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906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
Shar (Forgotten Realms)
Shar ( ), also known as "Mistress of the Night", "Nightsinger", "Lady of Loss", or "The Darkness", is a fictional deity in the "Dungeons & Dragons" Forgotten Realms campaign setting. She is the evil counterpart to her twin sister Selûne, and presides over caverns, dark, dungeons, forgetfulness, loss, night, secrets, and the Underdark. Shar is an ancient goddess, formed together with her sister at the beginning of time, out of the empty nothingness that existed before gods or mortals. Among her array of twisted powers is the ability to see everything that lies or happens in the dark.
Shar is a Neutral Evil Greater Power whose symbol is a black disk with a deep purple | 19,400 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
border. Her divine realm in 2nd edition was the Palace of Loss on the Gray Waste; in 3rd edition the Palace of Loss was in the Plane of Shadow, and in 4th edition her realm is the Towers of Night.
# Publication history.
Ed Greenwood created Shar for his home "Dungeons & Dragons" game, set in Greenwood's Forgotten Realms world.
## "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 1st edition (1977–1988).
Shar first appeared within "Dungeons & Dragons" as one of the deities featured in Ed Greenwood's article "Down-to-earth Divinity" in "Dragon" #54 (October 1981). Shar was introduced as Mistress of the Night, The Lady of Loss, goddess of darkness, night, loss, and forgetfulness; she is a neutral evil greater | 19,401 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
goddess from the plane of Hades. According to this article, Shar "is said to be darkly beautiful. She is often worshipped by those made bitter by the loss of a loved one; in her dark embrace all forget, and although they forever feel loss, they become used to such pain until they consider it the usual and natural state of existence. Shar battles continually with Selune, slaying her often (i.e., every new moon), and is worshipped (or paid lip service by) all surface-dwelling beings who dislike light. Those who make or take disguises worship Leira, but those who seek only to hide or bury something pay homage to Shar." Shar is described as one of "The Dark Gods" of evil alignment: "Shar is allied | 19,402 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
with Myrkul." Shar is commonly worshipped by neutral evil thieves and clerics.
Shar later officially appeared as one of the major deities for the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, in the "Forgotten Realms Campaign Set"s "Cyclopedia of the Realms" booklet (1987).
## "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 2nd edition (1989–1999).
Shar was described in the hardback "Forgotten Realms Adventures" (1990), the revised "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting" (1993) in the "Running the Realms" booklet, and "Faiths & Avatars" (1996). Her clergy was further detailed in "Warriors and Priests of the Realms" (1996), and "Prayers from the Faithful" (1997).
Her role in the cosmology of the Planescape campaign setting | 19,403 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
was described in "On Hallowed Ground" (1996).
Shar's role in the ancient history of the Realms is described in "" (1996).
Her relationships with the nonhuman deities in the Forgotten Realms was covered in "Demihuman Deities" (1998).
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 3rd edition (2000–2007).
Shar appears as one of the major deities of the Forgotten Realms setting again, in "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting" (2001), and is further detailed in "Faiths and Pantheons" (2002).
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 4th edition (2008–2013).
Shar's story is detailed in the "Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide", and her dogma is presented in the "Forgotten Realms Player's Guide" for this edition. Shar is the instigator of | 19,404 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
the cataclysmic events that led to the changes between the 3rd and 4th editions in the Forgotten Realms. Shar supplied Cyric with the power to finally slay Mystra in the hopes that both the Weave and the Shadow Weave would come under Shar's control. The plan backfired, as Mystra's death caused "all" magic in the Realms to go haywire in a cataclysm known as the Spellplague. Though Cyric was imprisoned for his crimes, Shar escaped judgement. Even though the Shadow Weave is no more, Shar retained her power with the return of Netheril. The ancient empire was restored by the Shadovar, and Shar is the only goddess whom the revived Netherese allow to be worshipped in their territory. Shar's archenemy | 19,405 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
is still her sister, Selune.
## "Dungeons & Dragons" 5th edition (2014–).
In the 5th edition of the "Player's Handbook", Shar appears as part of the core pantheon of the Forgotten Realms setting and her suggested domains for clerics are death and trickery. She is more detailed in "Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide".
# Clergy.
The clergy of Shar is a secretive organization that pursues subversive tactics rather than direct confrontation with its rivals. In addition to her clerics, Shar maintains an elite order of sorcerer monks who can tap Shar's Shadow Weave. Among her worshipers are the Shadovar (the citizens of Shade Enclave—a floating city which is home to the survivors of ancient Netheril | 19,406 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
who fled into the shadow plane before Karsus's folly). Shar holds power over all who use the Shadow Weave, a creation that has made her the eternal enemy of the goddess of magic Mystra. A terrible war brews between the two powerful deities. Shar's agents work to murder Selune's avatars whenever possible.
# Shadow Weave.
An artifact of Shar's creation, the Shadow Weave is a polar opposite of the Weave, the source of almost all magic in the Forgotten Realms. Few practitioners are even aware of the Shadow Weave's existence, and fewer still attempt to tap into it as a source of power.
## Orders.
- Shar has a secret order called the "Dark Justicars". In order to gain admittance to the order, | 19,407 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
a priest of Shar has to have killed a priest of Selûne.
- Shar's secretive monastic order is referred to as the "Order of the Dark Moon". They tap into the Shadow Weave through their powers of sorcery.
- The Avatars of Shar, or the "Nightbringers" are the elite Sharran forces. They are spirits that infest hosting bodies, possessing them and using the bodies as puppets. Once one is infected with a Nightbringer, that person fuses to being as one with the Nightbringer gaining the strength and beauty of Shar. Only females are selected as hosts for the Nightbringers. Though their (Nightbringers) numbers were large within the Avatar Wars, their numbers fell to the hundreds in modern-day settings | 19,408 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
of Forgotten Realms campaigns
- Unusual among other orders in the Church, the "Darkcloaks" were actually a compassionate group of oracles and care-givers who tended to those troubled souls who were emotionally damaged, often bringing the bliss of forgetfulness to soothe their pain. Their work did much to present the church in a positive light to the populace, though too often the reaction was still negative. This order included some of the few non-evil, non-neutral clerics in the Church.
# Literature and games.
- Mistress of the Night (2004), by Don Bassingthwaite and Dave Gross is the second book in the "Forgotten Realms" series, "The Priests". It is about the worshippers of Shar.
- In | 19,409 |
906262 | Shar (Forgotten Realms) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shar%20(Forgotten%20Realms) | Shar (Forgotten Realms)
". It is about the worshippers of Shar.
- In the computer game "Baldur's Gate", a drow cleric named Viconia DeVir is a priestess of Shar. The character can join the party. Viconia also can join the party in the computer game "". She follows Shar as her personal deity after she renounced Lolth and was exiled from the Underdark.
# Legacy.
The cave-dwelling snail species "Gastrocopta sharae" was named in part after the Forgotten Realms deity Shar.
# Further reading.
- Reynolds, Sean K., Duane Maxwell, and Angel Leigh McCoy. "Magic of Faerûn" (TSR, 2001).
# External links.
- Sneak Peek: Shar by Sean K. Reynolds, Wizards of the Coast designer
- History of the Sisters of Light and Darkness | 19,410 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
Lapsed Catholic
A lapsed Catholic is a baptized Catholic who is non-practicing. Such a person may still identify as a Catholic and remains a Catholic according to canon law.
