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420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
and includes trivia questions inspired by cliche fortune cookie messages that Cookie receives. For example, the fortune ""You have a magnetic personality."" leads to a question regarding which metal-based fictional character might be most attracted to him.
- Funky Trash: Exclusive to "You Don't Know Jack 2011, iOS, 2012 Facebook version, OUYA, Party, and You Don't Know Jack 2015". In Funky Trash, the host roots through the trash of a famous person, and the players must identify that person by his or her trash. For example, a World War I ambulance driver's license, cigar butts from Cuba, and a can of ointment for 6-toed cats would be clues to Ernest Hemingway.
- The Put The Choices Into Order | 20,200 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
Then Buzz In And See If You Are Right...Question: Exclusive to "You Don't Know Jack 2011, iOS, 2012 Facebook, OUYA,"Roku", Party, and You Don't Know Jack 2015", the host gives up to four items and the player has to buzz in to the corresponding correct answer. The question is multiple choice, meaning that, technically, the player does not have to put the answers into the right order himself but rather just pick the right order out of the four possibilities. For example, the player might have to determine the order in which the McDonald's Golden Arches, the St. Louis Arch, and the Archie comic book series debuted. Answering correctly awards the player an extra $1,000, however, the extra money | 20,201 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
is not lost if a player is wrong.
- Nocturnal Admissions (with Cookie Masterson): Exclusive to "You Don't Know Jack 2011", the host tells the player about a dream he had, which is based on a movie. The player then has to tell which movie that dream was about. The characters of the movie are replaced by the host's cats and his mother, which often makes it difficult to figure out the correct one. For example, the host tells of a dream in which he transferred his mind into a fake cat body so he could learn the culture of his two cats. He does this to help with his mother's research, but falls into love with the cat world and is therefore attacked by his mother's troops. The correct answer to this | 20,202 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
dream would be James Cameron's Avatar.
- Wrong Answer of the Game: Not a question in and of itself, the Wrong Answer of the Game appears in the 2011 and 2015 versions of the game, as well as OUYA and Party. Before the beginning of the game, the host announces a satirical sponsor for the episode (similar to "You Don't Know Jack: The Ride"); If a player manages to buzz in with the wrong answer associated with the sponsor, they win $4,000 (double in Round 2) and a 'prize' from the sponsor, instead of losing cash. For example, in the episode sponsored by 'Blood Co.', answering with the incorrect answer 'Dracula' awards cash and a bucket of human blood.
- Elephant, Mustard, Teddy Roosevelt or Dracula? | 20,203 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
/ Kangaroo, Peanut, Albert Einstein or Uranus? / Octopus, Coffee, Queen Elizabeth or Frankenstein?: First featured in the iOS and 2012 Facebook versions, questions in this category always have the same four answer choices: Elephant, Mustard, Teddy Roosevelt and Dracula. The question is posed in definition form, such as "Could be considered a Bull Moose". The player must decide, of the four answer choices, which one fits the definition. In this case, the answer is Teddy Roosevelt; he ran for President in 1912 as the Progressive Party's candidate, and his party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party. In "You Don't Know Jack 2015", the concept is the same but with Kangaroo, Peanut, Albert Einstein, | 20,204 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
and Uranus, and in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream" its Octopus, Coffee, Queen Elizabeth, and Frankenstein, which could be either the monster or the Doctor (and is specified in the question's animation).
- Data Mining: Featured only in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream". A selection of a well-known personality's search history, in the form of queries or statements, are read to the players, who then have to choose the correct person the searches came from. For example, the searches "Directions to get around that track", "Is 'I ain't no' grammatically correct?", and "Why do these bananas taste like [REDACTED]?" would belong to Gwen Stefani (referencing lyrics from her song "Hollaback Girl)". | 20,205 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
"Data Mining" is a spiritual successor of the "Funky Trash" question type.
- Player's Choice: Featured only in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream". At a moment of the game, The Binjpipe host asks players, including the audience, to vote between two question categories. The question with the highest percentage of the votes is the question that will be asked. (In case of a 50%/50% tie, the Binjpipe host chooses between the two, presumably at random.) Examples of choices include: "An easy question" or "A hard question", and "A question with airhorns" or "A question ABOUT airhorns".
- Binjpipe Recommends: Featured only in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream". A question is based on the genre, subject(s) | 20,206 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
or rating of a movie or TV show that is recommended by Binjpipe, presumably influenced by your prior "viewing choices" as referred to in the question.
## The Final Round.
The final round of the game, called the Jack Attack in most versions and also known as the HeadRush in "HeadRush", is a word association question. The category for this final round—which generally describes the desired correct answers—was determined differently, depending on which version of the game is being played. In earlier versions of the game, this was based on the final selected category; in later versions, the category is selected by the game or pre-assigned to the episode.
In most versions of the game, a word, phrase, | 20,207 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
or name appears in the middle of the screen, to which the contestant must find an associated word or phrase that fits the overall category. For example, "Star Wars" might be the associated word, and the correct answer fitting "movie stars" could be Harrison Ford. Other possibilities offered might include actors not in that film, or other objects or concepts related to the film but which are not stars of the movie. For each associated subject, several potential matches appear on screen one-at-a-time for only a few seconds each before disappearing, and only one is correct. The topics and/or potential answers are sometimes humorous.
Players win money ($2,000 in most "You Don't Know Jack" volumes; | 20,208 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
$5,000 in "HeadRush", $4,000 in "You Don't Know Jack 2011" and "Roku", $1,000 in the 2012 Facebook edition, and $100, $500, or $1000 in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream" depending on how long it takes the player to press the answer) if they buzz in when the correct match is displayed on the screen. An incorrect guess deducts money from the player's score—not just once, but "every" time the player buzzes in incorrectly (it "is" possible to buzz in incorrectly multiple times while the same incorrect answer is shown). Multiple players play simultaneously, playing to the same words. The words that are not matched will be cycled back in once all seven words have been attempted.
Jack Attack ends | 20,209 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
after either all seven subjects are either (a) matched with the right answer, or (b) attempted twice. The exceptions are the 2012 Facebook edition (the faces of those who did answer correctly are shown) and "2015", where all seven phrases are only shown once.
In "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream", only six subjects are given per "Attack". In each case, the same clue and phrase in the center of the screen is presented to the players, with six associated choices—added two at a time—can all be available at once, and more than one answer can be correct. Players earn money for correct choices and lose money for incorrect choices. The later the players choose their answers, the less money is earned | 20,210 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
or lost per choice (either $1000, $500, or $100). And since each player answers separately on their device, all players can score—either positively or negatively—on all the answers, but only once per selected answer.
In all version of the game, the running total of each player's score is not shown anywhere on the screen during Jack Attack, and this part of the game is usually accompanied by ominous music or ambient sounds. This creates tension between players because of the uncertainty of ranking, and the unsettling atmosphere.
## Game show theme.
Throughout the "You Don't Know Jack" franchise, there has been a running theme of "You Don't Know Jack" taking place on a self-titled televised | 20,211 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
game show where the players are the contestants. This idea is shown by satirical fake commercials that can be heard while starting the game, and in most games, after the game has finished (see Commercials).
In "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream", instead of the game taking place on a game show, the game becomes a show hosted on a fictional streaming service called Binjpipe. Between questions, the game navigates through the Binjpipe interface. During the game, a new female host speaks before the game, and hosts some question types like Binjpipe Recommends and Data Mining.
## Commercials.
One of the unique features of the game takes place after it has ended. Before you start a new game, you | 20,212 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
can choose to listen to "You Don't Know Jack" staff performing parodies of various radio commercials. The commercials vary in absurdity, selling products such as scented suppositories or foreign language cassettes to help you learn how to speak American.
They also featured phony news stories about everyday things. Examples: "Oxygen: Gas of Life? or Secret Military Death-Vapor?" or "People are falling unconscious for 8 hours every night. What is the 'sleeping disease'? Do you have it? Find out tonight."
