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906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
In the event that fuel cells become price-competitive with internal combustion engines and turbines, large gas-fired power plants could adopt this technology.
Hydrogen gas must be distinguished as "technical-grade" (five nines pure, 99.999%), which is suitable for applications such as fuel cells, and "commercial-grade", which has carbon- and sulfur-containing impurities, but which can be produced by the much cheaper steam-reformation process. Fuel cells require high-purity hydrogen because the impurities would quickly degrade the life of the fuel cell stack.
Much of the interest in the hydrogen economy concept is focused on the use of fuel cells to power hydrogen vehicles. Current hydrogen | 19,600 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
fuel cells suffer from a low power-to-weight ratio. Fuel cells are much more efficient than internal combustion engines, and produce no harmful emissions. If a practical method of hydrogen storage is introduced, and fuel cells become cheaper, they can be economically viable to power hybrid fuel cell/battery vehicles, or purely fuel cell-driven ones. The economic viability of fuel cell powered vehicles will improve as the use of internal combustion engine vehicles becomes more expensive because of charges to cover the costs of their air pollution, through such measures as carbon taxes and low-emission zones.
Other fuel cell technologies based on the exchange of metal ions (e.g. zinc-air fuel | 19,601 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
cells) are typically more efficient at energy conversion than hydrogen fuel cells, but the widespread use of any electrical energy → chemical energy → electrical energy systems would necessitate the production of electricity.
# Use as a transport fuel and system efficiency.
An accounting of the energy utilized during a thermodynamic process, known as an energy balance, can be applied to automotive fuels. With today's technology, the manufacture of hydrogen via steam reforming can be accomplished with a thermal efficiency of 75 to 80 percent. Additional energy will be required to liquefy or compress the hydrogen, and to transport it to the filling station via truck or pipeline. The energy that | 19,602 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
must be utilized per kilogram to produce, transport and deliver hydrogen (i.e., its well-to-tank energy use) is approximately 50 MJ using technology available in 2004. Subtracting this energy from the enthalpy of one kilogram of hydrogen, which is 141 MJ, and dividing by the enthalpy, yields a thermal energy efficiency of roughly 60%. Gasoline, by comparison, requires less energy input, per gallon, at the refinery, and comparatively little energy is required to transport it and store it owing to its high energy density per gallon at ambient temperatures. Well-to-tank, the supply chain for gasoline is roughly 80% efficient (Wang, 2002). Another grid-based method of supplying hydrogen would be | 19,603 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
to use electrical to run electrolysers. Roughly 6% of electricity is lost during transmission along power lines, and the process of converting the fossil fuel to electricity in the first place is roughly 33 percent efficient. Thus if efficiency is the key determinant it would be unlikely hydrogen vehicles would be fueled by such a method, and indeed viewed this way, electric vehicles would appear to be a better choice. However, as noted above, hydrogen can be produced from a number of feedstocks, in centralized or distributed fashion, and these afford more efficient pathways to produce and distribute the fuel.
A study of the well-to-wheels efficiency of hydrogen vehicles compared to other vehicles | 19,604 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in the Norwegian energy system indicates that hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (FCV) tend to be about a third as efficient as EVs when electrolysis is used, with hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) being barely a sixth as efficient. Even in the case where hydrogen fuel cells get their hydrogen from natural gas reformation rather than electrolysis, and EVs get their power from a natural gas power plant, the EVs still come out ahead 35% to 25% (and only 13% for a H ICE). This compares to 14% for a gasoline ICE, 27% for a gasoline ICE hybrid, and 17% for a diesel ICE, also on a well-to-wheels basis.
Hydrogen has been called one of the least efficient and most expensive possible replacements | 19,605 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
for gasoline (petrol) in terms of reducing greenhouse gases; other technologies may be less expensive and more quickly implemented. A comprehensive study of hydrogen in transportation applications has found that "there are major hurdles on the path to achieving the vision of the hydrogen economy; the path will not be simple or straightforward". Although Ford Motor Company and French Renault-Nissan cancelled their hydrogen car R&D efforts in 2008 and 2009, respectively, they signed a 2009 letter of intent with the other manufacturers and Now GMBH in September 2009 supporting the commercial introduction of FCVs by 2015. A study by The Carbon Trust for the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change | 19,606 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
suggests that hydrogen technologies have the potential to deliver UK transport with near-zero emissions whilst reducing dependence on imported oil and curtailment of renewable generation. However, the technologies face very difficult challenges, in terms of cost, performance and policy.
# Hydrogen safety.
Hydrogen has one of the widest explosive/ignition mix range with air of all the gases with few exceptions such as acetylene, silane, and ethylene oxide. That means that whatever the mix proportion between air and hydrogen, a hydrogen leak will most likely lead to an explosion, not a mere flame, when a flame or spark ignites the mixture. This makes the use of hydrogen particularly dangerous | 19,607 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in enclosed areas such as tunnels or underground parking. Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames burn in the ultraviolet color range and are nearly invisible to the naked eye, so a flame detector is needed to detect if a hydrogen leak is burning. Hydrogen is odorless and leaks cannot be detected by smell.
Hydrogen codes and standards are codes and standards for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications. There are codes and standards for the safe handling and storage of hydrogen, for example the standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power systems from the National Fire Protection Association.
Codes and standards have repeatedly been | 19,608 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
identified as a major institutional barrier to deploying hydrogen technologies and developing a hydrogen economy. To enable the commercialization of hydrogen in consumer products, new model building codes and equipment and other technical standards are developed and recognized by federal, state, and local governments.
One of the measures on the roadmap is to implement higher safety standards like early leak detection with hydrogen sensors. The Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program concluded that hydrogen fueling is as safe as, or safer than, compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling. The European Commission has funded the first higher educational program in the world in hydrogen safety engineering at | 19,609 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
the University of Ulster. It is expected that the general public will be able to use hydrogen technologies in everyday life with at least the same level of safety and comfort as with today's fossil fuels.
# Environmental concerns.
There are many concerns regarding the environmental effects of the manufacture of hydrogen. Hydrogen is made either by electrolysis of water, or by fossil fuel reforming. Reforming a fossil fuel leads to a higher emissions of carbon dioxide compared with direct use of the fossil fuel in an internal combustion engine.
Using renewable energy source to generate hydrogen by electrolysis would require greater energy input than direct use of the renewable energy to operate | 19,610 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
electric vehicles, because of the extra conversion stages and losses in distribution. Hydrogen as transportation fuel, however, is mainly used for fuel cells that do not produce greenhouse gas emission, but water.
There have also been some concerns over possible problems related to hydrogen gas leakage. Molecular hydrogen leaks slowly from most containment vessels. It has been hypothesized that if significant amounts of hydrogen gas (H) escape, hydrogen gas may, because of ultraviolet radiation, form free radicals (H) in the stratosphere. These free radicals would then be able to act as catalysts for ozone depletion. A large enough increase in stratospheric hydrogen from leaked H could exacerbate | 19,611 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
the depletion process. However, the effect of these leakage problems may not be significant. The amount of hydrogen that leaks today is much lower (by a factor of 10–100) than the estimated 10–20% figure conjectured by some researchers; for example, in Germany, the leakage rate is only 0.1% (less than the natural gas leak rate of 0.7%). At most, such leakage would likely be no more than 1–2% even with widespread hydrogen use, using present technology.