# Interpretations.
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of "lapsed" in relation to "lapsed Catholic" is "no longer believing or following the teachings of a religion". The Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus associates the term "lapsed Catholic" as one who is backsliding. Lapsing is thus not necessarily connected with a lack of belief. However, Daniel Ford links being a lapsed Catholic with rejection of Catholic teaching, either totally or by being an "à la carte Catholic". Other sources associate the term with abandonment | 19,411 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
of practice of the Catholic religion rather than with rejection of its doctrine. Thus the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines "lapsed", again in relation to "lapsed Catholic", as "no longer involved in an activity or organization", and the Oxford Dictionary speaks only of "no longer following the rules and practices of a religion or doctrine". Richard John Neuhaus distinguished between Catholic and Protestant ideas of what it means to be "lapsed" by quoting G.K. Chesterton, who remarked that a Protestant typically says he is a good Protestant, while a Catholic typically says he is a bad Catholic. For many, being a lapsed Catholic is just another way of being a Catholic.
# Catholic | 19,412 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
teaching on membership in the Church.
According to Catholic belief, baptism "seals the Christian with the indelible spiritual mark of belonging to Christ. No sin can erase this mark, even if sin prevents baptism from bearing the fruits of salvation."
Even the form of censure known as excommunication does not in itself make a person an ex-Catholic in the eyes of the Church: excommunicated persons are "cut off from the Church", barred from receiving the Eucharist and from taking an active part in the liturgy (reading, serving at the altar, etc.), but they remain Catholics according to Church doctrine. They are urged to retain a relationship with the Church, as the goal is to encourage them to | 19,413 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
repent and return to active participation in its life.
# History.
In the time of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, many Christians, including clergy and even some bishops, were referred to as the "lapsi" (those who had slipped and fell) as opposed to the "stantes" (those who stood firm). Different attitudes developed within the Church towards the lapsed: some held they should never be readmitted to the Church before death, others were for demanding serious penance of them before readmitting them, while others again were still more lenient. The First Council of Nicaea insisted that any clergy who had lapsed were not to be readmitted to clerical rank.
From 1983 a "formal act | 19,414 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
of defection from the Catholic Church" was recognised in the Code of Canon Law, making defectors ineligible for the privileges of membership of the Church, such as marrying in church. This form of defection was removed from the Code in 2009, and it was no longer possible to defect formally from the Catholic Church.
In the religion question on the Republic of Ireland census, "lapsed (Roman) Catholic" (a write-in option rather than a pre-printed checkbox option) was collated separately for the first time in 2011, when 1,268 were recorded (0.033% of the "Roman Catholic" total); the 2016 census recorded 8,094 (0.21%).
# Present canon law.
Today, a Catholic who lapses to the extent of becoming | 19,415 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
an apostate, a heretic or a schismatic is automatically excommunicated, and, until the excommunication is lifted, is forbidden to have any ministerial part in the celebration of Mass or other worship ceremonies, to celebrate or receive the sacraments or to exercise any Church functions. This is an obligation that binds the excommunicated person. Unless the excommunication has been publicly declared by the Church and not merely incurred automatically, the excommunicated person cannot on that ground alone be publicly refused the sacraments, even by a priest who knows of it. However, to assist at the marriage of someone who has "notoriously" (i.e. widely known to have done so) rejected the Catholic | 19,416 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
faith, a priest needs the permission of the ordinary and the same promises required by spouses in mixed marriages are also required. The Code of Canon Law lays down no particular penalty for a lapsing that consists of failure to fulfill the obligations to attend Sunday Mass and to receive Communion during Eastertide.
# Colloquial names.
Some lapsed Catholics attend Mass on special occasions like Christmas and Easter. Such lapsed Catholics are colloquially referred to by such terms as Cultural Catholics, Convenient Catholics, Submarine Catholics, Two-Timers, Chreasters, C&E Catholics, Poinsettia & Lily Catholics, APEC (Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Easter, and Christmas), CEOs (Christmas and | 19,417 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
Easter Only), CAPE Catholics (Christmas, Ash [Wednesday], Palm [Sunday], Easter), PACE Catholics (Palm [Sunday], Ash [Wednesday], Christmas, Easter), CASE Catholics (Christmas and Sometimes Easter), CMEs (Christmas, Mother's Day and Easter), or A&P Catholics (for Ash Wednesday and Palm Sunday).
"Cultural Catholic" is also used to refer to a non-religious member of a historically Catholic ethnic group, such as Austrian, Belgian, Bavarians, Croat, French, French Canadian, Filipino, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Poles, Portuguese, Spaniards, Slovene, Slovak and Latin Americans.
# See also.
- Apostasy in Christianity
- Backsliding
- Catholic agnosticism
- Catholic guilt
- | 19,418 |
906281 | Lapsed Catholic | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapsed%20Catholic | Lapsed Catholic
(Christmas and Sometimes Easter), CMEs (Christmas, Mother's Day and Easter), or A&P Catholics (for Ash Wednesday and Palm Sunday).
"Cultural Catholic" is also used to refer to a non-religious member of a historically Catholic ethnic group, such as Austrian, Belgian, Bavarians, Croat, French, French Canadian, Filipino, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Poles, Portuguese, Spaniards, Slovene, Slovak and Latin Americans.
# See also.
- Apostasy in Christianity
- Backsliding
- Catholic agnosticism
- Catholic guilt
- Cafeteria Catholicism
- Cafeteria Christianity
- Lapsi (Christianity)
- List of former Roman Catholics
- Recovering Catholic
- Sunday Christian
- Jack Mormon | 19,419 |
906308 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley
The men's 400 metre individual medley event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.
U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps broke a new world record of 4:08.26 to claim his first ever Olympic gold medal. Phelps' teammate Erik Vendt added a second silver to the one he earned behind Tom Dolan in Sydney four years earlier, finishing with a time of 4:11.81. Hungary's László Cseh, silver medalist at the 2003 FINA World Championships, held on for bronze in 4:12.15.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records | 19,420 |
906308 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley
s contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.
U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps broke a new world record of 4:08.26 to claim his first ever Olympic gold medal. Phelps' teammate Erik Vendt added a second silver to the one he earned behind Tom Dolan in Sydney four years earlier, finishing with a time of 4:11.81. Hungary's László Cseh, silver medalist at the 2003 FINA World Championships, held on for bronze in 4:12.15.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,421 |
906321 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%204%20×%20100%20metre%20freestyle%20relay | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
The men's 4×100 metre freestyle relay took place on 15 August at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece.
The South African team (Roland Mark Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend, and Ryk Neethling) set a new world record of 3:13.17 to solidify their country's triumph with a gold medal in the event. Defending Olympic champion Pieter van den Hoogenband swam a fastest split of 46.79 to take the silver for the Dutch in a national record of 3:14.36, leaving the U.S. team of Ian Crocker, Michael Phelps, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak with the bronze in 3:14.62, their worst result | 19,422 |
906321 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%204%20×%20100%20metre%20freestyle%20relay | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
team (Roland Mark Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend, and Ryk Neethling) set a new world record of 3:13.17 to solidify their country's triumph with a gold medal in the event. Defending Olympic champion Pieter van den Hoogenband swam a fastest split of 46.79 to take the silver for the Dutch in a national record of 3:14.36, leaving the U.S. team of Ian Crocker, Michael Phelps, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak with the bronze in 3:14.62, their worst result in Olympic history.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,423 |
906303 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
The men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.