Most "You Don't Know Jack" games feature recurring characters like "Chocky the Chipmunk", a breakfast cereal mascot with the catchphrase "Pink and tartie!" or "Xenora: Queen of Battle", a parody | 20,213 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
of Xena, Warrior Princess that gets involved in overtly erotic situations. Others are "The Movie Ending Phone", "1-800-me4-sale", "Cancer Stick tobacco lip balm", "Momma's Pride Human Breast Milk", "Buster's Bait Shop" and parodies of public service announcements from the fictional "United States Department of Condescending Paternalism".
The first CD-ROM for "The Ride" features a CD of a selection of these commercials from the previous games in the series. The disk was titled "You Don't Hear Jack" and has since been released as a separate product on CD. A second disk titled "You Don't Hear Jack 2" was released too featuring commercials from newer versions of "You Don't Know Jack". Both are | 20,214 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
available for digital download.
## Hosts.
There have been many different hosts of "You Don't Know Jack" over the years. The following is a list of hosts and the games they appear in.
- Nate Shapiro (voiced by Harry Gottlieb) – Nate Shapiro was the first host of the series. He hosts "Vol. 1", "the Netshow", the tabletop game, and hosts for part of "You Don't Know Jack: The Ride". He is not to be confused with "Nate the Intern" from the Flash incarnation (voiced by Production & SQA Coordinator Nathan Fernald).
- Guy Towers (voiced by Andy Poland) – He appears in "Sports", "Sports: The NetShow", and part of "The Ride".
- Buzz Lippman (voiced by Peter B. Spector) – This host has appeared in | 20,215 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
two versions: "Vol. 2" and "The Ride", the latter which he only appeared in briefly.
- Cookie Masterson (voiced by Tom Gottlieb) – He is one of the most well-known of the hosts. He originally served as the sign-in host, taking down players' names in the opening green room segments of "Vol. 1", "Vol. 2", and "Sports". He hosts "Movies", "Vol. 3", "the Netshow", the first PlayStation version, part of "The Ride", "Offline", "You Don't Know Jack 2011, Roku, iOS, 2012 Facebook version", "You Don't Know Jack 2015", and "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream". He also hosted the webshows and daily DisOrDats that appeared on the "You Don't Know Jack" website from December 2006 through September 2008 (with | 20,216 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
one special episode in November 2010). Gottlieb was also the announcer for the short-lived "You Don't Know Jack" TV show in 2001.
- Josh "Schmitty" Schmitstinstein (voiced by Phil Ridarelli) – Josh Schmitstinstein, or "Schmitty", is the most recent of all the American CD-ROM hosts. He hosts in "TV", part of "The Ride", "The Netshow", "Louder! Faster! Funnier!" (a second "Offline" game), "5th Dementia", "Mock 2" (the second PlayStation game), & "The Lost Gold". He also hosted one particular question in Cookie's volume of "Offline". He also announced the sponsors in the 2011, iOS, and Facebook versions of the game.
- Bob (voiced by Andy Poland) – The host of "HeadRush". Could be heard over Cookie's | 20,217 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
intercom in 2011 and the Facebook game.
- Jack Cake (voiced by Paul Kaye) – The host of the only British version of "You Don't Know Jack".
- Quizmaster Jack (voiced by Axel Malzacher in Vol. 1 and Kai Taschner in Vol. 2, 3: 'Downward', PlayStation, & 4) – The host of the German volumes.
- Troy Stevens (played by Paul Reubens) – The host of the 2001 "You Don't Know Jack" TV show.
# Game list.
This is a list of the "You Don't Know Jack" games released:
- "You Don't Know Jack (Vol.1)" – September 12, 1995
- "You Don't Know Jack Question Pack" – 1996 ("You Don't Know Jack Vol. 1" must already be installed to play)
- "You Don't Know Jack Sports" – September 30, 1996
- "You Don't Know Jack | 20,218 |
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Vol.2" – November 30, 1996
- "You Don't Know Jack the NetShow" – 1996–2000
- "You Don't Know Jack Movies" – April 30, 1997
- "You Don't Know Jack TV" – May 9, 1997
- "You Don't Know Jack Sports NetShow" – 1997
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.3" – October 31, 1997
- "Headrush" (a teen spin-off game) – April 20, 1998
- "You Don't Know Jack (tabletop edition)" by Tiger Electronics - 1998
- "NOTE: Game came with 500 General Knowledge questions on 125 cards; additional expansion card packs with TV, Movies and Sports themed trivia were also released."
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.4: The Ride" – November 30, 1998
- "You Don't Know Jack Offline" (the best of the NetShow on Disk) – 1999
- "You Don't | 20,219 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
Know Jack" (PlayStation, has similarities to Vol.3) – 1999
- "You Don't Know Jack Louder! Faster! Funnier!" (2nd Offline game) – March 28, 2000
- "You Don't Know Jack 5th Dementia" (1st Online playable game) – November 1, 2000
- "You Don't Know Jack Mock 2" (2nd PlayStation game) – November 1, 2000
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.6: "The Lost Gold"" – December 1, 2003
- "You Don't Know Jack" (Online beta game on the "You Don't Know Jack" website) – 2006–2008
- "You Don't Know Jack" – February 8, 2011
- "You Don't Know Jack" (iOS) – 2011
- "You Don't Know Jack (Facebook)" – May 29, 2012 (shut down March 1, 2015)
- "You Don't Know Jack" (second mobile game) (shut down March 1, 2015)
- iOS | 20,220 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
- November 8, 2012
- "You Dont Know Jack Lite" – somewhere in 2012
- "You Dont Know Jack (Roku)" – somewhere in 2012
- Android - May 19, 2013
- "You Don't Know Jack" (OUYA) - June 11, 2013
- "You Don't Know Jack Party" - September 19, 2013
- "You Don't Know Jack 2015" (Part of the Jackbox Party Pack) - November 18, 2014
- "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream" (Part of the Jackbox Party Pack 5) - October 17, 2018
There is also UK version, a French version, a Japanese version, and these German versions:
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.1" – carbon copy of U.S. Vol.2 in German
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.2" – carbon copy of U.S. Vol.3 in German
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.3: 'Downward"' – carbon | 20,221 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
copy of U.S. Vol.4 ("The Ride") in German
- "You Don't Know Jack (PlayStation)"
- "You Don't Know Jack Vol.4" – carbon copy of U.S. Vol.6 ("The Lost Gold") in German
## Compilations.
There are also several "You Don't Know Jack" collections, which bundled different games into one box or offered as a single download for online use. These include:
- "You Don't Know Jack" XL – Vol.1 + additional Question Pack
- "You Don't Know Jack" XXL – Vol.1 XL + Vol.2
- "You Don't Know Jack" HUGE: XXXL – Vol.1 + Vol.2 + Vol.3
- "You Don't Know Jack" The Irreverent Collection – Vol.1 + Vol.2 + Vol.3 + The Ride
- "You Don't Know Jack" Jack Pack – Sports + TV + Movies
- "You Don't Know Jack" JUMBO – Vol.1 | 20,222 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
+ Vol.2 + Vol.3 + The Ride + Offline
- "You Don't Know Jack" 2001 – Both Offline games in one package
- "You Don't Know Jack" Snack Pack – Vol.1 + TV + Movies + The Ride
- "You Don't Know Jack" 5th Dementia Party Pack – 2 copies of 5th Dementia
- "You Don't Know Jack" Quiz Pack – the German Vol. 1 + 2
- "You Don't Know Jack" Free V! – TV + 2 of the following choices: Vol.1 XL, Vol.2, Vol.3, The Ride, Vol.6, Sports, Movies, HeadRush
- Not Ready for the Future – Vol.1 XL + Vol.2 + Sports, certified not to run on Windows Vista
- The Best of Cookie – Vol.3 + The Ride + Movies
- Mega Pack – Vol.1 XL + Vol.2 + Vol.3 + The Ride + The Lost Gold
- Classic Pack – Vol.1 XL + Vol.2 + Vol.3 + The | 20,223 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
Ride + The Lost Gold + Sports + Movies + TV + HeadRush
# Reception.
The "You Don't Know Jack" series shipped 500,000 units by December 1996. Shipments in the United States alone rose to nearly 1 million by February 1998. By 2001, the "You Don't Know Jack" series had totaled sales of 3.5 million copies. "YDKJ" sold above 4.5 million copies and drew revenues above $100 million by 2008.