# Costs.
Deployment of hydrogen can provide a cost-effective option to displace fossil fuels in applications where emissions reductions would otherwise be impractical and/or expensive. These may include heat for buildings and industry, conversion | 19,612 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
of natural gas-fired power stations, and fuel for aviation and possibly heavy trucks. However switching from natural gas to low-carbon heating is more costly if the carbon costs of natural gas are not reflected in its price.
Although the cost of electrolysis has fallen systems which use renewably generated electricity more directly, for example in trolleybuses, or in battery electric vehicles may have a significant economic advantage because there are fewer conversion processes required between primary energy source and point of use.
The barrier to lowering the price of high purity hydrogen is a cost of more than 35 kWh of electricity used to generate each kilogram of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen | 19,613 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5 cents/kWh will cost $28/million BTU — about 1.5 times the cost of hydrogen from natural gas. Note that the cost of hydrogen production from electricity is a linear function of electricity costs, so electricity at 10 cents/kWh means that hydrogen will cost $56/million BTU.
Hydrogen pipelines are more expensive than even long-distance electric lines. Hydrogen is about three times bulkier in volume than natural gas for the same | 19,614 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
enthalpy. Hydrogen accelerates the cracking of steel (hydrogen embrittlement), which increases maintenance costs, leakage rates, and material costs. The difference in cost is likely to expand with newer technology: wires suspended in air can use higher voltage with only marginally increased material costs, but higher pressure pipes require proportionally more material.
Setting up a hydrogen economy would require huge investments in the infrastructure to store and distribute hydrogen to vehicles. In contrast, battery electric vehicles, which are already publicly available, would not necessitate immediate expansion of the existing infrastructure for electricity transmission and distribution. | 19,615 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
Power plant capacity that now goes unused at night could be used for recharging electric vehicles. A study conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the US Department of Energy in December 2006 found that the idle off-peak grid capacity in the US would be sufficient to power 84% of all vehicles in the US if they all were immediately replaced with electric vehicles.
Different production methods each have differing associated investment and marginal costs. The energy and feedstock could originate from a multitude of sources, i.e. natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, coal, other fossil fuels, and geothermal.
- Natural gas at small scale: Uses steam reformation. Requires | 19,616 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
of gas, which, if produced by small 500 kg/day reformers at the point of dispensing (i.e., the filling station), would equate to 777,000 reformers costing $1 trillion and producing 150 million tons of hydrogen gas annually. Obviates the need for distribution infrastructure dedicated to hydrogen. $3.00 per GGE (Gallons of Gasoline Equivalent)
- Nuclear: Provides energy for electrolysis of water. Would require 240,000 tons of unenriched uranium — that's 2,000 600-megawatt power plants, which would cost $840 billion, or about $2.50 per GGE.
- Solar: Provides energy for electrolysis of water. Would require 2,500 kWh of sun per square meter, 113 million 40-kilowatt systems, which would cost $22 trillion, | 19,617 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
or about $9.50 per GGE.
- Wind: Provides energy for electrolysis of water. At 7 meters per second average wind speed, it would require 1 million 2-MW wind turbines, which would cost $3 trillion, or about $3.00 per GGE.
- Biomass: Gasification plants would produce gas with steam reformation. 1.5 billion tons of dry biomass, 3,300 plants which would require 113.4 million acres (460,000 km²) of farm to produce the biomass. $565 billion in cost, or about $1.90 per GGE
- Coal: FutureGen plants use coal gasification then steam reformation. Requires 1 billion tons of coal or about 1,000 275-megawatt plants with a cost of about $500 billion, or about $1 per GGE.
- DOE cost targets
# Examples and | 19,618 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
pilot programs.
Several domestic U.S. automobile manufactures have committed to develop vehicles using hydrogen. The distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is currently being tested around the world, particularly in Portugal, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, California, Japan and Canada, but the cost is very high.
Some hospitals have installed combined electrolyser-storage-fuel cell units for local emergency power. These are advantageous for emergency use because of their low maintenance requirement and ease of location compared to internal combustion driven generators.
Iceland has committed to becoming the world's first hydrogen economy by the year 2050. Iceland is | 19,619 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in a unique position. Presently, it imports all the petroleum products necessary to power its automobiles and fishing fleet. Iceland has large geothermal resources, so much that the local price of electricity actually is "lower" than the price of the hydrocarbons that could be used to produce that electricity.
Iceland already converts its surplus electricity into exportable goods and hydrocarbon replacements. In 2002, it produced 2,000 tons of hydrogen gas by electrolysis, primarily for the production of ammonia (NH) for fertilizer. Ammonia is produced, transported, and used throughout the world, and 90% of the cost of ammonia is the cost of the energy to produce it.
Neither industry directly | 19,620 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
replaces hydrocarbons. Reykjavík, Iceland, had a small pilot fleet of city buses running on compressed hydrogen, and research on powering the nation's fishing fleet with hydrogen is under way. For more practical purposes, Iceland might process imported oil with hydrogen to extend it, rather than to replace it altogether.
The Reykjavík buses are part of a larger program, HyFLEET:CUTE, operating hydrogen fueled buses in eight European cities. HyFLEET:CUTE buses were also operated in Beijing, China and Perth, Australia (see below). A pilot project demonstrating a hydrogen economy is operational on the Norwegian island of Utsira. The installation combines wind power and hydrogen power. In periods | 19,621 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
when there is surplus wind energy, the excess power is used for generating hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored, and is available for power generation in periods when there is little wind.
United States has a hydrogen policy with several examples. A joint venture between NREL and Xcel Energy is combining wind power and hydrogen power in the same way in Colorado. Hydro in Newfoundland and Labrador are converting the current wind-diesel Power System on the remote island of Ramea into a Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Power Systems facility. A similar pilot project on Stuart Island uses solar power, instead of wind power, to generate electricity. When excess electricity is available after the | 19,622 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
batteries are fully charged, hydrogen is generated by electrolysis and stored for later production of electricity by fuel cell.
The UK started a fuel cell pilot program in January 2004, the program ran two Fuel cell buses on route 25 in London until December 2005, and switched to route RV1 until January 2007. The Hydrogen Expedition is currently working to create a hydrogen fuel cell-powered ship and using it to circumnavigate the globe, as a way to demonstrate the capability of hydrogen fuel cells.
Western Australia's Department of Planning and Infrastructure operated three Daimler Chrysler Citaro fuel cell buses as part of its Sustainable Transport Energy for Perth Fuel Cells Bus Trial in | 19,623 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
Perth. The buses were operated by Path Transit on regular Transperth public bus routes. The trial began in September 2004 and concluded in September 2007. The buses' fuel cells used a proton exchange membrane system and were supplied with raw hydrogen from a BP refinery in Kwinana, south of Perth. The hydrogen was a byproduct of the refinery's industrial process. The buses were refueled at a station in the northern Perth suburb of Malaga.
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources have signed in 2003 a $40 million trust fund agreement for the creation of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET) | 19,624 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in Istanbul, which started operation in 2004. A hydrogen forklift, a hydrogen cart and a mobile house powered by renewable energies are being demonstrated in UNIDO-ICHET's premises. An uninterruptible power supply system has been working since April 2009 in the headquarters of Istanbul Sea Buses company.
