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420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
and depict her heroic actions to save her people. Part I, although at times tedious in its description of the military developments, develops important themes by alternating battles with reflections and rousing action with rest. In contrast, the second half is devoted mainly to Judith's strength of character and the beheading scene.
The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies a clear chiastic pattern in both "acts", in which the order of events is reversed at a central moment in the narrative (i.e., abcc'b'a').
Part I (1:1–7:23)
A. Campaign against disobedient nations; the people surrender (1:1–2:13)
A'. Campaign against Bethulia; the people want to surrender (7:6–32)
Part II (8:1–16:25)
A. | 20,300 |
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Introduction of Judith (8:1–8)
A'. Conclusion about Judith (16.1–25)
## Literary genre.
Most contemporary exegetes, such as Biblical scholar Gianfranco Ravasi, generally tend to ascribe Judith to one of several contemporaneous literary genres, reading it as an extended parable in the form of a historical fiction, or a propaganda literary work from the days of the Seleucid oppression.
It has also been called "an example of the ancient Jewish novel in the Greco-Roman period." Other scholars note that Judith fits within and even incorporates the genre of "salvation traditions" from the Old Testament, particularly the story of Deborah and Jael (Judges 4–5), who seduced and inebriated the Canaanite | 20,301 |
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commander Sisera before hammering a tent-peg into his forehead.
There are also thematic connections to the revenge of Simeon and Levi on Shechem after the rape of Dinah in Gen. 34.
In the Christian West from the patristic period on, Judith was invoked in a wide variety of texts as a multi-faceted allegorical figure. ""Mulier sancta"," she personified the Church and many virtues – Humility, Justice, Fortitude, Chastity (the opposite of Holofernes’ vices Pride, Tyranny, Decadence, Lust) – and she was, like the other heroic women of the Hebrew scriptural tradition, made into a typological prefiguration of the Virgin Mary. Her gender made her a natural example of the biblical paradox of "strength | 20,302 |
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in weakness"; she is thus paired with David and her beheading of Holofernes paralleled with that of Goliath – both deeds saved the Covenant People from a militarily superior enemy.
## Main characters.
Judith, the heroine of the book. She is the daughter of Merari, a Simeonite, and widow of a certain Manasses. She uses her charm to become an intimate friend of Holofernes, but finally beheads him allowing Israel to counter-attack the Assyrians.
Holofernes, the villain of the book. He is a devout soldier of his king, whom he wants to see exalted in all lands. He is given the task of destroying the rebels who didn't support the king of Nineveh in his resistance against Cheleud and the king of | 20,303 |
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Media, until Israel also becomes a target of his military campaign. Judith's charm occasions his death.
Nebuchadnezzar, claimed here to be the king of Nineveh and Assyria. He is so proud that he wants to affirm his strength as a sort of divine power. Holofernes, his Turtan (commanding general), is ordered to take revenge on those who refused to ally themselves with him.
Bagoas, a Persian name denoting an official of Holofernes. He is the first one who discovers Holofernes' beheading.
Achior, an Ammonite king at Nebuchadnezzar's court; he warns the king of Assyria of the power of the God of Israel but is mocked. He is the first one to recognize Holofernes' head brought by Judith in the city, | 20,304 |
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and also the first one to praise God.
Oziah, governor of Bethulia; together with Cabri and Carmi, he rules over Judith's city.
# Historicity of Judith.
It is generally accepted that the Book of Judith is ahistorical. The fictional nature "is evident from its blending of history and fiction, beginning in the very first verse, and is too prevalent thereafter to be considered as the result of mere historical mistakes."
Thus, the great villain is "Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled over the "Assyrians"" (1:1), yet the historical Nebuchadnezzar II was the king of "Babylonia". Other details, such as fictional place names, the immense size of armies and fortifications, and the dating of events, cannot be | 20,305 |
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reconciled with the historical record. Judith's village, Bethulia (literally "virginity") is unknown and otherwise unattested to in any ancient writing.
Nevertheless, there have been various attempts by both scholars and clergy to understand the characters and events in the Book as allegorical representations of actual personages and historical events. Much of this work has focused on linking Nebuchadnezzar with various conquerors of Judea from different time periods and, more recently, linking Judith herself with historical female leaders, including Queen Salome Alexandra, Judea's only female monarch (76-67 BCE) and its last ruler to die while Judea remained an independent kingdom.
## Identification | 20,306 |
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of Nebuchadnezzar with Artaxerxes III Ochus.
The identity of Nebuchadnezzar was unknown to the Church Fathers, but some of them attempted an improbable identification with Artaxerxes III Ochus (425–338 BC), not on the basis of the character of the two rulers, but due to the presence of a "Holofernes" and a "Bagoas" in Ochus' army. This view also gained currency with scholarship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
## Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Ashurbanipal.
In his comparison between the Book of Judith and Assyrian history, Catholic priest and scholar Fulcran Vigouroux (1837–1915) attempts an identification of Nabuchodonosor king of Assyria with Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC) and | 20,307 |
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his rival Arphaxad king of the Medes with Phraortes (665–653 BC), the son of Deioces, founder of Ecbatana.
As argued by Vigouroux, the two battles mentioned in the Septuagint version of the Book of Judith are a reference to the clash of the two empires in 658–657 and to Phraortes' death in battle in 653, after which Ashurbanipal continued his military actions with a large campaign starting with the Battle of the Ulaya River (652 BC) on the 18th year of this Assyrian king. Contemporary sources make reference to the many allies of Chaldea (governed by Ashurbanipal's rebel brother Shamash-shum-ukin), including the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, which were subjects of Assyria and are | 20,308 |
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mentioned in the Book of Judith as victims of Ashurbanipal's Western campaign.
During that period, as in the Book of Judith, there was no king in Judah since the legitimate sovereign, Manasseh of Judah, was being held captive in Nineveh at this time. As a typical policy of the time, all leadership was thus transferred in the hands of the High Priest of Israel in charge, which was Joakim in this case ("Judith "4:6). The profanation of the temple ("Judith" 4:3) might have been that under king Hezekiah (see 2 Chronicles, xxix, 18–19), who reigned between c. 715 and 686 BCE.
Although Nebuchadnezzar and Ashurbanipal's campaigns show direct parallels, the main incident of Judith's intervention has | 20,309 |
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never been recorded in official history. Also, the reasons for the name changes are difficult to understand, unless the text was transmitted without character names before they were added by the Greek translator, who lived centuries later. Moreover, Ashurbanipal is never referenced by name in the Bible, except perhaps for the corrupt form "Asenappar" in 2 Chronicles and Ezra 4:10 or the anonymous title "The King of Assyria" in the 2 Kings, which means his name might have never been recorded by Jewish historians.
## Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Tigranes the Great.
Modern scholars argue in favor of a 2nd – 1st century context for the Book of Judith, understanding it as a sort of roman | 20,310 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
à clef, i.e. a literary fiction whose characters stand for some real historical figure, generally contemporary to the author. In the case of the Book of Judith, Biblical scholar Gabriele Boccaccini, identified Nebuchadnezzar with Tigranes the Great (140–56 BCE), a powerful King of Armenia who, according to Josephus and Strabo, conquered all of the lands identified by the Biblical author in Judith.
Under this theory, the story, although fictional, would be set in the time of Queen Salome Alexandra, the only Jewish regnant queen, who reigned over Judea from 76 to 67 BC.
Like Judith, the Queen had to face the menace of a foreign king who had a tendency to destroy the temples of other religions. | 20,311 |
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Both women were widows whose strategical and diplomatic skills helped in the defeat of the invader. Both stories seem to be set at a time when the temple had recently been rededicated, which is the case after Judas Maccabee killed Nicanor and defeated the Seleucids. The territory of Judean occupation includes the territory of Samaria, something which was possible in Maccabean times only after John Hyrcanus reconquered those territories. Thus, the presumed Sadducee author of Judith would desire to honor the great (Pharisee) Queen who tried to keep both Sadducees and Pharisees united against the common menace.
