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420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
to level 5. (VOCATIONAL UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL AND APPRENTICESHIP CLASS “DEGREE”)
The specialties of the Apprenticeship Class of EPALs
- VEHICLE TECHNICIAN
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, INSTALLATIONS AND NETWORKS TECHNICIAN
- IT APPLICATIONS TECHNICIAN
- NURSE'S ASSISTANT
- ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMIC SERVICE OFFICER
- DESIGNER OF STRUCTURAL WORKS AND GEOINFORMATICS
- PLANT PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN
- AESTHETIC ART
- NURSERY SCHOOL ASSISTANT
- MEDICAL - BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES ASSISTANT
- PHYSIOTHERAPIST ASSISTANT
- GRAPHIC ARTS
- REFRIGERANT, AIR CONDITIONING AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNICIAN
- ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INSTALLATIONS, NETWORKS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIAN
- FOOD | 21,200 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
AND DRINKS TECHNOLOGY TECHNICIAN
- EMPLOYEE OF TOURISM ENTERPRISES
- MODERN BUSINESS AGRICULTURE
- ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, INSTALLATIONS AND NETWORKS TECHNICIAN
- HAIRDRESSING ART
- PHARMACY ASSISTANT
- CONSERVARTION OF ART - REHABILITATION WORKS
- MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS TECHNICIAN
- COMPUTER AND NETWORKS TECHNICIAN
# Private schools.
There is a wide range of private schools in Greece. 6% of students who attend compulsory education (the highest percent in the European Union) study in Private Schools. Tuition fees start from €1,500 to €13,000 according to the school and the year.
# School elections.
From the fifth year of the primary school | 21,201 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
to the third year of Lyceum elections are held.
Elections in primary schools
They are held every October. All the students are obliged to elect 2 presidiums for each class who "rule" until January when the other one succeeds the first. The role of these presidiums is to primp the classrooms for the national holidays and for Christmas. Furthermore, they transfer the complaints of each student to the school authorities.
There are 4 positions:
- The President
- The Vice-President
- The General Secretary
- The Treasurer
Elections in Gymnasiums and Lyceums
They are held every October and are divided into 2 parts.
In the 1st part every student elects the Presidium of his/her class.
The | 21,202 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
Class Presidium has 5 members:
- The President
- The General Secretary
- The Treasurer
- The 1st Member
- The 2nd Member
In the second part students elect a School Council which has 15 members and represents the students. Its role is extremely important in every school because the School Council takes significant decisions for all the students.
The School Council has 15 members:
- The School President
- The Vice-President
- The Treasurer
- Another 12 Members
# Tertiary education in Greece.
- Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα - Α.E.I. (Higher Educational Institutes)
Higher Educational Institutes are consisted of two parallel sectors: the Technological Universities (T.E.I.) and the Universities. | 21,203 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
In addition, colleges collaborating with foreign universities can offer undergraduate and postgraduate UK foreign programmes of study in Greece, under the proper registration with the Greek Ministry of Education. Usually, these programmes are provided following franchise or validation agreements with universities established in other European Union countries, primarily in the UK, leading to degrees which are awarded directly by those universities. In some cases these institutions are wholly owned and operated branch campuses of foreign institutions, as in the case of the University of Indianapolis, Athens Campus. List of universities in Greece
# Private education.
- There are public and private | 21,204 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
"dimotika" (primary education), "gymnasia" (middle school; secondary education), "lykeia" (high school; secondary education). Some of them are for foreigners, usually children of British or American families. For example, see American Community Schools.
- Public and private IEK
- According to the article 16 of the Greek constitution, private tertiary education was not allowed in Greece. However, there were some Schools (or "Laboratories") of Liberal Studies (Ergastiria Eleftheron Spoudon), often franchises of foreign universities, sometimes non-profit organizations, which advertised themselves as private universities or as centers from public universities abroad. For example, see DEI College/University | 21,205 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
of London International Programmes and UCLan, I.S.T. College/University of Hertfordshire, New York College (European and American Education), BCA Business College of Athens, ALBA Graduate Business School, University of Wales, Bangor, Deree College, Athens Information Technology Center of Excellence for Research and Education etc.
- Following changes in the Greek legislation, in 2008 and 2010, private organisations, referred to as colleges, have been authorised to offer foreign undergraduate and postgraduate programmes under the monitoring of the Greek Ministry of Education, for example iCon College.
All levels are overseen by the Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, which | 21,206 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
exercises centralised control over public schools, by prescribing the curriculum, appointing staff, and controlling funding. The ministry exercises a supervisory mandate over private schools. At a regional level, the supervisory role of the Ministry is exercised through Regional Directorates of Primary and Secondary Education, and Directorates of Primary and Secondary Education operate in every Prefecture. Tertiary institutions are nominally autonomous, but the Ministry is responsible for their funding, and the distribution of students to undergraduate courses. Currently the Greek government only recognises degree programmes offered by the state-run universities although there are several private | 21,207 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
universities and colleges offering degree programmes that are validated and overseen by American, British and other European universities. The Greek government is pressured to recognise these overseas programmes.
All levels of education are catered for by both private and public schools. State-run schools and universities do not charge tuition fees and textbooks are provided free to all students, although, from 2011 onwards, there has been noticed a shortage in new textbooks, forcing students to either buy stock books from bookshops, or participate in parent-teacher association-run book trades.
There are also a number of private tutors schools, colleges and universities operating alongside | 21,208 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
the state education and providing supplementary tuition. These parallel schools, called Frontistirio (Greek: φροντιστήριο) provide foreign-language tuition, supplementary lessons for weak students, as well as exam preparation for the competitive Panhellenic national examinations. Most of the students typically attend such classes (and examinations) at the tutors schools in the afternoon and evening in addition to their normal schooling.
# Vocational education and training.
- I.E.K. - Ινστιτούτο Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης ("Institouto Epagelmatikis Katartisis" - Vocational Training Institute). EOPPEP is the government organization which oversees these institutes.
- Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο, ΕΠΑΛ | 21,209 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
("Epaggelmatiko Lykeio" - Vocational Upper Secondary Schools, EPAL)
- Επαγγελματική Σχολή, ΕΠΑΣ ("Epaggelmatiki Sxoli" - Vocational Training School, EPAS)
- Private EES schools often offer seminars and 1-year vocational programmes, usually for Computing or Business studies. Young Greeks can seek private vocational education using the computer software products "Eurofasma" and "Kefaleo" (Capital).
# Former institutions.
- Τεχνικό Επαγγελματικό Εκπαιδευτήριο, ΤΕΕ ("Techniko Epagelmatiko Ekpedeftirio" - Technical Professional/Vocational School, TEE)
- Τεχνικό Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο, ΤΕΛ ("Techniko Epagelmatiko Lykeio" - Technical Professional/Vocational Lyceum, TEL)
- Τεχνική Επαγγελματική | 21,210 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
Σχολή, ΤΕΣ ("Techniki Epagelmatiki Scholi" - Technical Professional/Vocational School, TES)
- Ενιαίο Πολυκλαδικό Λύκειο, ΕΠΛ ("Eniaio Polykladiko Lykeio" - Unified Multidisciplinary Lyceum, EPL)
- Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο, ΕΠΑΛ ("Epaggelmatiko Lykeio" - Vocational Upper Secondary Schools, EPAL)
# Current issues.
The foremost topic of debate in recent years has been recognition of the private universities, which are forbidden by the 1975 constitution. Numerous private institutions, which are often franchises of European and American universities, such as State University of New York, but also non-profit accredited institutions or wholly owned and operated branch campuses of foreign universities, | 21,211 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
such as the University of Indianapolis - Athens Campus, are operating legally as EES schools (translatable as "Laboratories of Free Study").
