wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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906297 | Lois Maxwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois%20Maxwell | Lois Maxwell
- "James Bond: Licence to Thrill" - TV Movie documentary (1987) as Herself
- "In Search of James Bond with Jonathan Ross" - TV Movie documentary (1995) as Miss Moneypenny
- "Behind the Scenes with 'Thunderball"' - Video documentary (1995) as Herself / Miss Moneypenny
- "Inside 'Octopussy"' - Video docum... | 19,500 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
Pepsi Max
Pepsi Max (also known as Pepsi Black in some countries) is a low-calorie, sugar-free cola, marketed by PepsiCo as an alternative to their drinks Pepsi and Diet Pepsi. It is sold primarily in European and Asian markets.
A drink with the same name but different formulation (containing ginseng and hi... | 19,501 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
twenty countries. By the end of 1995, that figure had more than doubled. The product remained unavailable in the United States until 2006 (the US, PepsiCo's home market, and the largest consumer of carbonated soft drinks), where one of its principal ingredients had not yet been approved by the Food and Drug A... | 19,502 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
the product was similar in flavour to Pepsi Holiday Spice, a sugar-sweetened variety of Pepsi that was marketed in the US one year earlier. In late-2005 and early-2006, a coffee-flavoured variety was introduced in France, Finland, Ireland, Norway, and the UK. Known as "Pepsi Max Cappuccino" ("Pepsi Max Coffee... | 19,503 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
introduced into Brazil, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and the UAE during early 2007.
In October 2008, Pepsi announced it would be redesigning its logo and re-branding many of its products. Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, and Pepsi Max all use lower-case fonts for name brands, Mountain Dew was renamed "Mtn Dew", and Diet Pepsi ... | 19,504 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
campaign, and also uses black in the bottom half of the globe as opposed to the more standard royal blue. The new lower-case font used on Pepsi's products is reminiscent of the font used in Diet Pepsi's logo from the 1960s to the mid-1980s. The website for the "Wake up people!" campaign now redirects to the P... | 19,505 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
Pepsi Max Lime version was released in the United States in February 2010 under the name "Pepsi Max Cease Fire" It was introduced in the UK in late-2011. It was cross-promoted with a new flavor series of Doritos chips called "3rd Degree Burn". In July 2010, Pepsi began to move its North American branding for ... | 19,506 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
Steven Frayne, also known as Dynamo, as part of their 'Live for Now' campaign which was launched the previous year. As part of a launch event, Dynamo was seen in London hanging from the side of a number 543 double-decker bus on its journey along Millbank, past the Houses of Parliament and across Westminster B... | 19,507 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
Black. As of 2017 it is available as Pepsi Max in Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal,... | 19,508 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
to other diet cola drinks, which tend to target young women). The British advertising campaign involved retouched versions of the American "Do the Dew" commercials for Mountain Dew (A variant of which is sold in the UK ), rebranded as "Live life to the Max".
Coca-Cola Zero, a sugar-free cola from the Coca-Co... | 19,509 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
in early 1994, an entirely different Pepsi Max was marketed in Canada. Now regarded as a precursor to Pepsi Edge, it was sweetened with a combination of aspartame and high fructose corn syrup. As a result, it contained two-thirds fewer calories than full-sugar colas (including regular Pepsi), but more calorie... | 19,510 |
906265 | Pepsi Max | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsi%20Max | Pepsi Max
n entirely different Pepsi Max was marketed in Canada. Now regarded as a precursor to Pepsi Edge, it was sweetened with a combination of aspartame and high fructose corn syrup. As a result, it contained two-thirds fewer calories than full-sugar colas (including regular Pepsi), but more calories than conventio... | 19,511 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
U.S. Labor Party
The U.S. Labor Party (USLP) was a political party formed in 1973 by the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC). It served as a vehicle for Lyndon LaRouche to run for President of the United States in 1976, but it also sponsored many candidates for local offices and Congressional a... | 19,512 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
as supporting the working class against capitalism, Nelson Rockefeller, and Leonard Woodcock, head of the United Auto Workers. The USLP predicted collapse of the monetary system by November 1976 and thermonuclear war by 1977. It opposed the Rockefeller family and had a reputation for harassing the Comm... | 19,513 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
campaign tactics, and its invective against other politicians. Nelson Rockefeller, the former Governor of New York who was nominated to be vice president by Gerald Ford in 1974, was an early target of the USLP's attention. During the Senate's confirmation hearings, LaRouche appeared on behalf of the US... | 19,514 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
or anyone involved in the movement's kidnapping of Christopher White, who had married LaRouche's former common-law wife. According to detailed descriptions by LaRouche, White had been brainwashed by the CIA and KGB to kill him. The advertisement further reported that the movement had found a cure for p... | 19,515 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
decided that the activity was protected free speech that could not be prohibited so long as activists did not block doorways.