Inside Mac Games named "You Don't Know Jack 2" the best puzzle game of 1996. The editors wrote that it "continues the high standards established by Berkeley's breakaway classic". It received a score of 4 out of 5 from "MacUser".
"You Don't Know Jack Movies" was a runner-up for "Computer Gaming World"s 1997 "Puzzle | 20,224 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to "Smart Games Challenge 2". The editors called "Movies" a "hilarious party game", and noted that it "came a close second".
"You Don't Know Jack XL" won two 1996 Spotlight Awards, for "Best Script, Story or Interactive Writing" and "Best Trivia or Puzzle Game".
"You Don't Know Jack Vol. 3" was the finalist for GameSpot's 1997 "Best Puzzles and Classics Game" award, which ultimately went to "Chessmaster 5500". The editors wrote, "[I]f it weren't for the addition of the Threeway question format (which is a complete dud), "You Don't Know Jack III" would have reached instant-classic status."
"You Don't Know Jack: The Ride" won "Computer Gaming World"s | 20,225 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
award for the best classic game of 1998. The editors wrote, ""You Don't Know Jack: The Ride" ranks easily as the best since the first of the series found its way into the "CGW" Hall of Fame. And for that we salute the folks at Berkeley Systems and Jellyvision, game designers who really do know "Jack", at least where our funny bones are concerned." It also won the 1998 Spotlight Award for "Best Trivia, Puzzle or Classic Game" from the Game Developers Conference.
"You Don't Know Jack: Huge" received a score of 4.5 out of 5 from Michael Gowan of "Macworld", who wrote that the game "will strain your brain while amusing you with its witty banter and rapid-fire action." In 1998, The "Huge" collection | 20,226 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
was named the 48th-best computer game of all time by "PC Gamer US", whose editors called it "essential stuff."
# Other media.
During the 2000 presidential election, Sierra On-Line president David Grenewetzki challenged the presidential candidates to play a political version of "You Don't Know Jack". The game had been distributed to a few radio stations, and was described as a "litmus test" of the candidates' political knowledge.
"You Don't Know Jack" also appeared as two books: "You Don't Know Jack: The Book" and "You Don't Know Jack: The TV Book". Both were published in 1998 by Running Press.
There was also a Tiger Electronic Table-top game of "You Don't Know Jack", voiced by Nate Shapiro. | 20,227 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
It featured question cards with a number code on it and a grey button to open a sliding door to show the answers. It was the first game to feature 4 players instead of 3 players. There were also "Sports", "Movies", and "TV" question packs that were sold separately. A standalone handheld version was also released.
An actual television show version of "You Don't Know Jack" had a brief run on ABC in prime time during the summer of 2001. It starred Paul Reubens (the actor and comedian best known for his character Pee-wee Herman) as over-the-top game show host Troy Stevens, with Tom Gottlieb's 'Cookie' as the announcer. The show lasted only six episodes, as it received very little buzz and most | 20,228 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
"You Don't Know Jack" fans weren't even aware of its existence until long after its cancellation.
After the "You Don't Know Jack" TV show ended, another show from the makers of "You Don't Know Jack" called Smush aired on USA Network in late 2001. It was a game of taking two or more words and combining them into one long word. The show started late at night, but was later pushed to later and later times, even up to 3:00 A.M.; until it was eventually canceled.
In 2001, AMC released "You Don't Know Jack about MonsterFest", an online game on their website hosted by Schmitty, and the MonsterFest movie marathon was hosted by Clive Barker and Carmen Electra, who gave clues for the game.
# External | 20,229 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
he "You Don't Know Jack" TV show ended, another show from the makers of "You Don't Know Jack" called Smush aired on USA Network in late 2001. It was a game of taking two or more words and combining them into one long word. The show started late at night, but was later pushed to later and later times, even up to 3:00 A.M.; until it was eventually canceled.
In 2001, AMC released "You Don't Know Jack about MonsterFest", an online game on their website hosted by Schmitty, and the MonsterFest movie marathon was hosted by Clive Barker and Carmen Electra, who gave clues for the game.
# External links.
- Official "You Don't Know Jack" website (now redirects to the Jackbox Party Pack 1 store page) | 20,230 |
420506 | Meng Haoran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meng%20Haoran | Meng Haoran
Meng Haoran
Meng Haoran (; 689/691–740) was a major Tang dynasty poet, and a somewhat older contemporary of Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu. Despite his brief pursuit of an official career, Meng Haoran mainly lived in and wrote about the area in which he was born and raised, in what is now Hubei province, China. Meng Haoran was a major influence on other contemporary and subsequent poets of the High Tang era because of his focus on nature as a main topic for poetry. Meng Haoran was also prominently featured in the Qing dynasty (and subsequently frequently republished) poetry anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems", having the fifth largest number of his poems included, for a total of fifteen, exceeded | 20,231 |
420506 | Meng Haoran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meng%20Haoran | Meng Haoran
only by Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, and Li Shangyin. These poems of Meng Haoran were available in the English translations by Witter Bynner and Kiang Kanghu, by 1920, with the publication of "The Jade Mountain". The "Three Hundred Tang Poems" also has two poems by Li Bai addressed to Meng Haoran, one in his praise and one written in farewell on the occasion of their parting company. Meng Haoran was also influential to Japanese poetry.
# Biography.
First of the major High Tang poets, Meng Haoran was born in Xiangyang, south of the Han River, in the modern province of Hubei. He remained strongly attached to this area and its scenery throughout his life. He had a rather abbreviated civil service | 20,232 |
420506 | Meng Haoran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meng%20Haoran | Meng Haoran
career, passing the Jinshi civil service test, beginning at the late age of 39 and ending not much later. He received his only position three years before his death but resigned after less than a year. He lived in the Xiangyang area almost all his life (although he traveled to the major metropolis of Chang'an, where he was hosted by Wang Wei in 728). The landscape, history and legends of his home area are the subjects of many poems. Particularly prominent are Nanshan (or South Mountain, his family seat) and Lumen Shan, a temple site, where he briefly lived in retreat.
# Works.
Meng Haoran is often bracketed with Wang Wei, due to the friendship they shared and their prominence as landscape | 20,233 |
420506 | Meng Haoran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meng%20Haoran | Meng Haoran
poets. In fact, Haoran composed several poems about Wei and their separation. While Wei focused on the natural world, in particular the solitude and reprieve it granted from human life along with the scale of the natural world, Meng Haoran focuses more on foreground details and human life, such as returning villagers waiting at the ferry crossing, fishermen, or (often unseen) mountain hermits dwelling in religious seclusion. His works are generally considered less consistently successful than Wang's; however, the themes and styles of Meng Haoran's poetry helped to set a convention followed by younger poets, such as Wang Wei.
# See also.
- Classical Chinese poetry
- Meng Jiao
- Tang poetry
- | 20,234 |
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lling in religious seclusion. His works are generally considered less consistently successful than Wang's; however, the themes and styles of Meng Haoran's poetry helped to set a convention followed by younger poets, such as Wang Wei.
# See also.
- Classical Chinese poetry
- Meng Jiao
- Tang poetry
- Wang Wei
- (In Chinese)
# References.
- Nienhauser, William H (ed.). "The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature". Indiana University Press 1986.
