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906366 | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold%20Maxwell-Lefroy | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
in 1902.
He served as assistant master of Seaford College, and later worked as an entomologist in Barbados from 1899. In 1903, Lefroy was appointed entomologist to the Government of India (succeeding Lionel de Nicéville, who was the first entomologist, appointed in 1901). Then in 1905 he was involved in the creation of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, in the Indian state of Bihar, and he was appointed the first Imperial Entomologist.
Lefroy convened a series of meetings on an all-India basis, to bring together all the entomologists of the country. From 1915, five such meetings were held at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, and these formed the foundation of | 19,700 |
906366 | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold%20Maxwell-Lefroy | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
entomological knowledge in India. He was succeeded in the position of Imperial Entomologist by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. He published "Indian Insect Life", a summary of the major insects of economic importance in 1906, in association with Frank Milburn Howlett.
In the early 1920s, Lefroy was asked by Sir Frank Baines, Principal Architect of the Office of Works, to study ways of exterminating death watch beetles that had been found in Westminster Hall, beside England's Houses of Parliament. As a result, he went on to devise various successful formulations for pest control, and in time Lefroy began receiving regular orders from people who had heard about his work. In 1924, Lefroy and his assistant | 19,701 |
906366 | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold%20Maxwell-Lefroy | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
Miss Elizabeth Eades started supplying bottles of woodworm fluid from a small factory in Hatton Garden, which later led to the formation by them of a company called Rentokil Limited (now Rentokil Initial) in 1925.
Lefroy was killed by poisonous fumes in a laboratory accident in October 1925. It is thought that he was experimenting with Lewisite. Lefroy married Kathleen Hamilton O'Meara, second daughter of a provost-marshal in British Guiana. They had three children Gladys Kathleen, Charles, and Cecil Anthony Maxwell Lefroy (later CBE).
# Publications.
- Indian Insect Pests (1906)
- Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1909. "Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India)" Thacker | 19,702 |
906366 | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold%20Maxwell-Lefroy | Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
n October 1925. It is thought that he was experimenting with Lewisite. Lefroy married Kathleen Hamilton O'Meara, second daughter of a provost-marshal in British Guiana. They had three children Gladys Kathleen, Charles, and Cecil Anthony Maxwell Lefroy (later CBE).
# Publications.
- Indian Insect Pests (1906)
- Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1909. "Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India)" Thacker and Spink, Calcutta. xii + 786 pp.
- Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1910. "List of Names Used in India for Common Insects" Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India. iv + 47 + xii pp.
- Manual of Entomology 1923
- Food of Birds in India (1911) C. W. Mason and Maxwell-Lefroy | 19,703 |
906370 | Phoebe Campbell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe%20Campbell | Phoebe Campbell
Phoebe Campbell
Phoebe Campbell (c. 1847 – 20 June 1872) was a Canadian woman who was hanged for the murder of her husband.
Campbell had alleged that on the morning of July 15, 1871, in Thorndale, Middlesex County, Ontario, two black-faced men broke into George and Phoebe's log cabin home and brutally hacked George to death with an axe because he refused to hand over some money. They had attempted to use a gun which misfired.
During the investigation, six local men were arrested, including Thomas Coyle, who was George's farmhand. Doubt about Phoebe's innocence arose rapidly as she was seen talking with Coyle, she also seemed to have done nothing to help save her husband as he was being murdered, | 19,704 |
906370 | Phoebe Campbell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe%20Campbell | Phoebe Campbell
also she seemed very unemotional following the funeral for George. A coroner's autopsy also showed that indeed George was murdered by Phoebe and Coyle. "I don't care. I'm innocent and I don't care.", Phoebe stated. She then accused Coyle of the murder then quickly changed her mind then accused her cousin.
Phoebe's murder trial began on April 1, 1872, with much public interest. Phoebe accused George of having an affair with her cousin's wife. During the trial, the crown prosecutor produced a letter which stated, "I never shall say you done any such thing again—if I have to die for it." When asked why she changed her testimony, she claimed the ghost of her late husband visited her and declared | 19,705 |
906370 | Phoebe Campbell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe%20Campbell | Phoebe Campbell
her and Coyle innocent. The crown prosecutor responded, "You can hardly expect anyone to believe such nonsense!"
After the trial, the jury took just one hour to reach a guilty verdict. Phoebe then sobbed as the judge sentenced her to hanging. She later confessed that she and Coyle murdered George so they could marry. Coyle did go to trial for his crime but was acquitted. He later moved to England.
She was hanged on June 20 at the age of 25 and was again said to be emotionless as she was about to be hanged, holding a lace handkerchief in her hand until after she died.
So much public attention was given to the story that postcards depicting the crime were made, which were bought by many.
# | 19,706 |
906370 | Phoebe Campbell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe%20Campbell | Phoebe Campbell
nced her to hanging. She later confessed that she and Coyle murdered George so they could marry. Coyle did go to trial for his crime but was acquitted. He later moved to England.
She was hanged on June 20 at the age of 25 and was again said to be emotionless as she was about to be hanged, holding a lace handkerchief in her hand until after she died.
So much public attention was given to the story that postcards depicting the crime were made, which were bought by many.
# General references.
- Doty, Christopher. The Trials of Phoebe Campbell. Retrieved on August 15, 2006, archived on February 12, 2007.
- Ontario Vital Statistics Project. Ontario Deaths Index. Retrieved on August 15, 2006. | 19,707 |
906380 | The Emperor's Shadow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Emperor's%20Shadow | The Emperor's Shadow
The Emperor's Shadow
The Emperor's Shadow is a 1996 Chinese historical film directed by Zhou Xiaowen and starring Jiang Wen, Ge You, Xu Qing and Ge Zhijun. It was the most expensive Chinese film produced at the time of its release.
# Plot.
Set in third century BC China, the story of "The Emperor's Shadow" revolves around the relationship between Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, and later the First Emperor; and the musician Gao Jianli. Gao Jianli's mother was the king's wet nurse when the young king was a hostage in the Zhao state, but they were separated after the former returns to Qin to become king.
After reaching adulthood, Ying Zheng embarks on a series of wars to fulfill his plan of unifying | 19,708 |
906380 | The Emperor's Shadow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Emperor's%20Shadow | The Emperor's Shadow
China. He kidnaps Gao Jianli from the Yan state to compose a powerful anthem for his new state. The two conflict over the new composition, the construction of grand public works, Ying Zheng's ruthless mass killing policies, and Ying Zheng's daughter, Princess Yueyang.
# Cast.
- Jiang Wen as Ying Zheng
- Tian Ming as young Ying Zheng
- Ge You as Gao Jianli
- Wang Peng as young Gao Jianli
- Xu Qing as Princess Yueyang
- Ge Zhijun as Zhao Gao
- Wang Qingxiang as Li Si
- Di Guoqiang as Wang Jian
- Wang Ning as Wang Ben
- Shu Yaoxuan as Xu Fu
- Li Mengnan as Jing Ke
- Yuan Yuan as Fan Yuqi
- Ren He as Huhai
- Zhao Yi
- Wang Hong
- Sun Bicheng
- Zhang Chunyuan
# Music and themes.
The | 19,709 |
906380 | The Emperor's Shadow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Emperor's%20Shadow | The Emperor's Shadow
political use of music and of the arts in general is one of the major themes in the film. In one of the climaxes of the film, the king states his belief that through music he can "control the minds and hearts of the people", echoing Mao Zedong's Yan'an talks of 1942. Music is perceived by the monarch as being as important as military power. Whereas his armies can conquer his rivals, he needs the arts to exert spiritual and ideological control. At the premiere of the film on 7 June 1996 in Beijing, director Zhou Xiaowen noted: "Chinese rulers have always wanted to control our spirit. But they cannot succeed in doing so."