One of the U.S. Labor Party's strategies focused on disrupting other left-wing groups, with questionable success. William Chapman wrote in "The Washington Post" in September 19... | 19,516 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
editor of "The Humanist", was asked during his lectures at the State University of New York why he was practicing genocide. According to Chapman, sociologists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, specialists on urban poverty, were followed around the country having their speaking tours disrupted. Env... | 19,517 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
with physical harm: "Sure, we're going to get them – but politically."
The U.S. Labor Party was well financed, operating from the top floor of a building in New York's garment district. A teletype network connected the New York office to branches in a further 13 U.S. cities, and also included a two-wa... | 19,518 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
journal, the other a twice-weekly newspaper. The party fielded candidates in local and congressional elections, generally garnering only insignificant percentages of the popular vote; but there were exceptions – in Seattle, a Labor Party member running for the city council won 27 percent of the vote, w... | 19,519 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
is being poured." However, conservative Republicans like President Ford fared better, incongruously so, given the Labor Party's stated left-wing stance. "I call them honest Americans", LaRouche said. He described Ford as "weak but well-meaning" and "a known quantity we can live with".
On November 1, t... | 19,520 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
on another network, LaRouche said that Carter would have the U.S "irreversibly committed to nuclear war by no later than November of 1977" if elected. According to LaRouche's autobiography, he
NBC reported receiving hundreds of calls protesting the broadcast.
LaRouche's name was on the ballot in 23 s... | 19,521 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
Regional coordinator Paul Greenberg sought a recount in Milwaukee, saying "the election has actually been stolen — the actual winner was probably Jerry Ford."
For more information on LaRouche's 1976 presidential campaign and the movement's legal disputes with the FEC, see Lyndon LaRouche U.S. Presiden... | 19,522 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
said that LaRouche, then living in Wiesbaden, Germany, was being targeted for assassination by the "Baader-Meinhof Gang", allegedly on behalf of the Carter administration. Werbell in turn recruited the chief of police from his town, Powder Springs, Georgia, to set up the security.
In 1978, LaRouche be... | 19,523 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
USLP vice-presidential candidate, Khushro Ghandhi, campaigned in June 1979 and predicted victory based on support from the Teamsters (a faction of the union had ties to LaRouche). Running on a pro-nuclear power platform, Ghandhi said that the recent Three Mile Island accident was ordered by Energy Secr... | 19,524 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
a reporter. The magazine won an injunction against the party publications. Lyndon LaRouche, when asked about the matter, said, "I don't know anything about it and I never looked into it, but I do know that the liberal press uses undercover press practices that are abhorrent and beneath description."