- Ma, Maoyuan, "Meng Haoran". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
# External links.
- Five-character regulated verses of Meng Haoran, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns. | 20,235 |
420509 | Ma'adim Vallis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma'adim%20Vallis | Ma'adim Vallis
Ma'adim Vallis
Ma'adim Vallis is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars, about 700 km long and significantly larger than Earth's Grand Canyon. It is over 20 km wide and 2 km deep in some places. It runs from a region of southern lowlands thought to have once contained a large group of lakes (see Eridania Lake) north to Gusev crater near the equator. It looks as if water may have collected in Gusev crater, forming a giant lake; the Spirit Rover was sent there to investigate that possibility, but found only volcanic rocks on the floor of Gusev. Any lake deposits were probably covered over by a later deposit of volcanic materials from Apollinaris Mons, a nearby volcano.
Ma'adim Vallis is | 20,236 |
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nic materials from Apollinaris Mons, a nearby volcano.
Ma'adim Vallis is in the Aeolis quadrangle.
Ma'adim Vallis is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars' history. Some of the short narrow channels along the walls of Ma'adim are probably sapping channels. Sapping occurs when groundwater partially dissolves and undermines the rock, which collapses into debris deposits and is carried away by other erosion processes.
"Ma'adim" (מאדים) is the Hebrew name of the Planet Mars.
# See also.
- Geography of Mars
- Geology of Mars
- HiRISE
- Lakes on Mars
- Vallis (planetary geology)
- Water on Mars
# External links.
- Google Mars zoomable map centered on Ma'adim Vallis | 20,237 |
420488 | Watkin's Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watkin's%20Tower | Watkin's Tower
Watkin's Tower
Watkin's Tower was a partially completed iron lattice tower in Wembley Park, London, England (then in Middlesex). Its construction was an ambitious project to create a -high visitor attraction in Wembley Park to the north of the city, led by the railway entrepreneur Sir Edward Watkin. Marketed as the "Great Tower of London", it was designed to surpass the height of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and it was part of Wembley Park's emergence as a recreational place. The tower was never completed and it was demolished in 1907. The site of the tower is now occupied by the English national football ground, Wembley Stadium.
# Names.
Numerous names and nicknames were given to the tower | 20,238 |
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during its planning, construction and legacy. These include Watkin's Tower, Watkin's Folly, the Wembley Park Tower, the Wembley Tower, the Metropolitan Tower, and the London Stump.
# History.
Sir Edward Watkin (1819–1901) was a British Member of Parliament and railway entrepreneur, noted for being chairman of nine different British railway companies. He was an ambitious visionary, and presided over large-scale railway engineering projects to fulfil his business aspirations. He began work on the construction of a channel tunnel under the English Channel, with the aim of connecting his lines to the railway network in France, and successfully opened the Great Central Main Line, which was designed | 20,239 |
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to accommodate the larger continental European trains which would cross into Britain from France. Although the channel tunnel project failed in 1881, Watkin remained a driven innovator, inspired by grand schemes which could augment his railway empire.
Among his numerous railway executive appointments, Watkin was chairman of the Metropolitan Railway (MR), an expanding London transport company which was later to become the Metropolitan line of the present-day London Underground system. Watkin was keen to attract more passengers onto his trains and was aggressively extending his railway into Buckinghamshire. He also considered transporting Londoners out into the countryside as a business opportunity | 20,240 |
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and needed a major attraction to lure the crowds out of the city and onto his trains. To this end, Watkin purchased a tract of land near a rural Middlesex hamlet called Wembley, adjacent to the route of the Metropolitan Railway, with the goal of building an amusement park laid out with boating lakes, a waterfall, ornamental gardens (the park land had previously been landscaped by Humphry Repton and known as Wembley Park) in the 18th century), and cricket and football pitches. The crowning glory of Watkin's amusement park was to be a soaring metal tower which would be centrepiece of the pleasure park and would offer panoramic views of the surrounding countryside, just 12 minutes from Baker Street | 20,241 |
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station.
The paying public was to gain access to Wembley Park and its tower by train, arriving at the new Wembley Park station which the Metropolitan Railway constructed specially for the attraction, incorporating additional platforms to handle the large crowds which Watkin confidently anticipated would flock to the park. The station opened in 1893-4.
## Design and construction.
Inspired by the construction of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, Watkin invited Gustave Eiffel himself to design the tower, but the Frenchman declined – replying that if he designed the tower, the French people "would not think me so good a Frenchman as I hope I am."
An architectural design competition was held | 20,242 |
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in 1890, and a total of 68 designs were submitted. Some of the more exotic proposals included a £1m tower inspired by the Tower of Pisa; a structure with "a captive parachute to hold four persons"; and a tower with a spiral railway climbing its exterior. One design included a 1/12-scale model of the Great Pyramid of Giza, envisioned as a "colony of aerial vegetarians, who would grow their own food in hanging gardens".
The winning entry, number 37, was submitted by Stewart, MacLaren and Dunn of London. They proposed an eight-legged metal tower – taller than the Eiffel Tower, which was at the time. It was to have two observation decks – each with restaurants, theatres, dancing rooms and exhibitions | 20,243 |
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– winter gardens, Turkish baths and a 90-bedroom hotel. The top of the tower, reached by a system of lifts, was to provide a fresh-air sanatorium and an astronomical observatory, taking advantage of the clearer air offered by the altitude. The entire structure was to be illuminated by electric light.
Watkin formed a company to manage the project, the International Tower Construction Company and to oversee construction he appointed Benjamin Baker, a civil engineer who was involved in the design of the Forth Bridge and the Aswan Dam. After an unsuccessful appeal for public subscription, the company could only proceed with the project with its own funds; Watkin commissioned a redesign and the | 20,244 |
420488 | Watkin's Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watkin's%20Tower | Watkin's Tower
octagonal design was scaled back to a cheaper, four-legged design that bore much more resemblance to the Eiffel Tower. The foundations were laid in 1892 and construction work commenced in June 1893. At the same time, the surrounding park began to be laid out with a cricket pitch and a boating lake, in readiness for the first visitors.
## Opening and demolition.
Wembley Park officially opened to the public in May 1894, although construction of the tower was still underway and the first stage had not yet been completed. Nevertheless, the park attracted 12,000 visitors during 1895 and was proving to be a popular attraction for Londoners. In September 1895 the first stage of the tower was completed, | 20,245 |
420488 | Watkin's Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watkin's%20Tower | Watkin's Tower
standing at approximately high. At this time, work was behind schedule as Watkin retired through ill health. It was soon discovered that the structure's foundations were unsteady — the reduction in the number of the tower's legs, carried out to reduce costs, had resulted in increased pressure on each leg and this was causing subsidence.
Over the next few years, the construction company experienced problems financing the project and went into voluntary liquidation in 1899. Work stopped, and the tower was never completed. Watkin died in 1901, and with halted construction, the "unsafe" site was closed to the public the following year. The completed section of the tower was demolished using dynamite | 20,246 |
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in 1904 to 1907.
Despite the failure and destruction of Watkin's star attraction, Wembley Park continued to flourish as a popular recreation venue, offering football, cricket, cycling, rowing, athletics and in winter, ice skating on the frozen lake. By the end of World War I, over a hundred sports clubs used the Wembley facilities. In order to recoup its losses, the tower construction company turned to house building and was re-incorporated as the Wembley Park Estate Company in 1906, laying out the Wembley suburb with exclusive homes and a golf course.
After the war, Wembley was selected as the site for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the park land was purchased from the Metropolitan | 20,247 |
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Railway company. Among the pavilions and halls designed for the exhibition by John William Simpson, Maxwell Ayrton and Owen Williams was a grand sports arena, the 125,000-capacity British Empire Exhibition Stadium, later to be known as Wembley Stadium. It was built on the site of Watkin's Tower, covering its foundations, and opened in 1923, and later became the home ground of the England national football team. When the original stadium was rebuilt in 2000–2003, the lowering of the level of the pitch resulted in the concrete foundations of the tower being rediscovered on the stadium site underneath the Twin Towers.