# Partial hydrogen economy.
Hydrogen is simply a method to store and transmit energy. Energy development of various alternative energy transmission and storage scenarios which begin with hydrogen production, but do not use it for all parts of the store and transmission infrastructure, may be more economic, in both near and far term. These include:
## Ammonia economy.
An alternative to gaseous | 19,625 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and renewable fuel. For example, researchers at CSIRO in Australia in 2018 fuelled a Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo with hydrogen separated from ammonia using a membrane technology.
## Hybrid heat pumps.
Hybrid heat pumps (not to be confused with air water hybrids) also include a boiler which could run on methane or hydrogen, and could be a pathway to full decarbonisation of residential heating as the boiler would be used to top up the heating when the weather was very cold.
## Bio-SNG.
although technically possible | 19,626 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
production of syngas from hydrogen and carbon-dioxide from bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) via the Sabatier reaction is limited by the amount of sustainable bioenergy available: therefore any bio-SNG made may be reserved for production of aviation biofuel.
# See also.
- United States Hydrogen Policy
- Alternative fuel
- Biobased economy
- Energy development
- Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative
- Hydrogen energy plant in Denmark
- Qazvin hydrogen power plant
- Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
- Hydrogen prize
- Hydrogen-powered aircraft
- Industrial gas
- International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies
- International Journal | 19,627 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
of Hydrogen Energy
- Lolland Hydrogen Community
# Further reading.
- Author interview at Global Public Media.
- Hydrogen economy = "laughable a fantasy" p. 115
- This book is available online in full text:
# External links.
- Gasworld website
- Overview of Indian Hydrogen Programme
- Hydrogen Society
- International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy
- European Hydrogen Association
- European Network of Excellence "Safety of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier" (HySafe)
- World's First Higher Educational Programme in Hydrogen Safety Engineering
- NSERC hydrogen Canada
- U.S.-Department of Energy
- EU-Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
- 20 Hydrogen myths - Published by the | 19,628 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
ssociation
- European Network of Excellence "Safety of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier" (HySafe)
- World's First Higher Educational Programme in Hydrogen Safety Engineering
- NSERC hydrogen Canada
- U.S.-Department of Energy
- EU-Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
- 20 Hydrogen myths - Published by the Rocky Mountain Institute, a major hydrogen economy proponent.
- Does a Hydrogen Economy Make Sense?
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Wiki
- ITM Power - Economic renewable hydrogen from low cost materials (non platinum, fluorocarbon free) & manufacturing processes - electrolyzers & fuel cells
- The Hydrogen Hoax article by Robert Zubrin in The New Atlantis
- Resources on hydrogen plants | 19,629 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
German submarine U-166 (1941)
German submarine "U-166" was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 6 December 1940 at the Seebeckwerft (part of Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Deschimag) at Wesermünde (modern Bremerhaven) as yard number 705, launched on 1 November 1941 and commissioned on 23 March 1942 under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Hans-Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, "U-166" was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 June 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling . She was sunk on 30 July 1942 in Gulf of Mexico.
# | 19,630 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
Design.
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. "U-166" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When | 19,631 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-166" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.
# Service history.
## 1st patrol.
"U-166" first sailed from Kiel to Kristiansand, Norway, on 30–31 May 1942. The U-boat sailed on her first combat patrol, from Kristiansand on 1 June 1942, around the British Isles, and arrived at Lorient, France, ten days later on 10 June.
## 2nd patrol.
"U-166" departed from Lorient on 17 June 1942, sailed across the Atlantic and into the Gulf of | 19,632 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
Mexico and is credited with the following "kills":
# Fate.
"Robert E. Lee" was under escort from the United States Navy patrol craft "PC-566" approximately south of the Mississippi River Delta when she was torpedoed by "U-166" on 30 July 1942. "PC-566" immediately attacked, making her approach vector outside the view of "U-166's" periscope, and claimed to have sunk the U-boat with depth charges. Upon returning to port with the survivors of "Robert E. Lee", the Navy did not believe the account provided by "PC-566's" skipper LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, USNR. Claudius' tactics were criticized resulting in his reprimand and removal from seagoing command.
On 1 August 1942, a United States Coast | 19,633 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
Guard J4F-1 Widgeon amphibious aircraft spotted a U-boat approximately off the coast of Houma, Louisiana. The aircraft attacked and it appeared that the U-boat was hit in the attack. "U-166" was reported missing in action on 30 July 1942, which coincided with the American aircraft's attack on "a U-Boat", leading to the aircraft being credited with the sinking of "U-166", with the loss of all 52 crew members. Both aircraft crewmen were decorated for the action.
# Wreckage located in 2001.
In 2001, when the wreck of "Robert E. Lee" was located in more than of water, the wreck of "U-166" was also located, less than two miles from where it had attacked her. An archaeological survey of the seafloor | 19,634 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat. Petroleum companies operating in the Gulf of Mexico’s outer continental shelf are required to provide sonar data in areas that have archaeological potential. BP and Shell sponsored additional fieldwork to record detailed images, including a gun on the deck aft of the submarine’s conning tower.
Charles "C.J." Christ, from Houma, spent most of his life searching for "U-166" and was involved in the | 19,635 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
final identification of the U-boat.
The site where "U-166" lies, at has been designated a war grave because its crew of 52 is entombed there. It is protected against any future attempts to salvage it.
Oceanographer and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Dr. Robert Ballard explored and mapped the wreck in the summer of 2014 with remotely operated vehicles, where they noticed that the submarine's bow had been blown off and found rested on the seafloor 100 feet away from the main hull. They determined that the bow of the submarine was destroyed, apparently by a depth charge which landed on the forward deck, exploded, and caused an internal detonation of the submarine's own torpedoes which | 19,636 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
broke off the bow. If so this would be one of the few successful submarine kills caused by direct contact from a depth charge, as typical depth charge attacks relied upon inflicting repeated hydraulic shocks that would eventually crack a submarine's pressure hull.
Initial credit for the sinking of "U-166" had been given to a Grumman G-44 Widgeon, but the position of the wreck made it clear that this should have gone to the submarine chaser "PC-566".
On 16 December 2014, the Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus posthumously awarded the captain of "PC-566", then-LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, USNR (later CDR, then CAPT USN), the Legion of Merit with a Combat "V" device for heroism in battle and credited | 19,637 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
him with the sinking of the U-boat. "Seventy years later, we now know that [Claudius's] report after the action was absolutely correct," he said. "[Claudius's ship] did sink that U-boat, and it's never too late to set the record straight."
Results of a study released in February 2019 show that the wreck of "U-166" is being badly damaged because of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Seabed bacteria, feeding on the oil, are causing the damage.
# References.
- One of the foremost authorities on the subject is Charles "C.J." Christ, from Houma, who spent most of his life searching for "U-166". His personal account about his search and the final locating and identification of the U-Boat can | 19,638 |
906312 | German submarine U-166 (1941) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-166%20(1941) | German submarine U-166 (1941)
" Christ, from Houma, who spent most of his life searching for "U-166". His personal account about his search and the final locating and identification of the U-Boat can be found in a local newspaper, "The Houma Courier": C.J. Christ "WAR IN THE GULF: German submarine, U-166, found in the Gulf of Mexico" (The article can be found online as reprint by another local newspaper, "The Daily Comet").
