do battle on the major issues and programs facing the association and the nation. And he was doing it with his usual aplomb-dapper, self-assured, ready to deal with the "power" people to bring about change for the powerless."
Mr. Young was also well known in the profession of Social Work for being the Dean of the school of Social Work at Clark Atlanta University, which now bears his name. The school has a solid history of Social work, | 19,249 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
graduating leaders in the profession and having created and founded the "Afro-Centric" prospective of Social Work, a frequently used theory practice in urban areas. In his last column as President for NASW, Young wrote, "whatever we do we should tell the public what we are doing and why. They have to hear from social workers as much as they hear from reporters and government officials."
# Death.
On March 11, 1971, Whitney Young drowned while swimming with friends in Lagos, Nigeria, where he was attending a conference sponsored by the African-American Institute. President Nixon sent a plane to Nigeria to collect Young's body and traveled to Kentucky to deliver the eulogy at Young's funeral.
# | 19,250 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
Legacy.
Whitney Young's legacy, as President Nixon stated in his eulogy, was that "he knew how to accomplish what other people were merely for". Young's work was instrumental in breaking down the barriers of segregation and inequality that held back African Americans.
## Namesakes.
Many sites across the country are named after Young or have memorials dedicated to him. For instance, in 1973, the East Capitol Street Bridge in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Whitney Young Memorial Bridge in his honor. Young's birthplace (Whitney Young Birthplace and Museum) in Shelby County, Kentucky is a designated National Historic Landmark, with a museum dedicated to Young's life and achievements.
Young | 19,251 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
was honored in 1981 by the United States Postal Service on a postage stamp issued as part of its ongoing Black Heritage series.
The Whitney Young School of Honors and Liberal Studies at Kentucky State University was named after him. Also, Clark Atlanta University named its School of Social Work, where Whitney Young served as Dean, in Young's honor. The Whitney M. Young School of Social Work is well known for founding the "Afro-Centric" perspective of social work.
The Boy Scouts of America created the Whitney M. Young Jr. Service Award to recognize outstanding services by an adult individual or an organization for demonstrated involvement in the development and implementation of Scouting opportunities | 19,252 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
for youth from rural or low-income urban backgrounds. In 1973, The African American MBA Association at The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania held its first Annual Whitney M. Young Jr. Memorial Conference. After 38 years, the Whitney M. Young Jr. Memorial Conference is the longest student-run conference held at The Wharton School.
Schools named after Young include Whitney M. Young Magnet High School in Chicago, Whitney M. Young Gifted & Talented Leadership Academy in Cleveland, Ohio and Whitney M. Young Elementary in Dallas, Texas.
The Whitney M. Young Health Center in Albany, New York was also named after him.
# In movies.
The documentary, "The Powerbroker: Whitney Young's Fight | 19,253 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
for Civil Rights", directed by Christine Khalafian and Taylor Hamilton, chronicles Young's rise from segregated Kentucky to the national movement for civil rights. The film includes archival footage, photos, and interviews compiled by Young's niece, award-winning journalist Bonnie Boswell Hamilton. Interviews include Henry Louis Gates Jr., Ossie Davis, Julian Bond, Roy Innis, Vernon Jordan, Dorothy Height, and Donald Rumsfeld.
# See also.
- Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
- Big Six (activists)
- List of civil rights leaders
# External links.
- Oral History Interview with Whitney Young, April 13, 1964 Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries
- Whitney | 19,254 |
906134 | Whitney Young | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%20Young | Whitney Young
include Henry Louis Gates Jr., Ossie Davis, Julian Bond, Roy Innis, Vernon Jordan, Dorothy Height, and Donald Rumsfeld.
# See also.
- Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
- Big Six (activists)
- List of civil rights leaders
# External links.
- Oral History Interview with Whitney Young, April 13, 1964 Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries
- Whitney M. Young Birthplace
- Whitney M. Young Memorial Conference at the Wharton School of Business
- Oral History Interview with Whitney Young, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
- "One Handshake at a Time" documentary website
- Whitney M. Young Jr., Civil Rights Leader. retrieved from Louisville Life | 19,255 |
906181 | Hang Jebat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang%20Jebat | Hang Jebat
Hang Jebat
Hang Jebat (Jawi: هڠ جيبت) was the closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero Hang Tuah. Regarded in Malaysia as one of the greatest silat exponents in history, he is well known for his vengeful rebellion against the Malacca Sultan whom he served. He can also be regarded as an early Malay anarchist following his rebellion against the ruler.