# Legacy.
Watkin's Folly was not the last attempt to build a notable British | 20,248 |
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tower. In the north west of England, the Blackpool Tower (1894), New Brighton Tower (1896) and Morecambe Tower (1898) were also built, although only the Blackpool Tower remains standing.
Although Watkin's tower has gone, Wembley Park continues to attract large crowds to sporting and musical events at Wembley Stadium, and it served as a venue for both the 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics. The station built by the Metropolitan Railway remains in service to this day, providing a major transport link for Wembley crowds via the London Underground Metropolitan and Jubilee lines.
A large Irish pub and restaurant in the area is called "Watkin's Folly".
The story of Watkin's Tower was recounted briefly | 20,249 |
420488 | Watkin's Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watkin's%20Tower | Watkin's Tower
in the 1973 BBC documentary by the then Poet Laureate, Sir John Betjeman, "Metro-land". In the programme, Betjeman described Watkin's vision of creating an engineering wonder in a little-known rural area north of London:
The programme also showed some of the unsuccessful designs for the tower. The script for "Metro-land" can be found in "Betjeman's England", a collection of writings by John Betjeman published in 2009.
# References.
- Information taken from "London as it Might Have Been" by Felix Barker and Ralph Hyde, 1982,
# External links.
- SkyscraperPage - Watkin's Tower (358 m), a conception of the illustrator.
- SkyscraperPage - Watkin's Tower (47 m)
- Skyscraper News - Wembley | 20,250 |
420488 | Watkin's Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watkin's%20Tower | Watkin's Tower
land". In the programme, Betjeman described Watkin's vision of creating an engineering wonder in a little-known rural area north of London:
The programme also showed some of the unsuccessful designs for the tower. The script for "Metro-land" can be found in "Betjeman's England", a collection of writings by John Betjeman published in 2009.
# References.
- Information taken from "London as it Might Have Been" by Felix Barker and Ralph Hyde, 1982,
# External links.
- SkyscraperPage - Watkin's Tower (358 m), a conception of the illustrator.
- SkyscraperPage - Watkin's Tower (47 m)
- Skyscraper News - Wembley Park Tower
- The 68 designs submitted to the contest Great Tower for London 1890 | 20,251 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
Bai Juyi
Bai Juyi (also Bo Juyi or Po Chü-i; ; 772–846), courtesy name Letian (), was a renowned Chinese poet and Tang dynasty government official. Many of his poems concern his career or observations made about everyday life, including as governor of three different provinces.
Bai was also influential in the historical development of Japanese literature. His younger brother Bai Xingjian was a short story writer.
Among his most famous works are the long narrative poems "Chang hen ge" ("Song of Everlasting Sorrow"), which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and "The Song of the Pipa Player".
# Life.
Bai Juyi lived during the Middle Tang period. This was a period of rebuilding and recovery for | 20,252 |
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the Tang Empire, following the An Lushan Rebellion, and following the poetically flourishing era famous for Li Bai (701－762), Wang Wei (701－761), and Du Fu (712－770). Bai Juyi lived through the reigns of eight or nine emperors, being born in the "Dali" regnal era (766-779) of Emperor Daizong of Tang. He had a long and successful career both as a government official and a poet, although these two facets of his career seemed to have come in conflict with each other at certain points. Bai Juyi was also a devoted Chan Buddhist.
## Birth and childhood.
Bai Juyi was born in 772 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, which was then a few miles from location of the modern city, although he was in Zhengyang, Henan for | 20,253 |
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most of his childhood. His family was poor but scholarly, his father being an Assistant Department Magistrate of the second-class. At the age of ten he was sent away from his family to avoid a war that broke out in the north of China, and went to live with relatives in the area known as Jiangnan, more specifically Xuzhou.
## Early career.
Bai Juyi's official career was initially successful. He passed the "jinshi" examinations in 800. Bai Juyi may have taken up residence in the western capital city of Chang'an, in 801. Not long after this, Bai Juyi formed a long friendship with a scholar Yuan Zhen. Bai Juyi's father died in 804, and the young Bai spent the traditional period of retirement mourning | 20,254 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
the death of his parent, which he did along the Wei River, near to the capital. 806, the first full year of the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Tang, was the year when Bai Juyi was appointed to a minor post as a government official, at Zhouzhi, which was not far from Chang'an (and also in Shaanxi province). He was made a member (scholar) of the Hanlin Academy, in 807, and Reminder of the Left from 807 until 815, except when in 811 his mother died, and he spent the traditional three-year mourning period again along the Wei River, before returning to court in the winter of 814, where he held the title of Assistant Secretary to the Prince's Tutor. It was not a high-ranking position, but nevertheless | 20,255 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
one which he was soon to lose.
## Exile.
While serving as a minor palace official in 814, Bai managed to get himself in official trouble. He made enemies at court and with certain individuals in other positions. It was partly his written works which led him into trouble. He wrote two long memorials, translated by Arthur Waley as "On Stopping the War", regarding what he considered to be an overly lengthy campaign against a minor group of Tatars; and he wrote a series of poems, in which he satirized the actions of greedy officials and highlighting the sufferings of the common folk.
At this time, one of the post-An Lushan warlords ("jiedushi"), Wu Yuanji in Henan, had seized control of Zhangyi | 20,256 |
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Circuit (centered in Zhumadian), an act for which he sought reconciliation with the imperial government, trying to get an imperial pardon as a necessary prerequisite. Despite the intercession of influential friends, Wu was denied, thus officially putting him in the position of rebellion. Still seeking a pardon, Wu turned to assassination, blaming the Prime Minister, Wu Yuanheng, and other officials: the imperial court generally began by dawn, requiring the ministers to rise early in order to attend in a timely manner; and, on July 13, 815, before dawn, the Tang Prime Minister Wu Yuanheng was set to go to the palace for a meeting with Emperor Xianzong. As he left his house, arrows were fired | 20,257 |
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at his retinue. His servants all fled, and the assassins seized Wu Yuanheng and his horse, and then decapitated him, taking his head with them. The assassins also attacked another official who favored the campaign against the rebellious warlords, Pei Du, but was unable to kill him. The people at the capital were shocked and there was turmoil, with officials refusing to leave their personal residences until after dawn.
In this context, Bai Juyi overstepped his minor position by memorializing the emperor. As Assistant Secretary to the Prince's Tutor, Bai's memorial was a breach of protocol — he should have waited for those of censorial authority to take the lead before offering his own criticism. | 20,258 |
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This was not the only charge which his opponents used against him. His mother had died, apparently caused by falling into a well while looking at some flowers, and two poems written by Bai Juyi — the titles of which Waley translates as "In Praise of Flowers" and "The New Well" — were used against him as a sign of lack of Filial Piety, one of the Confucian ideals. The result was exile. Bai Juyi was demoted to the rank of Sub-Prefect and banished from the court and the capital city to Jiujiang, then known as Xun Yang, on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province. After three years, he was sent as Governor of a remote place in Sichuan. At the time, the main travel route | 20,259 |
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there was up the Yangzi River. This trip allowed Bai Juyi a few days to visit his friend Yuan Zhen, who was also in exile and with whom he explored the rock caves located at Yichang. Bai Juyi was delighted by the flowers and trees for which his new location was noted. In 819, he was recalled back to the capital, ending his exile.
## Return to the capital and a new emperor.
In 819, Bai Juyi was recalled to the capital and given the position of second-class Assistant Secretary. In 821, China got a new emperor, Muzong. After succeeding to the throne, Muzong spent his time feasting and heavily drinking and neglecting his duties as emperor. Meanwhile, the temporarily subdued regional military governors, | 20,260 |
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"jiedushi", began to challenge the central Tang government, leading to the new de facto independence of three circuits north of the Yellow River, which had been previously subdued by Emperor Xianzong. Furthermore, Muzong's administration was characterized by massive corruption. Again, Bai Juyi wrote a series of memorials in remonstrance.