# External links.
- The Story of "U-166": The Gulf of Mexico's Lost U-Boat
- Photograph and sonar image of the "Robert E. Lee"
- The U-166 - NOAA
- WWII German UBoats
- WWII Gulf of Mexico Shipwreck Survey Expedition 2004 - NOAA
- The Heart Mender http://www.andyandrews.com/ms/the-heart-mender/ | 19,639 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
Maurice R. Greenberg
Maurice Raymond "Hank" Greenberg (born May 4, 1925) is an American business executive and former chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG), which was the world's 18th largest public company and the largest insurance and financial services corporation in history.
He is currently chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr & Co., Inc. (C.V. Starr), a diversified financial services firm that is named for the founder of AIG, Cornelius Vander Starr. He joined C.V. Starr as vice president in 1960 and was given the additional responsibilities of president of American Home Assurance Company in 1962. He was elected director of C.V. Starr in 1965, chairman and chief executive officer | 19,640 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
in 1968 and continues in that role. Greenberg is also the chairman of the board of directors and managing director of Starr International Company Inc. C.V. Starr and Starr International are collectively known as the Starr Companies. Greenberg was named the most connected business executive in New York by "Crain's New York Business".
# Early life.
Greenberg was born to a Jewish family in New York City (in Greenwich Village). His father, Jacob Greenberg, died when Hank was six and his mother, Ada Rheingold, married a dairy farmer. Greenberg served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II, participating in Operation Overlord (the Normandy Landings), Liberation of Dachau, and in | 19,641 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
the Korean War, rising to the rank of captain; he is a recipient of the Bronze Star, as well as Commandeur of the French Ordre National de la Legion d' Honneur as a result of his military service in the European Theater during World War II. He received his pre-law certificate from the University of Miami in 1948 where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Mu Fraternity, and his law degree from New York Law School in 1950. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1953. He holds honorary degrees from several colleges including Brown University, Middlebury College, New York Law School and The Rockefeller University.
# Rise and fall at AIG.
In 1962 Greenberg was named by AIG's founder, Cornelius Vander | 19,642 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
Starr, as the head of AIG's North American holdings after working for Continental Casualty Company, a unit of CNA in Chicago. In 1968 Starr picked Greenberg as his successor. Greenberg held the position until March 2005, when he retired from AIG and was replaced by Martin J. Sullivan. He was subsequently the subject of New York State civil charges which were resolved on February 10, 2017, subject to a settlement (without any admission of wrongdoing) with the office of the New York Attorney General. Greenberg is a social friend and was a client of Henry Kissinger. In 1987 he appointed Kissinger as chairman of AIG's International Advisory Board.
In 2003, Vladimir Putin pursued an economic agenda | 19,643 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
for Russia to begin normalized trade relations with the West which included the repeal of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. Putin tried to use his relationship with Hank Greenberg to repeal the Jackson-Vannik provisions in the United States. Putin wanted Greenberg to support through American Insurance Group greater development of the nascent Russian home-mortgage market.
In 2008 he appeared on ABC's "Good Morning America" criticizing the board of directors of AIG.
In an interview with Reactions magazine in March 2010, serialized over three parts, Greenberg stated that he did not condone AIG's strategy of selling non-core assets to pay back the United States government, and believed the terms under | 19,644 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
which AIG was provided access to bail-out funds needed to be renegotiated.
# Other public positions.
Greenberg is chairman emeritus of the US-ASEAN Business Council. He was also vice chairman and director of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of David Rockefeller's Trilateral Commission. He was awarded "CEO of the Year 2003" by Chief Executive Magazine.
In 1990 Greenberg was appointed by Zhu Rongji, then Mayor of Shanghai, to be the first chairman of the International Business Leaders' Advisory Council for the Mayor of Shanghai. In 1994 Greenberg was appointed senior economic advisor to the Beijing municipal government. He was awarded "Honorary Citizen of Shanghai" in 1997. He | 19,645 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
is a member of the advisory board of the Tsinghua School of Economics and Management, a member of the International Advisory Council of the China Development Research Foundation and China Development Bank.
Greenberg was appointed as a member of the Hong Kong Chief Executive's Council of International Advisers where he served from 1998 to 2005. He is a former chairman and current trustee of the Asia Society, a trustee emeritus of the Rockefeller University, and is an honorary trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, all three institutions founded by the Rockefeller family. He is also a former chairman and current member of the US–Korea Business Council and a member of the US–China Business Council. | 19,646 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
He has served on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange, the President's Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations, and the Business Roundtable. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1988-1995 and served as its Chairman from 1994-5. He is vice-chairman of the board of directors of the National Committee on United States – China Relations.
Greenberg is chairman emeritus of the Board of Trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital and joined the Board 1979.
. He serves as a member of the board of overseers of the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, as a life trustee of New York University, a trustee for the School of Risk Management, | 19,647 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
Insurance, and Actuarial Science and is the chairman of the Academic Medicine Development Company (AMDeC). Greenberg also serves as a member of the President's Council on International Activities of Yale University. He is on the board of directors of the International Rescue Committee and is active in a number of other civic and charitable organizations. He is a former trustee of the American Museum of Natural History. He also serves on the board of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.
As chairman of The Starr Foundation, Greenberg oversees the disbursement of major financial support to academic, medical, cultural, and public policy institutions. He is also the former chairman of The | 19,648 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
National Interest. The Maurice "Hank" Greenberg Scholarship, administered in his name by the US-China Education Trust, supports the studies of ten Chinese students from low-income families each year at Yunnan University. In February 2014 Greenberg led a group through Starr Investment Holdings that acquired health insurance claims processor MultiPlan Inc for around $4.4 billion. This group, on May 5, 2016, sold MultiPlan Inc. to Hellman & Friedman for approximately $7.5 billion.
# Incident with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
Greenberg gained visibility when he clashed with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad over the Iranian president's denial of the Holocaust. On September 20, 2006, the Council on Foreign Relations | 19,649 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
hosted a small meeting of select council members with Ahmadinejad, who began by saying that we need to "continue studying" whether it happened. According to David E. Sanger, Chief Washington Correspondent for "The New York Times", Greenberg listened for fifteen minutes while Ahmadinejad continued talking about the Palestinians, World War II, and if the Holocaust killings had happened at all. Sanger writes,
"Then Hank Greenberg, who had been on a slow boil through the evening, spoke up. He had been a young soldier at the end of the war, and participated in the liberation of the camps. 'I went through Dachau in the war and saw with my own eyes.'" President Ahmadinejad responded by asking if Greenberg | 19,650 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
was old enough to have participated in the liberation of Dachau. "I'd like an answer regarding whether you think the Holocaust occurred," insisted Greenberg. To which Ahmadinejad replied "I think we should allow more impartial studies to be done on this."
# Legal issues.
The State Attorney General's Office pursued Greenberg in a New York State civil court action which concluded with a settlement (without any admission of wrongdoing) on February 10, 2017. Eliot Spitzer did bring civil charges against Greenberg, though Spitzer and his successors dropped seven of the nine initial charges. Those charges were brought under a 1921 New York State blue sky law (the Martin Act) that authorizes the | 19,651 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
New York Attorney General to seek relief for alleged violations of the state securities laws without the need to prove a knowing violation of the law (scienter) or an intent to defraud.