# Story.
After Hang Tuah was sentenced to death, Hang Jebat was conferred the coveted Taming Sari kris, a weapon formerly used by Hang Tuah. Believing that Hang Tuah was unjustly murdered by the sultan he served, Hang Jebat turned against the ruler to avenge his friend's death. No one knew that the "bendahara" (chief minister) went against | 19,256 |
906181 | Hang Jebat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang%20Jebat | Hang Jebat
the royal decree and hid Hang Tuah in a remote area.
With the kris in his possession, Hang Jebat was undefeatable and there was not one person in the palace who was capable of killing him. Hang Jebat's revenge allegedly became a palace killing spree or furious rebellion against the sultan (sources differ as to what actually occurred). It remains consistent, however, that Hang Jebat wreaked havoc onto the royal court, and the sultan was unable to stop him, as none of the warriors dared to challenge the more ferocious and skilled Hang Jebat.
After learning from the bendahara that Hang Tuah was still alive, the sultan had him recall the warrior and gave him full amnesty. The sultan then ordered | 19,257 |
906181 | Hang Jebat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang%20Jebat | Hang Jebat
Hang Tuah to kill Hang Jebat. Being unquestionably loyal to the ruler, Hang Tuah obeyed the sultan's bidding and went on to challenge Hang Jebat. After fighting in a battle that lasted for seven days, Hang Tuah eventually managed to reclaim the Taming Sari by tricking Hang Jebat. Although stabbed by Tuah, Hang Jebat bandaged his wounds and ran amok in the city square for three days, killing thousands of people before retreating to Tuah's house and dying in his friend's arms.
Hang Jebat's famous quote during the fight was ""Raja adil raja disembah, raja zalim raja disanggah"" meaning "A fair king is a king saluted, a tyrant king is a king disputed." This went against Tuah's philosophy of loyalty | 19,258 |
906181 | Hang Jebat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang%20Jebat | Hang Jebat
without question.
After the fight, the sultan ordered his men to tear down, burn and throw the ashes of the house into the sea. Two months later, when a lady of the bendahara's retinue, Dang Wangi gave birth to Jebat's son, the sultan ordered Hang Tuah to throw the baby into the sea as well. Instead, the laksamana entrusted the child, Hang Nadim, to the bendahara. The child was then taken to Singapore where he was raised.
# Namesakes.
A Royal Malaysian Navy Lekiu class frigate is named after him: F29 KD Jebat. The recently decommissioned frigate F24 KD Rahmat was to be called KD Hang Jebat, but engine problems during builders trails caused the Royal Malaysian Navy to change her name to F24 | 19,259 |
906181 | Hang Jebat | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang%20Jebat | Hang Jebat
aksamana entrusted the child, Hang Nadim, to the bendahara. The child was then taken to Singapore where he was raised.
# Namesakes.
A Royal Malaysian Navy Lekiu class frigate is named after him: F29 KD Jebat. The recently decommissioned frigate F24 KD Rahmat was to be called KD Hang Jebat, but engine problems during builders trails caused the Royal Malaysian Navy to change her name to F24 KD Rahmat. One of the oldest engines that pulls the trains along the Singapore-Malaysia rail route is also named after him.
In Singapore, there exists a minor road off Portsdown Avenue named "Jalan Hang Jebat" and a namesake mosque, Masjid Hang Jebat and the road's end.
# See also.
- Hang Jebat Stadium | 19,260 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
Native chemical ligation
Native chemical ligation or NCL is an important extension of the chemical ligation field, a concept for constructing a large polypeptide formed by the assembling of two or more unprotected peptides segments. Especially, NCL is the most powerful ligation method for synthesizing native backbone proteins or modified proteins of moderate size ("i.e.", small proteins 200 AA).