## As Governor of Hangzhou.
Again, Bai Juyi was sent away from the court and the capital, but this time to the important position of the thriving town of Hangzhou, which was at the southern terminus of the Grand Canal and located in the scenic neighborhood of West Lake. Fortunately for their friendship, Yuan Zhen at the time was serving an assignment in nearby | 20,261 |
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Ningbo, also in what is today Zhejiang, so the two could occasionally get together, at least until Bai Juyi's term as Governor expired.
As governor of Hangzhou, Bai Juyi realised that the farmland nearby depended on the water of West Lake, but, due to the negligence of previous governors, the old dike had collapsed and the lake had dried out to the point that the local farmers were suffering from severe drought. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dike, with a dam to control the flow of water, thus providing water for irrigation, relieving the drought, and improving the livelihood of the local people over the following years. Bai Juyi used his leisure time to enjoy the beauty | 20,262 |
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of West Lake, visiting the lake almost every day. He ordered the construction of a causeway to allow walking on foot, instead of requiring the services of a boat. A causeway in the West Lake (Baisha Causeway, 白沙堤) was later referred to as Bai Causeway in Bai Juyi's honour, but the original causeway built by Bai Juyi named Baigong Causeway (白公堤) no longer exists.
## Life near Luoyang.
In 824, Bai Juyi's commission as governor expired, and he received the nominal rank of Imperial Tutor, which provided more in the way of official salary than official duties, and he relocated his household to a suburb of the "eastern capital," Luoyang. At the time, Luoyang was known as the eastern capital of the | 20,263 |
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empire and was a major metropolis with a population of around one million and a reputation as the "cultural capital," as opposed to the more politically oriented capital of Chang'an.
## Governor of Suzhou.
In 825, at the age of fifty-three, Bai Juyi was given the position of Governor (Prefect) of Suzhou, situated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Tai. For the first two years, he enjoyed himself with feasts and picnic outings, but after a couple years he became ill and was forced into a period of retirement.
## Later career.
After his time as Prefect of Hangzhou (822-824) and then Suzhou (825-827), Bai Juyi returned to the capital. He then served in various | 20,264 |
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official posts in the capital, and then again as prefect/governor, this time in Henan, the province in which Luoyang was located. It was in Henan that his first son was born, though only to die prematurely the next year. In 831 Yuan Zhen died. For the next thirteen years, Bai Juyi continued to hold various nominal posts but actually lived in retirement.
## Retirement.
In 832, Bai Juyi repaired an unused part of the Xiangshan Monastery, at Longmen, about 7.5 miles south of Luoyang. Bai Juyi moved to this location, and began to refer to himself as the "Hermit of Xianshang". This area, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is famous for its tens of thousands of statues of Buddha and his disciples | 20,265 |
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carved out of the rock. In 839, he experienced a paralytic attack, losing the use of his left leg, and became a bedridden invalid for several months. After his partial recovery, he spent his final years arranging his Collected Works, which he presented to the main monasteries of those localities in which he had spent time.
## Death.
In 846, Bai Juyi died, leaving instructions for a simple burial in a grave at the monastery, with a plain style funeral, and to not have a posthumous title conferred upon him. He has a tomb monument in Longmen, situated on Xiangshan across the Yi River from the Longmen cave temples in the vicinity of Luoyang, Henan. It is a circular mound of earth 4 meters high, | 20,266 |
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52 meters in circumference, and with a 2.80 meter high Monument inscribed "Bai Juyi".
# Works.
Bai Juyi has been known for his plain, direct, and easily comprehensible style of verse, as well as for his social and political criticism. Besides his surviving poems, several letters and essays are also extant.
He collected his writings in the anthology called the "".
## History.
One of the most prolific of the Tang poets, Bai Juyi wrote over 2,800 poems, which he had copied and distributed to ensure their survival. They are notable for their relative accessibility: it is said that he would rewrite any part of a poem if one of his servants was unable to understand it. The accessibility of Bai | 20,267 |
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Juyi's poems made them extremely popular in his lifetime, in both China and Japan, and they continue to be read in these countries today.
## Famous poems.
Two of his most famous works are the long narrative poems "Chang hen ge" ("Song of Everlasting Sorrow"), which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and "The Song of the Pipa Player". Like Du Fu, he had a strong sense of social responsibility and is well known for his satirical poems, such as "The Elderly Charcoal Seller". Also he wrote about military conflicts during the Tang Dynasty. Poems like "Song of Everlasting Regret" were examples of the peril in China during the An Lushan rebellion.
Bai Juyi also wrote intensely romantic poems to fellow | 20,268 |
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officials with whom he studied and traveled. These speak of sharing wine, sleeping together, and viewing the moon and mountains. One friend, Yu Shunzhi, sent Bai a bolt of cloth as a gift from a far-off posting, and Bai Juyi debated on how best to use the precious material:
Bai's works were also highly renowned in Japan, and many of his poems were quoted and referenced in "The Tale of Genji" by Murasaki Shikibu.
## Poetic forms.
Bai Juyi was known for his interest in the old "yuefu" form of poetry, which was a typical form of Han poetry, namely folk ballad verses, collected or written by the Music Bureau. These were often a form of social protest. And, in fact, writing poetry to promote social | 20,269 |
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progress was explicitly one of his objectives. He is also known for his well-written poems in the regulated verse style.
## Art criticism.
Bai was a poet of the middle Tang Dynasty. It was a period after the An Lushan Rebellion, the Tang Empire was in rebuilding and recovery. As a government official and a litterateur, Bai observed the court music performance that was seriously affected by Xiyu(西域, Western regions), and he made some articles with indignation to criticize that phenomenon. As an informal leader of a group of poets who rejected the courtly style of the time and emphasized the didactic function of literature, Bai believing that every literary work should contain a fitting moral | 20,270 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
and a well-defined social purpose. That makes him not satisfied with cultural performance styles of Tang court.
For instance, in his work of "FaquGe(法曲歌)," translated as "Model Music", is a poem regard to a kind of performing art, he made the following statement:
but the barbarian music sounds evil and disordered whereas Han music sounds harmonious! (法曲法曲合夷歌，夷声邪乱华声和)
Faqu is a kind of performing style of Yanyue, a part of court music performance. In this poem, Bai Juyi strongly criticized that Tang Daqu was heavily influenced by some non-native musical elements, which were absent in the Han Daqu-the original form of Daqu. Tang culture was an amalgamation of the culture of the Han majority, | 20,271 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
the culture of the "Western Region" (西域), and Buddhism. The conflict between the mainstream Han culture and minority culture exposed after the An Lushan Rebellion. The alien culture was so popular and it had seriously threatened the status of Han culture.
Musical performances at the Tang court are of two types: seated performances (坐部) and standing performances (立部). Seated performances were conducted in smaller halls with a limited number of dancers, and emphasized refined artistry. Standing performances involves numerous dancers, and were usually performed in courtyards or squares intended for grand presentations.
Bai's another poem, "Libuji(立部伎）", translated as "Standing Section Players", | 20,272 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
reflected the phenomenon of "decline in imperial court music". In this poem, Bai mercilessly pointed out that music style of both seated performances and standing performances were deeply influenced by foreign culture.
Seated performances are more elegant than standing performances. Players in the Seating Section were the most qualified performers, while the performing level of the players in the Standing Section were a bit poor(立部贱,坐部贵). In Bai Juyi's time, those two performances were full of foreign music, the Yayue(雅乐, literally: "elegant music") was no longer be performed in those two sections. The Yayue music was only be performed by the players who were eliminated from those two sections(立部又退何所任,始就乐悬操雅音). | 20,273 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
This poem shows the culture changing in the middle Tang Dynasty and the decline of Yayue, a form of classical music and dance performed at the royal court and temples
In those two poems of Bai reflected the situation of political and culture in the middle Tang Dynasty after the An Lushan Rebellion, and he was concerned that the popularity of foreign music could lead the Tang society into chaos.