# Later artistic renditions.
The character of Judith is larger than life, and she | 20,312 |
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has won a place in Jewish and Christian lore, art, poetry and drama. Her name, which means "she will be praised" or "woman of Judea", suggests that she represents the heroic spirit of the Jewish people, and that same spirit, as well as her chastity, have endeared her to Christianity.
Owing to her unwavering religious devotion, she is able to step outside of her widow's role, and dress and act in a sexually provocative manner while clearly remaining true to her ideals in the reader's mind, and her seduction and beheading of the wicked Holofernes while playing this role has been rich fodder for artists of various genres.
## In literature.
The first extant commentary on The Book of Judith is | 20,313 |
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by Hrabanus Maurus (9th century). Thenceforth her presence in medieval European literature is robust: in homilies, biblical paraphrases, histories and poetry. An Old English poetic version is found together with Beowulf (their epics appear both in the Nowell Codex). "The opening of the poem is lost (scholars estimate that 100 lines were lost) but the remainder of the poem, as can be seen, the poet reshaped the biblical source and set the poem's narrative to an Anglo-Saxon audience."
At the same time she is the subject of a homily by the Anglo-Saxon abbot Ælfric. The two conceptual poles represented by these works will inform much of Judith's subsequent history.
In the epic, she is the brave | 20,314 |
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warrior, forceful and active; in the homily she is an exemplar of pious chastity for cloistered nuns. In both cases, her narrative gained relevance from the Viking invasions of the period. Within the next three centuries Judith would be treated by such major figures as Heinrich Frauenlob, Dante, and Geoffrey Chaucer.
In medieval Christian art, the predominance of church patronage assured that Judith's patristic valences as "Mulier Sancta" and Virgin Mary prototype would prevail: from the 8th-century frescoes in Santa Maria Antigua in Rome through innumerable later bible miniatures. Gothic cathedrals often featured Judith, most impressively in the series of 40 stained glass panels at the Sainte-Chapelle | 20,315 |
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in Paris (1240s).
In Renaissance literature and visual arts, all of these trends were continued, often in updated forms, and developed. The already well established notion of Judith as an "exemplum" of the courage of local people against tyrannical rule from afar was given new urgency by the Assyrian nationality of Holofernes, which made him an inevitable symbol of the threatening Turks. The Italian Renaissance poet Lucrezia Tornabuoni chose Judith as one of the five subjects of her poetry on biblical figures.
A similar dynamic was created in the 16th century by the confessional strife of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Both Protestants and Catholics draped themselves in the protective | 20,316 |
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mantle of Judith and cast their "heretical" enemies as Holofernes.
In 16th-century France, writers such as Guillaume Du Bartas, Gabrielle de Coignard and Anne de Marquets composed poems on Judith's triumph over Holofernes. Croatian poet and humanist Marko Marulić also wrote an epic on Judith's story in 1501, the "Judita". The Catholic tract "A Treatise of Schisme", written in 1578 at Douai by the English Roman Catholic scholar Gregory Martin, included a paragraph in which Martin expressed confidence that "the Catholic Hope would triumph, and pious Judith would slay Holofernes". This was interpreted by the English Protestant authorities at the time as incitement to slay Queen Elizabeth I. It | 20,317 |
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served as the grounds for the death sentence passed on printer William Carter who had printed Martin's tract and who was executed in 1584.
## In painting and sculpture.
The subject is one of the most commonly shown in the Power of Women "topos". The account of Judith's beheading Holofernes has been treated by several painters and sculptors, most notably Donatello and Caravaggio, as well as Sandro Botticelli, Andrea Mantegna, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Titian, Horace Vernet, Gustav Klimt, Artemisia Gentileschi, Jan Sanders van Hemessen, Trophime Bigot, Francisco Goya, Francesco Cairo and Hermann-Paul. Also, Michelangelo depicts the scene in multiple aspects in one of the Pendentives, | 20,318 |
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or four spandrels on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Judy Chicago included Judith with a place setting in "The Dinner Party".
## In music and theatre.
The famous 40-voice motet "Spem in alium" by English composer Thomas Tallis, is a setting of a text from the Book of Judith. The story also inspired oratorios by Antonio Vivaldi, W. A. Mozart and Hubert Parry, and an operetta by Jacob Pavlovitch Adler.
Alessandro Scarlatti wrote an oratorio in 1693, "La Giuditta", as did the Portuguese composer Francisco António de Almeida in 1726; "Juditha triumphans" was written in 1716 by Antonio Vivaldi; Mozart composed in 1771 "La Betulia Liberata" (KV 118), to a libretto by Pietro Metastasio. Arthur | 20,319 |
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Honegger composed an oratorio, "Judith", in 1925 to a libretto by René Morax. Operatic treatments exist by Russian composer Alexander Serov, "Judith", and by German composer Siegfried Matthus. The French composer Jean Guillou wrote his Judith-Symphonie for Mezzo and Orchestra in 1970, premiered in Paris in 1972 and published by Schott-Music.
In 1840, Friedrich Hebbel's play "Judith" was performed in Berlin. He deliberately departs from the biblical text:
I have no use for the biblical Judith. There, Judith is a widow who lures Holofernes into her web with wiles, when she has his head in her bag she sings and jubilates with all of Israel for three months. That is mean, such a nature is not | 20,320 |
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worthy of her success [...]. My Judith is paralyzed by her deed, frozen by the thought that she might give birth to Holofernes' son; she knows that she has passed her boundaries, that she has, at the very least, done the right thing for the wrong reasons.
The story of Judith has been a favourite of latter-day playwrights; it was brought alive in 1892 by Abraham Goldfaden, who worked in Eastern Europe. The American playwright Thomas Bailey Aldrich's "Judith of Bethulia" was first performed in New York, 1905, and was the basis for the 1914 production "Judith of Bethulia" by director D. W. Griffith. A full hour in length, it was one of the earliest feature films made in the United States. English | 20,321 |
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writer Arnold Bennett in 1919 tried his hand at dramaturgy with "Judith", a faithful reproduction in three acts; it premiered in spring 1919 at Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne. In 1981, the play "Judith among the Lepers" by the Israeli (Hebrew) playwright Moshe Shamir was performed in Israel. Shamir examines the question why the story of Judith was excluded from the Jewish (Hebrew) Bible and thus banned from Jewish history. In putting her story on stage he tries to reintegrate Judith's story into Jewish history. English playwright Howard Barker examined the Judith story and its aftermath, first in the scene "The Unforeseen Consequences of a Patriotic Act", as part of his collection of vignettes, | 20,322 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
uestion why the story of Judith was excluded from the Jewish (Hebrew) Bible and thus banned from Jewish history. In putting her story on stage he tries to reintegrate Judith's story into Jewish history. English playwright Howard Barker examined the Judith story and its aftermath, first in the scene "The Unforeseen Consequences of a Patriotic Act", as part of his collection of vignettes, "The Possibilities". Barker later expanded the scene into a short play "Judith".
# External links.
- The Book of Judith Full text (also available in Arabic)
- "Jewish Encyclopedia": Judith
- "Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia": Judith: Apocrypha
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Book of Judith | 20,323 |
420514 | William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Amherst,%201st%20Earl%20Amherst | William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, GCH, PC (14 January 1773 – 13 March 1857) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor-General of India between 1823 and 1828.
# Background and education.
Born at Bath, Somerset, Amherst was the son of William Amherst and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Paterson. He was the grand-nephew of Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, and succeeded to his title in 1797 according to a special remainder in the letters patent. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford.