In November 2012 a Manhattan court dismissed Greenberg's claims that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York breached its fiduciary duties to AIG shareholders. In late 2011 Greenberg's Starr International announced a lawsuit against the federal government. According to "Reuters", the lawsuit seeks $55.5 billion in damages against the government stemming from the government's financial bailout in 2008. Following a lengthy trial in Fall 2014, the Court of Federal Claims ruled in June 2015 that the federal government | 19,652 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
acted without authority, but did not award any damages. In a decision on appeal in the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, DC, a three judge panel remained silent with regard to the Court of Claims decision on both liability and damages, but claimed that Starr lacked standing to file the suit in question, holding that standing belonged solely to AIG. Starr's counsel David Boies has stated that Starr shall appeal this case to the US Supreme Court. The market value of the 79.9% of AIG Common Stock the government acquired on the day of the government agreed to loan AIG up to $85 billion was $55.4 billion. By the end of 2012, AIG had repaid all of its loans and the government | 19,653 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
had made a $17.7 billion profit on the AIG equity it had acquired as a result, plus $6.7 billion in interests and fees.
In July 2013 Greenberg filed a civil lawsuit against Spitzer alleging that Spitzer made repeated defamatory statements against him. This matter is stayed pending a decision on cross-appeals that were argued before the Second Department of New York's Appellate Division in March 2016. In December, 2013 Greenberg filed a complaint with the New York State Joint Commission on Public Ethics alleging that New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman had violated the state's public officer's law by making disparaging comments about him that could potentially taint a jury venire | 19,654 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
in any trial.
# Political involvement.
Greenberg is a major Republican donor. He donated to Mitt Romney's presidential candidacy. In the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016 he donated $10 million to support Jeb Bush's candidacy and at a later point also donated $5 million to Conservative Solutions PAC which supported Marco Rubio's campaign.
# Biography.
Greenberg married Corinne Phyllis Zuckerman in 1950 and they have four children:
- Jeffrey W. Greenberg, former chairman and CEO of Marsh & McLennan Companies (MMC). Mr. Greenberg is the current chairman and chief executive officer of Aquiline Capital Partners in New York.
- Evan G. Greenberg, chairman and chief executive officer | 19,655 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
of Chubb Ltd and Chubb Group.
- L. Scott Greenberg, venture capitalist in New York.
- Cathleen Greenberg London, physician in New York, NY.
Greenberg and Lawrence Cunningham wrote The AIG Story. Greenberg's career is chronicled in the 2006 book "Fallen Giant: The Amazing Story of Hank Greenberg and the History of AIG". He is also mentioned in the book "All the devils are here".
# Awards.
- 2015: Commandeur de l'Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur
- 2014: French Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur
- 2009: Double Helix Medal
- 1952: Bronze Star Medal for service in Korea
# Further reading.
- "Greenberg and Sons", "Fortune magazine", February 21, 2005.
- Maurice R. Greenberg and | 19,656 |
906323 | Maurice R. Greenberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice%20R.%20Greenberg | Maurice R. Greenberg
zine", February 21, 2005.
- Maurice R. Greenberg and Lawrence A. Cunningham, "The AIG Story" (2013)
- review: James Freeman, "Insurer to the World," "Wall Street Journal" Feb. 6. 2013
# External links.
- Starr Companies
- Hank Greenberg Weighs in on AIG on The Strategy Session, "The Strategy Session", CNBC, May 26, 2011
- Council on Foreign Relations: Biographical information
- "World's Richest People", "Forbes" magazine, 2004.
- Asia Times on Greensberg-AIG Connection to China
- "A followup on AIG with Hank Greenberg", "Charlie Rose", September 17, 2008
- "Fallen Giant" official website
- $50 Million Gift to Advance Yale’s China Collaborations, Yale University, September 28, 2006 | 19,657 |
906341 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%204%20×%20100%20metre%20freestyle%20relay | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
The women's 4×100 metre freestyle relay took place on 14 August at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece.
For the first time in 48 years, the Australians (Alice Mills, Lisbeth Lenton, Petria Thomas, and Jodie Henry) overhauled the Team USA on the final leg to win a gold medal in the event. When Henry touched the wall at 3:35.94, the Australians broke a new world record under a 0.06-second mark set by the Germans in 2002 (3:36.00). Henry also unleashed a remarkable relay split of 52.95, the fastest of all-time in Olympic history.
The U.S. team of Kara Lynn Joyce, Natalie | 19,658 |
906341 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%204%20×%20100%20metre%20freestyle%20relay | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
world record under a 0.06-second mark set by the Germans in 2002 (3:36.00). Henry also unleashed a remarkable relay split of 52.95, the fastest of all-time in Olympic history.
The U.S. team of Kara Lynn Joyce, Natalie Coughlin, Amanda Weir, and Jenny Thompson finished out an American record of 3:36.39 to earn a silver medal, while the Dutch took home the bronze in 3:37.59, after Inge de Bruijn swam a split of 53.37 to hold off the Germans anchored by Franziska van Almsick.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,659 |
906343 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20100%20metre%20butterfly | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly
The women's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14 and 15.
Australia's Petria Thomas, who finished fourth in Sydney, won her first individual gold medal in this event, outside the Olympic record time of 57.72 seconds. The silver medal was awarded to Poland's Otylia Jędrzejczak, who trailed behind Thomas by 0.12 of a second, in an outstanding time of 57.84. Defending Olympic champion and world record holder Inge de Bruijn of the Netherlands, on the other hand, took home the bronze at 57.99 seconds.
# Records.
Prior | 19,660 |
906343 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20100%20metre%20butterfly | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly
ntested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14 and 15.
Australia's Petria Thomas, who finished fourth in Sydney, won her first individual gold medal in this event, outside the Olympic record time of 57.72 seconds. The silver medal was awarded to Poland's Otylia Jędrzejczak, who trailed behind Thomas by 0.12 of a second, in an outstanding time of 57.84. Defending Olympic champion and world record holder Inge de Bruijn of the Netherlands, on the other hand, took home the bronze at 57.99 seconds.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,661 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
Selebi-Phikwe
Selebi-Phikwe (also spelt "Selibe Phikwe") is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana. It had a population of 49,724 in 2011 which is now estimated to have risen to c.52,000. The town is an administrative district, separate from the surrounding Central District.
# Mining.
Nickel mining commenced in 1973 and has been the main activity since. The complex includes a mine and a smelter. All operations are now deep mining. Originally there were two tiny places called Selebi and Phikwe, which straddled a large undiscovered deposit of copper and nickel in the area. When the mineral wealth of the area was discovered in the 1960s a mine and a township were built in the | 19,662 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
woodland between the places with the combined name of Selebi-Phikwe.
The main source of employment was the BCL Limited mine which excavated and smelted mixed copper-nickel ore from several shafts in deep and opencast mines. The opencast pit is now unused. Ore is transported from the shaft by rail for smelting. The locomotives used were steam-powered, having been bought from National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) and South African Railways (SAR).
BCL only intended to stay in operation until 2010 and more recently 2013. It finally ceased operations in September 2016 putting thousands out of work.
# Government and infrastructure.
The Botswana Prison Service (BPS) operates the Selebi-Phikwe Prison.
Phikwe | 19,663 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
Industrial Area provides premises for Factories and Business Houses as ancillary for the Mine. Construction companies include Watson, GSP, etc., SP Electricals, Britannia Backers, George Backers and Change and CO.