Australia's Ian Thorpe edged out his teammate Grant Hackett to defend his Olympic title in 3:43.10, despite having been disqualified for a false start from the national trials in Sydney. Hackett earned a silver in 3:43.36, just 0.01 of a second under his winning time at the trials without the presence of Thorpe. U.S. swimmer Klete Keller set a new American record of 3:44.11 to take his second Olympic bronze medal in the event. Meanwhile, another American | 19,424 |
906303 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
Larsen Jensen finished outside the medals in fourth place, but came home in a lifetime best of 3:46.08, holding off Italy's Massimiliano Rosolino by 0.17 seconds.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows:
# Pre-Olympic buildup.
In late March 2004 at the Australian Championships in Sydney, the defending champion Ian Thorpe overbalanced whilst on the blocks in the heats of the 400 m freestyle and fell into the water, resulting in his disqualification and ending the defense of his Olympic 400 m title. This resulted in a large debate among the swimming and public community as to whether Thorpe should be given an exception to Australia's policy | 19,425 |
906303 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
of selecting the first and second place getters, with Prime Minister of Australia John Howard describing the situation as a "tragedy". Despite the intense media spotlight, Thorpe managed to win the 100 m and 200 m freestyle events in times of 48.83s and 1 min 45.07s respectively to ensure his selection for Athens. Craig Stevens, who had claimed the second qualifying position in the 400 m event, subsequently faced immense public pressure to relinquish his position to Thorpe, and later did so in a television interview for which he was paid. This generated ethical debate as to whether Stevens' decision had been bought, and criticism against Thorpe.
Thorpe's increasing focus on the 100 m event, | 19,426 |
906303 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
coupled with the media pressure, resulted in speculation that he was vulnerable to Hackett in the 400 m event. Thorpe safely qualified for the 400 m final behind Hackett in the heats.
# Results.
## Final.
There was a slow start in the final, with Thorpe reaching the 100 m mark one second outside world record pace with a narrow lead. In a topsy-turvy performance at irregular pace, Thorpe was passed by Klete Keller by the 150 m mark before accelerating again to reclaim the lead by the 200 m mark. Thorpe kept Hackett and Keller at around half a body length up to the 300 m mark, before breaking to a body-length lead by 350 m. However, he could not produce his trademark finishing kick and was | 19,427 |
906303 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
performance at irregular pace, Thorpe was passed by Klete Keller by the 150 m mark before accelerating again to reclaim the lead by the 200 m mark. Thorpe kept Hackett and Keller at around half a body length up to the 300 m mark, before breaking to a body-length lead by 350 m. However, he could not produce his trademark finishing kick and was closed down by Hackett, holding on by only 0.26 in a time three seconds outside his own world record. Thorpe appeared to shed tears in an uncharacteristic sign of emotion, admitting afterwards that the controversy surrounding the event had taken a toll on him, but denying that any liquid had left his eyes.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,428 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
Battle of Cedar Creek
The Battle of Cedar Creek, or Battle of Belle Grove, fought October 19, 1864, was the culminating battle of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early launched a surprise attack against the encamped army of Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, across Cedar Creek, northeast of Strasburg, Virginia. During the morning fighting, seven Union infantry divisions were forced to fall back and lost numerous prisoners and cannons. Early failed to continue his attack north of Middletown, and Sheridan, dramatically riding to the battlefield from Winchester, was able to rally his troops to hold a new defensive line. A Union counterattack | 19,429 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
that afternoon routed Early's army.
At the conclusion of this battle, the final Confederate invasion of the North was effectively ended. The Confederacy was never again able to threaten Washington, D.C. through the Shenandoah Valley, nor protect one of its key economic bases in Virginia. The stunning Union victory aided the reelection of Abraham Lincoln and won Sheridan lasting fame.
# Background.
## Grant's strategy in 1864.
At the beginning of 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, although Maj. Gen. George G. Meade remained the actual commander of that army. He left | 19,430 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Sherman and President Lincoln, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war. Therefore, scorched earth tactics would be required in some important theaters. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler against Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia near Richmond; Sherman to invade Georgia and capture Atlanta and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to capture Mobile.
## Shenandoah Valley.
The | 19,431 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
final coordinated offensive was to be conducted by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel through the Shenandoah Valley. During the Civil War, the Valley was one of the most important geographic features of Virginia. The watershed of the Shenandoah River passed between the Blue Ridge Mountains on the east and the Allegheny Mountains to the west, extending southwest from the Potomac River at Shepherdstown and Harpers Ferry, at an average width of . By the conventions of local residents, the "upper Valley" referred to the southwestern end, which had a generally higher elevation than the lower Valley to the northeast. Moving "up the Valley" meant traveling southwest, for instance. Between the North and South Forks | 19,432 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
of the Shenandoah River, Massanutten Mountain soared and separated the Valley into two halves for about , from Strasburg to Harrisonburg. During the 19th century, there was but a single road that crossed over the mountain, from New Market to Luray.
The Valley offered two strategic advantages to the Confederates. First, a Northern army invading Virginia could be subjected to Confederate flanking attacks pouring through the many wind gaps across the Blue Ridge. Second, the Valley offered a protected corridor that allowed Confederate armies to head north into Pennsylvania unimpeded, and a hard-surfaced road, the Valley Pike (current U.S. Route 11), allowed relatively swift movement. This was the | 19,433 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
route taken by Lee to invade the North in the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863. In contrast, the orientation of the Valley offered little advantage to a Northern army headed toward Richmond. But denying the Valley to the Confederacy would be a significant blow. It was an agriculturally rich area—the 2.5 million bushels of wheat produced in 1860, for example, accounted for about 19% of the crop in the entire state and the Valley was also rich in livestock that was used to provision Virginia's armies and the Confederate capital of Richmond. Mark Grimsley, writing in "The Hard Hand of War", argues that by 1864 Lee was receiving most of his supplies from the Deep South, so that the agricultural importance | 19,434 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
of the Valley has been overstated. The Union wanted to control it to close the invasion route to the North and to deny the use of its supplies to guerrillas operating in the area. If the Federals could capture Staunton in the upper Valley, they would threaten the vital Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, which ran from Richmond to the Mississippi River.
## Sigel and Hunter.
Sigel, in command of the Department of West Virginia, had orders from Grant to move "up the Valley" with 10,000 men to destroy the railroad center at Lynchburg. Sigel's force was quickly intercepted by 4,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, and defeated at the Battle of New Market on May 15. He retreated | 19,435 |
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to Strasburg and was replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter. Hunter resumed the Union offensive and defeated Brig. Gen. William E. "Grumble" Jones, who was killed in the Battle of Piedmont on June 6. Hunter occupied Staunton and joined with Brig. Gen. George Crook. His force of 20,000 men, ordered by Grant to live off the land, began a campaign of destruction.
## Early's campaign.
Gen. Robert E. Lee, whose Army of Northern Virginia was being maneuvered by Grant into a siege around Richmond and Petersburg, was also concerned about Hunter's advances in the Valley. He sent his Second Corps, now designated the Army of the Valley, under Jubal Early to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, | 19,436 |
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to menace Washington, D.C., hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces around Petersburg. Early was operating in the shadow of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, whose 1862 Valley Campaign against superior forces was fabled in Confederate history.
Early got off to a good start. He drove down the Valley without opposition, bypassed Harpers Ferry, crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. Grant dispatched a corps under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright and other troops under Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early. Early defeated a smaller force under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace in the Battle of Monocacy on July 9, but this battle delayed his progress enough to allow time for the reinforcement | 19,437 |
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of the defenses of Washington. Early attempted some tentative attacks against Fort Stevens (July 11–12) on the northern outskirts of Washington, but then withdrew to Virginia. A number of small battles ensued as the Union pursued, including the defeat of Crook at the Second Battle of Kernstown on July 24.
## Sheridan's campaign.
Grant decided that Early's threat had to be eliminated, particularly in the wake of a cavalry raid that burned Chambersburg. He saw that Washington had to be heavily defended as long as Early was still on the loose. One problem was that Early's moves cut through four federal departments. Grant considered unity of command to be essential and recommended George Meade | 19,438 |
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for the position, but Lincoln vetoed that because Radicals had launched a major political attack on Meade. Grant's next choice was a man aggressive enough to defeat Early: Philip Sheridan, the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac. Sheridan took command of all forces in West Virginia, western Maryland and the Middle Military Division responsible for operations around the Shenandoah Valley. His field army was called the Army of the Shenandoah. Sheridan initially started slowly, primarily because the impending presidential election of 1864 demanded a cautious approach, avoiding any disaster that might lead to the defeat of Abraham Lincoln.