# Reception.
After "The Emperor's Shadow" was released in five major Chinese | 19,710 |
906380 | The Emperor's Shadow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Emperor's%20Shadow | The Emperor's Shadow
cities, it was banned by state authorities without any clear reason being given. Eight months later permission was given for re-release.
The film has been criticized in China for its many historical inaccuracies. Chief among these is the distortion of the character of Gao Jianli. According to Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", Gao Jianli was a friend of the assassin Jing Ke, who fails in an attempt upon Ying Zheng's life. Other minor errors, mostly of academic interest, also contribute to the film's lack of historical authenticity. The director Zhou Xiaowen defended his film by saying that it was an exploration of ideas and values for the present day and was not intended as a strictly | 19,711 |
906380 | The Emperor's Shadow | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Emperor's%20Shadow | The Emperor's Shadow
o fails in an attempt upon Ying Zheng's life. Other minor errors, mostly of academic interest, also contribute to the film's lack of historical authenticity. The director Zhou Xiaowen defended his film by saying that it was an exploration of ideas and values for the present day and was not intended as a strictly historical depiction of the First Emperor. In a 1999 interview, he said "I don't like history; I just like the buildings, the palaces, the dress."
The film influenced the creation of Tan Dun's 2006 opera "The First Emperor".
# See also.
- List of historical drama films of Asia
- "Hero"
- Qin Shi Huang (2001 TV series)
- "Rise of the Great Wall"
- "The Emperor and the Assassin" | 19,712 |
906384 | Avilés (comarca) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avilés%20(comarca) | Avilés (comarca)
Avilés (comarca)
Avilés is one of 8 "comarcas", administrative divisions of Asturias, which is a province and an autonomous community in Spain .
The comarca of Avilés is divided into ten municipalities:
- Avilés
- Candamo
- Castrillón
- Corvera de Asturias
- Cudillero
- Gozón
- Illas
- Muros de Nalón
- Pravia
- Soto del Barco | 19,713 |
906386 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%2050%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle
The men's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.
United States' Gary Hall Jr. defended his Olympic title in the event in 21.93, just two hundredths of a second off the record set by Alexander Popov in 1992. The silver medal was awarded to Croatia's Duje Draganja, who placed behind Hall in 21.94. South Africa's Roland Mark Schoeman completed his full set of medals by adding a bronze in 22.02.
Defending bronze medalist Pieter van den Hoogenband of the Netherlands (22.56), and dual Olympic champion | 19,714 |
906386 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%2050%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle
Alexander Popov of Russia (22.58) missed the semifinals. By the following year, Popov announced his retirement from swimming, and became a full-time member of the International Olympic Committee.
Eleven first round heats were raced, comprising a total of 86 swimmers. The fastest 16 swimmers from this group qualified to move on to the semifinals stage. After the heats had been raced, the cut-off time was 22.53 seconds. The 16 swimmers who advanced then raced in two semifinals of eight swimmers each, the results being pooled and the fastest eight swimmers advancing to the final. The cut-off time to proceed into the final was 22.19 seconds.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing | 19,715 |
906386 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%2050%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle
nounced his retirement from swimming, and became a full-time member of the International Olympic Committee.
Eleven first round heats were raced, comprising a total of 86 swimmers. The fastest 16 swimmers from this group qualified to move on to the semifinals stage. After the heats had been raced, the cut-off time was 22.53 seconds. The 16 swimmers who advanced then raced in two semifinals of eight swimmers each, the results being pooled and the fastest eight swimmers advancing to the final. The cut-off time to proceed into the final was 22.19 seconds.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,716 |
906388 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20100%20metre%20butterfly | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly
Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly
The men's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 19 and 20.
U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps broke an Olympic record of 51.25 to claim his fifth gold medal, edging out his teammate and world record holder Ian Crocker by four hundredths of a second (0.04). Meanwhile, Ukraine's Andriy Serdinov earned a bronze in a European record of 51.36. Earlier in the semifinals, Serdinov blasted a new Olympic record, previously set by Australia's Geoff Huegill in Sydney four years ago, with a time of 51.74. One heat later, Phelps | 19,717 |
906388 | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20–%20Men's%20100%20metre%20butterfly | Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly
record of 51.25 to claim his fifth gold medal, edging out his teammate and world record holder Ian Crocker by four hundredths of a second (0.04). Meanwhile, Ukraine's Andriy Serdinov earned a bronze in a European record of 51.36. Earlier in the semifinals, Serdinov blasted a new Olympic record, previously set by Australia's Geoff Huegill in Sydney four years ago, with a time of 51.74. One heat later, Phelps stopped the clock at 51.61 to lower the record by 0.13 of a second.
# Records.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
# External links.
- Official Olympic Report | 19,718 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
Lists of World Heritage Sites
This is a list of lists of World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having special cultural or physical significance.
# General lists.
- List of World Heritage in Danger
- List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription
- Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- World Heritage Sites by country
# Lists by continent.
## Africa.
- List of World Heritage Sites in Africa
- List of World Heritage Sites in Algeria
- List of World Heritage Sites in Botswana
- List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt
- List of World Heritage Sites in Eritrea
- List of | 19,719 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Libya
- List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar
- List of World Heritage Sites in Mali
- List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco
- List of World Heritage Sites in Senegal
- List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa
- List of World Heritage Sites in Tanzania
- List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia
## Americas.
- List of World Heritage Sites in North America
- List of World Heritage Sites in Canada
- List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico
- List of World Heritage Sites in the United States
- List of World Heritage Sites in Central America
- List of World Heritage Sites in Belize
- List of World Heritage | 19,720 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
Sites in Costa Rica
- List of World Heritage Sites in El Salvador
- List of World Heritage Sites in Guatemala
- List of World Heritage Sites in Honduras
- List of World Heritage Sites in Nicaragua
- List of World Heritage Sites in Panama
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean
- List of World Heritage Sites in Antigua and Barbuda
- List of World Heritage Sites in Barbados
- List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba
- List of World Heritage Sites in Dominica
- List of World Heritage Sites in Dominican Republic
- List of World Heritage Sites in Haiti
- List of World Heritage Sites in Jamaica
- List of World Heritage Sites in South America
- List of World Heritage Sites in Argentina
- | 19,721 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
List of World Heritage Sites in Bolivia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil
- List of World Heritage Sites in Chile
- List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador
- List of World Heritage Sites in Paraguay
- List of World Heritage Sites in Peru
- List of World Heritage Sites in Uruguay
- List of World Heritage Sites in Venezuela
## Asia.
- List of World Heritage Sites in Central Asia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Kyrgyzstan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Tajikistan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan
- List of World Heritage Sites | 19,722 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
in Russia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states
- List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
- List of World Heritage Sites in Israel
- List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Lebanon
- List of World Heritage Sites in Palestine
- List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
- List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Asia
- List of World Heritage Sites in China
- List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia
- List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea
- List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh
- List of World Heritage | 19,723 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