# Appraisal.
Bai Juyi is considered one of the greatest Chinese poets, but even during the ninth century, sharp divide in critical opinions of his poetry already existed. While other poets like Pi Rixiu only had the highest praise for Bai Juyi, others were hostile, like Sikong Tu (司空圖) who described | 20,274 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
Bai as "overbearing in force, yet feeble in energy ("qi"), like domineering merchants in the market place." Bai's poetry was immensely popular in his own lifetime, but his popularity, his use of vernacular, the sensual delicacy of some of his poetry, led to criticism of him being "common" or "vulgar". In a tomb inscription for Li Kan (李戡), a critic of Bai, poet Du Mu wrote, couched in the words of Li Kan: "...It has bothered me that ever since the Yuanhe Reign we have had poems by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen whose sensual delicacy has defied the norms. Excepting gentlemen of mature strength and classical decorum, many have been ruined by them. They have circulated among the common people and been | 20,275 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
inscribed on walls; mothers and fathers teach them to sons and daughters orally, through winter's cold and summer's heat their lascivious phrases and overly familiar words have entered people's flesh and bone and cannot be gotten out. I have no position and cannot use the law to bring this under control."
Bai was also criticized for his "carelessness and repetitiveness", especially his later works. He was nevertheless placed by Tang poet Zhang Wei (張為) in his Schematic of Masters and Followers Among the Poets (詩人主客圖) at the head of his first category: "extensive and grand civilizing power".
## Modern assessment.
Burton Watson says of Bai Juyi: "he worked to develop a style that was simple | 20,276 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
and easy to understand, and posterity has requited his efforts by making him one of the most well-loved and widely read of all Chinese poets, both in his native land and in the other countries of the East that participate in the appreciation of Chinese culture. He is also, thanks to the translations and biographical studies by Arthur Waley, one of the most accessible to English readers".
# See also.
- Li Shidao
- List of emperors of the Tang Dynasty
- West Lake
# Works cited.
- Hinsch, Bret. (1990). "Passions of the Cut Sleeve". University of California Press.
- Hinton, David (2008). "Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology". New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. / .
- Nienhauser, William | 20,277 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
H (ed.). "The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature". Indiana University Press 1986.
- Arthur Waley, "The Life and Times of Po Chü-I, 772-846 A.D" (New York,: Macmillan, 1949). 238p.
- Waley, Arthur (1941). "Translations from the Chinese". New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Watson, Burton (1971). "Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century". (New York: Columbia University Press).
# External links.
- Bai Juyi: Poems — English translations of Bai Juyi's poetry.
- Translations of Chinese poems
- Chinese poems in translation
- Six Bai Juyi's poems included in "300 Selected Tang Poems", translated by Witter Bynner
- Article on the Shanghai Oriental Pearl | 20,278 |
420483 | Bai Juyi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bai%20Juyi | Bai Juyi
Knopf.
- Watson, Burton (1971). "Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century". (New York: Columbia University Press).
# External links.
- Bai Juyi: Poems — English translations of Bai Juyi's poetry.
- Translations of Chinese poems
- Chinese poems in translation
- Six Bai Juyi's poems included in "300 Selected Tang Poems", translated by Witter Bynner
- Article on the Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower that was based on a poem by Bai Juyi
- English translation of Bai Juyi's "A Poem for the Swallows(《燕詩》 /《燕詩示劉叟》)"
- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Bai Juyi at the Chinese Text Project:
- Book 424, Book 425, Book 426, Book 427, Book 428, | 20,279 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
Li Shangyin
Li Shangyin (c. 813858), courtesy name Yishan (義山), was a Chinese poet of the late Tang Dynasty, born in Henei (now Qinyang, Henan). Along with Li He, he was much admired and "rediscovered" in the 20th century by young Chinese writers for the imagist quality of his poems. He is particularly famous for his tantalizing "no title" (無題) poems.
# Biography.
Li Shangyin's career was rough, and he never obtained a high position, either because of factional disputes, or because of his association with Liu Fen (劉蕡), a prominent opponent of the eunuchs.
# Historical background.
Li Shangyin lived at a time when the Tang Dynasty, after some two hundred years of glorious reign, was fast declining. | 20,280 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
Culturally, politically and economically the Tang was one of the great periods of Chinese history. The cosmopolitan capital of Chang'an was filled with traders from the Middle East and other parts of Asia where many Asian vassal states sent envoys to pay tribute. The empire covered a vast territory, the largest yet in the history of China. The nation, under the reign of Emperors Gaozuyi, through Taizong, Empress Wu, and to the time of Emperor Xuanzong, steadily grew to the height of its prosperity. After the An Lushan Rebellion, however, the political and economic structure of the country began to disintegrate and the Dynasty went rapidly into decline. The rebel generals fighting against the | 20,281 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
Tang court during and after the An Lushan Rebellion were allowed to surrender and given military governor posts even after the leaders of the rebellion were vanquished. Peace and stability over the entire area of Hebei was heavily bought by a compromise settlement. These provincial governors paid only lip service to the central government. The court, now weak and impotent, tolerated their growing independence, wary also of the aggression of the Tibetans to the north-west who posed a constant threat to the capital. During the subsequent years, military governors repeatedly challenged imperial authority with attempts to claim hereditary succession, resulting in revolts and bloodshed. Apart from | 20,282 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
this loss of control over the provincial military leaders and other problems at the frontiers, the Tang court was internally plagued by the increasingly powerful eunuchs and the fierce Niu-Li factional strife.
The eunuchs first gained political influence as a group when Gao Lishi helped Emperor Xuanzong in his rise in power. Later, Li Fuguo also helped to put Su-zong on his throne. By gaining royal patronage eunuchs gradually controlled personal access to the emperors and participated in the business of the central government. They also involved themselves with provincial appointments, at times, even intervening with armed forces in disputes over imperial successions. By the time of Li Shangyin, | 20,283 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
the emperors had allowed the eunuchs to become fully entrenched both militarily and politically. After Xianzong, all Tang emperors (except Jingzong) were put on the throne by the eunuchs.
In 835, the infamous "Sweet Dew Incident" occurred during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. A palace coup designed by Li Xun (the prime-minister) and Zheng Zhu (the military governor of Feng Xiang) support of Wenzong's effort to overthrow the eunuchs failed. The eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang, slaughtered the clans of many high officials and chief ministers. A great many other innocent people were killed in connection with this event. The eunuchs whose power had been growing out of control now completely dominated | 20,284 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
the Emperor and the affairs of state.
Apart from the eunuchs, the Niu-Li factional strife was another destructive internal force haunting the Tang court. The Niu and Li factions were not organized political parties, but two groups of rival politicians, hostile toward each other as a result of some personal animosity. The head of the Niu faction was represented by Niu Sengru and Li Zongmin and the Li faction by Li Deyu. In the 830s, the two contending factions created much turmoil in court through the reigns of Muzong, Jingzong, Wenzong, Wuzong and Xuanzong, a period coinciding almost exactly with Li Shangyin's life. According to Chen Yinke, the struggle was also due to a difference in social | 20,285 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
background between the two groups, one representing the traditional ruling class of North China, and the other, the newly risen class of scholar-officials who reached their positions through the civil service examinations. In any case, many intellectuals and high officials were involved in this struggle. Whenever members of one faction were in power, people associated with the other faction would be demoted, or out of favor. The factional strife
kept court officials from uniting against the increasing power of the eunuchs. The emperors, rendered completely helpless, tried to play one force against another. It was some fifty years after Li Shangyin's death that the eunuchs were finally eradicated | 20,286 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
with the help of the military governors, precipitating the downfall of Tang. The forty-five years of Li-Shangyin's life covered the reign of six emperors. Among them, Xianzong and Jingzong were murdered by the eunuchs. Muzong, Wuzong and Xuanzong indulged in escapist practices, dying, in the case of Wuzong, of an overdose of elixir drugs.