# Reaction.
In native chemical ligation, the thiol group of an N-terminal cysteine residue of an unprotected peptide 2 attacks the C-terminal thioester of a second unprotected peptide 1 in an aqueous buffer at pH 7.0, 20 °Cacyl shift" that results in the formation of a native amide ('peptide') bond | 19,261 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
4 at the ligation site (scheme 1).
Remarks :
- Thiol additives :
NCL reaction is catalyzed by in situ transthioesterification with thiol additives. The most common thiol catalysts to date have been either a mixture of thiophenyl, 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPAA), or 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNa). (ref)
- Regioselectivity of NCL :
The main property of the NCL method is the reversibility of the first step, the thiol(ate)–thioester exchange reaction. Native chemical ligation is exquisitely regioselective because that thiol(ate)–thioester exchange step is freely reversible in the presence of an exogenous thiol added as catalyst. The high yields of final ligation product obtained, even | 19,262 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
in the presence of internal Cys residues in either/both segments, is the result of the irreversibility, under the reaction conditions used, of the second (S-to-N acyl shift) amide-forming step.
- Chemoselectivity of NCL :
No side-products are formed from reaction with the other functional groups present in either peptide segment (acids or basics amino groups, phenolic hydroxyls, etc.).
# Historical context.
In 1953, Theodor Wieland and coworkers discovered the chemical foundation for this reaction, when the reaction of valine-thioester and cysteine amino acid in aqueous buffer was shown to yield the dipeptide valine-cysteine. The reaction proceeded through the intermediacy of a thioester | 19,263 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
containing the sulfur of the cysteine residue. Wieland's work led to the 'active ester' method for making protected peptide segments in conventional solution synthesis in organic solvents.
In the 1990s, Stephen Kent and coworkers at The Scripps Research Institute independently developed "Native Chemical Ligation", the first practical method to ligate large unprotected peptide fragments.
# Properties.
Native chemical ligation is carried out in aqueous solution and frequently gives near-quantitative yields of the desired ligation product. The challenge lies in the preparation of the necessary unprotected peptide-thioester building block. Peptide-thioesters are usually prepared by Boc chemistry | 19,264 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
SPPS; a thioester-containing peptide cannot be synthesized using a nucleophilic base, thus disfavoring Fmoc chemistry. Fmoc chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis techniques for generating peptide-thioesters are known; they make use of modifications of the Kenner 'safety catch' linker. In making peptide segments for use in native chemical ligation, protecting groups that release aldehydes or ketones should be avoided since these may cap the N-terminal cysteine. For the same reason, the use of acetone should be avoided, particularly prior to lyophilization and in washing glassware.
A feature of the native chemical ligation technique is that the product polypeptide chain contains cysteine at | 19,265 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
the site of ligation. For some proteins, homocysteine can be used and methylated after ligation to form methionine, although side reactions can occur in this alkylation step. The cysteine at the ligation site can also be desulfurized to alanine; more recently, other beta-thiol containing aminoacids have been used for native chemical ligation, followed by desulfurization. Alternatively, thiol-containing ligation auxiliaries can be used that mimic an N-terminal cysteine for the ligation reaction, but which can be removed after synthesis. The use of thiol-containing auxiliaries is not as effective as ligation at a Cys residue. Native chemical ligation can also be performed with an N-terminal selenocysteine | 19,266 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
residue.
The payoff in the native chemical ligation method is that coupling long peptides by this technique is in many cases nearly quantitative and provides synthetic access to large peptides and proteins otherwise impossible to make, due to length or decoration by post-translational modification. Native chemical ligation forms the basis of modern chemical protein synthesis, and has been used to prepare numerous proteins and enzymes by total chemical synthesis.
Polypeptide C-terminal thioesters produced by recombinant DNA techniques can be reacted with an N-terminal Cys containing polypeptide by the same native ligation chemistry to provide very large semi-synthetic proteins. Native chemical | 19,267 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
ligation of this kind using a recombinant polypeptide segment is known as Expressed Protein Ligation. Similarly, a recombinant protein containing an N-terminal Cys can be reacted with a synthetic polypeptide thioester. Thus, native chemical ligation can be used to introduce chemically synthesized segments into recombinant proteins, regardless of size.