Sites in India
- List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal
- List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka
- List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Laos
- List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Myanmar
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
- List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore
- List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand
- List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
## Europe.
- List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe
- List of World Heritage Sites in Denmark
- | 19,724 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
List of World Heritage Sites in Estonia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Finland
- List of World Heritage Sites in Iceland
- List of World Heritage Sites in Latvia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Lithuania
- List of World Heritage Sites in Norway
- List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden
- List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe
- List of World Heritage Sites in Austria
- List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium
- List of World Heritage Sites in France
- List of World Heritage Sites in Germany
- List of World Heritage Sites in Ireland
- List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands
- List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
- | 19,725 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
- List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe
- List of World Heritage Sites in Armenia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan
- List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus
- List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic
- List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary
- List of World Heritage Sites in Moldova
- List of World Heritage Sites in Poland
- List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
- List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine
- List of World Heritage | 19,726 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
Sites in Southern Europe
- List of World Heritage Sites in Albania
- List of World Heritage Sites in Andorra
- List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus
- List of World Heritage Sites in Greece
- List of World Heritage Sites in Italy
- List of World Heritage Sites in Macedonia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Malta
- List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro
- List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal
- List of World Heritage Sites in San Marino
- List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
- List of World | 19,727 |
906406 | Lists of World Heritage Sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Sites | Lists of World Heritage Sites
List of World Heritage Sites in Italy
- List of World Heritage Sites in Macedonia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Malta
- List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro
- List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal
- List of World Heritage Sites in San Marino
- List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia
- List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
- List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
- Vatican City is itself a World Heritage Site
## Oceania.
- List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, other Pacific islands)
- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
- List of World Heritage Sites in New Zealand | 19,728 |
906405 | Ali Abdi Farah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali%20Abdi%20Farah | Ali Abdi Farah
Ali Abdi Farah
Ali Abdi Farah (born 1947) is a politician in Djibouti.
Farah served as diplomatic attaché to the President of the Republic, as head of general administration and consular affairs at the Ministry of External Affairs, and as First Adviser to the Embassy of Djibouti in Tunisia. He was appointed as Minister of Energy, Mines and Natural Resources on June 8, 1995, and was elected to the National Assembly in the December 1997 parliamentary election as the ninth candidate on the joint candidate list of the RPP and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). He was subsequently moved to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, in charge | 19,729 |
906405 | Ali Abdi Farah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali%20Abdi%20Farah | Ali Abdi Farah
of Relations with Parliament on May 12, 1999.
In the January 2003 parliamentary election, Farah was the 11th candidate on the candidate list of the ruling coalition, the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP), in the District of Djibouti. Farah is a member of the ruling party, the People's Rally for Progress (RPP), and as of 2003, he is a member of the RPP Executive Committee, responsible for external relations.
In the government named on May 22, 2005, Farah was moved to the post of Minister of Communication and Culture, in charge of Posts and Telecommunications, and Government Spokesman. In the February 2008 parliamentary election, Farah was the eighth candidate on the UMP's candidate list | 19,730 |
906405 | Ali Abdi Farah | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali%20Abdi%20Farah | Ali Abdi Farah
May 12, 1999.
In the January 2003 parliamentary election, Farah was the 11th candidate on the candidate list of the ruling coalition, the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP), in the District of Djibouti. Farah is a member of the ruling party, the People's Rally for Progress (RPP), and as of 2003, he is a member of the RPP Executive Committee, responsible for external relations.
In the government named on May 22, 2005, Farah was moved to the post of Minister of Communication and Culture, in charge of Posts and Telecommunications, and Government Spokesman. In the February 2008 parliamentary election, Farah was the eighth candidate on the UMP's candidate list for the District of Djibouti. | 19,731 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
Dewas
Dewas is a city on the Malwa in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The municipality was formerly the seat of two princely states during the British Raj, Dewas Junior state and Dewas Senior state, ruled by the Puar clan of Maratha. Today, Dewas is an industrialized city and houses a government bank note press
# Etymology.
The name "Dewas" is derived from the Devi Vaishini hill in the city, commonly known as "Tekri". The hill has a temple of the deities Devi Tulja Bhawani, Chamunda Mata and Kalika Mata. The word Dewas is believed to be a sandhi of the words Dev (deity) and Vas Marathi (abode), so Dewas means "house of the god". Swami Shivom Tirtha wrote the history of the hill ("Tekri" ) | 19,732 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
of Dewas in his book, "Sadhan Shikhar". Inspired by the area, E.M. Forster wrote "The Hill of Devi" in 1953.
The district takes its name from the district headquarters town, Dewas, which is said to have been derived on the basis of two traditions. One is that Dewas lies at the base of a conical hill, known as Chamunda hill, on top of which the shrine of Chamunda is located. The image of the goddess is cut into the wall of a cave, known as Devi Vashini or the goddess's residence. From this, the name Dewas ("dev"-"vas") seems to have been derived. The other view of the probable origin is from the name of the founder of the city, Dewasa Bania.
# History.
Dewas was formerly the capital of two | 19,733 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
princely states of British India. The original state was founded in the first half of the 18th century by the brothers Tukaji Rao (senior) and Jivaji Rao (junior), from the Puar clan of Marathas. They had advanced into Malwa with the Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao, in 1728. The brothers divided the territory among themselves; their descendants ruled as the senior and junior branches of the family. After 1841, each branch ruled his own portion as a separate state, though the lands belonging to each were intimately entangled; in Dewas, the capital town, the two sides of the main street were under different administrations and had different arrangements for water supply and lighting.
The senior branch | 19,734 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
had an area of and a population of in 62,312 in 1901, while the area of the junior branch was and had a population of 54,904 that same year. Both Dewas states were in the Malwa Agency of the Central India Agency. There were many Jagirdars and Zamindars of the estate; one of them was Zamindar Binjraj Tapdiya the whole sole of the village Binjana and Sanjay Nagar. On his name only the name of Binjana was kept. He was popularly known as Binjana seth. His eldest son kisanlal ruled the region under puar dynasty for six decades. After him his son Seth Vallabhdas Tapdiya had ruled the village. They were the biggest Jagirdars in the kingdom of Maharaj Krishnaji Rao III Puar. After India's independence | 19,735 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
in 1947, the Rajas of Dewas acceded to India, and their states were integrated into Madhya Bharat, which became a state of India in 1950. In 1956, Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh state.
# Geography.
Dewas lies northeast of Indore, southeast of Ujjain, and southwest of Shajapur. The city is located on the level plains of the Malwa plateau; to the south, the land rises gently to the Vindhya Range, which is the source of the Chambal and Kali Sindh rivers that flow north through the district on their way to the Ganges. The main river in Dewas is Kshipra.
# Demographics.
India census, Dewas had a population of 289,438. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dewas | 19,736 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
had an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 77% and female literacy was 61%. 7% of the population was under 5 years of age.
# Administration.
The Member of Parliament from Dewas is Mahendra Singh Solanki of BJP who was elected in the Lok Sabha Election 2019.
# Industry.
Dewas was known for being a production centre of retail opium in the 1800s, as noted in the 1895 first report of the Royal Commission on Opium. Rapid industrialization took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but due to inadequate infrastructure, the pace has slowed since the late 1980s. In recent years, some industries have closed their operations due to a shortage | 19,737 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
of sufficient infrastructure to support growth; there is a shortage of water due to excessive usage in previous decades.
The city has many industrial units providing employment to thousands of workers. The largest companies include Tata, Kirloskar, Arvind Mills, S Kumars, Tata-Cummins, Gajra Gears, Gabriel India Ltd, Sun Pharma Industries Limited, Caparo Tubes and John Deere. Dewas is known as the soy capital of India and is a major part of the soy bean processing industry in the country.
Due to its location above sea level at one corner of the Malwa plateau, constant wind flows in the region are suitable for harvesting wind energy. There are more than 100 wind mills on a hill from Dewas, | 19,738 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
generating around 15 megawatts of power. These were financed by a few private companies which sought a reliable power supply.
