wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Indians (9-0-0) 12, Shelby Blues 9
- 1910 (OIC) – Shelby Blues/Shelby Tigers (14-0-1) 8, Akron Indians 5
- 1911 (OIC) – Shelby Blues (10-0-0) 1, Canton Bulldogs 0 (forfeit)
- 1912 (OIC) – Elyria Athletics (8-0-0)
- 1913 (OIC) – Akron Indians (8-1-2) 20, Shelby Blues 0
- 1914 (OIC) – Akron Indians (8-2-1) 21, Canton Bulldogs 0
- 1915 (OIC) – Youngstown Patricians (8-0-1) 13, Washington Vigilants 7
- 1916 (OIC) – Canton Bulldogs (9-0-1) 24, Massillon Tigers 0
- 1917 (OIC) – Canton Bulldogs (9-1-0) 7, Detroit Heralds 0
- 1917 (NYPFL) – All-Tonawanda 9, Rochester Jeffersons 7
- 1918 (OIC) – Dayton Triangles (8-0-0) 62, Miamis 0
- 1918 (Buffalo Semi-Pro FL) – Buffalo Niagaras 5-0-0, did | 20,400 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
not play outside Buffalo due to 1918 flu pandemic
- 1919 (OIC) – Canton Bulldogs 9-0-1
- 1919 (NYPFL) – Buffalo Prospects 20, Rochester Jeffersons 0
## 1920-1932.
- 1920 (APFA) – Akron Pros (8-0-3) 0, Buffalo/Phoenixville (20-1*-1) 0; Akron wins by virtue of no losses†
- 1921 (APFA) – Chicago Staleys (10-1-1) 10, Buffalo All-Americans 7†
- 1922 (NFL) – Canton Bulldogs 10-0-2
- 1923 (NFL) – Canton Bulldogs 11-0-1
- 1924 (NFL) – Cleveland Bulldogs 7-1-1
- 1925 (NFL) – Chicago Cardinals 11-2-1
- 1926 (NFL) – Frankford Yellow Jackets 14-1-1
- 1926 (NFL-AFL26 challenge) – New York Giants 31, Philadelphia Quakers 0
- 1927 (NFL) – New York Giants 11-1-1
- 1928 (NFL) – Providence Steam | 20,401 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Roller 8-1-2
- 1929 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 12-0-1
- 1930 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 10-3-1
- 1931 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 12-2-0
- 1932 (NFL) – Chicago Bears (7-1-6) 9, Portsmouth Spartans 0†
## 1933-1959.
- 1933 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 23, New York Giants 21
- 1934 (NFL) – New York Giants 30, Chicago Bears 13
- 1935 (NFL) – Detroit Lions 26, New York Giants 7
- 1936 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 21, Boston Redskins 6
- 1937 (NFL) – Washington Redskins 28, Chicago Bears 21
- 1938 (NFL) – New York Giants 23, Green Bay Packers 17
- 1939 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 27, New York Giants 0
- 1940 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 73, Washington Redskins 0
- 1940 (PCFL–AFL40) – Los Angeles Bulldogs (PCFL) | 20,402 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
7, Columbus Bullies (AFL40) 0
- 1941 (AFL40-WIFU) – Columbus Bullies 31, Winnipeg Blue Bombers 1
- 1941 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 37, New York Giants 9
- 1942 (NFL) – Washington Redskins 14, Chicago Bears 6
- 1943 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 41, Washington Redskins 21
- 1944 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 14, New York Giants 7
- 1944 (PCFL-AFL44) – Hollywood Rangers (AFL44) 21, San Diego Bombers (PCFL) 10
- 1945 (NFL) – Cleveland Rams 15, Washington Redskins 14
- 1946 (AAFC) – Cleveland Browns 14, New York Yankees 9
- 1946 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 24, New York Giants 14
- 1947 (AAFC) – Cleveland Browns 14, New York Yankees 3
- 1947 (NFL) – Chicago Cardinals 28, Philadelphia Eagles 21
- 1948 (AAFC) | 20,403 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
– Cleveland Browns 49 Buffalo Bills 7
- 1948 (NFL) – Philadelphia Eagles 7, Chicago Cardinals 0
- 1949 (AAFC) – Cleveland Browns 21 San Francisco 49ers 7
- 1949 (NFL) – Philadelphia Eagles 14, Los Angeles Rams 0
- 1950 (NFL-AAFC) – Cleveland Browns 35, Philadelphia Eagles 10
- 1950 (NFL) – Cleveland Browns 30, Los Angeles Rams 28
- 1951 (NFL) – Los Angeles Rams 24, Cleveland Browns 17
- 1952 (NFL) – Detroit Lions 17, Cleveland Browns 7
- 1953 (NFL) – Detroit Lions 17, Cleveland Browns 16
- 1954 (NFL) – Cleveland Browns 56, Detroit Lions 10
- 1955 (NFL) – Cleveland Browns 38, Los Angeles Rams 14
- 1956 (NFL) – New York Giants 47, Chicago Bears 7
- 1957 (NFL) – Detroit Lions 59, Cleveland | 20,404 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Browns 14
- 1958 (NFL) – Baltimore Colts 23, New York Giants 17 (OT)
- 1959 (NFL) – Baltimore Colts 31, New York Giants 16
## 1960-1969.
- 1960 (AFL) – Houston Oilers 24, Los Angeles Chargers 16
- 1960 (NFL) – Philadelphia Eagles 17, Green Bay Packers 13
- 1961 (AFL) – Houston Oilers 10, San Diego Chargers 3
- 1961 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 37, New York Giants 0
- 1962 (AFL) – Dallas Texans 20, Houston Oilers 17 (double OT)
- 1962 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 16, New York Giants 7
- 1963 (AFL) – San Diego Chargers 51, Boston Patriots 10
- 1963 (NFL) – Chicago Bears 14, New York Giants 10
- 1964 (AFL) – Buffalo Bills 20, San Diego Chargers 7
- 1964 (NFL) – Cleveland Browns 27, Baltimore | 20,405 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Colts 0
- 1965 (AFL) – Buffalo Bills 23, San Diego Chargers 0
- 1965 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 23, Cleveland Browns 12
- 1966 (AFL) – Kansas City Chiefs 31, Buffalo Bills 7
- 1966 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 34, Dallas Cowboys 27
- 1966 1st World Championship (Super Bowl I) – 1/15/67 NFL Green Bay Packers 35, AFL Kansas City Chiefs 10
- 1967 (AFL) – Oakland Raiders 40, Houston Oilers 7
- 1967 (NFL) – Green Bay Packers 21, Dallas Cowboys 17
- 1967 2nd World Championship (Super Bowl II) – 1/14/68 NFL Green Bay Packers 33, AFL Oakland Raiders 14
- 1968 (AFL) – New York Jets 27, Oakland Raiders 23
- 1968 (NFL) – Baltimore Colts 34, Cleveland Browns 0
- 1968 3rd World Championship (Super | 20,406 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Bowl III) – 1/12/69 AFL New York Jets 16, NFL Baltimore Colts 7
- 1969 (AFL) – Kansas City Chiefs 17, Oakland Raiders 7
- 1969 (NFL) – Minnesota Vikings 27, Cleveland Browns 7
- 1969 4th World Championship (Super Bowl IV) – 1/11/70 AFL Kansas City Chiefs 23, NFL Minnesota Vikings 7
## 1970-2001.
- 1970 (NFL) – Super Bowl V – 1/17/71 AFC Baltimore Colts 16, NFC Dallas Cowboys 13
- 1971 (NFL) – Super Bowl VI – 1/16/72 NFC Dallas Cowboys 24, AFC Miami Dolphins 3
- 1972 (NFL) – Super Bowl VII – 1/14/73 AFC Miami Dolphins 14, NFC Washington Redskins 7
- 1973 (NFL) – Super Bowl VIII – 1/13/74 AFC Miami Dolphins 24, NFC Minnesota Vikings 7
- 1974 (WFL) – World Bowl 1 – 12/5/74 Birmingham Americans | 20,407 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
22, Florida Blazers 21
- 1974 (NFL) – Super Bowl IX – 1/12/75 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 16, NFC Minnesota Vikings 6
- 1975 (WFL) – Split season: First half of season was won by Memphis Southmen at 7-2, but the second half was not completed as the league collapsed. The Birmingham Vulcans had the best overall record for the season.