After a month of maneuvering with a few small | 19,439 |
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battles between Sheridan and Early, the Confederates became complacent about the threat. Robert E. Lee ordered Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division to return to Richmond on September 16. Sheridan reacted immediately and struck Early with his entire force near Winchester, on September 19. The Battle of Opequon (the Third Battle of Winchester) was the largest of the campaign and Early sustained ruinous casualties. His army retreated to the south, taking up defensive positions on a long ridge called Fisher's Hill. Although this position was theoretically nearly impregnable, Early lacked the manpower to hold the entire line in strength. Sheridan hit Early in a flanking attack on September 22, | 19,440 |
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again routing the Confederates, who retreated to Waynesboro.
With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would foreshadow Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so aggressively, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. The operation, conducted primarily from September 26 to October 8, has been known to locals ever since as "the Burning" or "Red October". It encompassed the area of Harrisonburg, | 19,441 |
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Port Republic, Staunton and Waynesboro. Early was reinforced by the return of Kershaw's division and the arrival of Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser's cavalry division. As Sheridan began to withdraw down the Valley and Early began to pursue, Union cavalry defeated Rosser at Tom's Brook on October 9. The Union army encamped north of Cedar Creek, in parts of Frederick, Shenandoah and Warren counties.
## Prelude to battle.
Believing that Early could no longer muster attacks after more than a month of battling, Sheridan ordered the VI Corps under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright to return to the Petersburg siege lines. However, Early's troops arrived at Hupp's Hill, just north of Strasburg, on October 13, | 19,442 |
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deployed in battle formation, and began shelling Federal camps around Belle Grove plantation. Col. Joseph Thoburn's Union division moved forward to silence the guns and engaged in a sharp fight with Kershaw's division, resulting in 209 Union casualties, 182 Confederate. Sheridan recalled Wright's corps, which by this time had reached Ashby's Gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains. He departed on October 16 for a conference in Washington with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, accompanied by his Cavalry Corps as far as Front Royal, intending that those two divisions would then raid the Virginia Central Railroad. However, Sheridan changed his plan when he was notified that Early was sending wig-wag signals | 19,443 |
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implying that Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps might join him from Petersburg. This was disinformation on Early's part, hoping that it would induce the Federals to withdraw down the Valley, but instead Sheridan brought all of his forces back to the camps along Cedar Creek.
In a letter of October 12, 1864, Lee told Early, "You had better move against him and endeavor to crush him. ... I do not think Sheridan's infantry or cavalry numerically as large as you suppose." Early examined the Union position behind Cedar Creek and found an opening. Expecting an attack across the open valley floor to the west, the Union left relied on natural obstacles for cover. Furthermore, Sheridan expected each | 19,444 |
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of his subordinate commands to provide for its own security, using pickets deployed well forward of their camps. General Crook's army was not accustomed to that practice and discounted Sheridan's guidance, leaving the Union left more vulnerable. Early's choice was either to retire from the area to replenish his dwindling supplies or to attack. He chose boldness and, using surprise to his advantage, planned an assault on superior forces—across the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and Cedar Creek to attack the Union left, rolling up the line and defeating each part in detail.
On October 18, the eve of battle, Sheridan was spending the night in Winchester, on his way back from the Washington | 19,445 |
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conference. Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright was in temporary command of the Army of the Shenandoah.
# Opposing forces.
## Union.
Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah consisted of 31,610 men (effectives) and 90 artillery pieces, organized as follows:
- The VI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright, included the divisions of Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton, Brig. Gen. George W. Getty, and Col. J. Warren Keifer. When Wright temporarily commanded the army during Sheridan's initial absence from the battle, the corps was commanded by Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts.
- Detachments from the XIX Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. William H. Emory, included the divisions of Brig. Gens. James W. McMillan and | 19,446 |
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Cuvier Grover.
- The Army of West Virginia (sometimes referred to as the VIII Corps), commanded by Brig. Gen. George Crook, included the divisions of Cols. Thomas M. Harris (breveted to Brig. Gen. for his actions at Cedar Creek), Joseph Thoburn, Rutherford B. Hayes (elected President 12 years later, in 1876), and J. Howard Kitching (Kitching's "provisional division" was not fully present during the battle and consisted only of some artillery, and other miscellaneous elements).
- The Cavalry Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert, included the divisions of Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, Col. William H. Powell, and Brig. Gen. George A. Custer.
## Confederate.
Early's Army of the Valley | 19,447 |
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consisted of 21,102 men (effectives) and more than 40 artillery pieces, organized as follows:
- Ramseur's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Stephen D. Ramseur, included the brigades of Brig. Gens. Cullen A. Battle, Bryan Grimes, Philip Cook, and William Ruffin Cox.
- Kershaw's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, included the brigades of Brig. Gens. James Conner and Benjamin G. Humphreys and Cols. Henry P. Sanders and James P. Sims.
- Early's Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. John Pegram, included the brigades of Col. John S. Hoffman ("Pegram's Brigade"), Brig. Gen. Robert D. Johnston, and Lt. Col. William T. Davis ("Godwin's Brigade").
- Gordon's Division, commanded by Maj. | 19,448 |
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Gen. John B. Gordon, included the brigades of Col. Edmund N. Atkinson ("Evan's Brigade"), Col. William R. Peck ("York's Brigade"), and Brig. Gen. William Terry. During the battle, Gordon commanded a column of three divisions and his own division was commanded by Brig. Gen. Clement A. Evans.
- Wharton's Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Gabriel C. Wharton, included the brigades of Capt. R. H. Logan ("Wharton's Brigade"), Capt. Edmund S. Read ("Echol's Brigade"), and Col. Thomas Smith.
- Lomax's Cavalry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Lunsford L. Lomax, included the brigades of Col. George H. Smith ("Imboden's Brigade"), Brig. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, Brig. Gen. John McCausland, and Brig. Gen. | 19,449 |
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Henry B. Davidson ("Jackson's Brigade").
- Rosser's (Fitz Lee's) Cavalry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, included the brigades of Brig. Gens. Williams C. Wickham and William H. F. Payne, and Col. Oliver R. Funston, Jr. ("Rosser's Brigade").
# Battle.
## Confederate attacks.
Early's men began to form into three columns on the evening of October 18. Gordon's column (the divisions of Ramseur, Pegram and Evans), with the farthest to march, departed just after it became dark, about 8 p.m. They stealthily followed a narrow path (a "pig path") between the Shenandoah and the nose of Massanutten Mountain, previously scouted by Gordon and mapmaker, Maj. Jedediah Hotchkiss. The path | 19,450 |
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required single file passage in places, and did not support the movement of artillery. The columns of Wharton and Kershaw departed at about 1 a.m. on October 19, and all three columns of infantry were in position by 3:30 a.m. Rosser's cavalry prepared to advance along the western side of the valley to attack in the vicinity of Cupp's Ford. The 300-man cavalry brigade of Col. William H. Payne, Rosser's division, was assigned to lead Gordon's men to the battle and then break off in an attempt to reach Belle Grove and capture General Sheridan from his headquarters. The Confederates were unaware that Sheridan was not present that morning. Lomax's cavalry was to advance on the Front Royal–Winchester | 19,451 |
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Road to cut off any Union withdrawal in the area of Newtown (current Stephens City).