#... | 19,525 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
Frankhouser to be a federal agent who had been assigned to infiltrate right-wing and left-wing groups, and that he had evidence that these groups were actually being manipulated or controlled by the FBI and other agencies. LaRouche and his associates considered Frankhouser to be a valuable intelligence... | 19,526 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
left one man dead, and had marched on Fifth Avenue in New York wearing a Gestapo uniform. LaRouche had organized his defense campaign regarding the dynamite charges. Frankhouser asserted he was working for the government and was sentenced to five years of probation instead of the decades in prison he c... | 19,527 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
who said he had an ongoing connection to the CIA. LaRouche developed close ties with WerBell, hiring him as a security consultant for protection against the assumed assassination threat and to train his security staff. It was WerBell who arranged for LaRouche movement members to undergo anti-terrorist ... | 19,528 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
convinced LaRouche that he was actively connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. A government official later said that Frankhouser was one of the few people who could call LaRouche directly. Forrest Lee Fick, an associate of Frankhouser from the KKK, was added as a consultant in 1982. Fick helped Frank... | 19,529 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
memos purporting to be from CIA agents, and warned of imaginary assassination plots against the LaRouches. George and Wilcox called Frankhouser's deception "one of the biggest hoaxes in the annals of political extremism", made possible by what they called LaRouche's "obsession with conspiracy theories"... | 19,530 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
banking, while Labor Party members considered people in the Liberty Lobby "red-necks" and "idiots".
# Criticism.
In 1979, a two-part article by Howard Blum and Paul L. Montgomery appeared in the "New York Times" that accused LaRouche of running a cult. Blum wrote that LaRouche had turned the U.S. Lab... | 19,531 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
being used for guerrilla training, attended by LaRouche members from Germany and Mexico. Several members also underwent a six-day anti-terrorist training course, at a cost of $200 per person per day, at a camp in Powder Springs, Georgia, run by WerBell.
The "Times" reported that U.S. Labor Party membe... | 19,532 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
and some high school newspapers (see ).
Blum wrote that, from 1976 onwards, party members were transmitting intelligence reports on left-wing members to the FBI and local police. In 1977, he wrote, commercial reports on U.S. anti-apartheid groups were prepared by LaRouche members for the South African... | 19,533 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
and the Mossad.
LaRouche denied the newspaper's charges, and said he had filed a $100 million libel suit. His press secretary said the series was intended "to set up a credible climate for an assassination hit".
The USLP has also been called a "radical and cult-like group". Milton Copulos of the Heri... | 19,534 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
right is to slander the entire conservative movement". Labor-union journalist Victor Riesel, while writing of "anti-capitalistic movements, ranging all the way from the Communist Party U.S.A. to the Trotskyite Socialist Workers' Party", said in 1976 "the most extreme activists in this sprawling radical... | 19,535 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
were advocating extreme-right positions. King described a typical post-transition USLP campaign in "Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism" (Doubleday, 1989):
In Baltimore, USLP candidate Debra Freeman appealed openly to racist and anti-Semitic sentiments in her 1978 campaign against incumbent C... | 19,536 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
a "house nigger" at a city-council meeting. According to Dennis King, the USLP chairman advocated launching ABC (atomic, biological and chemical) warfare against the Soviet Union as well as the military crushing of Britain (which his newspaper described as the headquarters of the "Zionist-British organ... | 19,537 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
seven governors' contests and more than 600 state legislative and party posts."
# USLP candidates.
- Nicholas F. Benton gathered petitions in 1978 for Governor of California, but did not appear on the ballot
- Michael Billington, candidate in 1977 for County Executive of Westchester County, New York... | 19,538 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
York City, in 1974 for Governor of New York, in 1978 for Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
- Wayne Evans, candidate in 1975 for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, in 1976 for Vice President of the United States
- Paul Gallagher, candidate in 1977 for 1977 New York City Council President, in 197... | 19,539 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
in 1978 for New Jersey's 7th congressional district
- Mel Klenetsky, candidate in 1978 for Governor of Illinois, candidate in 1981 for Mayor of New York City
- H. Graham Lowry, candidate in 1976 for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts, in 1978 for Massachusetts's 11th congressional district
- J. Philip R... | 19,540 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
primaries, or have otherwise gained attention while running NDPC candidates or otherwise identified as "LaRouche Democrats".