Moreover, with few exceptions, the Greek government refuses to recognize three-year university degrees. Students who completed a bachelor's degree in a foreign country find it difficult to secure employment in the public sector, unless they next obtain a master's degree, in which case their academic qualifications are considered equivalent to a four-year undergraduate degree conferred by a Greek higher educational institute.
Following pressure from the EU member states, within the framework of the Bologna Process, Greece is revising its classification | 21,212 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
of degrees to bring it in line with the framework defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System/ECTS. (It is usually the goal to accomplish a bachelor's degree within 3 years and a master's degree within 2 years.)
# See also.
- Latin honors
- Educational stage
- Education in ancient Greece
- Open access to scholarly communication in Greece
- Education Research Centre - Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, "The Greek Education System. Facts and Figures" (Supervision: Prof. V. Koulaidis. Compiled by C. Papakyriakopoulos, A. Patouna, A. Katsis & S. Georgiadou), Athens, 2003. ()
- Κέντρο Εκπαιδευτικής Έρευνας, "Το Ελληνικό Εκπαιδευτικό Σύστημα Συνοπτική εικόνα σε | 21,213 |
420676 | Education in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education%20in%20Greece | Education in Greece
ιθμούς", Αθήνα, 2003. () (accessed June 1, 2006)
- "Greek Educational System: The Implementation of the ICT in the Greek Curriculum in Compulsory Education", IACM/FORTH, November 2003
- National report of Greece 2009 - Bologna Process: http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/links/Greece.htm
# External links.
- Information on education in Greece, OECD - Contains indicators and information about Greece and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
- Diagram of Greek education system, OECD - Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. Also in Greek
- Education in Greece, webdossier by Education Worldwide, a portal of the German Education Server | 21,214 |
1803866 | Surveillance abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance%20abuse | Surveillance abuse
Surveillance abuse
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society.
During the FBI's COINTELPRO operations, there was widespread surveillance abuse which targeted political dissidents, primarily people from the political left and civil rights movement.
Other abuses include "LOVEINT" which refers to the practice of secret service employees using their extensive monitoring capabilities to spy on their love interest or spouse.
There is no prevention in the amount of unauthorized data collected on individuals and this leads to cases where cameras are | 21,215 |
1803866 | Surveillance abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance%20abuse | Surveillance abuse
installed inappropriately. “For instance, according to the BBC, four council workers in Liverpool used a street CCTV pan-tilt-zoom camera to spy on a woman in her apartment.” (Cavallaro,2007). This is just one case where culprits have been caught; however, there are still many common acts such as this. Another incident of inappropriate installation now has “Pennsylvania parents suing their son's school, alleging it watched him through his laptop's webcam while he was at home and unaware he was being observed.” (Surveillance Camera Players, 2010). This leads to the misconception of surveillance, as it once was a tool to monitor and make sure citizens abide by the law, it has now created even | 21,216 |
1803866 | Surveillance abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance%20abuse | Surveillance abuse
more problems. With cameras only becoming more advanced and more common, it is difficult to determine whether these surveillance cameras are helping to ensure a safe society or leading to bigger issues altogether.
With the growing of Web 2.0, social networking sites, surveillance may be more easily and commonly abused in many situations for a variety of reasons. The Communications Security Establishment (CSE), formerly known as Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC), has previously spied on Canadians through the public wireless internet connections in an airport in the country. Through this they gathered information on who people called or texted and where they were when they communicated | 21,217 |
1803866 | Surveillance abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance%20abuse | Surveillance abuse
with others. The CSE search through approximately 10-15 million downloads daily. An example of where surveillance may have been abused is where Facebook and Apple have admitted to allowing government officials to access personal information of their account users.
A device which may be used to abuse surveillance, called a Stingray, acts and looks similar to a cellphone tower but it tricks mobile devices into connecting with it. After connected an operator can take information stored on the device, sometimes intercepting phone calls and text messages. This method of surveillance can be used on random civilians or in an investigation of a particular person.
# See also.
- Mass surveillance
- | 21,218 |
1803866 | Surveillance abuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance%20abuse | Surveillance abuse
Police misconduct
- Police state
- Political repression
- Qihoo 360 IP-Camera shutdown
- Religious Police
- Stalking
# References.
- Davis, James Kirkpatrick. (1997). "Assault on the Left: The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement." Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Donner, Frank J. (1980). "The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America’s Political Intelligence System". New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Donner, Frank J. (1990). "Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America". Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Fijnaut, Cyrille and Gary T. Marx. (1995). "Under Cover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective." The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
- | 21,219 |
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Marx, Gary T. (1988)."Under Cover: Police Surveillance in America". Berkeley: Twentieth Century Fund/University of California Press.
- Ney York Civil Liberties Union. (2006). "Who's Watching"
- O'Reilly, Kenneth. (1988). ""Racial Matters:" The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960—1972". New York: Free Press.
- Staples, William G. (2000). "Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life". Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Cavallaro, Andrea. (March 2007). Privacy in Video Surveillance. IEEE Xplore - Signal Processing Magazine. Retrieved from http://ssli.ee.washington.edu/courses/ee299/hws/hw4_files/privacy.pd. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- Kampfner, John. (2012, October | 21,220 |
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3). Big Brother is watching you more closely than ever: CCTV cameras, the spies in our midst. Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2212536/CCTV-cameras-The-spies-midst.html#ixzz2OPdQPUjk. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- Schools are gathering CCTV evidence illegally as every one breaks strict guidelines (2008, May 14). Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-566338/Schools-gathering-CCTV-evidence-illegally-breaks-strict-guidelines.html#ixzz2PTaqXytd. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- Surveillance Camera Players (2010, April 12). Abuse of Surveillance Cameras. Retrieved from http://www.notbored.org/camera-abuses.html. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
- Alexander, Julia. "How | 21,221 |
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trieved May 3, 2013.
- Alexander, Julia. "How the Canadian Government Can Spy on Your Online Activities." "Toronto Sun". N.p., 8 July 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
- Braga, Matthew. "The Covert Cellphone Tracking Tech the RCMP and CSIS Won't Talk about." "The Globe and Mail". N.p., 15 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
- Brown, Jesse. "Where Is Canada's Rage over Digital Surveillance?" "The Star". N.p., 1 May 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
- Hildebrandt, Amber, Dave Seglins, and Michael Pereira. "CSE Monitors Millions of Canadian Emails to Government." "CBC News Canada". N.p., 25 Feb. 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
- Lievrouw, Leah A. "Alternative and Activist New Media". Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011. Print. | 21,222 |
1803858 | Gaussian random field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaussian%20random%20field | Gaussian random field
Gaussian random field
A Gaussian random field (GRF) is a random field involving Gaussian probability density functions of the variables. A one-dimensional GRF is also called a Gaussian process. An important special case of a GRF is the Gaussian free field.
With regard to applications of GRFs, the initial conditions of physical cosmology generated by quantum mechanical fluctuations during cosmic inflation are thought to be a GRF with a nearly scale invariant spectrum.
# Construction.
One way of constructing a GRF is by assuming that the field is the sum of a large number of plane, cylindrical or spherical waves with uniformly distributed random phase. Where applicable, the central limit theorem | 21,223 |
1803858 | Gaussian random field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaussian%20random%20field | Gaussian random field
dictates that at any point, the sum of these individual plane-wave contributions will exhibit a Gaussian distribution. This type of GRF is completely described by its power spectral density, and hence, through the Wiener-Khinchin theorem, by its two-point autocorrelation function, which is related to the power spectral density through a Fourier transformation.