# Colleges.
- Government K.P. College
- Maharani pushpmala raje puar government girls degree college Dewas
- Prestige Institute of Management, Baawdia Dewas
- Guru Vashishtha College,Dewas
- BCG college
- Govt. Polytechnic College, Rajoda Dewas
- Maya Devi Institute of Advanced Education
# Schools.
- Central India Academy, Dewas
- Ebenezer School
- Escort Junior School
- Central Malwa Academy
- Padmaja Higher Secondary School
- Vidyakunj International School
- San Thome Academy
- Holy Trinity School,Dewas
- B C M School
- Vindhyachal Academy, Dewas
- | 19,739 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
St. Mary's Convent School, Dewas
- Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Dewas
- Kendriya Vidyalaya, Dewas
- Gyan Sagar Academy School Dewas
- Saraswati Gyan Peeth H.S. School
- The Guardian High School
- Saraswati Shishu/Vidhya Mandir
- San Thomas School
# Media.
Under Print media, Satyakaar a daily evening newspaper is published from Dewas. Along with this, newspapers like Dainik Bhaskar, Naidunia, Patrika etc. published from Indore are also circulated here.
# Places of interest.
Dewas is known for Devi Chamunda temple and Devi Tulaja Bhavani temple situated on a hilltop, Tekri. A broad flight of stone steps leads to two shrines to the goddesses, Choti Mata (Chamunda Mata) and Badi Mata (Tulja | 19,740 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
Bhavani Mata). Numerous other temples spread over Tekri can be explored on foot.
Shri Sheelnath Dhuni at the Tekri foothills is a place of worship for followers of Saint Sheelnath Maharaj's of Gorakh Nath Sumpradaya. Sheelnath Maharaj belonged to a royal family of Jaipur and later became a Yogi of Gorakh Nath Sumpradaya, who lived in Dewas in his old age.
The Pawar Chatries near the Meetha talab of Dewas are examples of Maratha architecture in the area.
Keladevi or Kailadevi temple at Dewas is the largest in the state. It is situated at Mishri Lal Nagar (Agra Bombay Road), south-westerly. It was established in December 1995 by businessman Mannulal Garg. This modern temple was built by South | 19,741 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
Indian artists; it houses a statue of Lord Hanumanji. The original Kaila Devi Temple is located on the banks of the Kalisil river in Karauli district of Rajasthan. The temple is devoted to the tutelary deity of the former princely rulers of the Karauli state, Kaila.
Mahadev mandir is a temple in Shankar Gadh built by the Dewas ruler Shrimant Sadashive Rao Maharaja (Khase Saheb) in 1942. The temple is located on a small hill south of the city.
Mahakaleshwar temple, Bilwali - Bilavali village is situated 3 km North of Dewas.
Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Kannod Tehsil of Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh. It is spread over an area of 132 square kilometers.
# Transport.
## Rail.
Dewas | 19,742 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
Junction (DWX), is a standard broad-gauge railway station which belongs to Ratlam Division of the Western Railway Zone. It connects to all major cities in India.
Dewas Junction lies on the Indore Junction BG – Ujjain Junction branch line. It has one line originating at Maksi Junction which connects Nagda Bhopal Junction western–central railway link line. The Indore–Ujjain line has been eletrified to increase speed.
## Road.
Dewas is well connected to major cities of Madhya Pradesh state through an extensive network of national highways (NH) and state highways. NH-52 passes through the city. NH 86 connects Dewas to Kanpur. Dewas is connected to the state's political capital of Bhopal by the | 19,743 |
906379 | Dewas | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewas | Dewas
the Indore Junction BG – Ujjain Junction branch line. It has one line originating at Maksi Junction which connects Nagda Bhopal Junction western–central railway link line. The Indore–Ujjain line has been eletrified to increase speed.
## Road.
Dewas is well connected to major cities of Madhya Pradesh state through an extensive network of national highways (NH) and state highways. NH-52 passes through the city. NH 86 connects Dewas to Kanpur. Dewas is connected to the state's political capital of Bhopal by the 4-lane expressway known as the Dewas–Bhopal Corridor.
# See also.
- Maratha Empire
- List of Maratha dynasties and states
# External links.
- Government website on Dewas district | 19,744 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
Miconazole
Miconazole, sold under the brand name Monistat among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina. It is used for ring worm of the body, groin (jock itch), and feet (athlete's foot). It is applied to the skin or vagina as a cream or ointment.
Common side effects include itchiness or irritation of the area in which it was applied. Use in pregnancy is believed to be safe for the baby. Miconazole is in the imidazole family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to make ergosterol, an important part of its cell membrane.
Miconazole was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use | 19,745 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.23 to US$0.60 for a 30 gram tube. In the United States a course of treatment costs less than US$25.
# Medical uses.
Miconazole is mainly used externally for the treatment of ringworm including jock itch and athlete's foot. Internal application is used for oral or vaginal thrush (yeast infection). The oral gel may also be used for the lip disorder angular cheilitis.
In the UK, miconazole may be used to treat neonatal oral thrush, while the alternative nystatin is only licensed for patients over | 19,746 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
the age of one month, but drug interactions are possible.
# Side effects.
Unlike nystatin, some miconazole is absorbed by the intestinal tract when used orally (and possibly if used vaginally); this may lead to drug interactions.
Interactions are possible with anticoagulants, phenytoin, terbinafine, some newer atypical antipsychotics, cyclosporin, and some statins used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
# Brand names and formulations.
Oral treatment: (brands: Daktarin in UK, Fungimin Oral Gel in Bangladesh )
- Oral gel 24 mg/ml (20 mg/g)
- Oravig 50 mg once daily buccal tablet:
In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Oravig (miconazole) buccal tablets once daily for the local | 19,747 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, more commonly known as thrush, in adults and children age 16 and older. Oravig is the only local, oral prescription formulation of miconazole approved for this use in the U.S.
External skin treatment: (brands: Desenex and Zeasorb in US and Canada, Micatin, Monistat-Derm, Daktarin in India, UK, Australia, Belgium and the Philippines, Daktar in Norway, Fungidal in Bangladesh, Decocort in Malaysia)
- Topical cream: 2%
- Combination: hydrocortisone/miconazole cream with 1% and 2%, respectively (Daktacort in UK, Daktodor in Greece)
- Dusting powder: 2% powder with chlorhexidine hydrochloride (mycoDust)
Vaginal treatment: (brands: Miconazex, Monistat, Femizol | 19,748 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
or Gyno-Daktarin in UK)
- Pessaries: 200 or 100 mg
- Vaginal cream: 2% (7-day treatment), 4% (3-day treatment)
- Combination: 2% cream with either 100 or 200 mg
# Pharmacology.
Miconazole inhibits the fungal enzyme 14α-sterol demethylase, which reduces production of ergosterol. In addition to its antifungal actions, miconazole, along with ketoconazole, is known to act as an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor.
# Remyelination.
Miconazole has been shown to promote remyelination of neurons in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis mouse models.
# Physical properties.
The solubilities of miconazole nitrate powder are 0.03% in water, 0.76% in ethanol and up to 4% in acetic acid.
# | 19,749 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
Other uses.
Miconazole is also used in Ektachrome film developing in the final rinse of the Kodak E-6 process and similar Fuji CR-56 process, replacing formaldehyde. Fuji Hunt also includes miconazole as a final rinse additive in their formulation of the C-41RA rapid access color negative developing process.