- 1975 (NFL) – Super Bowl X – 1/18/76 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 21, NFC Dallas Cowboys 17
- 1976 (NFL) – Super Bowl XI – 1/09/77 AFC Oakland Raiders 32, NFC Minnesota Vikings 14
- 1977 (NFL) – Super Bowl XII – 1/15/78 NFC Dallas Cowboys 27, AFC Denver Broncos 10
- 1978 (NFL) – Super Bowl XIII – 1/21/79 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 35, NFC Dallas Cowboys 31
- 1979 (NFL) | 20,408 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
– Super Bowl XIV – 1/20/80 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 31, NFC Los Angeles Rams 19
- 1980 (NFL) – Super Bowl XV – 1/25/81 AFC Oakland Raiders 27, NFC Philadelphia Eagles 10
- 1981 (NFL) – Super Bowl XVI – 1/24/82 NFC San Francisco 49ers 26, AFC Cincinnati Bengals 21
- 1982 (NFL) – Super Bowl XVII – 1/30/83 NFC Washington Redskins 27, AFC Miami Dolphins 17
- 1983 (USFL) - Michigan Panthers 24, Philadelphia Stars 22
- 1983 (NFL) – Super Bowl XVIII – 1/22/84 AFC Los Angeles Raiders 38, NFC Washington Redskins 9
- 1984 (USFL) - Philadelphia Stars 23, Arizona Wranglers 3
- 1984 (NFL) – Super Bowl XIX – 1/20/85 NFC San Francisco 49ers 38, AFC Miami Dolphins 16
- 1985 (USFL) – Baltimore Stars 28, | 20,409 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Oakland Invaders 24
- 1985 (NFL) – Super Bowl XX – 1/26/86 NFC Chicago Bears 46, AFC New England Patriots 10
- 1986 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXI – 1/25/87 NFC New York Giants 39, AFC Denver Broncos 20
- 1987 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXII – 1/31/88 NFC Washington Redskins 42, AFC Denver Broncos 10
- 1988 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXIII – 1/22/89 NFC San Francisco 49ers 20, AFC Cincinnati Bengals 16
- 1989 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXIV – 1/28/90 NFC San Francisco 49ers 55, AFC Denver Broncos 10
- 1990 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXV – 1/27/91 NFC New York Giants 20, AFC Buffalo Bills 19
- 1991 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXVI – 1/26/92 NFC Washington Redskins 37, AFC Buffalo Bills 24
- 1992 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXVII – 1/31/93 NFC | 20,410 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Dallas Cowboys 52, AFC Buffalo Bills 17
- 1993 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXVIII – 1/30/94 NFC Dallas Cowboys 30, AFC Buffalo Bills 13
- 1994 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXIX – 1/29/95 NFC San Francisco 49ers 49, AFC San Diego Chargers 26
- 1995 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXX – 1/28/96 NFC Dallas Cowboys 27, AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 17
- 1996 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXI – 1/26/97 NFC Green Bay Packers 35, AFC New England Patriots 21
- 1997 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXII – 1/25/98 AFC Denver Broncos 31, NFC Green Bay Packers 24
- 1998 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXIII – 1/31/99 AFC Denver Broncos 34, NFC Atlanta Falcons 19
- 1999 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXIV – 1/30/00 NFC St. Louis Rams 23, AFC Tennessee Titans 16
- 2000 (NFL) – Super | 20,411 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Bowl XXXV – 1/28/01 AFC Baltimore Ravens 34, NFC New York Giants 7
- 2001 (XFL) – Million Dollar Game – 4/21/01 Los Angeles Xtreme 38, San Francisco Demons 6
- 2001 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXVI – 2/03/02 AFC New England Patriots 20, NFC St. Louis Rams 17
## 2002-present.
- 2002 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXVII – 1/26/03 NFC Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48, AFC Oakland Raiders 21
- 2003 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXVIII – 2/1/04 AFC New England Patriots 32, NFC Carolina Panthers 29
- 2004 (NFL) – Super Bowl XXXIX – 2/6/05 AFC New England Patriots 24, NFC Philadelphia Eagles 21
- 2005 (NFL) – Super Bowl XL – 2/5/06 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 21, NFC Seattle Seahawks 10
- 2006 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLI – 2/4/07 AFC Indianapolis | 20,412 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Colts 29, NFC Chicago Bears 17
- 2007 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLII – 2/3/08 NFC New York Giants 17, AFC New England Patriots 14
- 2008 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLIII – 2/1/09 AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 27, NFC Arizona Cardinals 23
- 2009 (UFL) – 2009 UFL Championship Game – 11/26/09 Las Vegas Locomotives 20, Florida Tuskers 17 (OT)
- 2009 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLIV – 2/7/10 NFC New Orleans Saints 31, AFC Indianapolis Colts 17
- 2010 (UFL) – 2010 UFL Championship Game – 11/27/10 Las Vegas Locomotives 23, Florida Tuskers 20
- 2010 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLV – 2/6/11 NFC Green Bay Packers 31, AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 25
- 2011 (UFL) – 2011 UFL Championship Game – 10/21/11 Virginia Destroyers 17, Las Vegas Locomotives | 20,413 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
3
- 2011 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLVI – 2/5/12 NFC New York Giants 21, AFC New England Patriots 17
- 2012 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLVII – 2/3/13 AFC Baltimore Ravens 34, NFC San Francisco 49ers 31
- 2013 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLVIII – 2/2/14 NFC Seattle Seahawks 43, AFC Denver Broncos 8
- 2014 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLIX – 2/1/15 AFC New England Patriots 28, NFC Seattle Seahawks 24
- 2015 (NFL) – Super Bowl 50 – 2/7/16 AFC Denver Broncos 24, NFC Carolina Panthers 10
- 2016 (NFL) - Super Bowl LI - 2/6/17 AFC New England Patriots 34, NFC Atlanta Falcons 28 (OT)
- 2017 (NFL) - Super Bowl LII - 2/5/18 NFC Philadelphia Eagles 41, AFC New England Patriots 33
# External links.
- Story of World Bowl I from | 20,414 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
w York Giants 21, AFC New England Patriots 17
- 2012 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLVII – 2/3/13 AFC Baltimore Ravens 34, NFC San Francisco 49ers 31
- 2013 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLVIII – 2/2/14 NFC Seattle Seahawks 43, AFC Denver Broncos 8
- 2014 (NFL) – Super Bowl XLIX – 2/1/15 AFC New England Patriots 28, NFC Seattle Seahawks 24
- 2015 (NFL) – Super Bowl 50 – 2/7/16 AFC Denver Broncos 24, NFC Carolina Panthers 10
- 2016 (NFL) - Super Bowl LI - 2/6/17 AFC New England Patriots 34, NFC Atlanta Falcons 28 (OT)
- 2017 (NFL) - Super Bowl LII - 2/5/18 NFC Philadelphia Eagles 41, AFC New England Patriots 33
# External links.
- Story of World Bowl I from the Professional Football Researchers Association | 20,415 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Francisco de Miranda
Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (; March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary. Although his own plans for the independence of the Spanish American colonies failed, he is regarded as a forerunner of Simón Bolívar, who during the Spanish American wars of independence successfully liberated much of South America. He was known as "The First Universal Venezuelan" and "The Great Universal American". In the National Archive of Venezuela can be found the statute of the blood purity of the father of Francisco de Miranda (book nine).
Miranda led a romantic and adventurous life | 20,416 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment that influenced all of the Atlantic Revolutions. He participated in three major historical and political movements of his time: the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and the Spanish American wars of independence. He described his experiences over this time in his journal, which reached to 63 bound volumes. An idealist, he developed a visionary plan to liberate and unify all of Spanish America, but his own military initiatives on behalf of an independent Spanish America ended in 1812. He was handed over to his enemies and four years later, died in a Spanish prison.
# Early life.
Miranda | 20,417 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
was born in Caracas, Venezuela Province, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, and baptized on April 5, 1750. His father, Sebastian de Miranda Ravelo, was an immigrant from the Canary Islands who had become a successful and wealthy merchant, and his mother, Francisca Antonia Rodríguez de Espinoza, was a wealthy Venezuelan.