# Energy.
A small coal-fired power station was built along with the mine to meet the electricity needs of the mining operation and the surrounding area. Until the late 1980s, this was the only power station in Botswana. It was closed down some years ago when the Morupule Power Station began to produce power. Most of the electricity demand was met by importing electricity from South Africa. In the current situation of 'rationing' by the South African power supplier Eskom, Botswana | 19,664 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
suffers from power shortages.
In 2010, a private company ENERGY POINT (PTY) LTD, promoted by a foreign direct investor from India, started its operation of the Manufacturing of UPS, inverters, surge protectors etc. But the investor could not continue due to non compliance of BEDI and a government promise to provide basic infrastructure such as industrial land etc. Still, the company made a significant mark in this area giving most of the businesses and residences an uninterrupted power supply.
# Amenities and tourism.
The town itself has a principal shopping mall, First Shopping Mall LESEDI shopping mall with ABC Bank and Barclays Extension Counter, Phikwe Square. There are four in-town hotels | 19,665 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
(Hotel Stonehouse, Cresta Bosele, Syringa Lodge and Travel Inn), several guest houses and a number of serviced apartment complexes. The Phokoje Bush Lodge is about seven kilometres from town. The town has a small airport which only operates during daylight hours but does not have refuelling facilities. It has a technical college for artisan level training. A College of Applied Arts & Technology is being planned.
The town is on a tourist route from South Africa to the popular destinations of Okavango and Chobe. There is significant potential for birdwatching and fishing (bass and bream are well established but are not indigenous) at the Letsibogo Dam but, unfortunately, it is difficult to gain | 19,666 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
access to the dam due to rough terrain and necessity to camp on the shore. An experimental population of tigerfish (indigenous to the Limpopo basin) was introduced in 2009 which has proven that the environment would be suitable. The introduced population is thought to be insufficient for breeding. There are some local camp sites a few kilometres away from the dam. The water and wildlife at Letsibogo do not appear to have been negatively impacted by the pollution from BCL.
Selebi-Phikwe has seven government schools and across the town, S Phikwe Senior Secondary School. Private schools include Kopano, Marula and Mount Pleasant.
Selebi Phikwe hosts the biggest marathon in Botswana, the Phikwe | 19,667 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
Marathon; it was started by the late Boet Kahts and Phill Roberts who was a teacher at Selebi Phikwe Senior Secondary School in 1985 as a gesture of Community Service. The Marathon is classified as one of the best in the world by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). A report for SPEDU (Selebi Phikwe Economic Development), a local Regional Development Agency, suggests that there is significant potential for expansion of the marathon and also to apply the skills and experience gained by running that event for other events such as cross country cycling and quad biking and for bass fishing competitions at the Letsibogo Dam. The latter site also offers potential for bird | 19,668 |
906337 | Selebi-Phikwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selebi-Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe
1985 as a gesture of Community Service. The Marathon is classified as one of the best in the world by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). A report for SPEDU (Selebi Phikwe Economic Development), a local Regional Development Agency, suggests that there is significant potential for expansion of the marathon and also to apply the skills and experience gained by running that event for other events such as cross country cycling and quad biking and for bass fishing competitions at the Letsibogo Dam. The latter site also offers potential for bird watching and sailing if the infrastructure mentioned above were to be established.
# External links.
- Selibe Phikwe Airport | 19,669 |
906342 | Seva Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seva%20Foundation | Seva Foundation
Seva Foundation
Seva Foundation is an international non-profit health organization based in Berkeley, California known for preventing and treating blindness and other visual impairments. It was co-founded in 1978 by Dr. Larry Brilliant, Ram Dass, Wavy Gravy, Nicole Grasset and Govindappa Venkataswamy. Steve Jobs served as an early adviser and major contributor.
Seva works with local communities in more than 20 countries around the world to develop locally-run, culturally appropriate, self-sustaining programs to increase access to eye care. Seva works with local eye health hospitals and clinics in central Asia, southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and throughout sub-Saharan Africa. | 19,670 |
906342 | Seva Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seva%20Foundation | Seva Foundation
The foundation also works with Native communities in North America through its American Indian Sight Initiative.
# History.
Seva Foundation, based in Berkeley, California, was founded in 1978 by public health expert Larry Brilliant, spiritual leader Ram Dass and humanitarian activist Wavy Gravy. Other co-founders include Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy, founder of the Aravind Eye Foundation, and Nicole Grasset, the senior adviser for the World Health Organization smallpox eradication campaign. Steve Jobs also participated as an adviser at early Seva meetings and provided the first significant cash donation along with an Apple II to enter and analyze eye care survey results in the original Nepal | 19,671 |
906342 | Seva Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seva%20Foundation | Seva Foundation
.
# History.
Seva Foundation, based in Berkeley, California, was founded in 1978 by public health expert Larry Brilliant, spiritual leader Ram Dass and humanitarian activist Wavy Gravy. Other co-founders include Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy, founder of the Aravind Eye Foundation, and Nicole Grasset, the senior adviser for the World Health Organization smallpox eradication campaign. Steve Jobs also participated as an adviser at early Seva meetings and provided the first significant cash donation along with an Apple II to enter and analyze eye care survey results in the original Nepal program.
# See also.
- Himalayan Cataract Project, a similar charity
# External links.
- Official Website | 19,672 |
906346 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20400%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley
The women's 400 metre individual medley event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 14.
World record holder Yana Klochkova of Ukraine successfully defended her Olympic title in this event, outside the record time of 4:34.83. U.S. swimmer Kaitlin Sandeno, who finished behind Klochkova by 0.12 of a second, earned a silver medal, in an American record time of 4:34.95. Georgina Bardach, on the other hand, won Argentina's first Olympic bronze medal in swimming, breaking a South American record of 4:37.51. South Korea's Nam Yoo-sun | 19,673 |
906346 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20400%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley
cond, earned a silver medal, in an American record time of 4:34.95. Georgina Bardach, on the other hand, won Argentina's first Olympic bronze medal in swimming, breaking a South American record of 4:37.51. South Korea's Nam Yoo-sun and Greece's Vasiliki Angelopoulou became the first female swimmers for their respective nation to reach an Olympic final, finishing outside the medals in seventh and eighth place, respectively. Romania's Beatrice Căslaru, who won a bronze medal in Sydney, finished only in fourteenth place on the morning's preliminary heats.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,674 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
German submarine U-171
German submarine "U-171" was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" built for service during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 1 December 1940 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 1011; it was launched on 22 July 1941 and commissioned on 25 October 1941 under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" Günther Pfeffer.
After training with the "4th U-boat Flotilla", "U-171" was transferred to the "10th U-boat Flotilla" for front-line service on 1 July 1942. It was sent to patrol in the Gulf of Mexico and was sunk by a naval mine in the Bay of Biscay 115 days into its first, and only patrol whilst returning to Lorient in occupied France, with | 19,675 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
the loss of 22 of its complement of 54. For many years it was believed that had been sunk by an American aircraft in what had in reality been an unsuccessful attack on this submarine in the Gulf of Mexico.
# Design.
German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. "U-171" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total | 19,676 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-171" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.
# Service history.
## Patrol.
"U-171" departed Kiel on 17 June 1942, at the end of which it was to return to Lorient, where it would be based for future sorties. It negotiated the | 19,677 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
'gap' between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, entering the Gulf of Mexico.