# See also.
- Antifungal medication
- Castor oil
- Clotrimazole
- Cremophor EL
- Isoconazole
# External links.
## Medical.
- Micatin
- Miconazole (National Institutes of Health)
- United States Patent 5461068 Imidazole derivative tincture and method of manufacture
## Photographic.
- Kodak process E6 Ektachrome (color transparency) processing manual Z-119
- Kodak process E6 | 19,750 |
906403 | Miconazole | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miconazole | Miconazole
al rinse of the Kodak E-6 process and similar Fuji CR-56 process, replacing formaldehyde. Fuji Hunt also includes miconazole as a final rinse additive in their formulation of the C-41RA rapid access color negative developing process.
# See also.
- Antifungal medication
- Castor oil
- Clotrimazole
- Cremophor EL
- Isoconazole
# External links.
## Medical.
- Micatin
- Miconazole (National Institutes of Health)
- United States Patent 5461068 Imidazole derivative tincture and method of manufacture
## Photographic.
- Kodak process E6 Ektachrome (color transparency) processing manual Z-119
- Kodak process E6 Q-LAB processing manual Z-6 (more details than processing manual Z119 above) | 19,751 |
420372 | Calculus of communicating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20communicating%20systems | Calculus of communicating systems
Calculus of communicating systems
The calculus of communicating systems (CCS) is a process calculus introduced by Robin Milner around 1980 and the title of a book describing the calculus. Its actions model indivisible communications between exactly two participants. The formal language includes primitives for describing parallel composition, choice between actions and scope restriction. CCS is useful for evaluating the qualitative correctness of properties of a system such as deadlock or livelock.
According to Milner, "There is nothing canonical about the choice of the basic combinators, even though they were chosen with great attention to economy. What characterises our calculus is not the | 19,752 |
420372 | Calculus of communicating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20communicating%20systems | Calculus of communicating systems
exact choice of combinators, but rather the choice of interpretation and of mathematical framework".
The expressions of the language are interpreted as a labelled transition system. Between these models, bisimilarity is used as a semantic equivalence.
# Syntax.
Given a set of action names, the set of CCS processes is defined by the following BNF grammar:
The parts of the syntax are, in the order given above
- empty process : the empty process formula_2 is a valid CCS process
- action : the process formula_3 can perform an action formula_4 and continue as the process formula_5
- process identifier : write formula_6 to use the identifier formula_7 to refer to the process formula_5 (which | 19,753 |
420372 | Calculus of communicating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20communicating%20systems | Calculus of communicating systems
may contain the identifier formula_7 itself, i.e., recursive definitions are allowed)
- choice : the process formula_10 can proceed either as the process formula_5 or the process formula_12
- parallel composition : formula_13 tells that processes formula_5 and formula_12 exist simultaneously
- renaming : formula_16 is the process formula_5 with all actions named formula_4 renamed as formula_19
- restriction : formula_20 is the process formula_5 without action formula_4
# Related calculi, models, and languages.
- Communicating sequential processes (CSP), developed by Tony Hoare, is a language that arose at a similar time to CCS.
- The pi-calculus, developed by Milner in the late 80's, | 19,754 |
420372 | Calculus of communicating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20communicating%20systems | Calculus of communicating systems
provides mobility of communication links by allowing processes to communicate the names of communication channels themselves.
- PEPA, developed by Jane Hillston introduces activity timing in terms of exponentially distributed rates and probabilistic choice, allowing performance metrics to be evaluated.
- Reversible Communicating Concurrent Systems (RCCS) introduced by Vincent Danos, Jean Krivine, and others, introduces (partial) reversibility in the execution of CCS processes.
Some other languages based on CCS:
- Calculus of broadcasting systems
- Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS)
- Process Calculus for Spatially-Explicit Ecological Models (PALPS) is an extension of CCS | 19,755 |
420372 | Calculus of communicating systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20communicating%20systems | Calculus of communicating systems
al) reversibility in the execution of CCS processes.
Some other languages based on CCS:
- Calculus of broadcasting systems
- Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS)
- Process Calculus for Spatially-Explicit Ecological Models (PALPS) is an extension of CCS with probabilistic choice, locations and attributes for locations
- Java Orchestration Language Interpreter Engine (Jolie)
Models that have been used in the study of CCS-like systems:
- History monoid
- Actor model
# References.
- Robin Milner: "A Calculus of Communicating Systems", Springer Verlag, . 1980.
- Robin Milner, "Communication and Concurrency", Prentice Hall, International Series in Computer Science, . 1989 | 19,756 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
Littleover
Littleover is a village and suburb in the city of Derby, in Derbyshire, England, between Rose Hill, Normanton, Sunny Hill and Mickleover, about southwest of Derby city centre.
# History.
The history of Littleover's name is simple. It is derived from 'Little Ufre' (Domesday book) and in Old English "Ofer" which meant a slope or little hill, whilst neighbouring Mickleover, is known to be from 'Mickle Ufre' meaning large hill. Littleover was also formerly known as Parver Over.
The village, like many settlements in England, is partially of Saxon and partially of Roman origin; the Burton Road is a Roman road linking the A38 to the city centre. Its Roman origin is easily confirmed due | 19,757 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
to its direct route. "Burton Road", the A5250, leaves the A38 as "Rykneld Road" and becomes "Pastures Hill" just past Heatherton Village. At the top of "Pastures Hill" it crosses a junction with "Hillsway" and "Chain Lane", whereupon it becomes "Burton Road" and remains so up to its junction with "Babington Lane" in Derby city centre. Despite the attraction of the Burton Road-Babington Lane route, it is possible that the course of the original Rykneld Way did not deviate but continued in a straight line through the rear of what was the Crest Motel.
Littleover was in the parish of Mickleover until 1866, when the residents of Littleover rejected parish rule and formed their own authority.
Littleover's | 19,758 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
main shopping area is situated around Burton Road as the village is entered from the ring road.
The village's main public house is called the Half Moon and is notable as being one of two inns in the village in 1577; it still serves as a community hub where residents gather and socialise. The older part of the village around St Peter's Church was built in the 14th century. The village has another public house, the White Swan which can be found on "Shepherd Street" also near the older part of Littleover. Directly opposite the White Swan is Church Street which takes its name from the aforementioned St Peter's Church and links up with the Hollow which is believed to be of medieval origin. The age | 19,759 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
of the Hollow and Church Street are evidenced by the buildings that can be found there; even today the former contains the beautiful thatched roofed Littleover Cottage (very rare in Derbyshire), whilst on "Church Street" can be found a detached white house, which in its time has been called the White House and would probably have been there before most of the buildings around it. Residential properties in Littleover are generally attractive, well-maintained and spacious properties which are highly desired within the Derby area. The White House, it is believed, may date in part from the 16th century, whereupon it probably would have stood alone with the thatched cottage and church. In earlier | 19,760 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
times this area was the centre of activity in the village where the square was used for markets, proclamations and general celebrations on public holidays.
The Crest Hotel, built around the late 19th century on a site previously occupied by a windmill, burnt down in 2002. Today a housing development stands where the hotel used to be.
# Education.
The final location of Derby School was in Littleover on Moorway Lane, the site is now occupied by Derby Moor Community Sports College.
Infant, junior and primary schools:
- St Georges Catholic Voluntary Academy
- Gayton Junior School
- Ridgeway Infant School
- Carlyle Infant School
- Griffe Field Primary School built as part of the Heatherton | 19,761 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
Village estate in 1999
- St Peter's CofE Junior School
Secondary and sixth form schools:
- Derby Grammar School (Boys independent school)
- Derby High School (Girls independent school)
- Derby Moor Community Sports College (Comprehensive School)
- Littleover Community School (Comprehensive School)
# Notable residents.
- Lee Camp, goalkeeper
- Judith Hann, TV presenter ("Tomorrow's World") was born here
- Fiona May, athlete
- Michael Socha, actor
- Harry Slack FRSE zoologist
- Lucy Ward, musician, grew up in Littleover
- Kelli Young, member of British pop group, Liberty X
- Keiran Lee, Pornographic actor.