Growing up, Miranda enjoyed a wealthy upbringing and attended the finest private schools. However, he was not necessarily a member of high society; his father faced some discrimination from rivals due to his Canarian roots.
# Education.
Miranda's father, Sebastian, always strove to improve the situation of the family, and in addition to accumulating wealth | 20,418 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
and attaining important positions, he ensured his children a college education. Miranda was first tutored by Jesuits, Jorge Lindo and Juan Santaella, before entering the Academy of Santa Rosa.
On January 10, 1762, Miranda began his studies at the Royal and Pontifical University of Caracas, where he studied Latin, the early grammar of Nebrija, and the Catechism of Ripalda for two years. Miranda completed this preliminary course in September 1764 and became an upperclassman. Between 1764 and 1766, Miranda continued his studies, studying the writings of Cicero and Virgil, grammar, history, religion, geography and arithmetic.
In June 1767, Miranda received his baccalaureate degree in the Humanities. | 20,419 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
It is unknown if Miranda received the title of Doctor, as the only evidence in favor of this title is his personal testimony stating he received it in 1767, at age 17.
## Issues of ethnic lineage.
Beginning in 1767, Miranda's studies were disrupted in part due to his father's rising prominence in Caracas society. In 1764, Sebastian de Miranda was appointed the captain of the local militia known as the Company of the White Canary Islanders by the governor, Jose de Solano y Bote. Sebastian de Miranda directed his regiment for five years, but his new title and societal position bothered the white aristocracy (the Mantuanos). In retaliation, a competing faction formed a militia of its own and | 20,420 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
two local aristocrats, Don Juan Nicolas de Ponte and Don Martin Tovar Blanco, filed a complaint against Sebastian de Miranda.
Sebastian de Miranda requested and was granted honorary military discharge to avoid further antagonizing the local elite, and spent many years attempting to clear the family name and establish the "purity" of his family line. The need to establish the "cleanliness" of the family bloodline was important to maintain a place in society in Caracas, as it was what allowed the family to attend university, to marry in the church, and to attain government positions. In 1769, Sebastian produced a notarized genealogy to prove that his family had no African, Jewish or Muslim ancestors, | 20,421 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
according to the records in the National Archive of Venezuela. Miranda's father obtained a blood cleanliness certificate, which should not be confounded with the blood nobility certificate.
In 1770, Sebastian won his family's rights through an official royal patent, signed by Charles III, which confirmed Sebastian's title and societal standing. The court ruling, however, created an irreconcilable enmity with the aristocratic elite, who never forgot the conflict nor forgave the challenge, which inevitably influenced subsequent decisions by Miranda.
# Voyage to Spain (1771–1780).
After the court victory of his father, Miranda decided to pursue a new life in Spain, and, on January 25, 1771, | 20,422 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Miranda left Caracas from the port of La Guaira for Cadiz, Spain, on a Swedish frigate, the Prince Frederick. Miranda landed at the Port of Cadiz on March 1, 1771, where he stayed for two weeks with a distant relative, Jose D'Anino, before leaving for Madrid.
## In Madrid.
On March 28, 1771, Miranda travelled to Madrid and took an interest in the libraries, architecture, and art that he found there. In Madrid, Miranda pursued his education, especially modern languages, as they would allow him to travel throughout Europe. He also sought to expand his knowledge of mathematics, history, and political science, as he aimed to serve the Spanish Crown as a military officer. During this time, he also | 20,423 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
pursued genealogical research of his family name to establish his ties to Europe and Christianity, which was especially important to him after his father's struggles to legitimize their family line in Caracas.
It was in Madrid that Miranda began to build his personal library, which he added to as he traveled, collecting books, manuscripts and letters.
In January 1773, Miranda's father transferred 85,000 reales vellon (silver coins), to help his son obtain the position of captain in the Princess's Regiment.
## Early campaigns.
During his first year as a captain, Miranda traveled with his regiment mainly in North Africa and the southern Spanish province of Andalusia. In December 1774, Spain | 20,424 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
declared War with Morocco, and Miranda experienced his first combat during the conflict.
While Miranda was assigned to guard the stations of an unwanted colonial presence in North Africa, he began to draw connections to the similar colonial presence in Spanish South America. His first military feat took place during the siege of Melilla, held from December 9, 1774, to March 19, 1775, in which the Spanish forces managed to repel the Sultan of Morocco Mohammed ben Abdallah. However, despite the actions taken and danger faced, Miranda did not get an award or promotion and was assigned to the garrison of Cadiz.
Despite Miranda's success in the military, he faced many disciplinary complaints, ranging | 20,425 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
from complaints that he spent too much time reading, to financial discrepancies, to the most serious disciplinary charges of violence and abuse of authority. One of Miranda's well-known enemies was Colonel Don Juan Manuel de Cagigal, who charged Miranda with the loss of company funds and brutalities against soldiers in Miranda's regiment. The account of the dispute was sent to Inspector General O'Reilly and eventually reached King Charles III, who ordered Miranda to be transferred back to Cadiz.
# Missions in America (1781–1784).
## The United States Revolution.
Spain became involved in the United States Revolutionary War in order to expand their territories in Louisiana and Florida, to force | 20,426 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Britain to maintain multiple simultaneous war fronts, and to seek a recovery of Gibraltar. The Spanish captain general of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, in 1779 attacked the British at Baton Rouge and Natchez, freeing the Mississippi River basin of hostile forces that could threaten its capital, New Orleans.
Spanish forces had begun moving against the British, and Miranda was ordered to report to the Regiment of Aragon, which sailed from Cadiz in spring of 1780 under Victoriano de Navia's command. Miranda reported to his chief, General Juan Manuel Cagigal y Monserrat, in Havana, Cuba. From their headquarters in Cuba, de Cagigal and Miranda participated in the Siege of Fort Pensacola on May | 20,427 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
9, 1781, and Miranda was awarded the temporary title of lieutenant colonel during this action. Miranda also contributed to the French success of a naval battle at the Chesapeake Bay when he helped the Count de Grasse raise needed funds and supplies.
## The Antilles.
Miranda remained prominent while in Pensacola, and in August 1781, Cagigal secretly sent Miranda to Jamaica to arrange for the release of 900 prisoners, see to their immediate needs, and acquire English ships for the Spanish Navy. Miranda was also asked to perform espionage work while staying with his British hosts. Miranda managed to perform a successful reconnaissance mission and also negotiated an agreement dated November 18, | 20,428 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
1781, that regulated the exchange of Spanish prisoners. However, Miranda also entered into a deal with a British merchant, Philip Allwood. Miranda agreed to use the ships he had secured from the British to transport Allwood's goods back to Spain to sell them. Upon his return, Miranda was charged with being a spy and smuggler of British goods.
The order to send Miranda back to Spain pursuant to the judgment of February 5, 1782, of the Supreme Inquisition Council failed to be met due to various faults of form and substance in the administrative process that caused the order to be questioned and, in part, by Cagigal's unconditional support of Miranda.
Miranda participated in the Capture of The | 20,429 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Bahamas and carried news of the island's fall to his superior Bernardo de Gálvez. Gálvez was angry that the Bahamas expedition had gone ahead without his permission, and he imprisoned Cajigal and had Miranda arrested. Miranda was later released, but this experience of Spanish officialdom may have been a factor in his subsequent conversion to the idea of independence for Spain's American colonies. The efficiency demonstrated by Miranda in the Bahamas led Cagigal to recommend that Miranda be promoted to colonel under the command of the General Commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba, Bernardo de Gálvez, in the town of Guárico.
At that time, the Spaniards were preparing a joint action with the | 20,430 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
French to invade Jamaica, the last British stronghold in the Gulf of Mexico, and Guárico was the ideal place to plan these operations, being close to the island and providing easy access for troops and commanders. Miranda was seen as the right person to plan operations because he had a firsthand knowledge of the situation of the British in the area. However, a preemptive attack by the British and the difficulties of the French fleet forced peace between Britain and France, so the invasion did not materialize and Miranda remained in Guárico.