# Ambassador extraordinary to China.
In 1816 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court of China's Qing dynasty, | 20,324 |
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with a view of establishing more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. On arriving at Pei Ho (Baihe, today's Haihe), he was given to understand that he could only be admitted to the Jiaqing Emperor's presence on condition of performing the kowtow, a ceremony which Great Britain considered degrading (a view that was not shared by either the Netherlands or Russia, which also traded with China), and which was, indeed, a homage exacted by a Chinese sovereign from his tributaries. To this, Amherst, following the advice of Sir George Thomas Staunton, who accompanied him as second commissioner, refused to consent, as Macartney had done in 1793, unless the admission was | 20,325 |
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made that his sovereign was entitled to the same show of reverence from a mandarin of his rank. In consequence of this, he was not allowed to enter Peking (Beijing), and the object of his mission was frustrated.
His ship, the "Alceste", after a cruise along the coast of Korea and to the Ryukyu Islands on proceeding homewards, was totally wrecked on a submerged rock in Gaspar Strait. Amherst and part of his shipwrecked companions escaped in the ship's boats to Batavia, whence relief was sent to the rest. The ship in which he returned to England in 1817 touched at St Helena and, as a consequence, he had several interviews with the emperor Napoleon (see Ellis's "Proceedings of the Late Embassy | 20,326 |
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to China", 1817; McLeod's Narrative of a Voyage in H.M.S. "Alceste", 1817). During one of the interviews, it was attributed to Napoleon that he said, "China is a sleeping giant. Let her sleep. For when she wakes, she will shake the world."
# Governor-General of India.
Amherst was Governor-General of India from August 1823 to February 1828. The principal events of his government were annexation of Assam leading to the first Burmese war of 1824, resulting in the cession of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British Empire.
Amherst's appointment came on the heels of the removal of Governor-General Lord Hastings in 1823. Hastings had clashed with London over the issue of lowering the field pay of officers | 20,327 |
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in the Bengal Army, a measure that he was able to avoid through successive wars against Nepal and the Marathas. However, his refusal in the early 1820s during peacetime to lower field pay, resulted in the appointment of Amherst, who was expected to carry out the demands from London.
However, Amherst was an inexperienced governor who was, at least in the early days of his tenure in Calcutta, influenced heavily by senior military officers in Bengal such as Sir Edward Paget. He inherited a territorial dispute from John Adam, the acting Governor-General prior to his arrival, which involved the Anglo-Burmese border on the Naaf River and this spilled over into violence on 24 September 1823. Unwilling | 20,328 |
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to lose face in a time of Burmese territorial aggression, Amherst ordered the troops in.
The war was to last two years, with 15,000 killed on the British side and it cost 13 million pounds, contributing to an economic crisis in India. It was only due to the efforts of powerful friends such as George Canning and the Duke of Wellington that Amherst was not recalled in disgrace at the end of the war.
The war significantly changed Amherst's stance on Burma, and he now adamantly refused to annexe Lower Burma, but he did not succeed in repairing his reputation entirely, and he was replaced in 1828. He was created Earl Amherst, of Arracan in the East Indies, and Viscount Holmesdale, in the County | 20,329 |
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of Kent, in 1826. On his return to England he lived in retirement till his death in March 1857.
# Family.
Lord Amherst married twice, and remarkably, both his wives were dowager countesses of Plymouth. His first wife was Sarah, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1762–1838), daughter of Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer and widow of Other Windsor, 5th Earl of Plymouth (d. 1799). She was more than ten years older than him and the mother of several children. They were married in 1800 and were blessed with two sons as well as a daughter Lady Sarah Elizabeth Pitt Amherst. Sarah died in May 1838, aged 76, after about 38 years of marriage. Lady Amherst's pheasant was named after Sarah; it was at her instigation | 20,330 |
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that the species was introduced from Asia to Bedfordshire. The genus "Amherstia", a Burmese flowering tree, is also named after her.
In 1839, an year after the death of his first wife, Lord Amherst, aged 66, married the widowed daughter-in-law of his first wife. This was Mary, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1792–1864), elder daughter and co-heiress of John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, and widow of his stepson Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789–1833). Although this was an unusual marriage, it was not forbidden by either Church law or civil law. His second wife had no children by either marriage.
Lord Amherst died in March 1857, aged 84 at Knole House in Kent, the seat of the Dukes of | 20,331 |
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e, it was not forbidden by either Church law or civil law. His second wife had no children by either marriage.
Lord Amherst died in March 1857, aged 84 at Knole House in Kent, the seat of the Dukes of Dorset, a property which his second wife had inherited. He was survived by his second wife, Lady Amherst, heiress of Knole, who died in July 1864, aged 71. Lord Amherst was succeeded in his titles by his second and only surviving son, William.
# See also.
Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824
# References.
- A. Thackeray and R. Evans, Amherst (Rulers of India series), 1894.
- Webster, Anthony. (1998) "Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia", Tauris Academic Studies, New York, . | 20,332 |
420527 | Javier Sánchez | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier%20Sánchez | Javier Sánchez
Javier Sánchez
Javier Sánchez Vicario (; born 1 February 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Spain.
Sánchez won the US Open junior title in 1986, and then turned professional. He won his first professional doubles titles in 1987. His first top-level singles title came in 1988 at Buenos Aires. During his career he won a total of four top-level singles titles and 26 doubles titles. He reached the quarterfinals of the US Open in 1991 and 1996, and the semifinals of the 1994 Hamburg Masters. His career-high rankings were World No. 23 in singles (in 1994) and No. 9 in doubles (in 1992). His playing style was somewhat of a throwback in that he had a solid all-round game but did not | 20,333 |
420527 | Javier Sánchez | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier%20Sánchez | Javier Sánchez
have a weapon of a shot that won him easy points. In addition, he had a one-handed backhand that he usually hit with a slice rather than up-and-through.
Sánchez is a member of one of the world's most successful tennis families. His younger sister Arantxa Sánchez Vicario became the youngest-ever winner of the women's singles title at the French Open at age 17 in 1989, and went on to win several more Grand Slam titles. His older brother Emilio Sánchez was also a very successful player who won several Grand Slam doubles titles. In Javier's first career singles final in 1987 in Madrid, he faced Emilio. It was the first time that two brothers had met each other in the final of a top-level tour tournament. | 20,334 |
420527 | Javier Sánchez | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier%20Sánchez | Javier Sánchez
r winner of the women's singles title at the French Open at age 17 in 1989, and went on to win several more Grand Slam titles. His older brother Emilio Sánchez was also a very successful player who won several Grand Slam doubles titles. In Javier's first career singles final in 1987 in Madrid, he faced Emilio. It was the first time that two brothers had met each other in the final of a top-level tour tournament. Emilio won the match 6–3, 3–6, 6–2. (Emilio and Javier faced each other a total of 12 times during their careers. Javier won two of their matches, and Emilio won ten.)
# Doubles titles (26).
## Doubles performance timeline.
A = did not attend tournamentbr
NH = tournament not held | 20,335 |
420524 | Bottleneck traveling salesman problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottleneck%20traveling%20salesman%20problem | Bottleneck traveling salesman problem
Bottleneck traveling salesman problem
The Bottleneck traveling salesman problem (bottleneck TSP) is a problem in discrete or combinatorial optimization. The problem is to find the Hamiltonian cycle in a weighted graph which minimizes the weight of the most weighty edge of the cycle. It was first formulated by with some additional constraints, and in its full generality by .
# Complexity.
The problem is known to be NP-hard. The decision problem version of this, "for a given length is there a Hamiltonian cycle in a graph with no edge longer than ?", is NP-complete. NP-completeness follows immediately by a reduction from the problem of finding a Hamiltonian cycle.