- William Alexander (Alec) Onslow Martin, Deputy Chief Designer Rolls Royce | 19,762 |
420364 | Littleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleover | Littleover
t school)
- Derby Moor Community Sports College (Comprehensive School)
- Littleover Community School (Comprehensive School)
# Notable residents.
- Lee Camp, goalkeeper
- Judith Hann, TV presenter ("Tomorrow's World") was born here
- Fiona May, athlete
- Michael Socha, actor
- Harry Slack FRSE zoologist
- Lucy Ward, musician, grew up in Littleover
- Kelli Young, member of British pop group, Liberty X
- Keiran Lee, Pornographic actor.
- William Alexander (Alec) Onslow Martin, Deputy Chief Designer Rolls Royce Rocket Division Derby, particularly Rolls-Royce RZ.2 engine for Blue Streak. 1914–1963, interred St Peter's Littleover
# External links.
- Focus on Littleover
- Derby Guide | 19,763 |
420374 | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20Broadcasting%20Systems | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems
Calculus of Broadcasting Systems
Calculus of Broadcasting Systems (CBS) is a CCS-like calculus where processes speak one at a time and each is heard instantaneously by all others. Speech is autonomous, contention between speakers being resolved nondeterministically, but hearing only happens when someone else speaks. Observationally meaningful laws differ from those of CCS. The handshake communication of CCS is changed to broadcast communication in CBS. This allows several additional features:
- 1. Priority, which attaches only to autonomous actions, is simply added to CBS in contrast to CCS, where such actions are the result of communication.
- 2. A CBS simulator runs a process by returning | 19,764 |
420374 | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20Broadcasting%20Systems | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems
a list of values it broadcasts. This permits a powerful combination, CBS with the host language. It yields several elegant algorithms. Only processes with a unique response to each input are needed in practice, so weak bi simulation is a congruence.
- 3. CBS subsystems are interfaced by translators; by mapping messages to silence, these can restrict hearing and hide speech. Reversing a translator turns its scope inside out. This permits a new specification for a communication link – the environment of each user should behave like the other user.
# See also.
- Alternating bit protocol
- Bisimulation
- Calculus of communicating systems (CCS)
- Communicating sequential processes (CSP)
- | 19,765 |
420374 | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculus%20of%20Broadcasting%20Systems | Calculus of Broadcasting Systems
t of each user should behave like the other user.
# See also.
- Alternating bit protocol
- Bisimulation
- Calculus of communicating systems (CCS)
- Communicating sequential processes (CSP)
- Pi-calculus
# References.
- K. V. S. Prasad: "A Calculus of Broadcasting Systems", Science of Computer Programming, 25, 1995.
- K. V. S. Prasad: "Programming with broadcasts", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 715, CONCUR, 1993, Springer-Verlag.
- K. V. S. Prasad: "Broadcasting in time", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1061, COORDINATION, 1996, Springer-Verlag.
# External links.
- Citations from CiteSeer
- A TCBS-Implementation on C++ - A Laboratory for the Course "Parallelism" | 19,766 |
906390 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne%20Conference%20of%201922–23 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
The Conference of Lausanne was a conference held in Lausanne, Switzerland, during 1922 and 1923. Its purpose was the negotiation of a treaty to replace the Treaty of Sèvres, which, under the new government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was no longer recognized by Turkey.
The conference opened in November 1922, with representatives from Great Britain, France, Italy and Turkey. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey selected İsmet İnönü, Rıza Nur and Chief Rabbi Chaim Nahum as their representatives. Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, was the coordinator of the conference and dominated it. France and Italy had assumed that, following the Chanak Crisis, British | 19,767 |
906390 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne%20Conference%20of%201922–23 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
prestige with Turkey would be irrevocably damaged; they were shocked to discover that Turkish respect for Britain was undiminished, since British troops had held their positions at Chanak while the French had been ordered to withdraw.
The conference lasted for eleven weeks. It heard speeches from Benito Mussolini of Italy and Raymond Poincaré of France. The proceedings of the conference were notable for the stubborn diplomacy of İsmet Pasha. Already partially deaf, he would simply turn off his hearing aid when Curzon launched into lengthy speeches denouncing the Turkish position. Once Curzon was finished, İsmet Pasha would restate his original demands, oblivious to Curzon's denunciations.
At | 19,768 |
906390 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne%20Conference%20of%201922–23 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
the conclusion, Turkey assented to the political clauses and the "freedom of the straits", which was Britain's main concern. The matter of the status of Mosul was deferred, since Curzon refused to be budged on the British position that the area was part of Iraq. The French delegation, however, did not achieve any of their goals and on 30 January 1923 issued a statement that they did not consider the draft treaty to be any more than a basis of discussion. The Turks therefore refused to sign the treaty. On 4 February 1923, Curzon made a final appeal to İsmet Pasha to sign, and when he refused the Foreign Secretary broke off negotiations and left that night on the Orient Express.
The Treaty of | 19,769 |
906390 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne%20Conference%20of%201922–23 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
Lausanne was finally signed on 24 July 1923.
# Background.
The harsh Treaty of Sèvres imposed upon the government of the Ottoman Empire after World War I by the Allied Powers included provisions that demanded the partition of Anatolia. The treaty demanded the occupation of French and Italian zones of occupation in the southeast and southwest, the cession of much of western Anatolia to Greece, and the establishment of two independent states, Armenia and Kurdistan, in the east and southwest. The Ottoman state was to have a small army and navy without heavy artillery, plane, or battleships and the Ottoman budget was to be placed under the supervisions of an Allied financial commission. Surprisingly | 19,770 |
906390 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne%20Conference%20of%201922–23 | Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
Turkish nationalists were vehemently opposed to these clauses and decided to fight to inhibit their effectiveness.
In the Turkish War of Independence that followed, the Turkish nationalist army defeated the Greeks and created resolutions with the French and Italians in order to secure a sovereign, independent, Turkish state in Anatolia.
# Preliminary meetings.
The location of Lausanne, Switzerland, was chosen as a neutral area by Britain, France and Italy to discuss the new policies in the Near East. Representatives of the Soviet Union would be invited solely for the purpose of renegotiating the Straits Convention. Before the Conference even began, Lord Curzon of Britain expressed doubts | 19,771 |
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upon the reliability of France and Italy for support for he stated, "I am not going into the conference in order to find myself let down very likely on the first day by the French or Italians." He thereto for demanded a preliminary meeting of the three nations in order to reach a preliminary strategy before traveling to Lausanne. Curzon prepared a list of British demands separated into two categories: ‘Essential’ - which included Greek retention of Western Thrace, the freedom of the Straits to shipping, demilitarized zones on the coasts and retention of Allied troops in Istanbul until a new treaty was ratified. The second category was entitled ‘Most Desirable’ and included measures for the protection | 19,772 |
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of the minorities in Turkey, preliminary safeguards of the Armenian population, satisfaction of Allied requirements of the Ottoman debt, capitulations, and the future financial and economic regime in Turkey. Preliminary meetings took place in Paris between Lord Curzon and the French statesman Raymond Poincaré on 18 November 1922, lasting five hours. Poincaré addressed each of Lord Curzon’s aims point by point and reluctantly agreed to the majority of them. The two then met with Benito Mussolini who quickly agreed to the agenda due to his overall indifference to the negotiations.