Surprise was virtually complete and most of the Army of West Virginia troops were caught unprepared in their camps. The Confederates' quiet approach was aided by the presence of heavy fog. Kershaw's Division attacked the trenches of Col. Joseph Thoburn's division at 5 a.m. A few minutes later, Gordon's column attacked the position of Col. Rutherford B. Hayes's division. Crook's division-sized "army" was overwhelmed and many fled, half-dressed, in panic. A brigade under Col. Thomas Wildes was one of the more alert units, and it conducted a fighting withdrawal over 30 minutes to the Valley Pike. Heroic leadership | 19,452 |
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by Capt. Henry A. du Pont, acting chief of Crook's artillery, saved nine of his sixteen cannons while he kept them in action, stalling the Confederate advance, eventually establishing a rallying point for the Union north of Middletown. (Du Pont later received the Medal of Honor and a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his efforts.)
At the XIX Corps camps, General Emory reacted to the sounds of battle and Crook's fleeing men entering his lines by reorienting his lines to face Gordon's oncoming attack. In doing so, he removed a covering force that was protecting a bridge over Cedar Creek, allowing Wharton's column to move forward unimpeded at 5:40 a.m. Col. Wildes's | 19,453 |
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brigade of Crook's army was ordered by Emory to stop its withdrawal, turn around, and attack the advancing Confederates to buy more time for reorienting the Union lines. General Wright accompanied Wildes and received a painful wound to his chin. The XIX Corps brigade of Col. Stephen Thomas made a similar gallant stand for over 30 minutes while McMillan's division withdrew through the thin lines of Grover's division. These actions around Belle Grove delayed the Confederates enough that most of the headquarters units and supply trains were able to withdraw to safety and the VI Corps could prepare a better defense on the high ground just northwest of the plantation.
The three divisions of the | 19,454 |
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VI Corps were able to establish proper defensive lines. Kiefer's division aligned itself with Cedar Creek, but as retreating XIX Corps soldiers flowed through, they were unable to hold their position and withdrew to just west of Meadow Brook. Elements of McMillan's division and Merritt's cavalry extended their line to the west. At approximately quarter after 7 in the morning, Kershaw's Division hit the line hard, gradually forcing it back. Wheaton's division, just to the north, was similarly forced back by Gordon's continued attack. The two Union divisions eventually linked up about a mile to the northeast, joining with Getty's division, which was pulling back from a fierce fight at the Middletown | 19,455 |
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cemetery. Getty had originally marched his division toward the sound of battle, but when Wheaton withdrew, his men were unsupported. Briefly defending a slight rise south of Middletown, at 8 a.m. he moved his division to the town cemetery, on a hill to the west. For over an hour, Getty's division defended this position against assaults from four Confederate divisions. Jubal Early assumed by the ferocity of the defense that he was fighting the entire VI Corps. He allowed himself to become distracted, which diluted the momentum of the overall Confederate attack. Directing all of his artillery to concentrate on the cemetery position for 30 minutes, he was able to dislodge Getty's division, ordered | 19,456 |
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to withdraw to the main Federal line, now being formed about a mile to the north, by temporary commander Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant. (The VI Corps' temporary commander, Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts, had been wounded and Getty assumed corps command.)
## Sheridan's Ride.
Sheridan was at Winchester at the start of the battle. At 6 a.m., pickets south of Winchester reported back that they heard the distant sounds of artillery. Not expecting any significant action from Early that day, Sheridan dismissed the report. As additional reports arrived, he assumed it was "Grover's division banging away at the enemy simply to find out what he was up to", but he ordered his horse, Rienzi, to be saddled and | 19,457 |
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ate a quick breakfast. At 9 a.m. he departed with three staff officers, and soon he was joined by a 300-man cavalry escort, and with them he rode aggressively to his command. He noticed that the sounds of battle were increasing in volume quickly, so he inferred that his army was retreating in his direction. At Newtown, he ordered a young officer from Crook's staff, Capt. William McKinley (elected President 32 years later, in 1896), to set up a line that would intercept stragglers and send them back to the battlefield. He reached the battle about 10:30 a.m. and began to rally his men to complete the defensive line north of Middletown that General Wright had begun to organize. His presence electrified | 19,458 |
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the Union soldiers and he shouted, "Come on back, boys! Give 'em hell, God damn 'em! We'll make coffee out of Cedar Creek tonight!"
General Sheridan wrote in his official report an account of the famous ride:
Thomas Buchanan Read wrote a popular poem, "Sheridan's Ride", to commemorate Sheridan's exploit. The general took notice of the widespread public acclaim by renaming his horse "Winchester". In 1908, Gutzon Borglum created an equestrian statue of Sheridan and Winchester riding to Cedar Creek, which stands in Sheridan Circle, Washington, D.C.
## The "fatal halt".
Fortunately for Sheridan, Early's men were too occupied to take notice of the Union general's dramatic arrival; they were hungry | 19,459 |
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and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage supplies from the Union camps. By 10 a.m., Jubal Early had developed a stunning Confederate victory, capturing 1,300 Union prisoners and 24 cannons, and driving seven infantry divisions off the field with a smaller force. But rather than exploiting his victory, Early ordered a halt in his offensive to reorganize, a decision for which he later received criticism from his surviving subordinates. John B. Gordon wrote years later, "My heart went into my boots. Visions of the fatal halt on the first day at Gettysburg, and of the whole day's hesitation to permit an assault on Grant's exposed flank on the 6th of May in The Wilderness rose before | 19,460 |
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me." Early wrote to Robert E. Lee, "So many of our men had stopped in the camp to plunder (in which I am sorry to say that officers participated), the country was so open, and the enemy's cavalry so strong, that I did not deem it prudent to press further, especially as Lomax had not come up." The two armies stood about a mile apart in lines perpendicular to the Valley Pike. At 1 p.m. Early gave a halfhearted order to Gordon to attack the Union line, but "not if he found the enemy's line too strong to attack with success." Gordon's division moved forward against the XIX Corps, with Kershaw and Ramseur ready to support them, but after firing a heavy volley into the Union line, they withdrew.
## | 19,461 |
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Union counterattack.
Sheridan's boast about making coffee from Cedar Creek that evening meant that he was immediately contemplating a counterattack. He placed a cavalry division on each end of the line, which was made up of Wright's VI Corps and Emory's XIX Corps. Crook's Army of West Virginia was in reserve. While his cavalry pressed both of Early's flanks, Sheridan planned for the XIX Corps to execute a "left half-wheel" to the southeast, pivoting on Getty's VI Corps division, and driving the Confederates into the Pike. The main attack began at 4 p.m., meeting significant Confederate resistance north of Middletown for about an hour. Early's left flank began to crumble and Custer's cavalry | 19,462 |
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raced into the Confederate rear. Many of the Confederate soldiers panicked as they envisioned their escape route across Cedar Creek being blocked by the Federal cavalrymen who had been so successful during the campaign. After the breakthrough on the Union right, Sheridan stepped up the pressure with an attack on Ramseur's Division. General Ramseur was mortally wounded and his men joined the retreat. Although the Confederate artillery made a few delaying stands along the way, Early had lost control of his army.
The situation worsened for the Confederates when a small bridge on the Valley Pike collapsed, making it impossible to cross with wagons or artillery over "No Name Creek" south of Strasburg. | 19,463 |
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Early's army was forced to abandon all of the captured Union guns and wagons from the morning attack, as well as most of its own. Sheridan's pursuit ended at nightfall. The retreating Confederate soldiers gathered temporarily on Fisher's Hill and then the army retired the following day to New Market.
# Aftermath.
## Casualties.
Casualties for the Union totaled 5,665 (644 killed, 3,430 wounded, 1,591 missing). Confederate casualties are only estimates, about 2,910 (320 killed, 1,540 wounded, 1,050 missing). In addition to the mortal wounding of Confederate general Ramseur (who died at Belle Grove in the company of Union officers who were former colleagues and friends), two Union brigadier | 19,464 |
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generals were killed at Cedar Creek: Daniel D. Bidwell and Charles R. Lowell, Jr.