Suppose "f"("x") is the value of a GRF at a point "x" in some "D"-dimensional space. If we make a vector of the values of "f" at "N" points, "x", ..., "x", in the "D"-dimensional space, then the vector ("f"("x"), ..., "f"("x")) will always be distributed as a multivariate Gaussian.
# External links.
- For details on the generation of | 21,224 |
1803858 | Gaussian random field | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaussian%20random%20field | Gaussian random field
Gaussian distribution. This type of GRF is completely described by its power spectral density, and hence, through the Wiener-Khinchin theorem, by its two-point autocorrelation function, which is related to the power spectral density through a Fourier transformation.
Suppose "f"("x") is the value of a GRF at a point "x" in some "D"-dimensional space. If we make a vector of the values of "f" at "N" points, "x", ..., "x", in the "D"-dimensional space, then the vector ("f"("x"), ..., "f"("x")) will always be distributed as a multivariate Gaussian.
# External links.
- For details on the generation of Gaussian random fields using Matlab, see circulant embedding method for Gaussian random field. | 21,225 |
1803904 | Maria Isabel Rodriguez | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20Isabel%20Rodriguez | Maria Isabel Rodriguez
Maria Isabel Rodriguez
María Isabel Rodríguez may refer to:
- , Minister of Health (2009–2014), former head of the University of El Salvador (1999–2008)
- María Isabel López Rodríguez, winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004
- María Isabel Rodríguez Lineros, known as Lucía (born 1964), represented Spain in the 1982 Eurovision Song Contest
- Maria Isabel Rodriguez, co-author of two novels with André Launay
# See also.
- Maria Rodriguez (disambiguation) | 21,226 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
Keri Russell
Keri Lynn Russell (born March 23, 1976) is an American actress and dancer. She came to fame for portraying the title role of Felicity Porter on the WB drama series "Felicity" (1998–2002), for which she won a Golden Globe Award. Russell also starred as KGB agent Elizabeth Jennings on the FX spy thriller series "The Americans" (2013–2018), for which she received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations.
Russell has appeared in several films, including "" (2006), "Waitress" (2007), "August Rush" (2007), "Extraordinary Measures" (2010), "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014), and "Free State of Jones" (2016). In 2017, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
# | 21,227 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
Early life.
Keri Lynn Russell was born on March 23, 1976, in Fountain Valley, California, the daughter of Stephanie (née Stephens), a homemaker, and David Russell, a Nissan Motors executive. She has an older brother, Todd, and a younger sister, Julie. The family lived in Coppell, Texas; Mesa, Arizona; and Highlands Ranch, Colorado, moving frequently due to her father's work. Russell's dancing earned her a spot on "The Mickey Mouse Club."
# Career.
## 1991–2002.
Russell first appeared on television at age 15 as a cast member of the "All-New Mickey Mouse Club" variety show on the Disney Channel. She was on the show from 1991 to 1994 (Seasons 4–6) and co-starred with future actor Ryan Gosling | 21,228 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
and future pop stars Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, JC Chasez, Justin Timberlake, and Tony Lucca.
In 1992, Russell appeared in "Honey, I Blew Up the Kid" alongside Rick Moranis and in 1993, she had a role on the sitcom "Boy Meets World" as Mr. Feeny's niece. Russell appeared on "Married... with Children" in a 1995 episode ("Radio Free Trumaine", production 9.24). She subsequently starred in several film and television roles, including the 1996 made-for-television film "The Babysitter's Seduction." That year she also had a role on the short-lived soap opera series "Malibu Shores."
In 1994, Russell appeared as the "other woman" in Bon Jovi's music video "Always" with Jack Noseworthy, Carla | 21,229 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
Gugino, and Jason Wiles. In 1997, she appeared in two episodes of "Roar" alongside Heath Ledger.
From 1998 to 2002, Russell starred as the title character on the successful WB Network series "Felicity". In 1999, she won a Golden Globe for the role. Russell's long curly hair was one of her character's defining characteristics, and her drastic hairstyle change at the beginning of the show's second season was thought to cause a significant drop in the show's ratings.
During the show's run, Russell appeared in the films "Eight Days a Week", "The Curve", and "Mad About Mambo", all of which received only limited releases in North America. Her next role was in the film "We Were Soldiers" (2002), | 21,230 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
playing the wife of a United States serviceman during the Vietnam War. The film was released two months before the end of "Felicity"'s run.
## 2003–2012.
When "Felicity" ended, Russell moved to New York City and made her off-Broadway stage debut in 2004, appearing opposite Jeremy Piven, Andrew McCarthy, and Ashlie Atkinson in Neil LaBute's "Fat Pig". In 2005, she returned to television and film, beginning with an appearance in the Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie "The Magic of Ordinary Days", theatrical film "The Upside of Anger" (alongside Kevin Costner, Joan Allen and Evan Rachel Wood), and the television miniseries "Into the West". Directing "" in 2005, J. J. Abrams asked Russell | 21,231 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
to join the cast and she accepted. She was screen tested for the role of Lois Lane in "Superman Returns" but lost the role to Kate Bosworth.
In the summer of 2006, Russell was chosen to be a celebrity spokeswoman for CoverGirl Cosmetics. In the summer of 2007, Russell appeared in "The Keri Kronicles", a reality show/sitcom sponsored by CoverGirl and airing on MySpace; the show was filmed at Russell's home in Manhattan and spotlighted her life. Also in 2007, she played "Melody" on the NBC show "Scrubs".
Russell next starred in the film "Waitress", which marked the fourth time she played a pregnant woman. Her performance—opposite Nathan Fillion, Cheryl Hines, Jeremy Sisto, Andy Griffith and | 21,232 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
the film's director Adrienne Shelley—was positively received by critics, with Michael Sragow of "The Baltimore Sun" writing that Russell's performance had "aesthetic character" and "wields tenderness and fierceness with quiet heat". In 2007, Russell also completed roles in "Grimm Love" (titled "Rohtenburg" for its German release), in which she played Katie Armstrong, a graduate student who writes a thesis paper on an infamous cannibal murder case, and the thriller "The Girl in the Park", opposite Sigourney Weaver, Kate Bosworth and Alessandro Nivola.
Russell next appeared in "August Rush", released in November 2007. She also appeared on the cover of the "New York Post"s Page Six magazine on | 21,233 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
November 11, 2007. Russell later appeared in "Bedtime Stories". In an appearance on "The View" on December 15, 2008, Russell said she got the part because Adam Sandler's wife Jackie had seen her in "Waitress" and suggested her for the movie. Russell voiced Wonder Woman in a direct-to-video animated feature released March 3, 2009.
Russell starred alongside Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford in the Tom Vaughan-helmed "Extraordinary Measures" for CBS Films. The drama, which started filming on April 6, 2009 and was released on January 22, 2010, was the first film to go into production for the new company. Russell played Aileen Crowley, a mother who tries to build a normal home life for her sick children | 21,234 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
while her husband, John (Fraser), and an unconventional scientist (Ford) race against time to find a cure.
Russell starred in the Fox series "Running Wilde", from 2010 to 2011.