- Ted Andromidas, candidate in 1983 for Los Angeles City Council, in 1990 for California's 29th congressional district, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from California
- Mark Calney, N... | 19,541 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
district, in 1990 for New Jersey's 12th congressional district, in 1994 for New Jersey's 7th congressional district (with the "LaRouche Was Right" party)
- Michael DiMarco, candidate in 1983 for New Jersey's 7th legislative district, in 1984 for New Jersey's 13th congressional district, in 1992 for Ne... | 19,542 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
in 2001 for Massachusetts's 9th congressional district
- Lawrence Freeman, candidate in 1994 and in 1998 for Governor of Maryland
- Khushro Ghandi, West Coast coordinator of NDPC, candidate in 1983 for Los Angeles City Council, in 1989 for Mayor of Los Angeles., in 1989 for California Lieutenant Gove... | 19,543 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
Governor of New Jersey, candidate in 1986 for New Jersey's 9th congressional district, in 2001 for Governor of New Jersey
- Janice Hart, candidate in 1986 for Secretary of State of Illinois (won the Democratic primary), in 1988 for Clerk of Circuit Court for Cook County, Illinois
- Warren Hamerman, N... | 19,544 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
district. He also ran for the Orange Unified School District board and the Rancho Santiago College board of trustees in unknown years.
- Georgia Irey, candidate in 1984 for California's 45th congressional district, in 1986 for U.S. Senate from Indiana
- Sheila Jones, Midwest director for the NDPC, ca... | 19,545 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
candidate in 1982 for U.S. Senate from New York
- Brian Lantz, founding member and Northern California director of the NDPC, candidate in 1986 for U.S. Senate from California, in 1987 for California's 5th congressional district
- Evelyn Lantz, member of PANIC, candidate in 1983 for California's 5th c... | 19,546 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
"Economic Recovery Party"), in 1994 for Secretary of State of Illinois
- Fernando Oliver, candidate in 1986 for Lieutenant Governor of New York (later removed from ballot by court order)
- J. Philip Rubinstein, President of Caucus Distributors, Northeast Regional Director of the NDPC, candidate in 19... | 19,547 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
for U.S. Senate from Ohio, in 1990 for Ohio's 7th congressional district
- Lewis duPont Smith, candidate in 1988 for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, in 1990 for Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district, in 1994 for Minnesota Attorney General, in 1998 for New Jersey's 4th congressional dis... | 19,548 |
906287 | U.S. Labor Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Labor%20Party | U.S. Labor Party
in 1994 for Minnesota Attorney General, in 1998 for New Jersey's 4th congressional district
- Nancy Spannaus, candidate in 1990 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 1993 for Governor of Virginia, in 1994 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 1996 for U.S. Senate from Virginia, in 2002 for U.S. Senate from Vi... | 19,549 |
906329 | Wiryeseong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiryeseong | Wiryeseong
Wiryeseong
Wiryeseong was the name of two early capitals of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Both are believed to have been in the modern-day Seoul area. According to "Samguk Sagi" (the oldest surviving Korean history book, written in the 12th century), Onjo, the son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong,... | 19,550 |
906329 | Wiryeseong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiryeseong | Wiryeseong
people (Shortly after, the name of the state is changed from "Sipje" to "Baekje"). Later, Onjo moved further south because of Malgal to the north and Lelang to the east.
The former Wiryeseong is called Habuk (north of the river) Wiryeseong and the latter is called Hanam (south of the river) Wiryeseong. The ... | 19,551 |
906329 | Wiryeseong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiryeseong | Wiryeseong
grew up against Southern Mahan and Northern Chinese Commanderies including Daifang, which attempted to violate their border. In the process, Baekje modified the political systems, and expended its territory to Mahan and Hwanghae region, and it became as a regional power.
Wiryeseong served as Baekje's capita... | 19,552 |
906334 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle
The women's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 15.
France'... | 19,553 |
906334 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Women's%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle
the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 15.