Polypeptide C-terminal thioesters can also be produced "in situ", using so-called "N,S"-acyl shift systems. "Bis"(2-sulfanylethyl)amido group, also called SEA group, belongs to this family. Polypeptide C-terminal "bis"(2-sulfanylethyl)amides (SEA peptide segments) react with Cys peptide to give a native peptide bond as in NCL. This reaction, which | 19,268 |
906193 | Native chemical ligation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native%20chemical%20ligation | Native chemical ligation
do group, also called SEA group, belongs to this family. Polypeptide C-terminal "bis"(2-sulfanylethyl)amides (SEA peptide segments) react with Cys peptide to give a native peptide bond as in NCL. This reaction, which is called SEA Native Peptide Ligation, is a useful extension of Native Chemical Ligation.
# Size limitation.
NCL has been proven to be a convenient method for the chemical synthesis of proteins well over 100 amino acids in length, as demonstrated on the 166-amino-acid polypeptide chain of the synthetic variant of erythropoietin and the 203 amino acid HIV-1 protease.
# See also.
- Intein
- KAHA Ligation
- Peptide synthesis
- Protein synthesis
- SEA Native Peptide Ligation | 19,269 |
906202 | Carl Perkins Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl%20Perkins%20Bridge | Carl Perkins Bridge
Carl Perkins Bridge
The Carl D. Perkins Bridge is a cantilever bridge that spans the Ohio River between Washington Township, Scioto County, Ohio and South Portsmouth, Greenup County, Kentucky. The bridge carries the two lanes of State Route 852 and Truck Route U.S. Highway 23. The bridge connects to Kentucky Route 8.
# History.
In July 1978, inspections of the original U.S. Grant Bridge found serious deterioration in its suspension cables. The bridge was closed to traffic and was rehabilitated over an 18-month period. With future traffic projected to increase compounded with a decline in level of service on the original U.S. Grant Bridge, the Kentucky Department of Transportation (KYDOT) and | 19,270 |
906202 | Carl Perkins Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl%20Perkins%20Bridge | Carl Perkins Bridge
the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) agreed to begin planning for a new bridge. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act authorized the construction of a new bridge across the Ohio River in Portsmouth. In the environmental impact statement, it was decided the new bridge would be located downstream from the U.S. Grant Bridge.
The bridge opened on January 28, 1988. It is named after the late Carl D. Perkins, Congressman from the 7th District of Kentucky.
During the demolition of the original U.S. Grant Bridge and the construction of its replacement upstream, it was the only highway bridge connecting Ohio to Kentucky at Portsmouth. The Perkins Bridge also served as a detour for | 19,271 |
906202 | Carl Perkins Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl%20Perkins%20Bridge | Carl Perkins Bridge
ruction of a new bridge across the Ohio River in Portsmouth. In the environmental impact statement, it was decided the new bridge would be located downstream from the U.S. Grant Bridge.
The bridge opened on January 28, 1988. It is named after the late Carl D. Perkins, Congressman from the 7th District of Kentucky.
During the demolition of the original U.S. Grant Bridge and the construction of its replacement upstream, it was the only highway bridge connecting Ohio to Kentucky at Portsmouth. The Perkins Bridge also served as a detour for U.S. Highway 23 during this time period.
# See also.
- List of crossings of the Ohio River
# External links.
- Carl Perkins Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels | 19,272 |
906206 | You Can Play These Songs with Chords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Can%20Play%20These%20Songs%20with%20Chords | You Can Play These Songs with Chords
You Can Play These Songs with Chords
You Can Play These Songs with Chords is an early demo from the rock band Death Cab for Cutie, which at the time consisted entirely of founder Ben Gibbard. This demo was originally released on cassette by Elsinor Records. It proved so popular, Gibbard recruited other musicians to make a full band, which would go on to record "Something About Airplanes", the band's debut studio album.