# Algorithms.
Another reduction, | 20,336 |
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from the bottleneck TSP to the usual TSP (where the goal is to minimize the sum of edge lengths), allows any algorithm for the usual TSP to also be used to solve the bottleneck TSP.
If the edge weights of the bottleneck TSP are replaced by any other numbers that have the same relative order, then the bottleneck solution remains unchanged.
If, in addition, each number in the sequence exceeds the sum of all smaller numbers, then the bottleneck solution will also equal the usual TSP solution.
For instance, such a result may be attained by resetting each weight to where is the number of vertices in the graph and is the rank of the original weight of the edge in the sorted sequence of weights. | 20,337 |
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For instance, following this transformation, the Held–Karp algorithm could be used to solve the bottleneck TSP in time .
Alternatively, the problem can be solved by performing a binary search or sequential search for the smallest such that the subgraph of edges of weight at most has a Hamiltonian cycle. This method leads to solutions whose running time is only a logarithmic factor larger than the time to find a Hamiltonian cycle.
# Variations.
In an asymmetric bottleneck TSP, there are cases where the weight from node "A" to "B" is different from the weight from B to A (e. g. travel time between two cities with a traffic jam in one direction).
The Euclidean bottleneck TSP, or planar bottleneck | 20,338 |
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TSP, is the bottleneck TSP with the distance being the ordinary Euclidean distance. The problem still remains NP-hard. However, many heuristics work better for it than for other distance functions.
The maximum scatter traveling salesman problem is another variation of the traveling salesman problem in which the goal is to find a Hamiltonian cycle that maximizes the minimum edge length rather than minimizing the maximum length. Its applications include the analysis of medical images, and the scheduling of metalworking steps in aircraft manufacture to avoid heat buildup from steps that are nearby in both time and space. It can be translated into an instance of the bottleneck TSP problem by negating | 20,339 |
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all edge lengths (or, to keep the results positive, subtracting them all from a large enough constant). However, although this transformation preserves the optimal solution, it does not preserve the quality of approximations to that solution.
# Metric approximation algorithm.
If the graph is a metric space then there is an efficient approximation algorithm that finds a Hamiltonian cycle with maximum edge weight being no more than twice the optimum.
This result follows by Fleischner's theorem, that the square of a 2-vertex-connected graph always contains a Hamiltonian cycle. It is easy to find a threshold value , the smallest value such that the edges of weight form a 2-connected graph. Then | 20,340 |
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provides a valid lower bound on the bottleneck TSP weight, for the bottleneck TSP is itself a 2-connected graph and necessarily contains an edge of weight at least . However, the square of the subgraph of edges of weight at most is Hamiltonian. By the triangle inequality for metric spaces, its Hamiltonian cycle has edges of weight at most .
This approximation ratio is best possible. For, any unweighted graph can be transformed into a metric space by setting its edge weights to and setting the distance between all nonadjacent pairs of vertices to . An approximation with ratio better than in this metric space could be used to determine whether the original graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle, | 20,341 |
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wever, the square of the subgraph of edges of weight at most is Hamiltonian. By the triangle inequality for metric spaces, its Hamiltonian cycle has edges of weight at most .
This approximation ratio is best possible. For, any unweighted graph can be transformed into a metric space by setting its edge weights to and setting the distance between all nonadjacent pairs of vertices to . An approximation with ratio better than in this metric space could be used to determine whether the original graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle, an NP-complete problem.
Without the assumption that the input is a metric space, no finite approximation ratio is possible.
# See also.
- Travelling salesman problem | 20,342 |
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Frontage road
A frontage road (also known as an access road, service road or parallel road) is a local road running parallel to a higher-speed, limited-access road. A frontage road is often used to provide access to private driveways, shops, houses, industries or farms. Where parallel high-speed roads are provided as part of a major highway, these are also known as local-express lanes.
A frontage lane is a paved path that is used for the transportation and travel from one street to another. Frontage lanes, closely related to a frontage road, are common in metropolitan areas and in small rural towns. Frontage lanes are technically not classified as roads due to their purpose as a bridge from | 20,343 |
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one road to another, and due to the architectural standards that they are not as wide as a standard road, or used as commonly as a standard road, street, or avenue.
# Overview.
Frontage roads provide access to homes and businesses which would otherwise be cut off by a limited-access road and connect these locations with roads which have direct access to the main roadway. Frontage roads give indirect access to abutting property along a freeway, either preventing the commercial disruption of an urban area that the freeway traverses or allowing commercial development of abutting property. At times, they add to the cost of building an expressway due to costs of land and the costs of paving and | 20,344 |
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maintenance.
However, the benefits of developing nearby real estate can more than offset the cost of building the frontage roads. Furthermore, a frontage road may be a part of an older highway, so the expense of building a frontage road may be slight. And finally, the cost to purchase access rights from adjacent property may exceed the costs to build frontage roads. Conversely, the existence of a frontage road can increase traffic on the main road and be a catalyst for development; hence there is sometimes an explicit decision made to not build a frontage road.
A backage road is a similar concept, but lies on the back side of the land parcels that abut the controlled access's right of way. | 20,345 |
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Like the frontage road, it serves mainly to provide access to those parcels as an alternative to a frontage road.
# Advantages.
There are several advantages to using frontage roads. One advantage is to separate local traffic from through traffic. When frontage roads are lacking in an urban area, the highway is used as a local road, reducing speeds and increasing congestion.
Another advantage occurs when the highway is closed or just obstructed. This pushes traffic off the highway. Where an urban area has frontage roads, the traffic can easily bypass the obstruction or closure on the frontage road. Where an urban area has no frontage road, traffic is diverted onto and congests local roads, | 20,346 |
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since there is no formal (frontage road) alternative.
# Disadvantages.
There are also some disadvantages to using frontage roads. When frontage roads are used without controlling the access to the primary road, at every intersection where an intersecting road runs across the primary, the number of conflict points increases one fold for each frontage road, since each frontage road is itself another intersection. A highway with frontage roads can be difficult for pedestrians to cross, for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to when neither the primary road nor the crossing is elevated, or gaps in traffic are few and the intervals between those gaps is long. Such examples include:
- | 20,347 |
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US 190 in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana;
- LA 1 in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana;
- Palatine Road in Cook County, Illinois;
- The northeast edge of Spur 503 in Denison, Texas;
- The Southeast edge of U.S. Route 69 in McAlester, Oklahoma.
A complex example is US 77/Commerce () in Ardmore, Oklahoma, particularly at the Grand Avenue intersection. Right turns from the central carriageways are not allowed; a slip ramp must be taken to the two-way frontage road, where the turning traffic must yield to the through traffic. Only then can a vehicle make a right turn from the signal on the frontage road.
# Collector-express.
The successor to the concept of service/frontage roads in urban | 20,348 |
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freeways is the collector-express system, which is designed to handle closely spaced interchange ramps without disrupting through traffic. Unlike service roads, the collector lanes are typically high-speed full controlled-access lanes, conforming to freeway requirements.
The collector lanes may also be known as a collector/distributor road and slip ramps provide access to and from the express/mainline lanes. Frontage roads may feed into and from collector/distributor roads near some interchanges.
# Examples.
## Argentina.
In Argentina, especially around Buenos Aires, frontage roads known as colectoras can be found next to freeways. Examples include Avenida General Paz, Ruta 8, and Ruta 9 | 20,349 |
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coming into Buenos Aires.
## Canada.
Ontario:
A freeway with a significant remaining network of service roads is the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW). However, most of the slip ramps between St. Catharines and Mississauga were removed during major reconstruction in the 1970s and 1990s. Service roads are no longer able to directly access the QEW; they have been rerouted to intersections with other major roads which have interchanges with the QEW. Nonetheless, the service roads are positioned too close to the QEW to easily widen the freeway unless all the private properties along the service road are bought out. This would be unlikely in the current political environment.