## Exile in the United States.
With the failure of the invasion of Jamaica, priorities for the Spanish authorities changed, and the process of the Inquisition | 20,431 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
against Miranda became greater. Eventually Miranda's problems with the Inquisition became complicated and he was sent to Havana to be arrested and sent to Spain. For various reasons these plans were thwarted, and, fearing the imminence of his arrest, Miranda decided to go to the United States. With the support of Cagigal, he escaped the surveillance of the Governor of Havana, and, aided by American James Seagrove who arranged the trip, he fled to New Bern, where he landed on July 10, 1783. During his time in the United States, Miranda made a critical study of its military defenses, which demonstrated extensive knowledge of the development of American conflict and circumstances.
While there, | 20,432 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Miranda prepared and fixed a correspondence technique, used for the rest of his journey: he would meet people through the gift or loan of books, and examine the culture and customs of the places through which he passed in a methodical way. Passing through Charleston, Philadelphia, and Boston, he dealt with different characters in American society. In New York City he met the prominent and politically connected Livingston family. Apparently Miranda had a romantic relationship with Susan Livingston, daughter of Chancellor Livingston. Although Miranda wrote to her for years, he never saw her again after leaving New York.
During his time in the United States, Miranda met with many important people. | 20,433 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
He was personally acquainted with George Washington in Philadelphia. He also met General Henry Knox, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. He also visited various institutions of the new nation that impressed him such as the Library of Newport and Princeton College.
# In Europe (1785–1790).
## Kingdom of Great Britain.
On December 15, 1784, Miranda left the port of Boston in the merchant frigate "Neptuno" for London and arrived in England on February 10, 1785. While in London, Miranda was discreetly watched by the Spanish, who were suspicious of him. The reports highlight that Miranda had meetings with people suspected of conspiring against Spain and people | 20,434 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
considered among the eminent scholars of the time.
## Prussia.
The first secretary of the U.S. embassy, Colonel William Stephens Smith, whom Miranda knew from his stay in New York, came to England at around the same time. Miranda and Smith decided to travel to Prussia to attend military exercises prepared by King Frederick the Great of Prussia. Bernardo del Campo, Ambassador of Spain in the British capital since 1783, gave Miranda a letter of introduction to the Minister of Spain in Berlin, while James Penman, an English businessman whom Miranda had befriended in Charleston, was responsible for keeping his papers while he traveled.
However, the Spanish ambassador had secretly intrigued to | 20,435 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
have Miranda arrested when he reached Calais, France, where he could be handed over to Spain. The plan fell apart because the Venezuelan and his friend went on 10 August 1785 to a Dutch port (Hellevoetsluis) instead.
## Russia.
Miranda then travelled throughout Europe, including present-day Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Greece and Italy, where he remained for over a year. After passing through Constantinople, he visited the court of Catherine the Great, which had moved at that time from Moscow to Kiev (current Ukraine). In Hungary he stayed in the palace of Prince Nicholas Esterházy, who was sympathetic to his ideas, and wrote him a letter of recommendation to meet the musician | 20,436 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Joseph Haydn.
Attempts to abduct Miranda by the diplomatic representatives of Spain failed as the Russian Ambassador in London, Semyon Vorontsov, declared on August 4, 1789, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds, that Miranda, although a Spanish subject, was a member of the Russian diplomatic mission in London. In Russia, he used the surname Meeroff and he left several children who later emigrated to the United States and Argentina.
Miranda made use of the Spanish–British diplomatic row known as the Nootka Crisis in February 1790 to present to some British Cabinet ministers his ideas about the independence of Spanish territories in South America.
# | 20,437 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Miranda and the French Revolution (1791–1798).
Starting in 1791, Miranda took an active part in the French Revolution as marechal de camp. In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and he briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign of Valmy.
The Army of the North commanded by Miranda laid siege to Antwerp. Miranda failed to take Maastricht in February 1793 and was first arrested in April 1793 on the orders of Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, Chief Prosecutor of the Revolution, and accused of conspiring against the republic with Charles | 20,438 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
François Dumouriez, the renegade general. Though indicted before the Revolutionary Tribunal – and under attack in Jean-Paul Marat's "L'Ami du peuple" – he and his lawyer Claude François Chauveau-Lagarde conducted his defence with such calm eloquence that he was declared innocent.
However, Marat denounced Chauveau-Lagarde as a liberator of the guilty. Even so, the campaign of Marat and the rest of the Jacobins against him did not weaken. He was arrested again in July 1793 and incarcerated in La Force prison, effectively one of the ante-chambers of death during the prevailing Reign of Terror. Appearing again before the tribunal, he accused the Committee of Public Safety of tyranny in disregarding | 20,439 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
his previous acquittal.
Miranda seems to have survived by a combination of good luck and political expediency: the revolutionary government simply could not agree on what to do with him. He remained in La Force even after the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, and was not finally released until January of the following year. The art theorist Quatremère de Quincy was among those who campaigned for his release during this time. Now convinced that the whole direction taken by the Revolution had been wrong, he started to conspire with the moderate royalists against the Directory, and was even named as the possible leader of a military coup. He was arrested and ordered out of the country, only to | 20,440 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
escape and go into hiding.
He reappeared after being given permission to remain in France, though that did not stop his involvement in yet another monarchist plot in September 1797. The police were ordered to arrest the "Peruvian general", as the said general submerged himself yet again in the underground. With no more illusions about France or the Revolution, he left for England in a Danish boat, arriving in Dover in January 1798.
# Expeditions in South America (1804–1808).
## Diplomatic negotiations, 1804–1805.
In 1804 with informal British help, Miranda presented a military plan to liberate the Captaincy General of Venezuela from Spanish rule. At the time, Britain was at war with Spain, | 20,441 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
an ally of Napoleon. Home Riggs Popham was commissioned by prime minister Pitt in 1805 to study the plans proposed by Miranda to the British Government, Popham then persuaded the authorities that, as the Spanish Colonies were discontented, it would be more easy to promote a rising in Buenos Aires. Disappointed by this decision in November 1805, Miranda travelled to New York, where he rekindled his acquaintance with William S. Smith to organize an expedition to liberate Venezuela. Smith introduced him to merchant Samuel Ogden.
## Venezuela and the Caribbean, 1806.
Miranda then went to Washington for private meetings with President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison, who met | 20,442 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
with Miranda but did not involve themselves or their nation in his plans, which would have been a violation of the Neutrality Act of 1794. In New York Miranda privately began organizing a filibustering expedition to liberate Venezuela. Along with Colonel Smith he raised private funds, procured weapons, and recruited soldiers of fortune. Among the 200 volunteers who served under him in this revolt were Smith's son William Steuben and David G. Burnet, who would later serve as interim president of the Republic of Texas after its secession from Mexico in 1836. Miranda hired a ship of 20 guns from Ogden, which he rebaptized "Leander" in honor of his oldest son, and set sail to Venezuela on 2 February | 20,443 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
1806.
In Jacmel, Haiti, Miranda acquired two other ships, the "Bee" and the "Bacchus", and their crews. It was in Jacmel on March 12 that Miranda made and raised on the "Leander", the first "Venezuelan" flag, which he had personally designed. On April 28, a botched landing attempt in Ocumare de la Costa resulted in two Spanish "garda costa"s, "Argos" and "Celoso", capturing the "Bacchus" and the "Bee". Sixty men were imprisoned and put on trial in Puerto Cabello accused of piracy. Ten were sentenced to death, hanged and dismembered in quarters. One of the victims was the printer Miles L. Hall, who for that reason has been considered as the first martyr of the printing press in Venezuela.
Miranda | 20,444 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
aboard of the "Leander" escaped, escorted by the packet ship HMS "Lilly" to the British islands of Grenada, Trinidad, and Barbados, where he met with Admiral Alexander Cochrane. As Spain was then at war with Britain, Cochrane and the governor of Trinidad Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet agreed to provide some support for a second attempt to invade Venezuela.
The "Leander" left Port of Spain on 24 July, together with HMS , HMS , HMS , and HMS "Lilly", carrying General Miranda and some 220 officers and men. General Miranda decided to land in La Vela de Coro and the squadron anchored there on 1 August. The next day the frigate HMS joined them for three days. On 3 August, 60 Trinidadian volunteers | 20,445 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
under the Count de Rouveray, 60 men under Colonel Dowie, and 30 seamen and marines from HMS "Lilly" under Lieutenant Beddingfelt landed. This force cleared the beach of Spanish forces and captured a battery of four 9- and 12-pounder guns; the attackers had four men severely wounded, all from HMS "Lilly". Shortly thereafter, boats from HMS "Bacchante" landed American volunteers and seamen and marines. The Spanish retreated, which enabled this force to capture two forts mounting 14 guns.