"You Can Play These Songs with Chords" was expanded with ten more songs and re-released on October 22, 2002, through Barsuk Records on the heels of the success of "The Photo Album".
# Track listing.
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard.
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard, | 19,273 |
906206 | You Can Play These Songs with Chords | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Can%20Play%20These%20Songs%20with%20Chords | You Can Play These Songs with Chords
so popular, Gibbard recruited other musicians to make a full band, which would go on to record "Something About Airplanes", the band's debut studio album.
"You Can Play These Songs with Chords" was expanded with ten more songs and re-released on October 22, 2002, through Barsuk Records on the heels of the success of "The Photo Album".
# Track listing.
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard.
All songs written by Benjamin Gibbard, Nick Harmer and Christopher Walla except as otherwise noted.
# Personnel.
- Ben Gibbard – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, piano, drums
- Nathan Good – drums, tambourine
- Nick Harmer – bass guitar
- Christopher Walla – guitar, vocals "New Candles" and "Tomorrow" | 19,274 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
Renault 21
The Renault 21 is a large family car produced by French automaker Renault between 1986 and 1994. It was also sold in North America initially through American Motors dealers as the Renault Medallion and later through Jeep-Eagle dealers as the Eagle Medallion. A total of 2,096,000 units were produced.
The Renault 21 sedan was launched in the beginning of 1986, as the successor to the successful Renault 18, and this was followed a few months later by the seven seater station wagon, the R21 Nevada, marketed as the Savanna in the United Kingdom. In 1987, "What Car?" awarded the Renault 21 GTS "Best Family Saloon". The Renault 21 Savanna was awarded "Car of the Year", as well as "Best | 19,275 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
Family Estate".
# Design.
Unusually, the Renault 21 was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7 litre version featured a Transverse engine, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted engines. The two versions featured (barely perceptibly) different wheel bases: the engines were all relatively compact four cylinder units and the engine bay was large enough to accept either configuration without reducing passenger space.
However, at a time when production technologies were relatively inflexible, the need to assemble differently configured engine bays on a single production line, along | 19,276 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
with the supplementary inventory requirements imposed both on Renault and on the dealership network, did compromise the Renault 21's profitability.
The Nevada/Savanna station wagon/estate version was a little longer, with a 2750 mm (108.26 in) wheelbase, instead of the 2600 mm (102.6 in) of the sedan version, and configured with seven seats, two of those a forward facing foldable bench seat for children (up to about age 10) that used up much of the luggage space. It had roofrack side rails as standard.
# History.
First unveiled on 20 November 1985 and officially launched in February 1986, the R21 gave Renault a new competitor in this sector after eight years of the R18, which was declining | 19,277 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
in popularity after a very strong start to its commercial life. It had a razor like design, which was different from contemporary cars of the era, e.g. the Ford Sierra (with its "jelly mould" design) and the Opel Ascona (with its "J–Car" design).
It was sold in right hand drive for the United Kingdom from June 1986.
The car was revamped considerably in 1989, both technically and aesthetically – the new sleeker outward appearance was similar to the also recently revamped Renault 25, and a liftback body style was also added to the range (which soon became more popular than the sedan in France) along with a sporty 2.0 L Turbo version. The TXi 2.0l 12v and 2.0l turbo was also available with the | 19,278 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
four-wheel-drive Quadra transmission, and was capable of .
The Renault 21 liftback and sedan petrol fueled models ceased production in the beginning of 1994, following the launch of the all new Laguna liftback, but the diesels and the Nevada/Savanna remained on the market, until their replacement Laguna variants were launched (end of 1994 for the diesels, and end of 1995 for the Nevada/Savanna).
A Renault 21 TSE, donated as a personal gift to Václav Havel by the president of Portugal Mário Soares just before the Velvet Revolution, served for a while as the official state car of the President of Czechoslovakia in 1989.
# Other markets.
## Argentina.
The R21 was built in Argentina, at the | 19,279 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
Renault facility in Santa Isabel (Córdoba Province) from late 1988 until early 1996. Production continued in Argentina for some years after its demise in European markets. Two body styles were built: sedan and Nevada (station wagon). It has been equipped with both petrol and diesel engines.