## Outcome.
The battle was a crushing defeat for the Confederates. They were never again able to threaten the northern states through the Shenandoah Valley, nor protect the economic base in the Valley. In fact, Early still had the problem of feeding his own army. The reelection of Abraham Lincoln was materially aided by this victory and Phil Sheridan earned lasting fame. Ulysses S. Grant ordered a 100-gun salute be fired in his honor at Petersburg and he was rewarded with a promotion to major general in the regular army.
## Reactions and effects.
Jubal Early told Jed Hotchkiss that night that the "fatal halt" | 19,465 |
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occurred because, "the Yankees got whipped and we got scared". But he soon became bitter about his defeat, heaping blame on his soldiers. He wrote to Robert E. Lee, "but for "their" bad conduct "I" should have defeated Sheridan's whole force." Three days after the battle he addressed his army: "Many of you, including some commissioned officers, yielded to a disgraceful propensity for plunder. ... Subsequently those who had remained at their post, seeing their ranks thinned by the absence of the plunderer ... yielded to a needless panic and fled the field in confusion."
Early's military career was effectively ended. His surviving units returned to the Army of Northern Virginia in Petersburg | 19,466 |
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that December. He was left for the winter with a command of fewer than 3,000 men at Waynesboro. On March 2, 1865, Sheridan marched his command to join Grant in Petersburg and Custer's cavalry division routed Early's small command along the way. Early escaped with a small escort and spent the next two weeks running from Federal patrols before reporting to Lee's headquarters. On March 30, Lee told him to go home.
# Medals of Honor.
Twelve Union enlisted men and nine officers received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Battle of Cedar Creek. One of the officers was a captain of the 5th U.S. Artillery and future U.S. Senator, Henry A. du Pont.
# Battlefield preservation.
More than of | 19,467 |
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the Cedar Creek Battlefield are preserved as part of the Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park, a partnership park, with much of the land owned by nonprofit preservation groups, including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation, Belle Grove Plantation, the Potomac Conservancy, and the Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation. In addition, nonprofit groups such as the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) have contributed substantial funding toward protection of these lands. Since 2000, the Trust and its federal, state and local partners have acquired and preserved of the battlefield. Some of this battlefield | 19,468 |
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land has been acquired by the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. The left flank of the Union counterattack took place at Thorndale Farm.
In May 2008, the Frederick County Board of Supervisors voted to allow Carmeuse Lime and Stone to expand its existing operation on the Cedar Creek Battlefield. The vote permits Carmeuse to mine of core battlefield land at Cedar Creek. In response to this decision, an alliance of national and local preservation groups formed the Cedar Creek and Belle Grove Coalition to increase public awareness about the impact of the new mining on the battlefield, as well as to promote future preservation efforts at Cedar Creek.
The 1st Vermont Brigade's | 19,469 |
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actions in the battle are commemorated by a large wall-sized painting in the Cedar Creek Room on the second floor of the Vermont State House in Montpelier, entitled "The Battle of Cedar Creek". The painting is by Julian Scott, a Vermont soldier awarded the Medal of Honor for valor. In 1997, proposed highway construction threatened a Virginia ridge where the 8th Vermont Regiment, commanded by Stephen Thomas, lost nearly two-thirds of its men in a heroic early morning stand. The proposal prompted the Vermont State Legislature to adopt a resolution stating that more Vermont units took part in this battle than in any other in the war and asking Virginia to prevent building on the ridge.
# See also.
- | 19,470 |
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Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864
- List of costliest American Civil War land battles
- Shenandoah Valley Campaign, 1864
- Armies in the American Civil War
- Commemoration of the American Civil War
- Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
# References.
- Bohannon, Keith S. "The 'Fatal Halt' Versus 'Bad Conduct': John B. Gordon, Jubal A. Early, and the Battle of Cedar Creek". In "The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864", edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Military Campaigns of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. .
- Coffey, David. "Sheridan's Lieutenants: Phil Sheridan, His Generals, and the Final Year of the Civil War". Wilmington, | 19,471 |
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DE: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. .
- Cullen, Joseph P. "Cedar Creek". In "Battle Chronicles of the Civil War: 1864", edited by James M. McPherson. Lakeville, CT: Grey Castle Press, 1989. . First published in 1989 by McMillan.
- Eicher, David J. "The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War". New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
- Gallagher, Gary W. "The Shenandoah Valley in 1864". In "Struggle for the Shenandoah: Essays on the 1864 Valley Campaign", edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991. .
- Grimsley, Mark. "The Hard Hand of War". New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. .
- Kennedy, Frances H., ed. "The Civil War Battlefield Guide". | 19,472 |
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2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
- Lewis, Thomas A. "The Guns of Cedar Creek". New York: Harper and Row, 1988. .
- Patchan, Scott C. "The Battle Of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864". "Blue & Gray Magazine" XXIV, no. 1 (2007).
- Salmon, John S. "The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
- Welcher, Frank J. "The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations". Vol. 1, "The Eastern Theater". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. .
- Wert, Jeffry D. "From Winchester to Cedar Creek: The Shenandoah Campaign of 1864". New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. .
- Whitehorne, Joseph W. A. "The Battle of Cedar Creek: Self-Guided | 19,473 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
Tour". rev. ed., Middletown, VA: Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation, 2006. First published as "The Battle of Cedar Creek: Self-Guided Tour". Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 1992. .
- National Park Service battle description
- CWSAC Report Update
## Memoirs and primary sources.
- Early, Jubal A. "A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States of America". Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001. .
- Sheridan, Philip H. "Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan". 2 vols. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888. .
- U.S. War Department, "The War of the Rebellion": "a Compilation of the Official | 19,474 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
Records of the Union and Confederate Armies". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
# Further reading.
- Lewis, Thomas A., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. "The Shenandoah in Flames: The Valley Campaign of 1864". Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1987. .
- Mahr, Theodore C. "The Battle of Cedar Creek: Showdown in the Shenandoah, October 1–30, 1864". Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard Inc., 1992. .
- Morris, Roy, Jr. "Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan". New York: Crown Publishing, 1992. .
- Patchan, Scott C. "Shenandoah Summer: The 1864 Valley Campaign". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. .
- Spaulding, Brett W. "Last Chance for Victory: Jubal | 19,475 |
906255 | Battle of Cedar Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Cedar%20Creek | Battle of Cedar Creek
07. .
- Spaulding, Brett W. "Last Chance for Victory: Jubal Early's 1864 Maryland Invasion". Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 2010. .
- Wittenberg, Eric J. "Little Phil: A Reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan". Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2002. .
# External links.
- The Battle of Cedar Creek: Battle Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news (American Battlefield Trust)
- Animated map of the Battle of Cedar Creek (American Battlefield Trust)
- National Park Service Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park
- Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation
- Cincinnati Civil War Roundtable presentation on the battle
- The poem "Sheridan's Ride" | 19,476 |
906328 | Jeffrey W. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey%20W.%20Greenberg | Jeffrey W. Greenberg
Jeffrey W. Greenberg
Jeffrey Wayne Greenberg (born 1951) is an American lawyer and business executive who served as chairman and CEO of Marsh & McLennan Companies from 1999 to 2004.
# Early life and education.
Greenberg is the son of Corinne Phyllis Zuckerman and Maurice R. Greenberg, the former chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG).
He earned a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1973 and his law degree from Georgetown University Law School in 1976.
# Career.
He began his career at Marsh & McLennan after graduation. Greenberg resigned as CEO of Marsh & McLennan after the firm was charged with rigging, and as part of a lucrative kickback scheme, "stifling competition" | 19,477 |
906328 | Jeffrey W. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey%20W.%20Greenberg | Jeffrey W. Greenberg
as CEO of Marsh & McLennan after the firm was charged with rigging, and as part of a lucrative kickback scheme, "stifling competition" according to New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer.