The only remaining slip | 20,350 |
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ramps connecting to service roads are on the QEW running through St. Catharines. These dangerous low-standard ramps (due to lack of acceleration/deceleration lanes) are due to be replaced in a planned extensive reconstruction of the QEW that is currently underway. Similar service roads and slip ramps exist along Highway 401 through Oshawa, but like through St. Catharines, these are also in the process of being replaced with modern ramps.
Highway 427 had its service roads replaced with a collector-express system in the 1970s. However, it has several RIRO access onramps and offramps to serve residential traffic in addition to its standard parclo interchanges with major arterials.
List of Service | 20,351 |
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Roads on the QEW:
- series of broken sections from Cawthra Road in Mississauga to the Garden City Skyway in St. Catharines.
List of Service Roads on the 403:
- North Service Road at QEW/407 junction to Waterdown Rd, Burlington
- Service Road at Guelph Line, Burlington
List of RIRO on the 427:
- Gibbs Road onto North 427
- Eva Road onto/off South 427
- Holiday Drive onto/off South 427
- Eringate Drive onto/off South 427
- Valhalla Inn Road onto North 427
Quebec: Many autoroutes in the Montreal area (including the A-40, A-520, A-13, A-15 and A-25) maintain networks of frontage roads along at least some of their lengths as they pass through urban/developing areas.
## Mexico.
In Guadalajara, | 20,352 |
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the López Mateos, Vallarta and Mariano Otero avenues (the latter in the stretch between López Mateos to Niños Héroes) are 2-lane avenues surrounded by two one-way frontage roads. Lázaro Cárdenas Expressway is similar, but with three lanes in both the central road and the frontage roads. Because these frontage roads are considered as part of the avenue itself, the central road is known locally as the "central lanes", whereas the frontage roads are known as "lateral lanes". Turns are always forbidden in the central lanes; drivers wishing to make a turn must leave the central lanes and make the turn from the lateral lanes.
## The Netherlands.
Frontage roads are common in the Netherlands and detailed | 20,353 |
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in the Dutch national Design manual for bicycle traffic as per pages 121 and 127 where they are referred to as parallel roads. In the Netherlands, engineers have used frontage roads to benefit cyclists as well as automobiles. Because frontage roads only carry local traffic, the speed on these roads is low (their speed limit is 30 km/h), making them an ideal environment for bicyclists. Because the speed and volume is so low, no additional treatments are needed to make a service road a safe bike facility. In the Netherlands, service roads are often linked together with bike paths to help create a comprehensive bicycle route, with the bike path links serving as barriers to through motor traffic. | 20,354 |
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Since service roads serve a dual purpose, they are an inexpensive way to create routes in cycling network, compared to cycletracks or stand-alone bike paths. Extensive amounts of information on frontage roads can be found on Northeastern's webpage.
## People's Republic of China.
In the People's Republic of China mainland, roads running next to expressways, taking outgoing traffic and feeding incoming traffic, are called either service roads or auxiliary roads ("fudao" locally). Where expressways cross larger urban areas, such frontage roads may run next to the expressway itself. Much of the Beijing portion of the Jingkai Expressway, for example, has, in fact, China National Highway 106 acting | 20,355 |
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as a split-direction frontage road. Many newer urban highways are entirely elevated, with parallel access roads running beneath the entire length.
## Philippines.
The South Luzon Expressway's Metro Manila Skyway and Pres. Sergio Osmeña Sr. Highway segments (both are apparently local and express roads) has two service roads and the PNR running alongside the road. The tracks are between the East Service Road and the highway, giving access to train stations from Pasay Road railway station to Bicutan railway station. The service roads begin at Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue up until the Filinvest exit.
## Hong Kong.
Frontage roads exist both in city and along major expressways between new towns. Gloucester | 20,356 |
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Road has frontage road running parallel of it from east to west. Cheung Tung Road serves as the frontage road for North Lantau Highway, Hiram's Highway for New Hiram's Highway, and Tai Wo Service Road West and Tai Wo Service Road East for Fanling Highway. Castle Peak Road serves the purpose as a frontage road of Tuen Mun Road to some extent.
## India.
In India, frontage roads or Service lanes (sometimes called नल्ला "Nullah" in Hindi) exist on most high density dual carriageway roads and dual carriageway highways. On Access controlled Expressways like the Yamuna Expressway, the frontage roads remain separate from the main carriageway throughout the road's length. Retrofitted and previously | 20,357 |
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non-access controlled roads, such as most National Highways, only have service lanes on stretches where fly-overs (overpasses) are built over junctions or through towns.
## United States.
Alaska
Though Alaska has very few roads that are built to freeway standard, a couple of the highways that are do have frontage roads; notably along the Seward Highway (Alaska Route 1) with Homer Drive running south (from Tudor Road to Dimond Boulevard) and Brayton Drive running north (from DeArmoun Road to Tudor Road); and the Minnesota Drive Expressway (from West 100th Ave to Dimond Boulevard) in South Anchorage. Also, the George Parks Highway (Alaska Route 3) has two-way frontage roads running along it | 20,358 |
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from the Trunk Road exit to the Seward Meridian Parkway exit (Fireweed Road on the south side and Blue Lupine Drive on the north side) in Wasilla.
### Arizona.
Frontage roads are not very common in Arizona but do exist along certain freeways. I-17 Black Canyon Hwy./Maricopa Fwy. is the oldest freeway in the Phoenix Metropolitan area to have a frontage road. Some sections of the frontage road was reduced to a single lane in the 1990s when I-17 was widened. The Arizona Loop 101 is the only other freeway in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area to have a frontage road along certain stretches. Namely Price Road in Tempe and Beardsley Rd in North Phoenix as the Loop 101 was built on top of these roads. | 20,359 |
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These roads now exist a two lane one way frontage road for the 101. In Tucson, I-10 has a two lane one way frontage road and in between Casa Grande and Tucson a two-lane two-way frontage road.
### Illinois.
Frontage roads are common in Chicago, where they usually have the name the street in its place had before the adjacent expressway was constructed. Parts of the Dan Ryan Expressway, the Eisenhower Expressway, and the Kennedy Expressway use frontage roads. In addition, the stretches of Interstate 290 and the Elgin-O'Hare Expressway in Schaumburg have frontage roads.
### Massachusetts.
Frontage roads are relatively uncommon in much of New England, and in Boston in particular, largely due | 20,360 |
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to resistance to expressway construction, which necessitated scaled-back rights of way. Still, some unique examples of the type exist in the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway Surface Road, Cross street, and Atlantic Avenue in downtown Boston. As a result of the Big Dig, the carriageways of these streets were re-aligned to function as a two-way frontage road system through downtown Boston with the Rose Kennedy Greenway park system as their 'median', and the expressway underground. In this special case of a Frontage road, the subterranean I-93 Central Artery expressway is not visible from the surface, but accessible through access ramps into the tunnel system. Just south of downtown, I-93 also | 20,361 |
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includes a short section at-grade frontage road between exits 16 in South Boston and the I-90 interchange south of Chinatown, in a more typical arrangement of the concept.
### Michigan.
Frontage roads are also common in Metro Detroit, where they are usually referred to as "service drives." As in Texas, they typically run one-way with frequent slip ramps to and from the limited-access roadway, with Texas U-turns at or near many intersections. Unlike Texas, there is usually little commercial development situated along the frontage road itself (see example); the road serves to provide access to the freeway from existing residential streets and commercial surface thoroughfares. Also unlike in | 20,362 |
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many locales in urban Texas, where an exit ramp may actually precede the entrance ramp for the previous interchange to facilitate access to businesses situated directly on the frontage road (in effect, the two interchanges overlap along the frontage road), Michigan slip ramps to and from frontage roads are generally positioned as they normally would be in the absence of the frontage road. Motorists entering and exiting the freeway are not sharing the frontage road simultaneously to as large a degree, reducing weaving. Access to the frontage road between exits is provided by turnarounds and frequent bridging, generally every 1/2 mile, between exits.