The submarine sank the 4,351-ton Mexican general cargo merchant ship, SS "Oaxaca" on 26 July 1942, at off Corpus Christi, Texas. The ship was at the time en route from New Orleans to Tampico via Veracruz. The first spread of two torpedoes missed the ship, but a second spread, also of two "eels" (German U-Boat slang for torpedoes), was successful when one hit the port side near the fore-part of the ship. Six of the crew of 45 died.
On 1 August 1942, also in the Gulf of Mexico, "U-171" came under attack from a U.S. Coast Guard J4F-1 Widgeon aircraft, causing it little damage. However, for | 19,678 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
decades it was believed that the U-boat attacked that day was ; the credit for sinking "U-166" went to that aircraft.
The wreckage of "U-166" was discovered in 2001, just a short distance from its last victim, "Robert E. Lee", meaning that the credit for the sinking of "U-166" should have gone to the U.S. Navy patrol craft, "PC-566", which had reported that they believed they were successful in their depth charge attack on the submarine following the U-boat's successful torpedoing of "Robert E. Lee", but "PC-566" were believed by investigating officials to have missed.
Having not been sunk, as had been believed by the Allies, "U-171" continued its patrol. On 13 August 1942 it sank the 6,779-ton | 19,679 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
US tanker "R. M. Parker Jr." at which is about south of Isles Dernieres, Louisiana. The ship, which was carrying water ballast, was struck by two torpedoes; the submarine then surfaced and fired five rounds from its deck gun into the wreck. The whole crew of 44 survived, being picked up eight hours later by the United States Coast Guard auxiliary .
On 4 September 1942, the submarine had its final success, the Mexican tanker 6,511 tons; again in ballast, at . This ship had evaded three spreads of two torpedoes each, before being hit by a torpedo fired from "U-171"s stern tube. There were 10 dead and 24 survivors.
### Loss.
"U-171" was sunk at 13:00 hours on 9 October 1942 in the Bay of Biscay | 19,680 |
906331 | German submarine U-171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German%20submarine%20U-171 | German submarine U-171
ited States Coast Guard auxiliary .
On 4 September 1942, the submarine had its final success, the Mexican tanker 6,511 tons; again in ballast, at . This ship had evaded three spreads of two torpedoes each, before being hit by a torpedo fired from "U-171"s stern tube. There were 10 dead and 24 survivors.
### Loss.
"U-171" was sunk at 13:00 hours on 9 October 1942 in the Bay of Biscay near Lorient, in position , by a mine. Twenty-two men died, thirty survived. Captain Günther Pfeffer (1914–1966), was one of the lucky ones.
The wrecked submarine was classified as a "military cemetery" in 1999 by the French authorities: divers are then warned that going inside the boat is strictly forbidden. | 19,681 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
During the 1980s and 1990s a relatively large number of companies appeared selling primarily 2D graphics cards and later 3D. Most of those companies have subsequently disappeared, as the increasing complexity of GPUs substantially increased research and development costs. Many of these companies subsequently went bankrupt or were bought out. Intel and VIA Technologies remain as producers of primarily integrated solutions, while Matrox targets niche markets. Amongst the notable discrete graphics card vendors, ATI Technologies — acquired by AMD in 2006 and since renamed to AMD — and NVIDIA are the only ones that have lasted.
# Defunct graphics | 19,682 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
chip makers.
These companies designed graphics chips and cards.
- 3dfx Interactive - assets were acquired by NVIDIA during its Chapter 11 bankruptcy
- 3Dlabs - merged with Creative Labs' personal entertainment division to form ZiiLABS
- Advance Logic Research – acquired by Gateway Computers
- Ark Logic
- ArtX - acquired by ATI Technologies
- ATI Technologies - merged into and renamed AMD
- Avance Logic - acquired by Realtek
- BitBoys - acquired by ATI Technologies
- Chips and Technologies - acquired by Intel
- Chromatic Research - acquired by ATI Technologies
- Evans and Sutherland - acquired by Rockwell Collins
- Gemini Technology - went bankrupt, acquired by Seiko Epson to form | 19,683 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
the Vancouver Design Center
- GigaPixel - acquired by 3dfx Interactive
- Headland Technologies - division of LSI Logic's Standard Products Group in late 1990s, assets sold to SPEA
- IXMICRO - produced video cards for Macintosh and Macintosh clones
- MOS Technology - produced the VIC and TED line of graphics chips, owned by Commodore International
- Number Nine Visual Technology (originally named Number Nine Computer Corp.) - pioneer in the graphics industry, developed 1st 128-bit graphics processor; acquired by S3
- Oak Technology - acquired by Zoran Corporation
- OPTi Inc. - no longer makes graphics chips
- Paradise Systems - acquired by Western Digital, later sold off to Philips
- | 19,684 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
Primus Technology
- Radius - made graphics solutions for Apple, out of business mid-1990s
- Raycer - acquired by Apple Computer
- Real3D - acquired by Intel
- Rendition - acquired by Micron Technology
- Silicon Graphics Incorporated (SGI) - quit developing 3D graphics in-house in the early 2000s and bought GPUs from other companies; later went completely out of business in 2009; its assets were bought in the resulting Chapter 11 bankruptcy by Rackable Systems, which changed its name to Silicon Graphics International
- Tamarack Microelectronics - merged with IC Plus in 2002
- Tseng Labs - sold its video chip assets to ATI Technologies in 1997
- Video 7 - merged with G2 to form Headland | 19,685 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
Technologies
- Weitek Corporation - maker of Power9000 brand of GPUs circa 1991-1994, bankrupt 1995
- Western Digital Imaging - combined efforts of Paradise Systems and Faraday Computing, bought by Western Digital and allowed to go out of business
# Defunct graphics card makers.
- Appian Graphics - acquired by ATI Technologies
- Artist Graphics - acquired by ATI Technologies
- BFG Technologies - undergoing liquidation
- Boca Research - acquired by Zoom Telephonics
- Cardinal Technologies - bankrupt
- Genoa Systems - bankrupt
- Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. - acquired by ELSA Technology, Inc., then by Guillemot Corporation
- Media Vision - bankrupt
- Nth Graphics - bankrupt
- | 19,686 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
Orchid Technology - acquired by Micronics Computers, then by Diamond Multimedia
- Paradise Systems - acquired by Western Digital, then by Philips, then de-emphasized
- SPEA AG - German vendor in late 1990s, no longer in business
- STB Systems - acquired by 3dfx Interactive in 1999
- Vermont Microsystems, Incorporated (VMI)
# Other.
The following companies are still in operation, but no longer design PC graphics chips:
- Acer Laboratories Incorporated - focusing on design and manufacturing of integrated circuits for the personal computer and embedded systems
- Cirrus Logic - sold its video chip assets
- Hercules - no longer manufactures graphics cards
- IIT Corp - reverted to a video-conferencing | 19,687 |
906358 | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20defunct%20graphics%20chips%20and%20card%20companies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
ted circuits for the personal computer and embedded systems
- Cirrus Logic - sold its video chip assets
- Hercules - no longer manufactures graphics cards
- IIT Corp - reverted to a video-conferencing solutions company, and then later a VOIP service provider
- PowerVR - focusing on mobile graphics technologies
- Realtek - no longer makes graphics chips
- Silicon Integrated Systems (SIS) - sold its video chip assets to XGI
- Texas Instruments - withdrew from the computer market
- Trident Microsystems - sold its video chip assets to XGI
- UMC - became a custom-only fab and discontinued all of its standard products in the late 1990s
- XGI - focusing on embedded and mobile applications | 19,688 |
906360 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20200%20metre%20backstroke | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke
The women's 200 metre backstroke event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.