He is currently chairman of the private equity firm he founded, Aquiline Holdings.
Greenberg is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, serves as a trustee of the Brookings Institution, and has served as a member of Brown University's corporation.
He has sat on the Board of Trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital since 1998. NYP BoT
# Personal life.
Greenberg had a 14-year relationship with journalist Nikki Finke, getting engaged in 1974 and married in 1980. The couple divorced in 1982. | 19,478 |
906325 | Anacyclus pyrethrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anacyclus%20pyrethrum | Anacyclus pyrethrum
Anacyclus pyrethrum
Anacyclus pyrethrum (pellitory, Spanish chamomile, or Mount Atlas daisy or Akarkara) is a perennial herb much like chamomile in habitat and appearance. It is in a different family (Asteraceae) from the plants known as pellitory-of-the-wall ("Parietaria officinalis") and spreading pellitory ("Parietaria judaica").
It is found in North Africa, elsewhere in the Mediterranean region, in the Himalayas, in North India, and in Arabian countries.
# Uses.
It is popular as a food spice. It induces heat, tingling and redness when applied to the skin.
Although one might assume from the "pyrethrum" suffix that this plant may contain pyrethrins, it does not. The second part of the | 19,479 |
906325 | Anacyclus pyrethrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anacyclus%20pyrethrum | Anacyclus pyrethrum
binomial name stems from the Ancient Greek name for the plant, πύρεθρον, whereas the pyrethrins are named after Pyrethrum, used more recently for several plants of the genus "Chrysanthemum", some of which do contain pyrethrins.
Ayurveda (the ancient Indian medicine system) and Siddha (the medicine system from Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India) have uses for this plant root and it has been used for centuries as a medicine. It is called Akkal-Kara in Hindi, Akkal Kadha in Marathi, and Akkarakaaram (Tamil: அக்கரகாரம்). An oil is prepared by a method known as pit extraction (Tamil: குழி எண்ணெய்).
Extracts of "Anacyclus pyrethrum" have anabolic activity in mice and also increase testosterone | 19,480 |
906325 | Anacyclus pyrethrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anacyclus%20pyrethrum | Anacyclus pyrethrum
aaram (Tamil: அக்கரகாரம்). An oil is prepared by a method known as pit extraction (Tamil: குழி எண்ணெய்).
Extracts of "Anacyclus pyrethrum" have anabolic activity in mice and also increase testosterone in the animal model.
# Cultivation.
"Anacyclus pyrethrum" var. "depressus" (sometimes considered a separate species, "Anacyclus depressus"), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as a spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. It produces mats of grey-green, ferny foliage and single daisy-like white flowers. It is suitable for growing in an alpine or rock garden. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
# Distribution.
- Native:
Sources: GRIN, E+M, AFPD | 19,481 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Lois Maxwell
Lois Ruth Maxwell (born Hooker; 14 February 1927 – 29 September 2007) was a Canadian actress, best known for her portrayal of Miss Moneypenny in all the first fourteen Eon-produced "James Bond" films (1962–1985). She was the first actress to play the part. The films in which she played Miss Moneypenny were "Dr. No" (1962), "From Russia with Love" (1963), "Goldfinger" (1964), "Thunderball" (1965), "You Only Live Twice" (1967), "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969), "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971), "Live and Let Die" (1973), "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974), "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977), "Moonraker" (1979), "For Your Eyes Only" (1981), "Octopussy" (1983), and "A View to a Kill" | 19,482 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
(1985). She did not appear in the 1954 and 1967 adaptations of "Casino Royale", nor in the 1983 remake of "Thunderball", "Never Say Never Again", as the production was not Eon's, though she did, as a similar character, in the spoof "O.K. Connery".
She began her film career in the late 1940s, and won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her performance in "That Hagen Girl" (1947). Following a number of small film roles, Maxwell became dissatisfied and travelled to Italy, where she worked in film from 1951 to 1955. After her marriage, she moved to the United Kingdom, where she appeared in several television productions.
As Maxwell's career declined, she lived in Canada, Switzerland, | 19,483 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
and the UK. In 2001, she was diagnosed with bowel cancer and moved to Western Australia, where she lived with her son until her death at age 80 in 2007.
# Life and career.
## Early life.
Born in Kitchener, Ontario, to a nurse mother and a teacher father, Maxwell was raised in Toronto and attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute. Dissatisfied with the yields of babysitting jobs, she set her sights on something more lucrative and landed her first job working as a waitress at Canada's largest and most luxurious summer resort, Bigwin Inn, on Bigwin Island in Lake of Bays, Ontario.
During World War II, she ran away from home, aged 15, to join the Canadian Women's Army Corps, a unit formed | 19,484 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
to release men for combat duties. CWAC personnel were secretaries, vehicle drivers, and mechanics, who performed every conceivable noncombat duty. Maxwell quickly became part of the Army Show in Canada. Later, as part of the Canadian Auxiliary Services Entertainment Unit, she was posted to the United Kingdom, where she performed music and dance numbers to entertain the troops, often appearing alongside Canadian comedians Wayne and Shuster.
Her true age was discovered when the group reached London. To avoid repatriation to Canada, she was discharged and subsequently enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she became friends with fellow student Roger Moore.
## Career.
Moving to | 19,485 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Hollywood at the age of 20, Maxwell won the actress Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her role in the Shirley Temple comedy "That Hagen Girl" (1947). In 1949, she participated in a "Life" magazine photo layout, in which she posed with another up-and-coming actress, Marilyn Monroe. It was at this time that she changed her surname from Hooker to Maxwell, a name borrowed from a ballet dancer friend. The rest of her family also took this name.
Most of Maxwell's work consisted of minor roles in B films. Tiring of Hollywood, she moved back to Europe, living in Rome for five years (1950–55). There she made a series of films, and at one point became an amateur race driver. One of her | 19,486 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Italian films was an adaptation of the opera "Aida" (1953), in which Maxwell played a leading role, lip-synching to another woman's vocals and appearing in several scenes with the still unknown Sophia Loren.
While visiting Paris, she met her future husband, TV executive Peter Marriott. They married in 1957 and moved to London, where their daughter Melinda and son Christian were both born (in 1958 and 1959). Maxwell appeared with Patrick McGoohan in the British television series "Danger Man" as his accomplice in the 1959 episode "Position of Trust".
During the 1960s, Maxwell appeared in many TV series and in films outside the Bond series in both the UK and Canada. She also guest-starred in | 19,487 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
"The Saint", in which she played the part of Helen Allardyce in the episode "Interlude in Venice", and The Persuaders, both of which she appeared in alongside the future James Bond, Roger Moore.
She provided the voice of Atlanta for the Supermarionation science-fiction children's series "Stingray" and was the star of "Adventures in Rainbow Country" in the 1970s.
Maxwell had a minor role as a nurse in Stanley Kubrick's "Lolita" (1962). In 1963 Maxwell played a machine gun-firing nurse in the series "The Avengers" (episode "The Little Wonders", which was first aired on 11 January 1964).
Maxwell had a guest appearance in an episode of the ITC series "The Baron" ("Something for a Rainy Day", | 19,488 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
1965), as an insurance investigator.
### Role as Miss Moneypenny.
Maxwell lobbied for a role in the James Bond film "Dr. No" (1962), since her husband had suffered a heart attack and they needed the money. Director Terence Young, who had once turned her down on the grounds that she "looked like she smelled of soap", offered her either Miss Moneypenny or Bond's girlfriend, Sylvia Trench, but she was uncomfortable with the idea of a revealing scene outlined in the screenplay. The role as M's secretary guaranteed just two days' work at a rate of £100 per day; Maxwell supplied her own clothes for the filming.