# Works.
Li was a typical Late Tang poet: his works are sensuous, dense and allusive. The latter quality makes adequate translation extremely difficult. The political, biographical or philosophical implications supposed to be contained in some of his poems have been a subject of debate for many centuries in China.
His most famous and cryptic poem is called | 20,287 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
"Jin Se" (錦瑟) (the title is only taken from the first two characters of the poem, since the poem is one of Li's "no title" poems), which consists of 56 characters and a string of images. His "no title" poems are regarded as "pure poetry" by some modern critics.
Although more famous for his sensuous poems, Li indeed wrote in many styles, sometimes be satirical, humorous or sentimental. Moreover, some ancient critics hold that he is the only poet who, in some of his poems, succeeds in imitating the masculine quality of Du Fu's works.
# Influence.
In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from his poetry to create the lyrics for the song "Set the Controls for the Heart | 20,288 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
of the Sun" from the band's second album "A Saucerful of Secrets".
Part of a poem by Li Shangyin is recited by a minor character in the Mortuary in the role-playing video game "".
More recently, Li Shangyin's poem, "When Will I Be Home?" is alluded to and quoted from by Hig, the protagonist of Peter Heller's 2012 novel, "The Dog Stars". The novel ends with a reprinting of the poem in full.
His name is mentioned and his poem is quoted in the Korean TV Series Gu-am Heo Jun, Episode 119.
# References.
- Chen, Bohai, "Li Shangyin". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
- Yu, Teresa Yee-Wah. 2011. "Li Shangyin : The Poetry of Allusion." Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, | 20,289 |
420515 | Li Shangyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%20Shangyin | Li Shangyin
.
His name is mentioned and his poem is quoted in the Korean TV Series Gu-am Heo Jun, Episode 119.
# References.
- Chen, Bohai, "Li Shangyin". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
- Yu, Teresa Yee-Wah. 2011. "Li Shangyin : The Poetry of Allusion." Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007. T, University of British Columbia. .
# External links.
- Poems by Li Shang-yin
- Biography, Chinese texts and translations.
- Regulated verses of Li Shangyin, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns.
- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Li Shangyin at the Chinese Text Project:
- Book 539
- Book 540
- Book 541 | 20,290 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
Book of Judith
The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book, included in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian Old Testament of the Bible, but excluded from the Hebrew canon and assigned by Protestants to the Apocrypha. The book contains numerous historical anachronisms, which is why some scholars now accept it as non-historical; it has been considered a parable or perhaps the first historical novel.
The name Judith () is the feminine form of Judah.
# Historical context.
## Original language.
It is not clear whether the "Book of Judith" was originally written in Hebrew or in Greek. The oldest existing version is the Septuagint and might either be a translation from | 20,291 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
Hebrew or composed in Greek. Details of vocabulary and phrasing point to a Greek text written in a language modeled on the Greek developed through translating the other books in the Septuagint.
The extant Hebrew language versions, whether identical to the Greek, or in the shorter Hebrew version, date to the Middle Ages. The Hebrew versions name important figures directly such as the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, thus placing the events in the Hellenistic period when the Maccabees battled the Seleucid monarchs. The Greek version uses deliberately cryptic and anachronistic references such as "Nebuchadnezzar", a "King of Assyria", who "reigns in Nineveh", for the same king. The adoption | 20,292 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
of that name, though unhistorical, has been sometimes explained either as a copyist's addition, or an arbitrary name assigned to the "ruler of Babylon".
## Canonicity.
### In Judaism.
Although it was likely written by a Jew during the Second Temple period, there is no evidence that the Book of Judith was ever considered authoritative or a candidate for canonicity by any Jewish group.
The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible does not contain it, nor was it found among the Dead Sea Scrolls or referred to in any early Rabbinic literature.
Reasons for its exclusion include the lateness of its composition, possible Greek origin, open support of the Hasmonean dynasty (to which the early rabbinate | 20,293 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
was opposed), and perhaps the brash and seductive character of Judith herself.
However, after disappearing from circulation among Jews for over a millennium, references to the Book of Judith, and the figure of Judith herself, resurfaced in the religious literature of crypto-Jews who escaped capitulation by the Caliphate of Córdoba. The renewed interest took the form of "tales of the heroine, liturgical poems, commentaries on the Talmud, and passages in Jewish legal codes."
Although the text itself does not mention Hanukkah, it became customary for a Hebrew midrashic variant of the Judith story to be read on the Shabbat of Hanukkah.
That midrash, whose heroine is portrayed as gorging the enemy | 20,294 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
on cheese before cutting off his head, may have formed the basis of the Jewish tradition to eat dairy products during Hanukkah.
In that respect, Medieval Jewry appears to have viewed Judith as the Hasmonean counterpart to Queen Esther, the heroine of the holiday of Purim. The textual reliability of the Book of Judith was also taken for granted, to the extent that Biblical commentator Nachmanides (Ramban) quoted several passages from a Peshitta (Syriac version) of Judith in support of his rendering of Deuteronomy 21:14.
### In Christianity.
Although early Christians, such as Clement of Rome, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria, read and used the Book of Judith, some of the oldest Christian | 20,295 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
canons, including the Bryennios List (1st/2nd century), that of Melito of Sardis (2nd century) and Origen (3rd century), do not include it. Jerome, when he produced his Latin translation, counted it among the apocrypha, (although he changed his mind and later quoted it as scripture, and said he merely expressed the views of the Jews), as did Athanasius, Cyril of Jerusalem and Epiphanius of Salamis.
However, such influential fathers of the Church, including Augustine, Ambrose, and Hilary of Poitiers, considered Judith sacred scripture, and Pope Innocent I declared it part of the canon. In Jerome's "Prologue to Judith" he claims that the Book of Judith was "found by the Nicene Council to have | 20,296 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures".
It was also accepted by the councils of Rome (382), Hippo (393), Carthage (397), Florence (1442) and eventually dogmatically defined as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church in 1546 in the Council of Trent. The Eastern Orthodox Church also accepts Judith as inspired scripture, as was confirmed in the Synod of Jerusalem in 1672.
The Episcopal Church calls for a reading of Judith 9:1,11-14 at Mass on the Feast of St Mary Magdalen, July 22.
Most Christian Churches recognize this Book as canonical but only the Coptic Church celebrates the title character's memory in its Calendar of Saints on 17 September.
The canonicity of Judith is rejected | 20,297 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
by Protestants (though many Anglicans consider it to be either an apocryphal or deuterocanonical book), who accept as the Old Testament only those books that are found in the Jewish canon. Martin Luther viewed the book as an allegory, but listed it as the first of the eight writings in his Apocrypha.
# Contents.
## Plot summary.
The story revolves around Judith, a daring and beautiful widow, who is upset with her Jewish countrymen for not trusting God to deliver them from their foreign conquerors. She goes with her loyal maid to the camp of the enemy general, Holofernes, with whom she slowly ingratiates herself, promising him information on the Israelites. Gaining his trust, she is allowed | 20,298 |
420456 | Book of Judith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book%20of%20Judith | Book of Judith
access to his tent one night as he lies in a drunken stupor. She decapitates him, then takes his head back to her fearful countrymen. The Assyrians, having lost their leader, disperse, and Israel is saved. Though she is courted by many, Judith remains unmarried for the rest of her life.
## Literary structure.
The Book of Judith can be split into two parts or "acts" of approximately equal length. Chapters 1–7 describe the rise of the threat to Israel, led by the evil king Nebuchadnezzar and his sycophantic general Holofernes, and is concluded as Holofernes' worldwide campaign has converged at the mountain pass where Judith's village, Bethulia, is located. Chapters 8–16 then introduce Judith | 20,299 |
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