Michigan left hand turns are also quite common | 20,363 |
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at surface street-frontage road intersections, with dedicated turnaround lanes (similar to the Texas U-turn) built over the freeway on separate bridges approximately 100 meters from the main intersection and bridging.
With the exceptions of Interstate 275 and the freeway portion of M-53, every Metro Detroit freeway has a frontage road along it for at least a portion of its length. Several other freeways outside Metro Detroit use these as well.
There are two other cities in Michigan where frontage roads running more than one mile in length outside of Metro Detroit can be found. There are frontage roads along Interstate 496 and U.S. Route 127 in Greater Lansing and along Interstate 475 in Downtown | 20,364 |
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Flint. Outside the cities, US-23 has them from Ann Arbor to Fenton, while US-127 has them from Leslie to Mason. New freeway construction in Michigan has not included frontage roads since the completion of Interstate 696, most of which was constructed along the rights of way of major surface arteries, in 1989.Michigan does not build frontage roads in rural areas.
### Missouri.
Missouri has built frontage roads, typically named "Outer Roads", along Interstate 44 (when it was designated as US 66) between Springfield and Greater St. Louis and along US 67 (not all of it up to freeway standards) between Festus and Poplar Bluff.
### New York.
One-way service roads on either sides of highways are | 20,365 |
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relatively common in New York City. Due to the high urban density, this design allows rapid access on and off the highway while also providing a viable alternate route in the case of accidents and traffic. In the borough of Queens, the Van Wyck Expressway has this system implemented for most of its length. On Long Island, the Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495), has one-way service roads on each side of the expressway for most of its length from the Queens–Midtown Tunnel to Riverhead.
### New Jersey.
While service roads are somewhat uncommon on most New Jersey highways (as they use a "Stroad"[{unclear sentence construction|reason=stroad could refer to the service road, or the highway|date=May | 20,366 |
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2019}}] design), they do exist. In northern New Jersey, Route 3 has several service roads throughout much of its length, due in part to the heavy commercial development in the area. Notably, commuters will often use these service roads to get ahead of regular traffic back ups, often causing accidents which lead to the shut down of said service roads, defeating their purpose.
### Texas.
Most Texas freeways have service roads on both sides. In urban and suburban areas, the traffic typically travels one-way, in the direction of the adjacent freeway. Most other areas have two-way traffic, but as an area urbanizes, the frontage road is often converted to one-way traffic (2 lanes). In cases of freeway | 20,367 |
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congestion or shutdown, the frontage road provides an instant detour but delayed by each stop sign or stoplight at cross streets.
Over 80% of Houston freeways have service roads, which locals typically call feeders. Many service roads in urban and suburban areas of Texas have the convenience of Texas U-turns, as a left lane curving under an overpass, allowing drivers to avoid stopping for traffic lights when making a U-turn.
Service roads are often built as part of a multi-phase plan to construct new limited-access highways. They initially serve as a highway with access to local business before the freeway is constructed years later. After the completion of the freeway, frontage roads serve | 20,368 |
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as a major thoroughfare for local activity, such as with the Katy Freeway project (I-10) in Greater Houston. In several cases, a long-range plan has called for a future freeway, but the design has either changed or the project was canceled before completion.
Nicknames for frontage roads vary within the state of Texas. In Houston and East Texas, they are called feeders. Dallas and Fort Worth area residents call their frontage roads "service roads", and "access roads" is the predominant term used in San Antonio. Most signs reference "Frontage Road" despite local regional vernacular (there are signs in Houston that use the term "feeder").
The free sections of Beltway 8 not part of the Sam Houston | 20,369 |
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Tollway is composed of frontage roads.
In 2002, the Texas Department of Transportation proposed to discontinue building frontage roads on new freeways, citing studies that suggest frontage roads increase congestion. However, this proposal was widely ridiculed and criticized and was dropped later the same year.
The Stemmons Freeway in Dallas illustrates the practicability of the frontage road: the real estate developer John Stemmons offered free land to the Texas Highway commission in which to build a freeway (Interstate 35E) on the condition that the state build the freeway with frontage roads that would give access to undeveloped property that he owned along the freeway corridor. The state | 20,370 |
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was able to reduce its costs (largely the cost of land acquisition) of building the freeway, and didn't need to acquire and demolish developed property; the developer profited from development along the freeway. San Antonio developer Charles Martin Wender used the same tactic for his Westover Hills development, offering free land through the middle of his property for SH 151 as well as paying half the costs for the initial frontage road construction. Following Wender's lead, several neighboring landowners also donated right-of-way for the route.
### The Carolinas.
Frontage roads are common on interstate highways in North Carolina and South Carolina. Some of these road have houses facing the | 20,371 |
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highways which they parallel. They may also have highway services, as most of them are located near interchanges. Most frontage roads in the Carolinas do not have ramps leading to and from their respective highways; rather, as mentioned before, most are located near interchanges, which allows people to exit the highway and go around to the frontage road if needed.
### California.
The East Shore Freeway, a wrong-way concurrency of 80 and 580 in Berkeley and Emeryville, is served by a frontage which retains the name of the previous road that ran through the corridor: the Eastshore Highway. It is also served by another frontage on the other side of the freeway: W Frontage Road.
Interstate 210 | 20,372 |
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n California near Pasadena and Arcadia has frontage roads which include Corson St. in Pasadena (parallel to Interstate 210 West) and Maple St. (parallel to Interstate 210 East) in Pasadena, while Central Ave (parallel to Interstate 210 West) and Evergreen Ave (parallel to Interstate 210 East) are in Arcadia.
### Montana.
Along Interstate 15, most rural sections of the former US 91 are still in service as frontage roads between Lima and Butte, Butte and Helena, Helena and Great Falls, and from Great Falls north to Shelby.
Some former sections of US 10 in the west (Saint Regis to Butte along Interstate 90) and east (Billings to North Dakota along Interstate 94) also serve as frontage roads. | 20,373 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
Sex and Lucia
Sex and Lucía () is a 2001 Spanish drama film written and directed by Julio Medem, and starring Paz Vega and Tristán Ulloa. The film was shot on two separate locations along the Mediterranean coast in Spain and France.
# Plot.
Lucía (Paz Vega), a waitress, is talking on the phone with her depressed writer boyfriend Lorenzo (Tristán Ulloa) after they had a nasty argument, where, afterward, she walked out. Since he has been in a 'funk' for a while, she's worried and goes home to console him. Finding an empty apartment, Lucía is frantic. She receives a phone call from the police while finding a suicide note, and is so afraid of bad news that she hangs up, assuming the worst. They | 20,374 |
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call back, but she ignores the ringing phone, packs a bag, and flees. Looking for a new beginning, Lucía travels to the mysterious Balearic Islands that Lorenzo had always talked of, but had recently been very negative about.
Six years earlier: Lorenzo is having casual sex in the ocean, on a bright moon-lit night, with a beautiful married woman he just met named Elena. They part ways, expecting to never see each other again. She discovers she is pregnant with his child, and attempts to find him, but, not knowing much about him, is unable to.
Later, as Lorenzo talks with his literary agent at a restaurant, discussing his writer's block, Lucía catches his attention as he gets up from his table | 20,375 |
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to get cigarettes. She asks to speak to him and he joins her. She brazenly tells him that ever since she read his latest book, she has been following him and has fallen passionately in love with him. A smitten Lorenzo immediately engages the sexy, passionate Lucía and she moves into Lorenzo's apartment.