## 2013–present.
From 2013 to 2018, she starred in the FX drama series "The Americans", playing Elizabeth Jennings, a deep-undercover Russian KGB spy living as an American in the 1980s Cold War era. She appears opposite Matthew Rhys, who portrays her character's husband and spy partner. Russell and Rhys became partners in real life during this time. The series ended after six seasons.
In 2013, Russell starred in the science fiction horror film "Dark Skies" and the romantic comedy film "Austenland". In 2014, Russell | 21,235 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
starred in the science fiction action film "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes," a sequel to the 2011 film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", alongside actors Andy Serkis and Gary Oldman. She later starred as Serena Knight in the 2016 historical war film "Free State of Jones".
In July 2018, it was announced Russell had joined the cast of the film "", which is set for release on December 20, 2019. The film reunited her with former collaborator J.J. Abrams, whom she worked with on "Felicity" and "Mission: Impossible III".
In August 2018, it was announced that Russell would star as Anna in the first Broadway revival of Lanford Wilson's play "Burn This". She starred opposite Adam Driver. Performances | 21,236 |
420671 | Keri Russell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keri%20Russell | Keri Russell
orked with on "Felicity" and "Mission: Impossible III".
In August 2018, it was announced that Russell would star as Anna in the first Broadway revival of Lanford Wilson's play "Burn This". She starred opposite Adam Driver. Performances began in March 2019 at the Hudson Theatre.
# Personal life.
In 2006, Russell became engaged to Shane Deary, a carpenter she met through mutual friends. The couple married in New York on February 14, 2007. They have two children together: a son born in 2007 and a daughter born in 2011. Russell and Deary separated in early summer 2013.
Since 2014, Russell has been in a relationship with her "The Americans" co-star Matthew Rhys. They have a son, born in 2016. | 21,237 |
1803917 | Fib | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fib | Fib
Fib
Fib may refer to:
# Places.
- Kingdom of Fib, now Fife, Scotland
# Arts, entertainment, and media.
- Fib (poetry), a form of poetry
- Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, a Spanish music festival
- "Folket i Bild", a Swedish news magazine
# Enterprises.
- First International Bank (Liberia)
- First Investment Bank, a Bulgarian bank
# Medicine.
- Fascia iliaca block
- Fibrillarin
- Fibrillation
- Fibrinogen
- Fibula
# Science and technology.
- FiB index, or Fisheries in Balance index
- Fibonacci number
- Flying inflatable boat
- Focused ion beam
- Forwarding information base
- Fluoride-ion Battery
# Sport.
- Federation of International Bandy
- Fédération Internationale | 21,238 |
1803917 | Fib | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fib | Fib
bula
# Science and technology.
- FiB index, or Fisheries in Balance index
- Fibonacci number
- Flying inflatable boat
- Focused ion beam
- Forwarding information base
- Fluoride-ion Battery
# Sport.
- Federation of International Bandy
- Fédération Internationale de Boules, the highest international authority of bocce sport
# Other uses.
- Fib (lie), a form of bending the truth that is usually forgiven because it is not intended to deceive
- Barcelona School of Informatics (Catalan: "")
- Federal Investigation Bureau, in Austria
- Fires brigade, of the United States Army
- International Federation for Structural Concrete (French: ")
- United Nations Force Intervention Brigade | 21,239 |
1803916 | GeoTools | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GeoTools | GeoTools
GeoTools
GeoTools is a free software (LGPL) GIS toolkit for developing standards compliant solutions.
It provides an implementation of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifications as they are developed. GeoTools is a contributor to the GeoAPI project - a vendor-neutral set of Java interfaces derived from OGC specifications - and implements a subset of those.
It is written in Java and currently is under active development. It is used by GeoServer, uDig, Geopublisher, 52N, Geomajas and many proprietary projects.
# Core features.
GeoTools library supports the following core features:
- Interfaces for spatial concepts and data structures;
- JTS Topology Suite Geometry;
- Attribute, Spatial | 21,240 |
1803916 | GeoTools | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GeoTools | GeoTools
and Temporal filters matching the OGC Filter specification;
- Decoding technology (with bindings for manyGML, Filter, KML, SLD, and SE and other OGC standards).
The GeoTools library forms a stack for the core modules; with additional plugins available to support additional formats, extensions and integration options.
# History.
GeoTools 1 began in 1999 at the University of Leeds by James MacGill as part of his PhD project. It aimed to provide a toolkit of resources to enable the creation of interactive geographic visualization clients. GeoTools 1 was built using the Java 1.1 environment to enable the execution of applets on a wide range of clients without the need for a plugin. It was developed | 21,241 |
1803916 | GeoTools | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GeoTools | GeoTools
in a rather "ad hoc" manner, with new features being added as needed. GeoTools 1 was not built with any standards in mind.
GeoTools 2 began in 2002. It was a rewrite from scratch with contributions by an international group of developers. The code base has been fundamentally redesigned to take advantage of the latest Java platform and to follow OGC specifications.
GeoTools since GeoTools 1 is no longer maintained, the "2" in "GeoTools 2" was dropped in 2007 and the project name became GeoTools. The version number followed suit in 2011 with the scheduled release of "GeoTools" version 8.
# Disambiguation.
Geotools and GeotoolsMT are also the names of software written specifically for processing | 21,242 |
1803916 | GeoTools | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GeoTools | GeoTools
Tools" version 8.
# Disambiguation.
Geotools and GeotoolsMT are also the names of software written specifically for processing and displaying of magnetotelluric data (MT data). The original version of this software dates back to the late 1980s, and was sold by its parent company AOA Geophysics to Fugro Geoconsulting Inc. in 2011. With the sale of Fugro's geoscience division to CGG in 2013, the code and name rights now form part of CGG. An entirely new development of Geotools has been undertaken since 2012, and this new version is actively maintained and sold to customers.
# See also.
- Open Source Geospatial Foundation
- Magnetotellurics
# External links.
- GeoTools official home page | 21,243 |
1803894 | Coagulative necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coagulative%20necrosis | Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for at least a couple of days. It is believed that the injury denatures structural proteins as well as lysosomal enzymes thus blocking the proteolysis of the damaged cells. The lack of lysosomal enzymes allows it to maintain a "coagulated" morphology for some time. Like most types of necrosis if enough viable cells are present around the affected area regeneration will usually occur.
Coagulative necrosis can also be induced by high local temperature; it is a desired effect of treatments such as high intensity | 21,244 |
1803894 | Coagulative necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coagulative%20necrosis | Coagulative necrosis
focused ultrasound applied to cancerous cells.
# Causes.
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by conditions that do not involve severe trauma, toxins or an acute or chronic immune response. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes cell death in a localised area which is perfused by blood vessels failing to deliver primarily oxygen, but also other important nutrients. It is important to note that while ischemia in most tissues of the body will cause coagulative necrosis, in the central nervous system ischemia causes liquefactive necrosis, as there is very little structural framework in neural tissue.
# Pathology.
## Macroscopic.
The macroscopic appearance of an area of coagulative necrosis | 21,245 |
1803894 | Coagulative necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coagulative%20necrosis | Coagulative necrosis
is a pale segment of tissue contrasting against surrounding well vascularised tissue and is dry on cut surface. The tissue may later turn red due to inflammatory response. The surrounding surviving cells can aid in regeneration of the affected tissue unless they are stable or permanent.
## Microscopic.
The microscopic anatomy shows a lighter staining tissue (when stained with H&E) containing no nuclei with very little structural damage, giving the appearance often quoted as 'ghost cells'. The decreased staining is due to digested nuclei which no longer show up as dark purple when stained with hematoxylin, and denaturation of intracellular proteins will somehow give them a darker pinkish stain | 21,246 |
1803894 | Coagulative necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coagulative%20necrosis | Coagulative necrosis
.