The first official meeting of the Lausanne Conference was held on 21 November 1922 where Curzon appointed himself | 19,773 |
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president of the conference and instituted three sub-commissions. The first commission (and arguably most important) addressed territorial and military questions; the second addressed the financial and economic questions; and the third was meant to answer the future of judicial status of foreigners in Turkey. The first commission was chaired by Lord Curzon, the second by the French ambassador Camille Barrère, and the third by Italian diplomat Marquis Garone.
On 23 November, Curzon's commission began its processions. İsmet Pasha delivered a long speech in which he demanded the cession of Karaagac, a suburb of Edirne, which had been retained by Greece as part of Western Thrace. Curzon responded | 19,774 |
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by chastising the Turks for making, what he considered, excessive demands. He was met with widespread support by the French and Italians and went on to state that this "exhibition of so firm an Allied front at this stage and on so important an issue took [the] Turks very much by surprise and will probably exercise a decisive influence in our future proceedings." This feeling did not last however for, by December, Turkish obstruction and stubbornness as well as Italian concessions had all but halted negotiations.
The Russian delegation arrived in Lausanne on 28 November 1922 with Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin as their chief spokesman. They demanded to be admitted to the conference as a whole, | 19,775 |
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and, when the Straits commission officially met on 5 December, also demanded the closure of the Straits, in peace and war, to the warships and aircraft of all nations except Turkey. Both of these proposals were rejected and any Russian protest was ignored.
On 16 December, Curzon decided that he would remain at the conference over the Christmas holiday in order to expedite the conference’s conclusion. He intended to draw up a preliminary treaty containing the points already agreed to in the meetings with the Turks and then invite İsmet Pasha to accept or reject it as a statement of agreed principle, leaving experts to fill in the rest. After Christmas however, increasing Turkish inflexibility | 19,776 |
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on generally all the significant clauses (as well as rumors of an imminent Turkish military advance on Istanbul), led Curzon to seek a private meeting with İsmet. He found the Turkish foreign minister "impervious to argument, warning or appeal, and can only go on repeating the same catchwords, indulging in the same futil quibbles, and making the same childish complaints."
Lord Curzon’s intention of presenting the Turks with a preliminary treaty was further hindered by a lack of correspondence from Poincaré in regards to the acceptability of the conditions presented to France. In mid-January 1923, Maurice Bompard, who had taken the place of the sickly Barrere as chief French delegate, visited | 19,777 |
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Paris to relay with Poincaré. He then returned to the Conference with a document of 24 headings dictated by Poincaré that represented a French demand for substantial concessions to Turkey on most issues in order to bring about a faster conclusion. Curzon described an "unconditional surrender to the Turks."
He adamantly refused to accept any of these ‘eleventh hour proposals’ and went on to decide on a fixed date for the departure of the British delegation from the conference. On that day, he explained, the Turks would be asked to accept or reject the text of the treaty which Britain would be drawing up without the inclusion of any of Poincaré’s amendments.
When the draft was presented to the | 19,778 |
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Turks on 31 January, İsmet asked for an adjournment of eight days. There was further meetings of the Allied delegations on the morning of 2 January during which Curzon reluctantly agreed to further modifications on capitulations and tariffs, the abandonment of reparations due from Turkey and the removal of all restrictions on the size of the Turkish army in Thrace. On 4 February, the Turks accepted all the territorial terms of the draft treat, with a reservation about Mosul, but rejected the judicial, economic, and financial clauses. They also demanded reparations from Greece for the damage its army caused in İzmir — a demand Curzon had already rejected due to the poverty of Greece. Although | 19,779 |
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the Allies agreed to further slight changes in the economic clauses, the Turks still refused to sign the treaty on the grounds that the economic and judicial clauses were still unsatisfactory.
It was then reported that for the next several hours, İsmet Pasha feigned total ineptitude in the understanding of the simplest of proposition — a ploy of stubbornness that aimed to force another revision of the treaty. Every warning, argument, or plea to İsmet lacked even the smallest effect. From there negotiations broke down and all parties returned to their respective capitals.
# Resolution.
In early March 1923, a Turkish note suggested new propositions towards the still unsettled financial, economic, | 19,780 |
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and judicial questions. Curzon accepted the Turkish proposals on the basis that the conference would be revived although he ruled out any further revisions of the territorial clauses already resolved. Between 21–27 March 1923, British, French, Italian, and Japanese experts met in London to discuss Allied criteria for the settlement of the still unresolved issues of the conference.
The conference eventually reopened at Lausanne on 23 April 1923. Once again three commissions were set up: the first dealing with the remaining territorial questions and the rights for foreigners, which was chaired by Sir Horace Rumbold, the primary British delegate as Curzon refused to return to Lausanne, the second | 19,781 |
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under General Maurice Pellé, now the principle French delegate, on financial questions and the third, under , the chief Italian delegate, on economic questions. Most of the proceedings were of a highly technical nature and progressed slowly. France renewed her demand for the payment of reparations to the Allies by Turkey, although, as Curzon pointed out, the Allies had agreed to abandon these in February. Nor could any agreement be reached with Turks on the future judicial regime for foreigners in their country. Finally, Turkish insistence that the Greeks pay reparations to Turkey for war damage in İzmir almost led to a renewal of Turco-Greek hostilities. On 24 April the Greek delegation threatened | 19,782 |
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to walk out of the conference on Saturday, the 26th, if the Turks had not accepted the Greek offer of Karaağaç in lieu of reparations. Mustafa Kemal intervened, and his government agreed that İsmet could accept Karaagaç in lieu of reparations if this was coupled with a favorable settlement of the remaining questions. On the afternoon of the 26th, after appeals from all the delegates at the conference, İsmet accepted the compromise which was coupled with rather vague assurances by the Allies that every effort would be made to satisfy Turkish requirements on other issues.
However, after a further appeal to Poincaré by Crewe on 6 July, the French Prime Minister accepted a British proposal that | 19,783 |
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a declaration about the debt interest should be omitted from the treaty and the matter dealt with in a separate note from the Allies to Turkey. After another long six-hour meeting on the subject between the Allied and Turkish delegates, the issue was finally settled. At 1.30 a.m. on 9 July 1923 agreement was reached on the debt interest and concessions questions and on the evaluation of the Allies from Constantinople after Turkey had ratified the peace treaty.
However, there were still delays over the settlement of other minor issues and not until 24 July 1923 was the Treaty signed at a plenary session of the conference.
# Treaty of Lausanne.
It was known from early on in the Conference that | 19,784 |
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Turkey was left in a perilous position for much of it had been destroyed in the wars of independence. The Turks needed an end to conflict and normal relations with Europe in order to build and sustain their economy. Though İsmet Pasha, acted extremely stubborn and near unworkable during the conference, he mainly acted thus in matters that threatened Turkish independence. On matters that did not touch the heart of Turkish independence, İsmet eventually accepted Allied wishes in order to secure Turkey’s place in the future economy. He easily accepted British and French colonial rule in Palestine, Syria, and Iraq. Although İsmet would surely have loved to negate the old Ottoman debt, a great weight | 19,785 |
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on the new state, he accepted a proportional division of the debt among the successor states of the Empire.
On matters on independence, the Turks were resolute in their stance. The capitulations and all the rules that allowed foreigners to have their own legal systems in the Ottoman Empire, their own post offices, and other extraterritorial rights, were ended. Foreigners and minorities were to be governed by the same sets of laws and have the same rights as the Turks. Social and religious institutions of Christians were specifically allowed but not separate political institutions.