The film then interweaves the past and present, of the characters in the film, and the characters in Lorenzo's novel.
Lorenzo repeatedly stalls for time on his new book with his editor, while his relationship with Lucía deepens. About six years pass. Lorenzo learns he has a daughter as a result of his encounter with Elena and begins to visit the child at her school, meeting her babysitter Belén.
Belén | 20,376 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
tells Lorenzo her mother is a recently retired porn actress with a new hot boyfriend, and virtually seduces Lorenzo with chatter of sexual context and banter about her fantasies. Lorenzo uses these encounters and his fantasies about Belén and her mother as content for his book, and Lucía reads about it, thinking it fiction. Meanwhile, he does not disclose his fatherhood to Lucía or the child, nor even attempt to contact Elena.
Belén flirts with Lorenzo and eventually invites him over to Elena's house while she babysits his daughter, Luna. Lorenzo tells Luna a bedtime story, and after she falls asleep, he and Belén begin to have sex. They are interrupted as Luna knocks at the bedroom door, and | 20,377 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
they watch in horror as the family dog, a large Rotweiler in 'protect mode' kills Luna. Belén is stunned. Lorenzo runs away and falls into a deep depression.
Lorenzo's writing turns dark, towards depraved sex and death. He anonymously contacts Elena, who has moved to the island to find solace and recall better days, and provides her a nice story about a beautiful child that loves to swim in the sea, to cheer her spirits. But his now guilt-ridden and uncommunicative relationship with Lucía begins to collapse.
Back in the present, Lucía meets a scuba diver on the island, Carlos, and through him, Elena, who runs an inn on the island. Lucía rents a room, and the women bond as friends, not knowing | 20,378 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
their intimate connection. But when Lucía mentions Lorenzo by name, and his past visit to the island long ago, Elena deduces the connection. Lucía sees a picture of Luna (looking remarkably like her father and remembering the name from Lorenzo's novel) and she makes the connection too.
Lorenzo's editor visits Lorenzo in the hospital, where he was taken after being in an 'accident', spending several weeks in recovery. When Lorenzo asks about Lucía, the editor tells Lorenzo he thinks Lucía thinks he is dead.
Lorenzo guesses Lucía is on the island and has the editor take him there. After both women discover that Lorenzo isn't dead, the three characters cope with and finally understand the entanglements | 20,379 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
of their interwoven relationships.
# Cast.
- Paz Vega as Lucía
- Tristán Ulloa as Lorenzo
- Najwa Nimri as Elena
- Daniel Freire as Carlos / Antonio
- Elena Anaya as Belén
- Silvia Llanos as Luna
# Reception.
"Sex and Lucia" soon became an international success, winning Vega a Goya Award for Best Female Newcomer. The cinematography is by Kiko de la Rica, and the score by Alberto Iglesias, who also won a Goya Award for his work.
## Critical response.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a approval rating of 71% based on 70 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Beneath the gratuitous nudity lies a complex and visually striking | 20,380 |
420532 | Sex and Lucia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%20and%20Lucia | Sex and Lucia
én
- Silvia Llanos as Luna
# Reception.
"Sex and Lucia" soon became an international success, winning Vega a Goya Award for Best Female Newcomer. The cinematography is by Kiko de la Rica, and the score by Alberto Iglesias, who also won a Goya Award for his work.
## Critical response.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a approval rating of 71% based on 70 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Beneath the gratuitous nudity lies a complex and visually striking movie." Metacritic, which uses an average of critics' reviews, gives the film a 65/100 rating, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
# External links.
- Oficial website | 20,381 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
Duke of Richmond
Duke of Richmond is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created four times in British history. It has been held by members of the royal Tudor and Stuart families.
The current dukedom of Richmond was created in 1675 for Charles Lennox, the illegitimate son of King Charles II of England and a Breton noblewoman, Louise de Penancoët de Kérouaille; Charles Lennox was also made Duke of Lennox a month later. The Duke of Richmond and Lennox was furthermore created Duke of Gordon in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1876, meaning that the Duke holds three dukedoms— plus, in pretence, the French Duchy of Aubigny-sur-Nère— more than any other person in the realm.
# History | 20,382 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
of the Dukedom.
Prior to the creation of the Dukedom the early nobles of England associated with Richmondshire were Lords and Earls of Richmond. At times the honour of Richmond was held without a title. The Dukedom of Richmond emerged under King Henry VIII.
The first creation of a dukedom of Richmond (as "Duke of Richmond and Somerset") was made in 1525 for Henry FitzRoy, an illegitimate son of King Henry VIII. His mother was Elizabeth Blount. Upon the Duke's death without children in 1536, his titles became extinct.
The second creation was in 1623 for Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox (see Lennox (district)) (1574–1624), who also held other titles in the peerage of Scotland. He was created | 20,383 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
Earl of Richmond and Baron Settrington in 1613 and Duke of Richmond in the peerage of England in 1623 as a member of the Lennox line (not unlike King James himself) in the House of Stuart. These became extinct at his death in 1624, but his Scottish honours devolved on his brother Esmé, Earl of March, who thus became 3rd Duke of Lennox in the peerage of Scotland. Esmé's son James, 4th Duke of Lennox (1612–1655) subsequently received the third creation of the dukedom of Richmond in 1641, when the two dukedoms again became united. In 1672, on the death of James' nephew Charles, 3rd Duke of Richmond and 6th Duke of Lennox, both titles again became extinct.
The fourth creation of the dukedom of | 20,384 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
Richmond was in August 1675, when Charles II granted the title to Charles Lennox, his illegitimate son by Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth. Charles Lennox was further created Duke of Lennox a month later. Charles' son, also Charles, succeeded to the French title Duke of Aubigny (of Aubigny-sur-Nère) on the death of his grandmother in 1734. The 6th Duke of Richmond and Lennox was created Duke of Gordon (See Clan Gordon) in 1876. Thus, the Duke holds three (four, if the French Aubigny claim is accepted) dukedoms, more than any other person in the realm.
The subsidiary titles of the dukedom created in 1675 are "Earl of March" (created 1675), "Earl of Darnley" (1675), "Earl of Kinrara" | 20,385 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
(1876), "Baron Settrington", of Settrington in the County of York (1675), and "Lord Torbolton" (1675).
The Dukes of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon are normally styled "Duke of Richmond and Gordon". Before the creation of the Dukedom of Gordon they were styled "Duke of Richmond and Lennox". The titles "Earl of March" and "Baron Settrington" were created in the peerage of England along with the Dukedom of Richmond. The titles "Earl of Darnley" and "Lord Torbolton" were created in the Peerage of Scotland along with the Dukedom of Lennox. Finally, the title "Earl of Kinrara" was created in the peerage of the United Kingdom with the Dukedom of Gordon. The eldest son of the Duke uses the courtesy title | 20,386 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
"Earl of March and Kinrara". Before the creation of the Dukedom of Gordon, the courtesy title used was "Earl of March".
The family seat is Goodwood House near Chichester, West Sussex.
## Dukes of Richmond (1675).
The heir apparent is Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, Earl of March and Kinrara (b. 1994), eldest son of the 11th Duke.