# Regeneration.
As the majority of the structural remnants of the necrotic tissue remains, labile cells adjacent to the affected tissue will replicate and replace the cells which have been killed during the event. Labile cells are constantly undergoing mitosis and can therefore help reform the tissue, whereas nearby stable and permanent cells (e.g. neurons and cardiomyocytes) do not undergo mitosis and will not replace the tissue affected. Fibroblasts will also migrate to the affected area depositing fibrous tissue producing fibrosis or scarring in areas where viable cells do not replicate and replace tissue.
# External links.
- http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CINJHTML/CINJ016.html | 21,247 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
Financial contagion
Financial contagion refers to "the spread of market disturbances mostly on the downside from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows". Financial contagion can be a potential risk for countries who are trying to integrate their financial system with international financial markets and institutions. It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions.
Financial contagion happens at both the international level and the domestic level. At the domestic level, usually the failure of a domestic bank or financial intermediary triggers transmission | 21,248 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
when it defaults on interbank liabilities and sells assets in a fire sale, thereby undermining confidence in similar banks.
An example of this phenomenon is the subsequent turmoil in the United States financial markets. International financial contagion, which happens in both advanced economies and developing economies, is the transmission of financial crisis across financial markets for direct or indirect economies. However, under today's financial system, with the large volume of cash flow, such as hedge fund and cross-regional operation of large banks, financial contagion usually happens simultaneously both among domestic institutions and across countries. The cause of financial contagion | 21,249 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
usually is beyond the explanation of real economy, such as the bilateral trade volume.
The term financial contagion has created controversy throughout the past years. Some argue that strong linkages between countries are not necessarily financial contagion, and that financial contagion should be defined as an increase in cross-market linkages after a shock to one country, which is very hard to figure out by both theoretical model and empirical work. Also, some scholars argue that there is actually no contagion at all, just a high level of market co-movement in all periods, which is market "interdependence".
More generally, there is controversy surrounding the usefulness of "contagion" as a | 21,250 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
metaphor to describe the "catchiness" of social phenomena, as well as debate about the application of context-specific models and concepts from biomedicine and epidemiology to explain the diffusion of perturbations within financial systems.
# Causes and consequences.
Financial contagion can create financial volatility and can seriously damage the economy and financial systems of countries. There are several branches of classifications that explain the mechanism of financial contagion, which are spillover effects and financial crisis that are caused by the influence of the four agents' behavior. The four agents that influence financial globalization are governments, financial institutions, | 21,251 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
investors, and borrowers.
The first branch, spill-over effects, can be seen as the negative externalities. Spillover effects are also known as fundamental-based contagion. These effects can happen either globally, heavily affecting many countries in the world, or regionally, affecting only neighboring countries. The big players, who are more of the larger countries, usually have a global effect. The smaller countries are the players who usually have a regional effect. "These forms of co-movements would not normally constitute contagion, but if they occur during a period of crisis and their effect is adverse, they may be expressed as contagion."
"Fundamental causes of contagion include macroeconomic | 21,252 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
shocks that have repercussions on an international scale and local shocks transmitted through trade links, competitive devaluations, and financial links." It can lead to some co-movements in capital flows and asset prices.Common shocks can be similar to the effects of financial links. "A financial crisis in one country can lead to direct financial effects, including reductions in trade credits, foreign direct investment, and other capital flows abroad." Financial links come from financial globalization since countries try to be more economically integrated with global financial markets. Allen and Gale (2000), and Lagunoff and Schreft (2001) analyze financial contagion as a result of linkages | 21,253 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
among financial intermediaries. The former provide a general equilibrium model to explain a small liquidity preference shock in one region can spread by contagion throughout the economy and the possibility of contagion depends strongly on the completeness of the structure of interregional claims. The latter proposed a dynamic stochastic game-theoretic model of financial fragility, through which they explain interrelated portfolios and payment commitments forge financial linkages among agents and thus make two related types of the financial crisis can occur in response.
Trade links is another type of shock that has its similarities to common shocks and financial links. These types of shocks | 21,254 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
are more focused on its integration causing local impacts. "Any major trading partner of a country in which a financial crisis has induced a sharp current depreciation could experience declining asset prices and large capital outflows or could become the target of a speculative attack as investors anticipate a decline in exports to the crisis country and hence a deterioration in the trade account." Kaminsky and Reinhart (2000) document the evidence that trade links in goods and services and exposure to a common creditor can explain earlier crises clusters, not only the debt crisis of the early 1980s and 1990s, but also the observed historical pattern of contagion.
Competitive devaluation is | 21,255 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
also associated with financial contagion. Competitive devaluation, which is also known as a currency war, is when multiple countries compete against one another to gain a competitive advantage by having low exchange rates for their currency. "Devaluation in a country hit by a crisis reduces the export competitiveness of the countries with which it competes in third markets, putting pressure on the currencies of other countries; especially when those currencies do not float freely." This action causes countries to act irrationally due to fear and doubt. "If market participants expect that a currency crisis will lead to a game of competitive devaluation, they will naturally sell their holdings | 21,256 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
of securities of other countries, curtail their lending, or refuse to roll over short-term loans to borrowers in those countries."
Another branch of contagion is a financial crisis, which is also referred to irrational phenomena. A financial crisis as a branch of contagion is formed when "a co-movement occurs, even when there are no global shocks and interdependence and fundamentals are not factors." It is caused by any of the four agents' behaviors who influence financial globalization. Some examples that can cause contagion are increased risk aversion, lack of confidence, and financial fears. Under the correlated information channel, price changes in one market are perceived as having implications | 21,257 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
for the values of assets in other markets, causing their prices to change as well (King and Wadhwani (1990)). Also, Calvo (2004) argues for correlated liquidity shock channel meaning that when some market participants need to liquidate and withdraw some of their assets to obtain cash, perhaps after experiencing an unexpected loss in another country and need to restore capital adequacy ratios. This behavior will effectively transmit the shock.
Out of the four agents, an investor's behavior seems to be one of the biggest one that can impact a country's financial system. There are three different types of investor behaviors, which generally are considered rational or irrational and individually | 21,258 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
or collectively.
The first type of behavior is when "investors take action that is ex-ante individually rational but lead to excessive co-movements excessive in the sense that they cannot be explained by real fundamentals." It breaks down into two sub-categories, liquidity and incentive problems and information asymmetries and coordination problems. The first sub-category is liquidity and incentive problems. A reduction of equity prices can result in a loss of money for investors. "These losses may induce investors to sell off securities in other markets to raise cash in anticipation of a higher frequency of redemptions." These liquidity problems are also challenges for banks, specifically | 21,259 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
commercial banks.Incentive problems can also have the same effects as liquidity problems. For instance, the first signs of a crisis may cause investors to sell their holdings in some countries, resulting in equity and different asset markets in economies to decline in value. This causes the value of currencies in these economies to also decrease. The second sub-category is information asymmetries and coordination problems. This type of investor behavior can either be considered rational or irrational. This sub-category is when one group, or country, has more or significantly better information compared to another group or country. This can cause a market failure problem, which could potentially | 21,260 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
cause a financial crisis.