Furthermore, the Treaty attempted to rectify the expulsion of entire populations in the Balkans with a population | 19,786 |
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exchange. Greeks had lived in Anatolia for thousands of years, and the Turks had lived in what was now Greece for more than 500 years, but both Greece and Turkey had come to realize that the two populations could no longer live together in cooperation. The viciousness of the Balkan Wars essentially destroyed the tolerance between the two cultures. Most of the Turks of Greece, in fact, had been expelled after 1878, especially in the Balkan Wars. Most Anatolian Greeks had fled in 1922. At Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to relocate most of the Muslims and Greeks who had remained in the other’s country. Only the Greeks of Istanbul and the Turks of western Thrace were excluded.
## Mosul Question.
On | 19,787 |
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4 February 1923 while the Lausanne Conference was still in session, the two obstinate parties laying claim to the Mosul region — Turkey and Great Britain — deferred the dispute from the conference agenda since its deadlock was so firm. Following the first World War, the British sought to contain the Bolshevik threat by expanding its presence in the Middle Eastern regions around Iraq, Iran, and Turkey. Turkey however remained adamant that this region was owed to them based on 1.) racial unity of the Turks and Kurds, 2.) arguments that most of the disputed area’s trade was with Anatolia, 3.) illegal occupation of the Allies in Mosul, and 4.) the presence of self-determination from which the inhabitants | 19,788 |
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actually wanted to be a part of Turkey. Lord Curzon however addressed each of these claims individually claiming that: 1.) racially, the majority of the inhabitants were Kurds who were of Indo-European origin — fundamentally different from the Turks, 2.) most of the trade of Mosul was with Iraq, not Anatolia, 3.) legally the British government had been entrusted with the mandate over Iraq by the League of Nations, and 4.) the frequent Kurdish revolts during the nineteenth century immediately before World War I demonstrated that the Kurds were unwilling to be a part of Turkey. Britain eventually brought the dispute before the League of Nations who ruled that neither party had any right to occupy | 19,789 |
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and control the area. The Kurdish population was instead divided between Turkey, Syria, and Iraq — ending any aspirations the Kurds had for self-determination.
In return for Turkey’s concession, they were then afforded an invitation to join the League of Nations in order to complete the isolation of Bolshevik Russia.
## Straits Questions.
The Straits question of the conference further emphasizes the prevailing paranoia of the encroaching Bolshevik especially by the Allies. At the end of World War I, the victorious powers imposed the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres which placed the control of the Straits under the Commission of the Straits. The Commission would be composed of the representatives | 19,790 |
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of the Great Powers and Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey. With the recovery of Turkish power in Anatolia however, the peace treaty became inoperative within two years. The sessions of the conference devoted to the Straits question became a duel between Lord Curzon and Chicherin of the Russia who demanded that the passage of military vessels through the Straits be prohibited at all times. He further demanded the restoration of full Turkish sovereignty over the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles with an unrestricted right to fortify their shores. Eventually, the British prevailed enacting Article I of the Straits Convention of 24 July 1923 which stated the principle of freedom of transit and of | 19,791 |
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navigation through the Straits in times of both peace of war. Furthermore, Article IV stipulated that the shores of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles as well as the contiguous islands in the Aegean and in Marmara would be demilitarized.
# Implications.
The Lausanne Conference officially recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey on an international scale. Turkey, in a sense, achieved what the Ottoman Empire set out to do prior to World War I — receiving equal treatment among the Western powers and asserted its place in the international political sphere. The treaty restricted the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey, and formally relinquished all Turkish claims on the Dodecanese | 19,792 |
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Islands, Cyprus, Egypt and Sudan, Syria and Iraq. In Article 3,Turkey’s southern border also became rigidly defined and thereto for officially ceded the territories of Yemen, Asir, and parts of Hejaz including Medina. Turkey also officially ceded Adakale Island in the River Danube to Romania under Articles 25 and 26 under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to Article 10, Turkey also gave up any of its privileges in Libya. The Armenians also lost hope of reestablishing a large presence in East Anatolia under the Treaty and were instead only afforded a small homeland in Soviet Armenia which, in 1922, eventually became a part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic.
Aside from | 19,793 |
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the redrawing of geographic borders, Robert Gerwarth states that the conference sanctioned relocation of ethnic and religious populations had inauspicious consequences and:
""had a significance that went well beyond the Greek and Turkish context to which it ostensibly applied. The Convention effectively established the legal right of state governments to expel large parts of their citizens on the grounds of 'otherness'. It fatally undermined cultural, ethnic and religious plurality as an ideal to which to aspire and a reality with which - for all their contestations - most people in the European land empires had dealt with fairly well for centuries.""
# See also.
- Commissions of the Danube | 19,794 |
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River
- Lausanne Conference of 1932
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Turkish War of Independence
- Treaty of Sèvres
- World War I
# Bibliography.
## Primary sources.
- Records of Proceedings and draft Terms of peace : Presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty, Cmd. 1814
## Secondary sources.
- Hanioglu, M. Sukru (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.
- Dockrill, Michael (1993). "Britain and the Lausanne Conference, 1922-23". The Turkish Yearbook, XXIII.
- Cleveland, William L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Othman, Ali (1997). "The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, 1922-1923". Middle East | 19,795 |
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Studies 33.
- Agoston, Gabor (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File Inc.
- Documents on British Foreign Policy, (tel 419 no. 169 ed.).
- McCarthy, Justin (2001). The Ottoman Peoples and the End of an Empire. Arnold Publishers.
- Goldstein, Erik. "The British Official Mind and the Conference of Lausanne, 1922-23". Diplomacy & Statecraft 14.
- Brown, Philip Marshall (1923). "The Lausanne Conference". The American Journal of International Law 17.
- Grew, Joseph G. "The Peace Conference of Lausanne, 1922-23". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98.
- Macfie, A.L. (1998). The End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923. Longman.
- Hirschon, Renee (2009). "History’s | 19,796 |
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nold Publishers.
- Goldstein, Erik. "The British Official Mind and the Conference of Lausanne, 1922-23". Diplomacy & Statecraft 14.
- Brown, Philip Marshall (1923). "The Lausanne Conference". The American Journal of International Law 17.
- Grew, Joseph G. "The Peace Conference of Lausanne, 1922-23". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98.
- Macfie, A.L. (1998). The End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923. Longman.
- Hirschon, Renee (2009). "History’s Long Shadow: The Lausanne Treaty and Contemporary Greco-Turkish Relations". In the Long Shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism: 3. Brill.
- Zurcher, Eric J. (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris. | 19,797 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
Hibari Misora
Misora recorded a total of 1,200 songs, and sold 68 million records. After she died, consumer demand for her recordings grew significantly, and by 2001, she had sold more than 80 million records. Her male contemporary was Michiya Mihashi and although he was more popular as a singer, Misora's movie career made her more popular with the general public. Her swan-song is often performed by numerous artists and orchestras as a tribute to her, including notable renditions by The Three Tenors (Spanish/Italian), Teresa Teng (Taiwanese), and Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan (Mexican).
Each year there is a special on Japanese television and radio featuring her songs. A memorial concert for | 19,798 |
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Misora was held at the Tokyo Dome on November 11, 2012. It featured numerous musicians such as Ai, Koda Kumi, Ken Hirai, Kiyoshi Hikawa, Exile, AKB48 and Nobuyasu Okabayashi amongst others, paying tribute by singing her most famous songs.
# Biography.
## Life and career.
Misora was born in Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Japan. Her father was , a fishmonger, and her mother , a housewife. Misora displayed musical talent from an early age after singing for her father at a World War II send-off party in 1943. He invested a small fortune taken from the family's savings to begin a musical career for his daughter. In 1945 she debuted at a concert hall in Yokohama, at the age of eight. At the same time, she | 19,799 |
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