General Miranda then marched on and captured Santa Ana de Coro, but found no support from the city residents. However, on 8 August a Spanish force of almost 2000 men arrived. They captured a master of transport | 20,446 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
and 14 seamen who were getting water, unbeknownst to Lieutenant Donald Campbell. HMS "Lilly" landed 20 men on the morning of 10 August; this landing party killed a dozen Spaniards, but was able to rescue only one of the captive seamen. Colonel Downie and 50 men were sent, but the colonel judged the enemy force too strong and withdrew. When another 400 men came from Maracaibo, General Miranda realized that his force was too small to achieve anything further or to hold Coro for long. On August 13, Miranda ordered his force to set sail again. HMS "Lilly" and her squadron then carried him and his men safely to Aruba.
In the aftermath of the failed expedition, Colonel Smith and Ogden were indicted | 20,447 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
by a federal grand jury in New York for piracy and violating the Neutrality Act of 1794. Put on trial Colonel Smith claimed his orders came from President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison, who refused to appear in court. Both Colonel Smith and Ogden stood trial and were found not guilty.
## Project to attack Venezuela, 1808.
Miranda spent the next year in Trinidad as host of governor Hyslop waiting for reinforcements that never came. On his return to London, he was met with better support for his plans from the British government after the failed invasions of Buenos Aires (1806–1807). In 1808 a large military force to attack Venezuela was assembled and placed under the | 20,448 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
command of Arthur Wellesley, but Napoleon's invasion of Spain suddenly transformed Spain into an ally of Britain, and the force instead went there to fight in the Peninsular War.
# The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).
## Return to Venezuela.
Venezuela achieved "de facto" independence on Maundy Thursday April 19, 1810, when the Supreme Junta of Caracas was established and the colonial administrators deposed. The Junta sent a delegation to Great Britain to get British recognition and aid. This delegation, which included future Venezuelan notables Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello, met with and persuaded Miranda to return to his native land. In 1811 a delegation from the Supreme Junta, | 20,449 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
among them Bolívar, and a crowd of common people enthusiastically received Miranda in La Guaira. In Caracas he agitated for the provisional government to declare independence from Spain under the rule of Joseph Bonaparte.
Miranda gathered around him a group of similarly minded individuals and helped establish an association, "la Sociedad Patriotica", modeled on the political clubs of the French Revolution. By the end of the year, the Venezuelan provinces elected a congress to deal with the future of the country, and Miranda was chosen as the delegate from El Pao, Barcelona Province. On July 5, 1811, it formally declared Venezuelan independence and established a republic. The congress also adopted | 20,450 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
his "tricolor" as the Republic's flag.
## Decay of the First Republic of Venezuela.
### Crisis of the Republic.
The following year Miranda and the young Republic's fortunes turned. Republican forces failed to subdue areas of Venezuela (the provinces of Coro, Maracaibo and Guyana) that had remained royalist. In addition, Venezuela's loss of the Spanish market for its main export, cocoa, caused an economic crisis, which mostly hurt the middle and lower classes, who lost enthusiasm for the Republic. Finally a powerful earthquake and its aftershocks hit the country, which caused large numbers of deaths and serious damage to buildings, mostly in republican areas.
It did not help that it hit on | 20,451 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
March 26, 1812, as services for Maundy Thursday were beginning. The Caracas Junta had been established on a Maundy Thursday April 19, 1810 as well, so the earthquake fell on its second anniversary in the liturgical calendar. This was interpreted by many as a sign from Providence. It was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown.
The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as "the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake" that "confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel". Many, including those in the Republican | 20,452 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
army and the majority of the clergy, began to secretly plot against the Republic or outright defect. Other provinces refused to send reinforcements to Caracas Province. Worse still, whole provinces began to switch sides. On July 4, an uprising brought Barcelona over to the royalist side.
### Miranda's dictatorship.
Neighboring Cumaná, now cut off from the Republican center, refused to recognize Miranda's dictatorial powers and his appointment of a commandant general. By the middle of the month, many of the outlying areas of Cumaná Province had also defected to the royalists. With these circumstances a Spanish marine frigate captain, Domingo Monteverde, operating out of Coro, was able to turn | 20,453 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
a small force under his command into a large army, as people joined him on his advance towards Valencia, leaving Miranda in charge of only a small area of central Venezuela. In these dire circumstances Miranda was given broad political powers by his government.
### Defeat of the Republican army.
Bolívar lost control of San Felipe Castle of Puerto Cabello along with its ammunition stores on 30 June 1812. Deciding that the situation was lost, Bolívar effectively abandoned his post and retreated to his estate in San Mateo. By mid-July Monteverde had taken Valencia and Miranda also saw the republican cause as lost. He started negotiations with royalists that finalized an armistice on July 25, | 20,454 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
1812, signed in San Mateo. Then Colonel Bolívar and other revolutionary officers claimed his actions as treasonous.
## The arrest of Miranda.
Bolívar and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army in La Guaira port. For his apparent services to the royalist cause, Monteverde granted Bolívar a passport, and Bolívar left for Curaçao on 27 August. Miranda went to the port of La Guaira intending to leave on a British ship before the royalists arrived, although under the armistice there was an amnesty for political offenses. Bolívar claimed afterwards that he wanted to shoot Miranda as a traitor but was restrained by the others; Bolívar's reasoning was that, "if Miranda | 20,455 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
believed the Spaniards would observe the treaty, he should have remained to keep them to their word; if he did not, he was a traitor to have sacrificed his army to it."
By handing over Miranda to the Spanish, Bolívar assured himself a passport from the Spanish authorities (passports which, nevertheless, had been guaranteed to all republicans who requested them by the terms of the armistice), which allowed him to leave Venezuela unmolested, and Miranda thought that the situation was hopeless.
# Last years (1813–1816).
Miranda never saw freedom again. His case was still being processed when he died in a prison cell at the Penal de las Cuatro Torres at the Arsenal de la Carraca, outside Cádiz, | 20,456 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
aged 66, on July 14, 1816. He was buried in a mass grave, making it impossible to identify his remains, so an empty tomb has been left for him in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.
# Miranda's ideals.
## Political beliefs.
Miranda has long been associated with the struggle of the Spanish colonies in Latin America for independence. He envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories that had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. This empire was to be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called the "Inca", in honor of the great Inca Empire, and would have a bicameral legislature. He conceived the name "Colombia" | 20,457 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus.
## Freemasonry.
Similarly to some others in the history of American Independence (George Washington, José de San Martín, Bernardo O'Higgins and Simón Bolívar), Miranda was a Freemason. In London he founded the lodge "The Great American Reunion".
# Personal life.
After fighting for Revolutionary France, Miranda finally made his home in London, where he had two children, Leandro (1803 – Paris, 1886) and Francisco (1806 – Cerinza, Colombia, 1831), with his housekeeper, Sarah Andrews, whom he later married. He had a friendship with the painter James Barry, the uncle of the surgeon James Barry; Miranda helped to keep the secret that the | 20,458 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
latter was assigned female at birth. According to historian Linda de Pauw, "Miranda was an ardent feminist, named women as his literary executors, and published an impassioned plea for female education a year before Mary Wollstonecraft published her famous "Vindication of the Rights of Women"."
# Legacy and honours.
- An oil painting by the Venezuelan artist Arturo Michelena, "Miranda en la Carraca" (1896), which portrays the hero in the Spanish jail where he died, has become a graphic symbol of Venezuelan history, and has immortalized the image of Miranda for generations of Venezuelans.
- The name of Miranda remains engraved on the Arc de Triomphe, which was built during the First Empire, | 20,459 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
and his portrait is in the Palace of Versailles. His statue is in the Square de l'Amérique-Latine in the 17th arrondissement.