The second type of investor behavior concentrates on multiple equilibriums. It focuses on the investor's behavioral changes when the financial market can have multiple equilibrium changes. Thus, "contagion occurs when a crisis in one financial market causes another financial market to move or jump to a bad equilibrium, characterized by a devaluation, a drop in asset prices, capital outflows, or debt default." The third type of behavior is when there is a change in the international financial system, or in the rules of the game. It can make investors adjust their behaviors after a financial transaction occurs internationally or an initial crisis occurs. These behaviors | 21,261 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
can lead to spillover effect, causing contagion.
In addition, there are some less-developed explanations for financial contagion. Some explanations for financial contagion, especially after the Russian default in 1998, are based on changes in investor "psychology", "attitude", and "behavior". This stream of research date back to early studies of crowd psychology of Mackay (1841) and classical early models of disease diffusion were applied to financial markets by Shiller (1984). Also, Kirman (1993) analyses a simple model of influence that is motivated by the foraging behavior of ants, but applicable, he argues, to the behaviour of stock market investors. Faced with a choice between two identical | 21,262 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
piles of food, ants switch periodically from one pile to the other. Kirman supposes that there are N ants and that each switch randomly between piles with probability ε (this prevents the system getting stuck with all at one pile or the other), and imitates a randomly chosen other ant with probability δ. Eichengreen, Hale and Mody (2001) focus on the transmission of recent crises through the market for developing country debt. They find the impact of changes in market sentiment tends to be limited to the original region. They also find market sentiments can more influence prices but less on quantities in Latin America, compared with Asian countries.
Besides, there are some researches on geographic | 21,263 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
factors driving the contagion. De Gregorio and Valdes (2001) examine how the 1982 debt crisis, the 1994 Mexican crisis, and the 1997 Asian crisis spread to a sample of twenty other countries. They find that a neighborhood effect is the strongest determinant of which countries suffer from contagion. Trade links and pre-crisis growth similarities are also important, although to a lesser extent than the neighborhood effect.
# History.
The term "contagion" was first introduced in July 1997, when the currency crisis in Thailand quickly spread throughout East Asia and then on to Russia and Brazil. Even developed markets in North America and Europe were affected, as the relative prices of financial | 21,264 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
instruments shifted and caused the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM), a large U.S. hedge fund. The financial crisis beginning from Thailand with the collapse of the Thai baht spread to Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea and Hong Kong in less than 2 months. This caused economists to realize the importance of financial contagion and produced a large volume of researches on it. Yet, there were episodes of international financial crisis that occurred before the introduction of the term contagion.
Some analysts, including Bordo and Murshid, identify the crisis that happened in 1825 as the first international financial crisis. "The liberation of Latin American in the | 21,265 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
early 1820s led to a massive inflow of capital from Britain to finance the exploitation of gold and silver mines and of sovereign loans to the newly independent republics." Between new industries beginning to grow, an increase in foreign influence, and a liberal monetary expansion after the Napoleonic Wars, there was an increase in irrationality on the London Stock Exchange. As a result, the bank decided to increase its discount rate. The stock market crashed in October, which triggered a banking crisis around December. This crisis spread throughout the continent. "This crisis spread to Latin America as the overseas loans were cut off, a decline in investment and exports reduced tax revenues | 21,266 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
and led to sovereign debt defaults across the region."
One of the biggest worldwide crises was the stock market crash on Wall Street in October 1929. The failure from 1929–33 was foreshadowed by collapses in commodity prices in multiple emerging nations. The stock market boom in New York by 1928 choked off U.S. capital flows to central Europe and Latin America and precipitated currency crises in a number of countries (Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil) and early in 1929. The Wall Street crash caused stock market scares globally. This is known as the Great Depression. The U.S. crisis in 1929 turned into the Great Depression by 1930 and 1931 because the Federal Reserve was unsuccessful | 21,267 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
at relieving multiple banking panics. The resultant collapse in prices and output worldwide forced sovereign borrowers to cut back on servicing their debts and then to default, precipitating a collapse of foreign lending in 1931.
One of the contributors to the 1997 Asian financial crisis was excessive borrowing by national banks. National banks continuously borrowed from countries abroad and continuously lent within their own country. At the time, it did not seem excessive, but it appeared so in the aftermath. Bad loans were made, risks were taken due to misunderstandings, and the level of debt continued to grow. "After the start of the crisis, national equity betas increased and average returns | 21,268 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
fell substantially". The first currency that faced problems was the Thai baht. With the Thai baht having issues, it doubled the debt of Thai organizations, which started the spread of the crisis to other countries. As this was happening, investors started reevaluating their investments in this region. This caused the flow of money to disappear rapidly, resulting in the growth of this crisis.
The crisis of 2007–08 has been identified as the most severe since the 1930 Great Depression. Major financial institutions around the world were greatly affected. The history of the 2007–08 crisis traces back to the bursting of the housing bubble in the United States, and the increase in mortgage defaults. | 21,269 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
This came about as a result of the mandate by the U.S. Congress for the Federal National Mortgage to increase access to low-income housing. As a result of the high default rates, many financial institutions across the U.S. were affected. Although the U.S. government had attempted to salvage the situation through liquidity doses, the crisis further deepened. By March 2008, Bear Sterns, a U.S. investment bank, required the efforts of the government to be rescued. At this stage, it was clear that the crisis had deepened. Other financial institutions, such as the Lehman bank and American International Group (AIG), started to feel the effects of the crisis. The severity of this crisis grew, and most | 21,270 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
U.S. and European banks were pulling back their international loans. This move caused major financial problems across the world, especially for those countries that rely heavily on international borrowing. Financial contagion was felt severely, especially in countries whose financial systems were vulnerable due to local housing bubbles and current account deficits. Some of the countries affected were Germany, Iceland, Spain, Britain and New Zealand among others. Many analysts and governments had failed to predict the real effects of the crisis. As major economies of the world started to feel the effects of the crisis, nearly every economy was affected directly or indirectly. In particular, there | 21,271 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
was a drop in exports and a lowering of commodity prices.
# Policy implications.
Financial contagion is one of the main causes of financial regulation. A top priority for both domestic financial regulators and international organizations is to prevent financial contagion using financial regulation and planning the international financial architecture. This priority was especially important during the 2007-2008 period, when global economies were under challenge from the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis and European sovereign debt crisis.
At the international level, under today's modern financial systems, a complicated web of claims and obligations link the balance sheets of a wide variety of | 21,272 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
intermediaries, such as hedge funds and banks, into a global financial network. The development of sophisticated financial products, such as credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations, has complicated the financial regulation. As has been shown by the U.S. financial recession, the trigger of failure of Lehman Brothers dramatically spread the shock to the whole financial system and other financial markets. Therefore, understanding the reasons and mechanisms of international financial contagion can help policy makers improve the global financial regulation system and thus make it more resistant to shocks and contagions.
At domestic level, financial fragility is always associated | 21,273 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
with a short maturity of outstanding debt as well as contingent public liabilities. Therefore, a better domestic financial regulation structure can improve an economy's liquidity and limit its exposure to contagion. A better understanding of financial contagion between financial intermediaries, including banking, rating agencies and hedge funds will be conducive to making financial reform in both U.S. and European Countries. For example, financial reformers study how to set up the capital ratio to balance maximizing banks' profit and shielding banks from shocks and contagions.
# A simple empirical model.
The empirical literature on testing for contagion has focused on increases in the correlation | 21,274 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
of returns between markets during periods of crisis. Forbes and Rigobon (2002) begin by discussing the current imprecision and disagreement surrounding the term contagion. It proposes a concrete definition, a significant increase in cross-market linkages after a shock, and suggests using the term "interdependence" in order to differentiate this explicit definition from the existing literature. It shows the elementary weakness of simple correlation tests: with an unchanged regression coefficient, a rise in the variance of the explanatory variable reduces the coefficient standard error, causing a rise in the correlation of a regression.