The only petrol engine available was the 2.2 L 8 valve (carburetor for the early production, fuel injection for the later models), and the only diesel engine available was the 2.1 L. Both engines were available for the three body versions. The liftback was imported from France and called by the trim "Alizé". Was replaced for the Laguna.
## Turkey.
The R21 was manufactured in Turkey in the beginning of | 19,280 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
1990s under the name Optima (entry model), Manager (1.7L 90 hp) (later Manager 2000 with 2 L 122 hp engine), and (top of the line) 2.0L injection Concorde. This car produced and sold up to the end of 1996 in Turkey.
## United States and Canada.
The R21 was also sold in the United States and Canada from 1987 to 1988 as the Renault Medallion and later in 1988 until the end of the line in 1989 as the Eagle Medallion with the 2.2 L engine as the only powerplant. However, the car was only on sale for a few months in 1987 before Renault sold its investment in American Motors Corporation (AMC) to Chrysler. AMC dealers were now under the newly formed Jeep-Eagle Division of Chrysler, and now as Jeep-Eagle | 19,281 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
dealers, they continued to sell the car as the Eagle Medallion until 1989. The North American version had somewhat different styling to comply with front and rear impact regulations and different lighting standards.
## Colombia.
The 21 was launched in Colombia in 1987. Initially, it was available in four door body, with 2.0 L longitudinal engine. In October of the same year, the Renault 21 Nevada was launched, with the same engine as the saloon. in 1989 Sociedad de Fabricación de Automotores S.A. (SOFASA) launched a version called RS with engine 1.6 C2L, used also in the TXE version of the Renault 9. In 1990, the name was replaced by the Étoile. The three available versions available were:
- | 19,282 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
TS Saloon, Break, Penta (hatchback body) Engine 1.6 L , manufactured until 1994
- Tx with engine 2.0 L
- Txi after called Bravo: engine 2.2 L .
# Engines.
- 1.4 L (1397 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; ; top speed: (Turkish development from C series block, called C2J, also available in Portugal and Yugoslavia)
- 1.4 L (1397 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; ; top speed:
- 1.6 L (1565 cc) petrol OHV 8 valve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 12.0 s (Argentinian development from C-series block, called C2L, available in Argentina and Colombia)
- 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 12.0 s (Available in TL and TLE models)
- 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 SPI; | 19,283 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 12.5 s
- 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 10.7 s (Available in TS, RS, GTS and TSE models)
- 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 carb.; ; top speed:
- 1.7 L (1721 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 10.7 s
- 1.9 L (1870 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 16.0 s (available in SD and GSD models)
- 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 10.9 s (Available in GTX and TXE models)
- 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 12 valve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 9.2 s (available in the TXi and TXi Quadra models)
- 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI turbo; | 19,284 |
906200 | Renault 21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault%2021 | Renault 21
ve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 9.2 s (available in the TXi and TXi Quadra models)
- 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI turbo; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 7.4 s (available in Turbo and Turbo Quadra models).
- 2.0 L (1995 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI turbo; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 7.8 s
- 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 15.6 s (available in TD and GTD models)
- 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 15.1 s
- 2.1 L (2068 cc) diesel SOHC 8 valve I4 turbo; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 11.8 s
- 2.2 L (2165 cc) petrol SOHC 8 valve I4 MPI; ; top speed: ; 0–100 km/h: 9.9 s
# External links.
- Renault 21 Owners Club UK | 19,285 |
906248 | Demulcent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demulcent | Demulcent
Demulcent
A demulcent (derived from the "caress") is an agent that forms a soothing film over a mucous membrane, relieving minor pain and inflammation of the membrane. However, they generally help for less than 30 minutes.
Demulcents are sometimes referred to as mucoprotective agents. Demulcents such as pectin, glycerin, honey, and syrup are common ingredients in cough mixtures and cough drops. Methylcellulose, propylene glycol and glycerine are synthetic demulcents. | 19,286 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
Dick Allen
Richard Anthony Allen (born March 8, 1942) is an American former professional baseball player. During his 15-season Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he appeared primarily as a first baseman, third baseman, and outfielder, most notably for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox, and is ranked among his sport's top offensive producers of the 1960s and early 1970s.