In 1967, Maxwell appeared in the Italian spy spoof "Operation Kid Brother" with Sean | 19,489 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Connery's brother, Neil, and Bernard Lee (who played M). The same year, she portrayed Moneypenny in a made-for-TV special, "Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond", in which she co-starred with Kate O'Mara and Desmond Llewelyn.
In 1971, the role of Moneypenny was nearly recast after Maxwell demanded a pay raise for "Diamonds Are Forever"; Moneypenny's undercover policewoman's cap disguises the hair Maxwell had already dyed in preparation for another part. Initially, the character of Miss Moneypenny did not feature in the movie, but it was decided to add the scene where disguised as a customs officer, she gives Bond his travel documents at the port of Dover during production. The additional scene was a | 19,490 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
rather last-minute rewrite designed to include the character, as the producers felt it important to incorporate the regular character and actress Lois Maxwell. Maxwell and Connery filmed their lines separately and were not present together for the short scene However, she stayed on as Moneypenny when her former classmate, Roger Moore, assumed the role of 007 in "Live and Let Die" (1973). She reprised her character, weeping for the death of Bond, in a short scene with Lee in the French comedy "Bons baisers de Hong Kong" (1975).
During the filming of "A View to a Kill" (1985), her final appearance as Moneypenny, producer Cubby Broccoli pointed out to her that they were the only cast or crew members | 19,491 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
from "Dr. No" who had not yet left the series. Maxwell asked that Moneypenny be killed off, but Broccoli recast the role, instead.
According to author Tom Lisanti, Maxwell's Moneypenny was seen as an "anchor", and her flirtatious relationship with Bond provided the films with dramatic realism and humanism; for Moneypenny, Bond was "unobtainable", freeing the characters to make outrageous sexual double entendres.
## Later life.
In 1973, Maxwell's husband died, having never fully recovered from his heart attack in the 1960s. Maxwell subsequently returned to Canada, settling in Fort Erie, Ontario, where she lived on Oakes Drive. She spent her summers at a cottage outside of Espanola, Ontario, | 19,492 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
where she wrote a column for the "Toronto Sun" under the pseudonym "Miss Moneypenny" and became a businesswoman working in the textile industry. In 1994, she returned to the UK once again to be nearer to her daughter Daphne, retiring to a cottage in Frome, Somerset. A plaque has been placed on her home there by the Frome Society of Local Study.
### Death.
Following surgery for bowel cancer in 2001, Maxwell moved to Perth, Australia, to live with her son Christian's family. She remained there, working on her autobiography, until her death at Fremantle Hospital on 29 September 2007.
Of his friend's death, Sir Roger Moore said to BBC Radio 5 Live, "It's rather a shock. She was always fun and | 19,493 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
she was wonderful to be with and was absolutely perfect casting [...] It was a great pity that, after I moved out of Bond, they didn't take her on to continue in the Timothy Dalton films. I think it was a great disappointment to her that she had not been promoted to play M. She would have been a wonderful M."
# Partial filmography.
- "A Matter of Life and Death" (1946) as Actress (uncredited)
- "Spring Song" (1946) as Penelope Cobb (uncredited)
- "That Hagen Girl" (1947) as Julia Kane
- "Corridor of Mirrors" (1948) as Lois
- "The Big Punch" (1948) as Karen Long
- "The Dark Past" (1948) as Ruth Collins
- "The Decision of Christopher Blake" (1948) as Miss McIntyre (uncredited)
- "Crime | 19,494 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Doctor's Diary" (1949) as Jane Darrin
- "Kazan" (1949) as Louise Maitlin
- "Tomorrow Is Too Late" (1950) as Signorina Anna
- "Love and Poison" (1950) as Queen Christina
- "Brief Rapture" (1951) as Erika
- "The Woman's Angle" (1952) as Enid Mansell
- "Viva il cinema!" (1952)
- "Ha da venì... don Calogero" (1952) as Maestrina
- "Lady in the Fog" (1952) as Margaret 'Peggy' Maybrick
- "Women of Twilight" (1952) as Chris Ralston, the New Mother
- "Mantrap" (1953) as Thelma Speight / Tasman
- "Aida" (1953) as Amneris
- "La Grande Speranza" (1955) as Lt. Lily Donald
- "Passport to Treason" (1956) as Diane Boyd
- "Satellite in the Sky" (1956) as Kim
- "High Terrace" (1956) as Stephanie | 19,495 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
Blake
- "Time Without Pity" (1957) as Vickie Harker
- "Kill Me Tomorrow" (1957) as Jill Brook
- "Face of Fire" (1959) as Ethel Winter
- "The Unstoppable Man" (1961) as Helen Kennedy
- "Lolita" (1962) as Nurse Mary Lore
- "Dr. No" (1962) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Come Fly with Me" (1963) as Gwen Sandley
- "The Haunting" (1963) as Grace Markway
- "From Russia with Love" (1963) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Goldfinger" (1964) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Thunderball" (1965) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Operation Kid Brother" (1967) as Max
- "You Only Live Twice" (1967) as Miss Moneypenny
- "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969) as Miss Moneypenny
- "The Adventurers" (1970) as Woman at Fashion Show (uncredited)
- | 19,496 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
"Diamonds Are Forever" (1971) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Endless Night" (1972) as Cora Walker Brown
- "Live and Let Die" (1973) as Miss Moneypenny
- "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974) as Miss Moneypenny
- "From Hong Kong with Love" (1975) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Age of Innocence" (1977) as Mrs. Hogarth
- "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Moonraker" (1979) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Lost and Found" (1979) as English Woman
- "Mr. Patman" (1980) as Director
- "For Your Eyes Only" (1981) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Octopussy" (1983) as Miss Moneypenny
- "A View to a Kill" (1985) as Miss Moneypenny
- "The Blue Man" (1985) as Monica Duval
- "Martha, Ruth and Edie" (1988) as Edie Carmichael
- | 19,497 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
"The Fourth Angel" (2001) as Olivia (final film role)
# Television.
- "Danger Man" (1960) as Sandi Lewis
- "": "The Room Upstairs" (1961) as Esther Hollis
- "Zero One" (1962) as Miss. Smith
- "The Avengers" - episode - The Little Wonders (1964) as Sister Johnson
- "Ghost Squad" (1964) as Elizabeth Creasey
- "Stingray" (1964) as Lieutenant Atlanta Shore / Milly Carson / Marinville Tracking Station (voice)
- "The Baron" (1965) as Charlotte Russell
- "Gideon's Way" (1966) as Felissa Henderson
- "The Saint": "Interlude in Venice" (1966-1967) as Beth Parish / Helen
- "The Saint": "Simon and Delilah" (1967) as Beth Parish
- "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" (1969) as Kim Wentworth
- "Adventures | 19,498 |
906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
in Rainbow Country" (1969-1970) as Nancy Williams
- "Department S" (1970) as Mary Burnham
- "Omnibus" - episode - Ian Fleming Creator of the James Bond Myth (1970) as Herself
- "UFO": "The Cat with Ten Lives" (1970) & "The Man Who Came Back" (1971) as Miss Holland
- "The Persuaders!" (1972) as Louise Cornell
- "Front Page Challenge" (Episode - Meet Miss Moneypenny) (1981) as Herself
- "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1987) as Ms. Golden
- "E! True Hollywood Story" - "Documentary" (Episode - The Bond Girls)
# Misc..
- "James Bond: Licence to Thrill" - TV Movie documentary (1987) as Herself
- "In Search of James Bond with Jonathan Ross" - TV Movie documentary (1995) as Miss Moneypenny
- | 19,499 |
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