France's Laure Manaudou won the gold medal in this event, with a European record time of 4:05.34. The silver medal was awarded to Poland's Otylia Jędrzejczak, who finished behind Manaudo... | 19,554 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
Hydrogen economy
The hydrogen economy is the use of hydrogen as a low carbon fuel, particularly for heating, hydrogen vehicles, seasonal energy storage and long distance transport of energy.
The hydrogen economy is proposed as part of the future low-carbon economy. In order to phase out fossil fuels ... | 19,555 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
(SMR). The remainder is produced as a byproduct from electrolysis processes such as chlor-alkali. Small amounts of hydrogen are produced by the dedicated production of hydrogen from water. The production of hydrogen from both the natural gas steam reforming process and the dedicated water electrolysis ... | 19,556 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
carbon is released to the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, etc.). Modern interest in the hydrogen economy can generally be traced to a 1970 technical report by Lawrence W. Jones of the University of Michigan.
In the current hydrocarbon economy, transportation is fu... | 19,557 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
or carbon dioxide. A 2004 analysis asserted that "most of the hydrogen supply chain pathways would release significantly less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than would gasoline used in hybrid electric vehicles" and that significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions would be possible if carbon ... | 19,558 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
internal-combustion engine running on hydrogen is said to have a maximum efficiency of about 38%, 8% higher than a gasoline internal-combustion engine.
The combination of the fuel cell and electric motor is 2-3 times more efficient than an internal-combustion engine. Capital costs of fuel cells have r... | 19,559 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
more economical than fuel cells.
In the short term hydrogen has been proposed as a method of reducing harmful diesel exhaust.
# History.
The term "hydrogen economy" was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors (GM) Technical Center. The concept was proposed earlier by g... | 19,560 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
groups in China planning to increase numbers of the cars into the hundreds of thousands over the next decade.
# Current hydrogen market.
Hydrogen production is a large and growing industry, as of 2004. Globally, some 57 million metric tons of hydrogen, equal to about 170 million tons of oil equivalen... | 19,561 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
today. About half is used in the Haber process to produce ammonia (NH), which is then used directly or indirectly as fertilizer. Because both the world population and the intensive agriculture used to support it are growing, ammonia demand is growing. Ammonia can be used as a safer and easier indirect ... | 19,562 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
oil companies to extract poorer source material, such as oil sands and oil shale. The scale economies inherent in large-scale oil refining and fertilizer manufacture make possible on-site production and "captive" use. Smaller quantities of "merchant" hydrogen are manufactured and delivered to end users... | 19,563 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in alternate, cheaper means of hydrogen production. As of 2002, most hydrogen is produced on site and the cost is approximately $0.70/kg and, if not produced on site, the cost of liquid hydrogen is about $2.20/kg to $3.08/kg.
# Production, storage, infrastructure.
Today's hydrogen is mainly produced ... | 19,564 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
requires no further energy input beyond the fossil fuel. Decomposing water, the latter carrier, requires electrical or heat input, generated from some primary energy source (fossil fuel, nuclear power or a renewable energy). Hydrogen can also be produced by refining the effluent from geothermal sources... | 19,565 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
referred to as grey hydrogen.
## Current production methods.
Hydrogen is industrially produced from steam reforming, which uses fossil fuels such as natural gas. The energy content of the produced hydrogen is less than the energy content of the original fuel, some of it being lost as excessive heat d... | 19,566 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
such as high temperature electrolysis or carbon assisted electrolysis. However, current best processes for water electrolysis have an effective electrical efficiency of 70-80%, so that producing 1 kg of hydrogen (which has a specific energy of 143 MJ/kg or about 40 kWh/kg) requires 50–55 kWh of electri... | 19,567 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
2015 DOE hydrogen target prices. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. This puts the $4/gge H2 dispensed objective well within reach, and close to a slightly el... | 19,568 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
Kværner process or Kvaerner carbon black & hydrogen process (CB&H) is a method, developed in the 1980s by a Norwegian company of the same name, for the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons (CH), such as methane, natural gas and biogas.
Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is cont... | 19,569 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
reactions do not require light energy, so they are capable of constantly producing hydrogen from organic compounds throughout the day and night. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. For example, photo-fermentation with "Rhodobacter sphaeroi... | 19,570 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen.
Biological hydrogen can be produced in bioreactors that use feedstocks other than algae, the most common feedstock being waste streams. The process involves bacteria feeding on hydrocarbons and excreting hydrogen... | 19,571 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
hydrogen is generated after running through the microbial fuel cell and a variety of aquatic plants can be used. These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice, tomatoes, lupines, and algae
### High-pressure electrolysis.
High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water by decomposition of wat... | 19,572 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
average energy consumption for internal compression is around 3%.
European largest (1 400 000 kg/a, High-pressure Electrolysis of water, alkaline technology) hydrogen production plant is operating at Kokkola, Finland.
### High-temperature electrolysis.
Hydrogen can be generated from energy supplied ... | 19,573 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
nuclear heat can be directly applied to split hydrogen from water. High temperature (950–1000 °C) gas cooled nuclear reactors have the potential to split hydrogen from water by thermochemical means using nuclear heat. Research into high-temperature nuclear reactors may eventually lead to a hydrogen sup... | 19,574 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
kilogram of hydrogen produced, but not at a commercial scale. In addition, this is lower-quality "commercial" grade Hydrogen, unsuitable for use in fuel cells.
### Photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Using electricity produced by photovoltaic systems offers the cleanest way to produce hydrogen. Wat... | 19,575 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
leaf" or "wireless solar water splitting" with a low cost thin film amorphous silicon multijunction sheet immersed directly in water. Hydrogen evolved on the front amorphous silicon surface decorated with various catalysts while oxygen evolved off the back metal substrate. A Nafion membrane above the m... | 19,576 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system, the reaction is in just one step, which can improve efficiency.
### Photoelectrocatalytic production.
A method studied by Thomas Nann and his team at the University of East Anglia consists of a gold electrode covere... | 19,577 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
the decomposition of water to produce hydrogen gas. The company plans to achieve commercial application "as early as possible", not before 2020.
### Concentrating solar thermal.
Very high temperatures are required to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen. A catalyst is required to make the proces... | 19,578 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
a result, it may be possible that this technology could be readily scaled up to the megawatt range by multiplying the available reactor units and by connecting the plant to heliostat fields (fields of sun-tracking mirrors) of a suitable size.
### Thermochemical production.
There are more than 352 the... | 19,579 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
efficient than high-temperature electrolysis, typical in the range from 35% - 49% LHV efficiency. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient.
None of the thermochemical hydrogen pr... | 19,580 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
This unit has been operational since late 2011. The excess hydrogen is often managed with a hydrogen pinch analysis.
## Storage.
Although molecular hydrogen has very high energy density on a mass basis, partly because of its low molecular weight, as a gas at ambient conditions it has very low energy ... | 19,581 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
energy to power the compression. The mass of the hydrogen tanks needed for compressed hydrogen reduces the fuel economy of the vehicle. Because it is a small molecule, hydrogen tends to diffuse through any liner material intended to contain it, leading to the embrittlement, or weakening, of its contain... | 19,582 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
requires large liquification energies. The liquefaction process, involving pressurizing and cooling steps, is energy intensive. The liquefied hydrogen has lower energy density by volume than gasoline by approximately a factor of four, because of the low density of liquid hydrogen — there is actually mo... | 19,583 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
to -253 °C, similar to liquified natural gas (LNG) which is stored at -162 °C. A potential efficiency loss of 12.79% can be achieved, or 4.26kWh/kg out of 33.3kWh/kg.