Allen was an All-Star in seven seasons. He won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award and the American League (AL) Most Valuable Player Award. He also led the AL in home runs for two seasons; led the NL in slugging percentage one season and the AL in two seasons, respectively; and led each major league | 19,287 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
in on-base percentage, one season apiece. His .534 career slugging percentage ranks among the highest in what was an era marked by low offensive production.
Allen's older brother Hank was a reserve outfielder for three AL teams and his younger brother Ron was briefly a first baseman with the 1972 St. Louis Cardinals.
In 2014, Allen appeared for the first time as a candidate on the Baseball Hall of Fame’s Golden Era Committee election ballot for possible Hall of Fame consideration in 2015. He and the other candidates all missed getting elected by the committee. The Committee meets and votes on 10 selected candidates from the 1947 to 1972 era every three years. Allen was one vote short of the | 19,288 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
required 12 votes needed for election.
# MLB career.
## Philadelphia Phillies.
Dick Allen hit a baseball with an authority Philadelphia fans had not seen since Chuck Klein and Jimmie Foxx. Phillies scout John Ogden convinced the Phillies to sign Allen in for a $70,000 bonus. John Ogden played for the International League Baltimore Orioles from 1919 to 1925 under Jack Dunn, the discoverer of Babe Ruth, and later pitched against Ruth in the American League. Ogden stated in a Philadelphia Bulletin story printed on July 1, 1969, that Dick Allen was the only player he ever saw who hit a ball as hard as Babe Ruth.
Allen's playing career got off to a turbulent start as he faced racial harassment | 19,289 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
while playing for the Phillies' minor league affiliate in Little Rock; residents staged protest parades against Allen, the local team's first black player. Nevertheless, he led the league in total bases.
His first full season in the majors, 1964, ranks among the greatest rookie seasons ever. He led the league in runs (125), triples (13), extra base hits (80) and total bases (352); he finished in the top five in batting average (.318), slugging average (.557), hits (201), and doubles (38); and won Rookie of the Year. Playing for the first time at third base, he led the league with 41 errors. Along with outfielder Johnny Callison and pitchers Chris Short and Jim Bunning, Allen led the Phillies | 19,290 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
to a six-and-a-half game hold on first place with 12 games to play in an exceptionally strong National League. The 1964 Phillies then lost ten straight games and finished tied for second place. The Phillies lost the first game of the streak to the Cincinnati Reds when Chico Ruiz stole home with Frank Robinson batting for the game's only run. In Allen's autobiography (written with Tim Whitaker), "Crash: The Life and Times of Dick Allen", Allen stated that the play "broke our humps". Despite the Phillies' collapse, Allen hit .438 with 5 doubles, 2 triples, 3 home runs and 11 RBI in those last 12 games.
Allen hit a home run off the Cardinals' Ray Washburn in 1965 which cleared Connie Mack Stadium's | 19,291 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
left center field roof Coke sign. That home run, an estimated 529-footer, inspired Willie Stargell to say: "Now I know why they (the Phillies fans) boo Richie all the time. When he hits a home run, there's no souvenir."
While playing for Philadelphia, Allen appeared on several All-Star teams including the 1965–67 teams (in the latter of these three games, he hit a home run off Dean Chance). He led the league in slugging (.632), OPS (1.027) and extra base hits (75) in .
Non-baseball incidents soon marred Allen's Philadelphia career. In July 1965, he got into a fistfight with fellow Phillie Frank Thomas. According to two teammates who witnessed the fight, Thomas swung a bat at Allen, hitting | 19,292 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
him in the shoulder. Johnny Callison said, "Thomas got himself fired when he swung that bat at Richie. In baseball you don't swing a bat at another player—ever." Pat Corrales confirmed that Thomas hit Allen with a bat and added that Thomas was a "bully" known for making racially divisive remarks. Allen and his teammates were not permitted to give their side of the story under threat of a heavy fine. The Phillies released Thomas the next day. That not only made the fans and local sports writers see Allen as costing a white player his job, but freed Thomas to give his version of the fight. In an hour-long interview aired December 15, 2009, on the MLB Network's "Studio 42 with Bob Costas", Allen | 19,293 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
asserted that he and Thomas are in fact good friends now.