The regression underlying contagion tests is as follows:
where | 21,275 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
t is the time period for all variables; x is the stock market return in the crisis country; x is the stock market return in another market j; X is a transposed vector of returns in the same two stock markets; Θ(L) and θ(L) are vectors of lags; i, i, and i are short-term interest rates for the crisis country, the United States, and country j, respectively; and ξ is a vector of reduced-form disturbances. For each series of tests, they first use the VAR (vector autoregression) model in equations (1) through (3) to estimate the variance-covariance matrices for each pair of countries during the stable period, turmoil period, and full period. Then they use the estimated variance-covariance matrices | 21,276 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
to calculate the cross-market correlation coefficients (and their asymptotic distributions) for each set of markets and periods.
As Pesaran and Pick (2007) observe, however, financial contagion is a difficult system to estimate econometrically. To disentangle contagion from interaction effects, county-specific variables have to be used to instrument foreign returns. Choosing the crisis period introduces sample selection bias, and it has to be assumed that crisis periods are sufficiently long to allow correlations to be reliably estimated. In consequence, there appears to be no strong consensus in the empirical literature as to whether contagion occurs between markets, or how strong it is.
The | 21,277 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
financial and economic literature presents ample evidence that in time of crisis co-movements between the returns of assets increase. This increase in correlation between the returns of the loans' collateral causes an increase in the volatility of bank assets and, therefore an increase in the value of the bank's stock and its cost of default, while decreasing the value of its debt. The increase in correlation can be explained by a procyclical forbearance policy of regulators. Since regulators have greater forbearance during systemic crises, the increase in correlation creates incentives for banks to herd and become interconnected so that when they fail, they fail together, increasing their chances | 21,278 |
1803851 | Financial contagion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial%20contagion | Financial contagion
orbearance policy of regulators. Since regulators have greater forbearance during systemic crises, the increase in correlation creates incentives for banks to herd and become interconnected so that when they fail, they fail together, increasing their chances of being bailed-out. Peleg and Raviv (2018) shows that as the correlation between the returns of bank's borrowers' increases, asset risk increases as well. Thus an increase in co-movement of a bank's loan portfolio increases the bank's cost of default through a second channel: an increase in risk shifting.
# See also.
- Financial crisis
- Flight-to-liquidity
- Stock market crash
- Currency crisis
- Systemic risk
- Viral phenomenon | 21,279 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
Ion (dialogue)
In Plato's Ion (; ) Socrates discusses with the titular character, a professional rhapsode who also lectures on Homer, the question of whether the rhapsode, a performer of poetry, gives his performance on account of his skill and knowledge or by virtue of divine possession. It is one of the shortest of Plato's dialogues.
# Dialogue summary.
### Is it genuine? (530a–533c).
Ion has just come from a festival of Asclepius at the city of Epidaurus, after having won first prize in the competition. Socrates engages him in discussion and Ion explains how his knowledge and skill is limited to Homer, whom he claims to understand better than anyone alive. Socrates finds this puzzling | 21,280 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
as to him it seems that Homer treats many of the same subjects as other poets like Hesiod, subjects such as war or divination, and that if someone is knowledgeable in any one of those he should be able to understand what "both" of these poets say. Furthermore, this man is probably not the poet, like Ion, but a specialist like a doctor, who knows better about nutrition.
## The nature of poetic inspiration (533d–536d).
Socrates deduces from this observation that Ion has no real skill, but is like a soothsayer or prophet in being divinely possessed:
"For not by art do they utter these things, but by divine influence; since, if they had fully learned by art to speak on one kind of theme, they | 21,281 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
would know how to speak on all. And for this reason God takes away the mind of these men and uses them as his ministers, just as he does soothsayers and godly seers, in order that we who hear them may know that it is not they who utter these words of great price, when they are out of their wits, but that it is God himself who speaks and addresses us through them." (534b–d)
Socrates offers the metaphor of a magnet to explain how the rhapsode transmits the poet's original inspiration from the muse to the audience. He says that the god speaks first to the poet, then gives the rhapsode his skill, and thus, gods communicate to the people. Socrates posits that Ion must be out of his mind when he | 21,282 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
acts, because he can weep even though he has lost nothing, and recoil in fear when in front of an admiring audience. Ion says that the explanation for this is very simple: it is the promise of payment that inspires his deliberate disconnection from reality. Ion says that when he looks at the audience and sees them weeping, he knows he will laugh because it has made him richer, and that when they laugh, he will be weeping at losing the money (535e).
### To be skilled or inspired (536e–542a).
Ion tells Socrates that he cannot be convinced that he is possessed or mad when he performs (536d,e). Socrates then recites passages from Homer which concern various arts such as medicine, divining, fishing, | 21,283 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
and making war. He asks Ion if these skills are distinct from his art of recitation. Ion admits that while Homer discusses many different skills in his poetry, he never refers specifically to the rhapsode's craft, which is acting. Socrates presses him about the exact nature of his skill. Ion maintains that his knowledge makes him a capable military general but states that when he recites passages concerning military matters, he cannot tell whether he does it with a general's skill, or with a rhapsode's. Socrates notices that Ion changes his occupation. He was first a rhapsode and then has become a general. He gently berates the rhapsode for being Protean, which after all, is exactly what a rhapsode | 21,284 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
is: a man who is convincingly capable of being different people on stage.
Through his character Socrates, Plato argues that “Ion’s talent as an interpreter cannot be an art, a definable body of knowledge or an ordered system of skills,” but instead must come from the divine inspiration of the Muses.
# Commentary.
Plato’s argument is supposed to be an early example of a so-called genetic fallacy since his conclusion arises from his famous lodestone (magnet) analogy. Ion, the rhapsode “dangles like a lodestone at the end of a chain of lodestones. The muse inspires the poet (Homer in Ion’s case) and the poet inspires the rhapsode.” Plato’s dialogues are themselves “examples of artistry that | 21,285 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
continue to be stageworthy;” it is a paradox that “Plato the supreme enemy of art is also the supreme artist.” Plato develops a more elaborate critique of poetry in other dialogues such as in "Phaedrus" 245a, "Symposium" 209a, "Republic" 398a, "Laws" 817 b–d. However, some researchers perceive it as a critique of unjustified belief rather than a critique of poetry in general.
# See also.
- Poetics
- Poetics (Aristotle)
- Theia mania
- Crazy wisdom
# Texts, translations, external links.
- Greek text at Perseus
- "Plato: Statesman, Philebus, Ion." Greek with translation by Harold N. Fowler and W. R. M. Lamb. Loeb Classical Library 164. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1925). HUP | 21,286 |
1803918 | Ion (dialogue) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion%20(dialogue) | Ion (dialogue)
209a, "Republic" 398a, "Laws" 817 b–d. However, some researchers perceive it as a critique of unjustified belief rather than a critique of poetry in general.
# See also.
- Poetics
- Poetics (Aristotle)
- Theia mania
- Crazy wisdom
# Texts, translations, external links.
- Greek text at Perseus
- "Plato: Statesman, Philebus, Ion." Greek with translation by Harold N. Fowler and W. R. M. Lamb. Loeb Classical Library 164. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1925). HUP listing
- Lamb translation at Perseus
- Jowett translation at Project Gutenberg
- Plato. "Opera", volume III. Oxford Classical Texts.