- Miranda's name has been honoured several times, including in the name of the Venezuelan state, Miranda (created in 1889), a Venezuelan harbour, Puerto Miranda, a subway station and an important main avenue in Caracas, as well as a number of Venezuelan municipalities named "Miranda" or "Francisco de Miranda".
- Both Caracas airbase and a Caracas park are named after him.
- The Order of Francisco de Miranda was established in the 1930s.
- In 2006, Venezuela's Flag Day was moved to the 3rd of August, in honor of Miranda's 1806 disembarkation at La Vela de Coro.
- | 20,460 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
One of the Bolivarian missions, Mission Miranda, is named after him.
- Miranda's life was portrayed in the Venezuelan film "Francisco de Miranda" (2006), as well as in the unrelated film "Miranda Returns" (2007).
- Pensacola, Florida, has a square named after him.
- There are statues of Miranda in Cadiz (Spain), Caracas, Havana, London, Philadelphia, Patras (Greece), Pensacola Fla, São Paulo (Brazil), St. Petersburg (Russia), Paris and Valmy (France).
- The house where Miranda lived in London, 27 Grafton Street (now 58 Grafton Way), Bloomsbury, has a blue plaque that bears his name, and functions today as the Consulate of Venezuela in the United Kingdom.
# References.
- "It cites the following | 20,461 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
references:"
- Biggs, James. "History of Miranda's Attempt in South America", London, 1809.
- The Marqués de Rojas, "El General Miranda", Paris, 1884.
- The Marqués de Rojas "Miranda dans la révolution française", Carácas, 1889.
- Robertson, W. S. "Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America", Washington, 1909.
# Further reading.
- Chavez, Thomas E. "Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift". University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
- Juan Carlos Chirinos. "Miranda, el nómada sentimental". Editorial Norma, Caracas, 2006. / Ediciones Ulises, Sevilla, 2017
- Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810-1830". John | 20,462 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
Murray, London (2000).
- Miranda, Francisco de. (Judson P. Wood, translator. John S. Ezell, ed.) "The New Democracy in America: Travels of Francisco de Miranda in the United States, 1783–84". Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
- Racine, Karen. Francisco De Miranda: A Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution. Wilmington, Del: SR Books, 2003.
- Robertson, William S. "Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America" in "Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1907", Vol. 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908. 189–539.
- Robertson, William S. "Life of Miranda", 2 vols. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1929.
- Rumazo | 20,463 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
González, Alfonso. "Francisco de Miranda. Protolíder de la Independencia Americana (Biografía)". Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, 2006.
- Smith, Denis. "General Miranda's Wars: Turmoil and Revolt in Spanish America, 1750-1816". Toronto, Bev Editions (e-book), 2013.
- Thorning, Joseph F. "Miranda: World Citizen". Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1952.
- Moisei Alperovich . "Francisco de Miranda y Rusia", V Centenario del descubrimiento de América: encuentro de culturas y continentes. Editorial Progreso, (Moscu), shortened version in Spanish, (1989), , Edit. Progreso, URSS, 380 pages. Russian Version : unabridged, (1986).
# External links.
- "Colombeia" (In Spanish) | 20,464 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
– The complete digitized files of Francisco de Miranda, mostly in Spanish, with translations of his documents written in English and French. More than 15 volumes in relation to Miranda's voyages, the French Revolution and the negotiations of Miranda with foreign nations, specially Great Britain.
- Grogan, Samuel "Francisco de Miranda", History Text Archive
- Another statue by Lorenzo Gonzalez (1977) on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia
- "General Miranda's Expedition", "Atlantic Monthly", Vol. 5, No. 31 (May 1860). An account of the Leander affair
- Diarios: Una selección 1771 – 1800 – Selections from the diaries of Francisco de Miranda, 1771–1800, Caracas: Monte Avila, 2006
- | 20,465 |
420493 | Francisco de Miranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco%20de%20Miranda | Francisco de Miranda
ns of his documents written in English and French. More than 15 volumes in relation to Miranda's voyages, the French Revolution and the negotiations of Miranda with foreign nations, specially Great Britain.
- Grogan, Samuel "Francisco de Miranda", History Text Archive
- Another statue by Lorenzo Gonzalez (1977) on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia
- "General Miranda's Expedition", "Atlantic Monthly", Vol. 5, No. 31 (May 1860). An account of the Leander affair
- Diarios: Una selección 1771 – 1800 – Selections from the diaries of Francisco de Miranda, 1771–1800, Caracas: Monte Avila, 2006
- Full text archive of 'General Miranda's Expedition', from the "Atlantic Monthly" May 1860 | 20,466 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Steven Tyler
Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and former television panelist. He is best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, piano, and percussion. He is known as the "Demon of Screamin'" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.
In the 1970s, Tyler rose to prominence as the lead singer of Aerosmith, which released such milestone hard rock albums as "Toys in | 20,467 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
the Attic" and "Rocks", along with a string of hit singles, including "Dream On", "Sweet Emotion" and "Walk This Way". By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Tyler had a heavy drug and alcohol addiction and the band's popularity waned. In 1986, Tyler completed drug rehabilitation and Aerosmith rose to prominence again when Tyler and Joe Perry joined Run-DMC for a re-make of the classic Aerosmith song "Walk This Way," which became a Top 5 hit. Aerosmith subsequently launched a remarkable comeback with the multi-platinum albums "Permanent Vacation", "Pump", "Get a Grip" and "Nine Lives", which produced a combined thirteen Top 40 singles and won the band numerous awards. During this time, the band | 20,468 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
embarked on their longest and most extensive concert tours, promoted their singles with conceptual music videos and made notable appearances in television, film and video games.
In the wake of this success, Tyler emerged as one of the most enduring rock icons. Since the late 1980s, he has embarked on several solo endeavors including guest appearances on other artists' music (working with artists as diverse as Alice Cooper, Mötley Crüe, Santana, Pink and Keith Anderson), film and TV roles (including as a judge on "American Idol" and several cameo and guest appearances in other programs and films), authoring a bestselling book and solo work (including the Top 40 hit single "(It) Feels So Good" | 20,469 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
in 2011). While tension with his Aerosmith bandmates boiled in 2009 and 2010 after he fell off the stage at a concert, had a relapse with prescription drugs (which he successfully received treatment for in 2009), and signed on to "American Idol" without telling his bandmates, Tyler has continued to record music and perform with Aerosmith, after more than 48 years in the band. In 2016, Tyler released his debut solo album, "We're All Somebody from Somewhere", a country rock album that included the hit single "Love Is Your Name". Tyler supported the album with the "Out on a Limb" Tour. Tyler continues to perform both solo (with the Loving Mary Band as his backing band) as well as with Aerosmith.
Tyler | 20,470 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
is included among "Rolling Stone's" 100 Greatest Singers. He was ranked third on "Hit Parader"'s Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time. In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Aerosmith and in 2013, Tyler and his songwriting partner Joe Perry received the ASCAP Founders Award and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
# Early life.
Steven Victor Tallarico was born on March 26, 1948, at the Polyclinic Hospital in Manhattan, New York, and moved to the Bronx when he was three years old. The family relocated to Yonkers when he was about nine years old. Tallarico is the son of Susan Ray (; June 2, 1925July 4, 2008), a secretary, and Victor A. Tallarico (May 14, | 20,471 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
1916September 10, 2011), a classical musician and pianist who taught music at Cardinal Spellman High School in The Bronx.
His father was of Italian and German descent, while his mother was possibly of Polish and English ancestry. He has noted on a number of occasions that his maternal grandfather was Ukrainian. and changed his surname from "Czarnyszewicz" (from ) to "Blancha" (possibly from ). His paternal grandfather, Giovanni Tallarico, was from Cotronei, Calabria, Italy. Tyler learned on the genealogy show "Who Do You Think You Are?" that his great-great-great-grandfather was part African-American. Steven has one older sister named Lynda.
Steven attended Roosevelt High School in Yonkers, | 20,472 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
New York, but was expelled from the school due to drug use. He later graduated from Quintano's school for Young Professionals.
At 17, Tyler spent time in Greenwich Village, New York, the highlight of which was seeing a Rolling Stones concert. Tyler states that he and his friends "hung around for a while, buzzing like crazy just because we got to touch them." He added, "Everybody told me that I looked just like Mick Jagger with my big lips and Keith Richards basically was the music I used to love more than anything." A photo in the band's autobiography "" shows Tyler standing behind Mick Jagger outside a hotel.