### Storage as hydride.
Distinct from storing molecular hydrogen, hydrogen can be stored as a chemical hydride or in some other hydrog... | 19,584 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
stem from the high pressure and temperature conditions needed for hydride formation and hydrogen release. For many potential systems hydriding and dehydriding kinetics and heat management are also issues that need to be overcome. A French company McPhy Energy is developing the first industrial product... | 19,585 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
storage systems. Hydrogen densities similar to liquefied hydrogen can be achieved with appropriate adsorbent materials. Some suggested adsorbents include activated carbon, nanostructured carbons (including CNTs), MOFs, and hydrogen clathrate hydrate.
### Underground hydrogen storage.
Underground hydr... | 19,586 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
for pumped-hydro (PHES)), and the cost is slightly higher than pumped hydro. Another study referenced by a European staff working paper found that for large scale storage, the cheapest option is hydrogen at €140/MWh for 2,000 hours of storage using an electrolyser, salt cavern storage and combined-cycl... | 19,587 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
stored underground, these quantities would require some 15 caverns of 500,000 cubic metres each
by 2025 and some 60 caverns by 2050 – corresponding to approximately one third of the number of
underground gas caverns currently operated in Germany. In the US, Sandia Labs are conducting research into th... | 19,588 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
natural gas grid. The second (less efficient) method is used to convert carbon dioxide and water to methane, (see natural gas) using electrolysis and the Sabatier reaction. The excess power or off peak power generated by wind generators or solar arrays is then used for load balancing in the energy grid... | 19,589 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
hydrogen. The storage capacity of the German natural gas network is more than 200,000 GWh which is enough for several months of energy requirement. By comparison, the capacity of all German pumped storage power plants amounts to only about 40 GW·h. Similarly UK pumped storage is far less than the gas n... | 19,590 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
stations which were not situated near a hydrogen pipeline would get supply via hydrogen tanks, compressed hydrogen tube trailers, liquid hydrogen trailers, liquid hydrogen tank trucks or dedicated onsite production.
Because of hydrogen embrittlement of steel, and corrosion natural gas pipes require in... | 19,591 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
systems of hydrogen production, where hydrogen is routinely made on site using medium or small-sized generators which would produce enough hydrogen for personal use or perhaps a neighborhood. In the end, a combination of options for hydrogen gas distribution may succeed.
While millions of tons of elem... | 19,592 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
way is much more doable and affordable than most people think. For example, one article has noted that hydrogen stations could be put within every 10 miles in metro Los Angeles, and on the highways between LA and neighboring cities like Palm Springs, Las Vegas, San Diego and Santa Barbara, for the cost... | 19,593 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
in various sectors of the economy. Producing hydrogen from primary energy sources other than coal, oil, and natural gas, would result in lower production of the greenhouse gases characteristic of the combustion of these fossil energy resources.
One key feature of a hydrogen economy would be that in mo... | 19,594 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
This would allow the possibility of technologies such as carbon sequestration, which are otherwise impossible for mobile applications. Alternatively, distributed energy generation schemes (such as small scale renewable energy sources) could be used, possibly associated with hydrogen stations.
Aside fr... | 19,595 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
distribution attractive within a hydrogen economy. In such a scenario, small regional plants or even local filling stations could generate hydrogen using energy provided through the electrical distribution grid. While hydrogen generation efficiency is likely to be lower than for centralized hydrogen ge... | 19,596 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
can now be overcome using on site (home, business, or fuel station) generation of hydrogen from off grid renewable sources..
### Distributed electrolysis.
Distributed electrolysis would bypass the problems of distributing hydrogen by distributing electricity instead. It would use existing electrical ... | 19,597 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
of 60 percent or greater. Increased demand for electricity, whether due to hydrogen cars or other demand, would have the marginal impact of adding new combined cycle power plants. On this basis, distributed production of hydrogen would be roughly 40% efficient. However, if the marginal impact is referr... | 19,598 |
906156 | Hydrogen economy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy
Fuel cells as alternative to internal combustion.
One of the main offerings of a hydrogen economy is that the fuel can replace the fossil fuel burned in internal combustion engines and turbines as the primary way to convert chemical energy into kinetic or electrical energy; hereby eliminating greenhou... | 19,599 |
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