Allen's name was a source of controversy: he had been known since his youth as "Dick" to family and friends, but for reasons which are still somewhat obscure, the media referred to him upon his arrival in Philadelphia as "Richie", possibly a conflation with the longtime Phillies star Richie Ashburn. After leaving the Phillies, he asked to be called "Dick", saying Richie was a little boy's name. In his dual career as an R&B singer, the label on his records with the Groovy Grooves firm slated him as "Rich" Allen.
Some of the Phillies' own fans, known for being tough on hometown players even in the best of times, exacerbated Allen's problems. | 19,294 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
Initially the abuse was verbal, with obscenities and racial epithets. Eventually Allen was greeted with showers of fruit, ice, refuse, and even flashlight batteries as he took the field. He began wearing his batting helmet even while playing his position in the field, which gave rise to another nickname, "Crash Helmet", shortened to "Crash".
He almost ended his career in 1967 after mangling his throwing hand by pushing it through a car headlight. Allen was fined $2,500 and suspended indefinitely in 1969 when he failed to appear for the Phillies twi-night doubleheader game with the New York Mets. Allen had gone to New Jersey in the morning to see a horse race, and got caught in traffic trying | 19,295 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
to return.
## St. Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Dodgers.
Allen finally had enough, and demanded the Phillies trade him. They sent him to the Cardinals in a trade before the season. Even this deal caused controversy, though not of Allen's making, since Cardinals outfielder Curt Flood refused to report to the Phillies as part of the trade. (Flood then sued baseball in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the reserve clause and to be declared a free agent.) Coincidentally, the player the Phillies received as compensation for Flood not reporting, Willie Montañez, hit 30 home runs as a 1971 rookie to eclipse Dick Allen's Phillies rookie home run record of 29, set in 1964.
Allen earned another | 19,296 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
All-Star berth in St. Louis, and his personal problems seemed to abate. The Cardinals even acceded to his wishes regarding his name, as Cardinals broadcaster Jack Buck made a point from game one of calling him "Dick Allen."
Decades before Mark McGwire, Dick Allen entertained the St. Louis fans with some long home runs, at least one of them landing in the seats above the club level in left field. As Jack Buck said at the time, "Some of the folks in the stadium club might have choked on a chicken leg when they saw that one coming!" Nevertheless, the Cardinals traded Allen to the Los Angeles Dodgers before the 1971 season for 1969 NL Rookie of the Year Ted Sizemore and young catcher Bob Stinson. | 19,297 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
Allen had a relatively quiet season in 1971 although he hit .295 for the Dodgers.
## Chicago White Sox.
The Dodgers traded Allen to the White Sox for pitcher Tommy John prior to the season. For various reasons, Allen's previous managers had shuffled him around on defense, playing him at first base, third base, and the outfield in no particular order—a practice which almost certainly weakened his defensive play, and which may have contributed to his frequent injuries, not to mention his perceived bad attitude. Sox manager Chuck Tanner's low-key style of handling ballplayers made it possible for Allen to thrive, for a while, on the South Side. He decided to play Allen exclusively at first base, | 19,298 |
906097 | Dick Allen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick%20Allen | Dick Allen
which allowed him to concentrate on hitting. That first year, his first in the American League, Allen almost single-handedly lifted the entire team to second place in the AL West, as he led the league in home runs (37) (setting a team record), RBI (113), walks (99), on-base percentage (.422), slugging average (.603), and OPS (1.023), while winning a well-deserved MVP award. However, the Sox fell short at the end and finished games behind the World Series–bound Oakland Athletics.
Allen's feats during his years with the White Sox—particularly in that MVP season of 1972—are spoken of reverently by South Side fans who credit him with saving the franchise for Chicago (it was rumored to be bound | 19,299 |
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