# Career.
## Formation and success of Aerosmith (1970–1978).
Before Aerosmith, | 20,473 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Tyler wrote what would become one of Aerosmith's signature songs, "Dream On". In 1969, Tyler attended a local rock show in Sunapee, New Hampshire, where he first saw future bandmates Joe Perry (guitars) and Tom Hamilton (bass), who at the time were playing in a band called the Jam Band. Tyler later stated he was struck by their raw power and attitude. Around 1970, Tyler, Perry, and Hamilton decided to form a band. Tyler, who had played drums in many of his previous bands while in school, insisted that he would be the frontman and lead singer. Joey Kramer, an old acquaintance of Tyler's from New York, was recruited to play the drums. Tyler invited his boyhood friend, Ray Tabano, to play rhythm | 20,474 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
guitar. Driven by a collective ambition to launch their careers as full-time musicians and hopeful recording artists, the band moved to Boston, and shared a small apartment at 1325 Commonwealth Avenue, in Brighton in the fall of 1970. Shortly after relocating to Boston, Tyler's dissatisfaction with Tabano's lack of passion and dedication prompted the band to replace Tabano with Brad Whitford. Although Tyler was never billed as the "leader" of Aerosmith, he co-managed, with drummer Joey Kramer, the assets of the band and directed its activities during this formative period.
After spending time on the Boston club circuit under the tutelage of their first manager, Frank Connelly, the band began | 20,475 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
working with New York managers Steve Leber and David Krebs. Leber describes the band as "the closest thing I've ever seen to the Rolling Stones". In early 1972, the managers arranged the gig at the legendary nightclub Max's Kansas City to showcase the group to record company executives. They subsequently signed a record deal with Columbia Records in 1972 and released their eponymous debut album in 1973. This was followed by their second album, "Get Your Wings" in 1974. Around this time, Aerosmith continued to tour wherever they could and opened for bands like Mott the Hoople. The band had a minor hit in "Dream On", which peaked at number 59 in 1973, but Aerosmith did not break into the mainstream | 20,476 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
until the back-to-back releases of their next sets of albums, "Toys in the Attic" (1975) and "Rocks" (1976). In 1975, they achieved their first top-40 hit in "Sweet Emotion". Soon after, "Dream On" was re-released and hit number six in 1976, followed by another top-10 hit "Walk This Way". Additionally, "Rocks" produced the hit singles "Last Child", "Back in the Saddle", and "Home Tonight". By 1976, Aerosmith found themselves headlining huge stadiums and major rock music festivals. That year, Tyler emerged as a prominent rock star and sex symbol in his own right, gracing the cover of "Rolling Stone" magazine, and their fifth album, "Draw the Line", continued the band's success and they were catapulted | 20,477 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
to international fame and recognition, launching tours in Europe and Japan. A series of Hot 100 hits continued throughout the remainder of the decade, including "Draw the Line", "Kings and Queens", and "Chip Away the Stone". Aerosmith's first five albums have also all since gone multiplatinum and all five are considered to be among the greatest hard rock albums of all time. Aerosmith toured heavily throughout the mid- to late 1970s, and their live shows during this time period were captured through 1978's live album "Live! Bootleg" and the 1989 VHS release "Live Texxas Jam '78". Also in 1978, Tyler made his acting debut as the leader of the Future Villain Band in the film "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely | 20,478 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Hearts Club Band", alongside his Aerosmith bandmates. The film also spawned Aerosmith's cover of the Beatles hit "Come Together", which was Aerosmith's last top-40 single for nine years.
## Decline of Aerosmith (1979–1983).
As the decade wore on, the fast-paced life of touring, recording, living together, and using drugs began to take its toll on the band. Tyler and Perry often were called the Toxic Twins for their legendary intake of stimulants and heroin. Their relationship is well documented in many of Aerosmith's video releases, as well as in the Aerosmith "Behind the Music". On July 28, 1979, after a huge quarrel at a World Series of Rock concert in Cleveland, Perry left Aerosmith to | 20,479 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
begin his own band, The Joe Perry Project. "Night in the Ruts" was released that fall, and Aerosmith forged on with new guitarist Jimmy Crespo.
In the fall of 1980, Tyler was injured in a motorcycle crash that left him hospitalized for two months, and unable to tour or record for much of 1981. When the band reconvened in the studio, Tyler formed a writing partnership with Crespo, co-writing and producing the album "Rock in a Hard Place" (1982). Brad Whitford had left in 1981, shortly after recording the guitar parts for the album's lead single, "Lightning Strikes". Whitford was replaced by Rick Dufay, and the band continued to tour into 1983. As the 1980s decade wore on, Tyler's drug abuse | 20,480 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
increased. His heroin addiction was at its worst between 1979 and 1982, when he would roam the streets of New York City looking for dealers.
## Reuniting and getting clean (1984–1986).
On February 14, 1984, Perry and Whitford, who left the band in 1979 and 1981, respectively, attended an Aerosmith show. According to the band's "Behind the Music" special on VH1, Tyler alleged that he made the first phone call to Perry, encouraging them to meet up again. Backstage, they all met and Perry and Whitford agreed to join the band once again. With the new reunion, the band also fired their managers Leber and Krebs, hired new manager Tim Collins (who was managing Joe Perry), and signed a new record | 20,481 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
contract with Geffen Records. Aerosmith embarked on a reunion tour, the Back in the Saddle Tour, and recorded once again, releasing "Done with Mirrors" in 1985. However, the band was still using drugs, especially Tyler, who collapsed while performing in Springfield, Illinois, on the 1984 tour. In 1986, the band held a meeting in which the band members staged an intervention on Tyler, and persuaded him to enter a drug rehabilitation program. After he completed rehabilitation, his bandmates did likewise; all had completed treatment by the mid-1980s.
## Comeback and superstardom (1986–1999).
Aerosmith rose to prominence again when Tyler and Perry appeared on Run–D.M.C.'s cover of Aerosmith's | 20,482 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
"Walk This Way" in 1986, a track that combined elements of hip-hop and rock, that broke down the barriers between the two genres, broke rap into the mainstream, and introduced Aerosmith to a new generation. The track hit number four on the charts and launched a famous music video that had a heavy rotation. This paved the way for Aerosmith to mount a significant comeback. Tyler and Perry renewed their songwriting partnership, but were also working with outside songwriting collaborators brought in by the record company, such as Desmond Child and Jim Vallance. To give Aerosmith a slick sound accessible to mainstream audiences, they received help from producer Bruce Fairbairn. Aerosmith released | 20,483 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
"Permanent Vacation" in 1987, which became a huge multiplatinum success and launched three top-20 hits ("Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "Angel", and "Rag Doll"). The band launched a tour with the emerging Guns N' Roses, opening many shows. "Permanent Vacation" was followed by 1989's "Pump", which was even more successful, selling 7 million copies and producing three top-10 hits ("Love in an Elevator", "Janie's Got a Gun", and "What it Takes") and one top-40 hit ("The Other Side"). "Pump" in particular had Tyler expand his musical horizons, co-writing the innovative hit "Janie's Got a Gun", which won the band its first Grammy award. The band toured with many emerging acts and performed in locations | 20,484 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
such as Australia for the first time. In the late 1980s, Tyler also guested on albums by comedian Sam Kinison, Alice Cooper (a fellow '70s rocker also launching a successful comeback) and popular contemporaries Mötley Crüe. Around that time, Tyler and Perry appeared at a Bon Jovi concert in Milton Keynes and performed "Walk This Way".
With the twin successes of "Permanent Vacation" and "Pump", the band became an MTV sensation and Tyler became a household name. The band was featured on a "Wayne's World" sketch on "Saturday Night Live" in 1990, which is ranked as the number-one moment of all time on the show. That same year, Aerosmith recorded one of the first episodes of "MTV Unplugged". In | 20,485 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
1991, Aerosmith was one of the first bands to be featured on "The Simpsons". That year, the band also signed a $30 million record deal with their old label Columbia, for which they would begin recording later that decade. The box set "Pandora's Box" was released by Columbia in late 1991, and the band filmed a music video for "Sweet Emotion" to promote the release. Earlier in the year, the band also performed "Dream On" with an orchestra at MTV's 10th Anniversary celebration; their filmed performance was used as the official video for the song. After a brief break, the band returned to the studio in 1992 to record their next album. The band's A&R man John Kalodner criticized some of the early | 20,486 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
material being considered for this album, targeting Tyler's sexually profane lyrics in particular.