# Line of succession.
- 1. Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, Earl of March and Kinrara (b. 1994), eldest son of the 11th Duke
- 2. Lord William Rupert Gordon-Lennox (b. 1996), second son of the 11th Duke
- 3. Lord Frederick Lysander Gordon-Lennox (b. 2000), third son of the 11th Duke
- 4. James David Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1944), great-grandson of the 7th Duke
- | 20,387 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
5. Henry Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1976), great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 6. Charles William Gordon-Lennox (b. 2005), great-great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 7. Thomas Edward Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 2009), great-great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 8. Edward Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1961), great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 9. Alexander Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1990), great-great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 10. Angus Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1964), great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 11. Geordie Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1998), great-great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 12. Charles Bernard Gordon-Lennox (b. 1970), great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- | 20,388 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
13. Archie Clement Gordon-Lennox (b. 2014), great-great-great grandson of the 7th Duke
- 14. Col. David Henry Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1935), great-grandson of the 7th Duke
- 15. Henry George Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1934), great-grandson of the 6th Duke
- 16. Ian Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1958), great-great grandson of the 6th Duke
- 17. Philip George Hugh Gordon-Lennox (b. 1963), great-great grandson of the 6th Duke
- 18. Thomas Charles Gordon-Lennox (b. 1991), great-great-great grandson of the 6th Duke
- 19. Alec George Gordon-Lennox (b. 1993), great-great-great grandson of the 6th Duke
# Coat of arms (full achievement).
The earlier dukes (creations of 1623 and 1641) bore: Quarterly | 20,389 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
1 and 4 azure three fleurs-de-lis and a bordure engrailed Or; 2 and 3 Or a fess chequy azure and argent, a bordure gules semy of buckles Or (Stewart of Bonkyl); overall an inescutcheon of Lennox.
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (creation of 1525), bore the Tudor royal arms (quarterly France and England) with a border quarterly ermine (for Brittany) and compony azure and argent (for Somerset), a baton sinister argent for bastardy, and overall an escutcheon of Nottingham.
# See also.
- Earl of Newcastle
# Further reading.
- "thePeerage.com"
- Tillyard, Stella. "Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740–1832". Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994.
- Baird, Rosemary. | 20,390 |
420528 | Duke of Richmond | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%20of%20Richmond | Duke of Richmond
ss chequy azure and argent, a bordure gules semy of buckles Or (Stewart of Bonkyl); overall an inescutcheon of Lennox.
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (creation of 1525), bore the Tudor royal arms (quarterly France and England) with a border quarterly ermine (for Brittany) and compony azure and argent (for Somerset), a baton sinister argent for bastardy, and overall an escutcheon of Nottingham.
# See also.
- Earl of Newcastle
# Further reading.
- "thePeerage.com"
- Tillyard, Stella. "Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740–1832". Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994.
- Baird, Rosemary. "Goodwood: Art and Architecture, Sport and Family", Frances Lincoln, 2007 | 20,391 |
420548 | ACCT | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ACCT | ACCT
ACCT
ACCT may refer to:
- Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television
- African College of Commerce and Technology, a private tertiary educational institution in Uganda
- Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, the precursor to what is now the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
- Association for Challenge Course Technology, an organization that publishes voluntary standards for adventure activities such as zip-lining in the U.S.
- Association of Community College Trustees, a non-profit educational organization
- Acct (protocol), a computer network protocol
# See also.
- Account (disambiguation) or accounting | 20,392 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Professional American football championship games
Below is a list of professional football championship games in the United States, involving:
- the informal western Pennsylvania professional football circuit (WPC, 1890 to c.1910);
- the 1902 "National" Football League and the World Series of Professional Football (WSF, 1902–1903);
- the Ohio Independent Championship (OIC, 1903–1919);
- the New York Pro Football League (NYPFL, 1916–1919);
- the American Professional Football Association and the National Football League (NFL, 1920–present);
- the All-America Football Conference (AAFC, 1946–1949);
- the American Football League (AFL, 1960–1969);
- the World Football League (WFL, 1974–1975);
- | 20,393 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
the United States Football League (USFL, 1983–85);
- the XFL (2001);
- the United Football League (2009–2011);
- and any interleague challenge games that included at least one champion of a major or borderline-major league.
Prior to 1920, no national professional football league existed, and play was scattered across semi-pro and professional leagues in the upper midwest. The first efforts at pro football championships were the World Series of Professional Football, featuring teams from and around New York City and the 1902 "National" Football League in Pennsylvania; two of the three "N"FL teams participated as one team in the World Series of Pro Football.
The Ohio League and New York Pro | 20,394 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
Football League were two prominent regional associations in the 1910s (the NYPFL held an actual championship game in 1919). In 1920, teams from the Ohio League and New York Pro Football League, along with other midwestern teams, formalized into the American Professional Football Association (APFA), and the league was later renamed the National Football League (NFL). The NFL conducted play for thirteen years before creating a ""championship game"". From 1920 through 1932, league ""champions"" were determined by won-loss record, but the schedules and rules were so ill-defined that conflicts exist to this day over who the actual champions were.
Some teams played more games than others; some played | 20,395 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
against college or semi-pro teams; some played "after" the season was over, some stopped play "before" a season was over. For example, in 1921, the Buffalo All-Americans disputed the Chicago Staleys' title, and in 1925, the Pottsville Maroons claimed the championship was theirs, not the Chicago Cardinals'.
The APFA had no championship games before it changed its name to the NFL in 1922. Boston/Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall is credited with significant innovations by the NFL: in 1933, Marshall convinced the NFL to play a championship game between the two division winners following the success of the 1932 playoff game. Thus, 1933 was the year of the first national professional | 20,396 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
football championship game in the United States. See National Football League championships.
Game scores marked with a † (1921 and 1932) were not official championship games, but were the deciding games in determining a championship and also the last games played in a season.
All games are listed under the year in which the majority of regular season games were played; especially since the 1960s, many championship games have been played in the January or, since 2002, February of the following year (for instance, the championship of the 2011 NFL season is played in February 2012, but will be listed in this list under 2011).
# Prior to 1920.
- 1890 (WPC) - Allegheny Athletic Association (3-2-1)
- | 20,397 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
1891 (WPC) - Pittsburgh Athletic Club (7-0-0)
- 1892 (WPC) - Allegheny Athletic Association 4, Pittsburgh Athletic Club 0
- 1894 (WPC) - Allegheny Athletic Association 30, Pittsburgh Athletic Club 0
- 1895 (WPC) - Duquesne Country and Athletic Club 10, Pittsburgh Athletic Club 6
- 1896 (WPC) - Allegheny Athletic Association 18, Pittsburgh Athletic Club 0
- 1897 (WPC) - Greensburg Athletic Association 6, Latrobe Athletic Association 0
- 1898 (WPC) - Duquesne Country and Athletic Club 16, Western Pennsylvania All-Stars 0
- 1900 (WPC) - Homestead AC 30, Akron East Ends 0
- 1901 (WPC) - Homestead AC 18, Philadelphia Athletics 0
- 1902 (NFL1902) – Pittsburgh Stars 11, Philadelphia Athletics | 20,398 |
420546 | Professional American football championship games | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional%20American%20football%20championship%20games | Professional American football championship games
0
- 1902 (WSF) – All-Syracuse 36, Orange AC 0
- 1902 (OIC) – Akron East Ends
- 1903 (OIC) – Massillon Tigers (8-1-0) 11, Akron East Ends 0
- 1903 (WPC) - Latrobe Athletic Association 6, Pennsylvania Railroad YMCA 0
- 1903 (WSF) – Franklin Athletic Club 12, Watertown Red & Black 0
- 1904 (OIC) – Massillon Tigers (7-0-0) 6, Akron East Ends 5
- 1904 (WPC) - Latrobe Athletic Association 5, Steelton Athletic Club 0
- 1905 (OIC) – Massillon Tigers (10-0-0) 10, Canton Bulldogs 0
- 1906 (OIC) – Massillon Tigers (10-1-0) 13, Canton Bulldogs 6
- 1907 (OIC) – All-Massillons (7-0-1, won by a common-opponent tiebreaker over the Shelby Blues)
- 1908 (OIC) – Akron Indians 8-0-1
- 1909 (OIC) – Akron | 20,399 |
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