Zimbabwe's Kirsty Coventry added gold to her silver and bronze medals by a storming victory in this event, breaking an African record time of 2:09.19. Russia's Stanislava Komarova took home the silver at 2:09.72, while Japan's Reiko Nakamura and Germany's Antje Buschschulte shared their triumph for the bronze medal, in a joint time of 2:09.88. British swimmer and world champion Katy Sexton, on the other hand, finished outside the medals in seventh | 19,689 |
906360 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20200%20metre%20backstroke | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke
a storming victory in this event, breaking an African record time of 2:09.19. Russia's Stanislava Komarova took home the silver at 2:09.72, while Japan's Reiko Nakamura and Germany's Antje Buschschulte shared their triumph for the bronze medal, in a joint time of 2:09.88. British swimmer and world champion Katy Sexton, on the other hand, finished outside the medals in seventh place, with a time of 2:12.11. Since Zimbabwe made its official debut in 1980, Coventry also became the nation's first athlete in its history to claim an individual Olympic medal.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,690 |
906364 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20100%20metre%20backstroke | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke
The women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 15 and 16.
U.S. swimmer Natalie Coughlin won the gold medal in this event, outside the record time of 1:00.37. The silver medal was awarded to Zimbabwe's Kirsty Coventry, who finished behind Coughlin by 0.13 of a second, breaking an African record of 1:00.50. France's Laure Manaudou, who won the gold in the 400 m freestyle on the previous day, took home the bronze medal, with a time of 1:00.88. In the semifinals, Coughlin lowered an Olympic record time | 19,691 |
906364 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20100%20metre%20backstroke | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke
gold medal in this event, outside the record time of 1:00.37. The silver medal was awarded to Zimbabwe's Kirsty Coventry, who finished behind Coughlin by 0.13 of a second, breaking an African record of 1:00.50. France's Laure Manaudou, who won the gold in the 400 m freestyle on the previous day, took home the bronze medal, with a time of 1:00.88. In the semifinals, Coughlin lowered an Olympic record time of 1:00.21, set by Romania's Diana Mocanu in Sydney (2000), to 1:00.17.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,692 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
Petro
Petro is a masculine given name, a surname and an Ancient Roman cognomen. It may refer to:
# Given name.
- Petro Balabuyev (1931-2007), Ukrainian airplane designer, engineer and professor, lead designer of many Antonov airplanes
- Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698), Cossack political and military leader, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine (1665–1672) and a Russian "voyevoda" (governor)
- Petro Drevchenko (1863-1934), Ukrainian bandurist
- Petro Dyachenko (1895-1965), Ukrainian military commander
- Petro Dyminskyi (born 1954), Ukrainian politician, businessman and former footballer
- Petro Franko (1890-1941), Ukrainian educator and author
- Petro Georgiou (born 1947), Australian politician
- | 19,693 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
Petro Goga, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Albania in 1924
- Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803), last Koshovyi Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host (in what is now Ukraine)
- Petro Kharchenko (born 1983), Ukrainian former pair ice skater
- Petro Kasui Kibe (1587–1639), Japanese Christian missionary, Jesuit priest and martyr
- Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1570-1622), political and civic leader
- Petro Kondratyuk (born 1979), Ukrainian former footballer
- Petro Korol (1941–2015), Ukrainian weightlifter and 1976 Olympic champion
- Petro Nini Luarasi (1864-1911), Albanian nationalist, Christian orthodox priest, teacher and journalist
- Petro Herkulan Malchuk (1965-2016), Ukrainian Roman | 19,694 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
Catholic Archbishop of Kyiv-Zhytomyr
- Petro Marko (1913–1991), Albanian writer
- Petro Mirchuk (1913–1999), Ukrainian writer
- Petro Nishchynsky (1832–1896), Ukrainian linguist and composer
- Petro Pakhnyuk (born 1991), Ukrainian (until 2014) and Azerbaijani (since 2014) artistic gymnast
- Petro Pereverza (born 1994), Ukrainian footballer
- Petro Poga (1850-1944), Albanian nationalist, one of the delegates at the Albanian Declaration of Independence
- Petro Poroshenko (born 1965), Ukrainian businessman and politician
- Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), the founder of commercial beekeeping
- Petro Shelest (1908–1996), First Secretary of the Communist party in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist | 19,695 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
Republic and member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Petro Slobodyan (born 1953), Soviet retired footballer and current Ukrainian coach
- Petro Symonenko (born 1952), Ukrainian politician and First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
- Petro Tkachenko (1878-1919), Ukrainian blind "kobzar" (musician)
- Petro Trad (1876-1947), Lebanese lawyer, politician and briefly President of the French Mandate of Lebanon in 1943
- Petro Trochanowski (born 1947), Polish poet
- Petro Vlahos (1916-2013), Hollywood special effects pioneer
- Petro Voinovsky (1913—1996), Ukrainian nationalist and Nazi collaborator
- Petro Zakhvalynsky (died 1943), | 19,696 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
Ukrainian nationalist and Nazi collaborator
# Surname.
- Gustavo Petro (born 1960), Colombian politician and economist
- Jim Petro (born 1948), American politician and former Ohio Attorney General
- Johan Petro (born 1986), French professional basketball player
- Joe Petro III (born 1956), American artist
- Joseph Petro (born 1944), former United States Secret Service agent, Executive Vice President and Managing Director of Citigroup Security and Investigative Services
- Pamela Petro, American artist
- John Petro, Movie Writer:The Cold Light of Day
- Steve Petro (1914-1994), American National Football League player
# Cognomen.
- Titus Flavius Petro (fl. 1st century BC), paternal grandfather | 19,697 |
906378 | Petro | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro | Petro
- Jim Petro (born 1948), American politician and former Ohio Attorney General
- Johan Petro (born 1986), French professional basketball player
- Joe Petro III (born 1956), American artist
- Joseph Petro (born 1944), former United States Secret Service agent, Executive Vice President and Managing Director of Citigroup Security and Investigative Services
- Pamela Petro, American artist
- John Petro, Movie Writer:The Cold Light of Day
- Steve Petro (1914-1994), American National Football League player
# Cognomen.
- Titus Flavius Petro (fl. 1st century BC), paternal grandfather of the Roman Emperor Vespasian ksmk
# Other.
- Petro (cryptocurrency), Venezuelan cryptocurrency
- Petroleum | 19,698 |
906366 | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold%20Maxwell-Lefroy | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
Harold Maxwell-Lefroy (20 January 1877 – 14 October 1925) was an English entomologist. He was a Professor of Entomology at Imperial College London who was posted as the second
Imperial Entomologist to India. He worked on applied entomology and initiated experiments on the use of chemicals to control insects, founding the Rentokil company.
# Biography.
Maxwell-Lefory was born in the village of Crondall to Charles James Maxwell Lefroy of the 14th Hussars and Elizabeth Catherine McClintock.and attended Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1895 and receiving a BA in the natural science tripos with first class in 1898 followed by a masters degree | 19,699 |
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