However, the band eventually began recording again and released "Get a Grip" in 1993, which became their most successful album worldwide, selling over 15 million copies and producing a series of hit singles ("Cryin'", "Livin' on the Edge", "Eat the Rich", "Amazing", and "Crazy"). While the album had mixed reviews and received some criticism for over-using outside collaborators, Aerosmith won more awards during this time than any other, winning two Grammy Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, two American Music Awards, a People's Choice award, and a "Billboard" Award. The band became well known | 20,487 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
for their videos at this time, which featured film-like storylines and up-and-coming actors and actresses such as Edward Furlong, Stephen Dorff, Jason London, Josh Holloway, and most notably Alicia Silverstone. Tyler's daughter Liv made her acting debut in the band's video for "Crazy" in 1994. The band also launched their biggest and most extensive tour yet, performing over 240 shows in nearly 30 countries, including touring Latin America for the first time and performing in many European countries for the first time.
After the 18-month Get a Grip Tour ended in December 1994, the band took a break in 1995 to spend time with their families. They needed to rest due to the grueling lifestyle of | 20,488 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
the previous 10 years under the helm of manager Tim Collins, who helped orchestrate much of the band's comeback and sustained success. Tyler and Perry also began writing for a new album, and the band performed a couple of one-off shows in Boston to try out the new material. They also vacationed together with their families in Florida. Aerosmith, however, almost broke up after Tim Collins spread rumors that band members were deriding each other and that Tyler was being unfaithful to his wife and using drugs again during recording sessions in Miami. The band subsequently fired Collins in 1996 in the middle of recording for their next album. In 1997, they released "Nine Lives", which went double | 20,489 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
platinum, launched three hits ("Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)", "Hole in My Soul", and "Pink"), and won the band their fourth Grammy for "Pink". They toured for over two years in support of the album. In 1997, Tyler and Perry were featured in a commercial for the GAP. That fall, the band's was released.
In 1998, while on tour in support of "Nine Lives", Tyler suffered a ligament injury when a microphone stand fell hard onto his knee. Tyler and the band finished the show, but they had to cancel several dates, and Tyler had to wear a leg cast while filming the video for "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". The song was the band's first number-one hit and the only song to date by a rock band | 20,490 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
to debut at number one on the Hot 100. It has since become a slow-dance staple, and at the time introduced Aerosmith and Steven Tyler to yet another new generation. The song was written for the film "Armageddon", which featured Tyler's daughter Liv. In 1999, Tyler and Perry joined Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. to perform "Walk This Way" at the MTV Video Music Awards. Earlier that year, the band had the Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith open at Walt Disney World.
## Continued success and touring (2000–2008).
In 2001, Aerosmith played at the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band released the album "Just Push Play", which featured the | 20,491 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
top-10 hit "Jaded". At the 2001 Indianapolis 500, Tyler sang the National Anthem in traditional Aerosmith style – complete with a raspy voice, bluesy swagger, and a hard rocker yell. When Tyler sang the National Anthem, he changed the words which caused a public outcry. Instead of singing "Land of the free and the home of the brave", he changed the words to "Land of the free and the home of the Indianapolis 500." This received negative reactions from veterans and fans, leading Tyler to issue a public apology. Aerosmith embarked on the 8-month-long Just Push Play Tour in June 2001, and has toured every year since, except 2008. After the September 11 attacks, the band performed at the benefit | 20,492 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
concert in Washington, DC. Tyler donned a full-length jacket featuring the American flag, and the band performed a brief set including "Livin' on the Edge", "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing", "Just Push Play", and "Walk This Way". The band flew back to Indianapolis to perform a show that same night.
In 2002, Aerosmith's two-hour-long "Behind the Music" was released, chronicling the band's tumultuous history and current activities and touring. They were also honored as MTV Icons. In the summer, they released the compilation "O, Yeah! The Ultimate Aerosmith Hits", which went double platinum and included the new track "Girls of Summer", which spawned a namesake tour with Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. opening. | 20,493 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
In 2003, he received an honorary degree from Berklee College of Music, and in 2005, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Boston. In 2003, he inducted AC/DC into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Later in the year, he went on tour with Aerosmith for the Rocksimus Maximus Tour with KISS. In 2004, Aerosmith released the blues cover album "Honkin' on Bobo" and launched a brief tour with Cheap Trick, focused on smaller markets. Tyler sang the National Anthem to kick off the 2004 World Series at Fenway Park. The 2004 film "The Polar Express" featured Tyler singing "Rockin' on Top of the World" alongside a group of computer-animated elves resembling Aerosmith.
In 2005, | 20,494 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Tyler sang lead vocals on Santana's hit single "Just Feel Better" and made a cameo appearance in the film "Be Cool". In 2006, after recovering from throat surgery and the grueling Rockin' the Joint Tour, Steven Tyler performed with Joe Perry and the Boston Pops Orchestra for the orchestra's annual Fourth of July concert, his first major public appearance since the surgery. During the concert, which was broadcast nationally on CBS, Tyler, Perry, and the orchestra performed a medley of "Walk This Way", "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing", and "Dream On". That year, Tyler recorded a duet with country music artist Keith Anderson, titled "Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll". The song, a remixed | 20,495 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
version of a song found on Anderson's debut album, was released as a single on the U.S. Hot Country Songs charts.
Later that year, the Aerosmith compilation "" was released, which included two new tracks. Tyler hit the road with Aerosmith again for the Route of All Evil Tour with Mötley Crüe and also made several more public appearances. He made a cameo appearance on the sitcom "Two and a Half Men", playing himself. On October 14, 2006, Tyler sang "God Bless America" during the seventh-inning stretch at game three of the National League Championship Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Mets at Busch Stadium in St. Louis. On November 24, he volunteered by serving Thanksgiving | 20,496 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
dinner to the needy at a restaurant in West Palm Beach, Florida, before an Aerosmith show there. In 2007, Tyler kept active in Aerosmith with the band's world tour which had them perform in 19 countries. That same year, Steven and Liv Tyler were profiled on "E! True Hollywood Story."
On May 21, 2008, Tyler checked into Las Encinas Hospital rehabilitation clinic in Pasadena, California, to recover from multiple leg surgeries. He made a public statement saying, "The 'foot repair' pain was intense, greater than I'd anticipated. The months of rehabilitative care and the painful strain of physical therapy were traumatic. I really needed a safe environment to recuperate where I could shut off my | 20,497 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
phone and get back on my feet." In June 2008, "" was released, the franchise's first video game based solely around one band and the most successful game based around a band. On July 14, 2008, Tyler's mother, Susan Tallarico, died at age 84.
On July 18, 2008, Tyler appeared with Billy Joel at the last concert to be played at Shea Stadium. Backed by Joel's band, he sang lead vocals on "Walk This Way". In August 2008, HarperCollins won an auction to publish Tyler's autobiography. That same month, Tyler performed with trumpeter Chris Botti in Boston. The concert was released as a CD/DVD, "Chris Botti In Boston" in March 2009. In December 2008, Tyler made a surprise appearance at the Trans-Siberian | 20,498 |
420438 | Steven Tyler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven%20Tyler | Steven Tyler
Orchestra concerts at Nassau Coliseum (December 12, 2008) and the Izod Center (December 13, 2008). At the Izod Center, he collaborated with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra on "Dream On" and "Sweet Emotion".
## Touring, "American Idol", "Does the Noise in My Head Bother You?", and "Music from Another Dimension!" (2009–2014).
On August 5, 2009, while on the Guitar Hero Aerosmith Tour, Tyler fell off a stage near Sturgis, South Dakota, injuring his head and neck and breaking his shoulder. He was airlifted to Rapid City Regional Hospital. Aerosmith was forced to cancel the rest of their 2009 tour, except for two shows in Hawaii in October. In 2007, Aerosmith had to cancel their first concert in Maui, | 20,499 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.