- Plato. "Complete Works." Ed. J. M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson. Hackett, 1997. | 21,287 |
1803947 | President of South Ossetia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20South%20Ossetia | President of South Ossetia
President of South Ossetia
The President of the Republic of South Ossetia is the "de facto" head of state of the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia that is "de jure" part of Georgia. This is a list of the "de facto" presidents of the Republic of South Ossetia and the holders of the precursor to the office.
# External links.
- Official website
- Rulers.org: South Ossetia
- PlanetRulers.com: President of South Ossetia | 21,288 |
1803951 | Mochtar Riady | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mochtar%20Riady | Mochtar Riady
Mochtar Riady
Mochtar Riady (; born 12 May 1929) also known as Lie Mo Tie is an Indonesian financial magnate and the founder and Chairman of Lippo Group. He was born in Malang to a Chinese Indonesian family. At five months old, his parents took him to his father's ancestral village in Fujian where he lived until he was six years old. | 21,289 |
1803934 | Arana College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arana%20College | Arana College
Arana College
Arana College is a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, founded in 1943 by the Rev. William Turner and the Stuart Residence Halls Council. The name "Arana" is a Māori transliteration of "Allen", chosen to honour Sir James Allen, a former Vice Chancellor (1903–1909) and Chancellor (1909–1912) of the University of Otago. The current warden is Jamie Gilbertson.
The main administration areas of Arana are based in what was once Sir James Allen’s Queen Anne-style mansion, with residents accommodated in 4 main buildings and 18 houses. The college is located immediately to the northeast of the central campus, at the top of a medium sized but steep rise | 21,290 |
1803934 | Arana College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arana%20College | Arana College
known as Piripi Hill (a corruption of "Botanic Hill", after the nearby first site of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens). It overlooks the Otago Campus only 200 metres from the Registry Clock Tower, a notable feature of the University campus. The University of Otago College of Education, Otago Polytechnic and the Dunedin Botanical Garden are all within easy walking distance.
# History.
Originally, Arana housed 27 male residents in a property purchased by the university but administered by the Stuart Residence Halls Council. Accommodation initially consisted of Allen's former home but, under pressure for space, former World War II Nissen huts were soon erected. Public subscriptions and government | 21,291 |
1803934 | Arana College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arana%20College | Arana College
funding, as part of the Colombo Plan were used to build permanent buildings, the Colombo (opened in 1964 housing 56 residents) and Bates (opened in 1968 housing 48 residents) wings. The international students brought to Arana as part of the Colombo Plan have added a distinctive international flavour. Throughout the college's history houses on surrounding Clyde, Dundas, Leith and St David Sts have been purchased in order to provide extra accommodation.
Arana has accepted female students since 1978. The 1980s saw a downturn in numbers of new students at the university, and the College faced challenges in attracting sufficient residents. The college survived by temporarily converting surrounding | 21,292 |
1803934 | Arana College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arana%20College | Arana College
houses to self-contained accommodation. Luckily, by the late 1980s the University of Otago was again in a growth phase, and Arana College truly began to develop into a residential village.
In 1994 Turner Wing was opened, housing 27 residents. In 2005-2006 Arana College undertook a major upgrade of the central facilities and increased the number of rooms available to students by building two new accommodation blocks, Leith View housing 60 residents and Rawiri (a transliteration of St David) housing 104 residents. The college now houses approximately 397 residents in total between its main buildings and surrounding houses.
# Coat of arms.
Arana and Carrington, the two colleges at Otago that | 21,293 |
1803934 | Arana College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arana%20College | Arana College
s in total between its main buildings and surrounding houses.
# Coat of arms.
Arana and Carrington, the two colleges at Otago that were created and originally administered by the Stuart Residence Halls Council, are now fully administered by the University of Otago. The arms of Arana come from the arms of the Stuart Residence Halls Council, whose motto is "Non tantum aedificatio sed sodalitas" (not only education but community), with the addition of a three-pointed label (as for an eldest son). The Arana motto is: "Takina te hoe kia rite" (wield the paddles together). The College colours are maroon and blue.
# References.
- Notes
- Bibliography
# External links.
- Arana College website | 21,294 |
1803939 | Agustín Gamarra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agustín%20Gamarra | Agustín Gamarra
Agustín Gamarra
Agustín Gamarra Messia (August 27, 1785 – November 18, 1841) was a Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 10th and 14th President of Peru.
Gamarra was a Mestizo, being of mixed Spanish and Quechua descent. He had a military life since childhood, battling against the royalist forces. He then joined the cause of Independence as second in command after Andrés de Santa Cruz. He also participated in the Battle of Ayacucho, and was later named Chief of State. In 1825, he married Francisca ('Pancha') Zubiaga y Bernales, who Simon Bolivar crowned when she was about to put the crown on him. After the invasion of Bolivia in 1828, he was named a mariscal (marshal), a highly | 21,295 |
1803939 | Agustín Gamarra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agustín%20Gamarra | Agustín Gamarra
esteemed military officer.
After the defeat of José de la Mar in Gran Colombia, Gamarra urged his overthrow and assumed the presidency for a brief period after Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente. The peace treaty with Gran Colombia was also signed during Gamarra's government.
# Presidency of Peru.
## First Presidency.
The government of Gamarra followed contrary beliefs to those of José de la Mar. This coincided with a great Peruvian constitutionalist movement; Gamarra put aside the Constitution of 1828, which he opposed given the limitations that were established for the executive branch.
Gamarra finished, with great effort, his first constitutional government. He had a very active character | 21,296 |
1803939 | Agustín Gamarra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agustín%20Gamarra | Agustín Gamarra
which allowed him to leave Lima to thwart rebellions in various parts of the country. During such expeditions he would leave the presidency to Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, who manifested his authoritarian character and started to receive the enmity of other government officials based in Lima.
### one and indivisible?
Another idea that obsessed Gamarra was the annexation of Bolivia. He shared this idea with Andrés de Santa Cruz. However, while Bolivia did not think of the creation of one single State, Gamarra believed in the incorporation of the Bolivian territory under a single Peruvian nation.
## Second Presidency and invasion of Bolivia.
In 1835, when Orbegoso and Andrés Santa Cruz | 21,297 |
1803939 | Agustín Gamarra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agustín%20Gamarra | Agustín Gamarra
territory under a single Peruvian nation.
## Second Presidency and invasion of Bolivia.
In 1835, when Orbegoso and Andrés Santa Cruz signed the treaty to establish the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, Gamarra deeply opposed it and participated in a campaign to defeat it with the help of Chile. This led to the Battle of Yungay and the overthrow of Santa Cruz. Gamarra was then officially named President by the Peruvian congress.
During his second government, Gamarra confronted the challenge of pacifying the country in middle of various subversions while at the same time the beginning of a war against Bolivia. Gamarra was defeated and killed by Bolivian forces during the Battle of Ingavi in 1841. | 21,298 |
1803929 | Peter Nixon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Nixon | Peter Nixon
Peter Nixon
Peter James Nixon AO (born 22 March 1928) is a former Australian politician representing the National Party (and also under its former name, the Country Party).
Born in Orbost, Victoria, Nixon was a grazier and company director. Prior to the 1961 election he gained Country Party pre-selection for the rural Division of Gippsland, following the sudden death of the original candidate. He was elected and was returned at every subsequent election he contested. Nixon quickly became a senior member of the Country Party and first entered the ministry as Minister for the Interior in October 1967 before moving to the Shipping and Transport portfolio in 1971 under John Gorton. He retained | 21,299 |
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