wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1803999 | Dagger-axe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagger-axe | Dagger-axe
was used in the open where there was enough room to swing its long shaft. Its appearance on the Chinese battlefield predated the use of chariots and the later dominance of tightly packed infantry formations. During the Zhou dynasty, the ji or Chinese halberd gradually became more common on the battlefield. The ji was developed from the dagger-axe by adding a spear head to the top of the shaft, thereby enabling the weapon to be used with a thrusting motion as well as a swinging motion. Later versions of the ji, starting in the Spring and Autumn period, combined the dagger-axe blade and spear head into a single piece. By the Han dynasty, the more versatile ji had completely replaced the dagger-axe | 21,500 |
1803999 | Dagger-axe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagger-axe | Dagger-axe
as a standard infantry weapon. The ji itself was later replaced by the spear as the primary polearm of the Chinese military. By the Warring States period, large masses of infantry fighting in close ranks using the spear or ji had displaced the small groups of aristocrats on foot or mounted in chariots who had previously dominated the battlefield.
Many excavated dagger-axes are ceremonial jade weapons found in the tombs of aristocrats. These examples are often found within the coffins themselves, possibly meant to serve as emblems of authority and power, or in some other ritualistic capacity. Sometimes they are found in a pit dug beneath a coffin, with a victim who was sacrificed to guard the | 21,501 |
1803999 | Dagger-axe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagger-axe | Dagger-axe
tomb, where they presumably are intended to keep the spirit-guard armed. Normally only the head of a dagger-axe is found, with the shaft absent due to either decomposition or mechanical removal. Although the jade examples do not appear to have been intended for use in actual combat, their morphology closely imitates that of the battle-ready bronze version, including a sharp central ridge which reinforces the blade. Some dagger-axe artifacts are small and curved, and could have been intended for use as pendants.
# See also.
- Ji (polearm)
- Bec de corbin
- Bill (weapon)
# External links.
- Dagger-axe with hook, fragment - Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution
(Wayback Machine | 21,502 |
1803999 | Dagger-axe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagger-axe | Dagger-axe
they presumably are intended to keep the spirit-guard armed. Normally only the head of a dagger-axe is found, with the shaft absent due to either decomposition or mechanical removal. Although the jade examples do not appear to have been intended for use in actual combat, their morphology closely imitates that of the battle-ready bronze version, including a sharp central ridge which reinforces the blade. Some dagger-axe artifacts are small and curved, and could have been intended for use as pendants.
# See also.
- Ji (polearm)
- Bec de corbin
- Bill (weapon)
# External links.
- Dagger-axe with hook, fragment - Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution
(Wayback Machine copy) | 21,503 |
1804029 | Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposal | Proposal
Proposal
Proposal(s) or The Proposal may refer to:
- Proposal (business)
- Research proposal
- Proposal (marriage)
- Proposition, a proposal in logic and philosophy
# Arts, entertainment, and media.
- "The Proposal" (album)
## Films.
- "The Proposal" (1957 film), an Australian television play based on Chekhov's 1890 play
- "The Proposal" (2001 film), starring Nick Moran, Jennifer Esposito, and Stephen Lang
- "The Proposal" (2009 film), 2009 film starring Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds
- "La propuesta" ("The Proposal"), a short story in the 2014 Argentina anthology film "Wild Tales"
## Literature.
- "Proposals", a 1997 play by Neil Simon
- "The Proposal" (novel), 1999 and 35th | 21,504 |
1804029 | Proposal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposal | Proposal
Neil Simon
- "The Proposal" (novel), 1999 and 35th book in the "Animorphs" series by K.A. Applegate
- "The Proposal", alternative title of Chekhov's 1890 play "A Marriage Proposal"
## Television.
- "The Proposal" (TV series), a 2018 reality dating series
- "The Proposal", the title of three "Dynasty" episodes:
- "The Proposal" ("Dynasty" 1983)
- "The Proposal" ("Dynasty" 1985)
- "The Proposal" ("Dynasty" 1988)
- "The Proposal" ("Frasier"), a 2002 episode from the ninth season of "Frasier"
- "The Proposal" ("The O.C."), a 2004 episode from "The O.C." television show
# See also.
- Government proposal (disambiguation)
- Proposal 2 (disambiguation)
- Proposal Rock (disambiguation) | 21,505 |
1804006 | Imaging for Windows | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaging%20for%20Windows | Imaging for Windows
Imaging for Windows
Imaging for Windows from "Global 360" is document imaging software. Earlier versions of Imaging for Windows were included in Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000. Global360 Imaging for Windows is the upgrade to this Imaging software, which was discontinued as of Windows XP. Its image viewing, editing and scanning functions are superseded by Windows Picture and Fax Viewer and Microsoft Paint, both of which are based on GDI+ in Windows XP. However, the multi-page picture editing functions are gone with the Imaging software.
Imaging for Windows was developed by Wang (as in Windows 95/NT 4.0), was later absorbed by Kodak (as "Eastman Software", as in Windows 98/2000), then becoming "eiStream | 21,506 |
1804006 | Imaging for Windows | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaging%20for%20Windows | Imaging for Windows
/2000), then becoming "eiStream Inc.", later to be renamed to Global 360. Currently Imaging for Windows 4.0 is available through OpenText. Professional Edition was sold as stand alone product with support for advanced features like OCR.
Imaging for Windows supports creating, annotating, viewing, and printing TIFF, BMP, and Microsoft Fax "AWD" image documents. Users can also view and print JPEG and PCX/DCX images.
Imaging for Windows also provides the ability to develop software using ActiveX tools. Each copy includes the Kodak/Wang Imaging OCX (ActiveX) controls - ImgEdit, ImgAdmin, ImgThumb, ImgScan and ImgOCR controls are provided.
# External links.
- Imaging for Windows 95 Version 1.0 | 21,507 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
The Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo or Scalabrinian Missionaries (abbr.: C.S.) are a Roman Catholic religious institute of brothers and priests founded by Giovanni Battista Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza in Italy, in 1887. Its mission is to "maintain Catholic faith and practice among Italian emigrants in the New World." Today, they and their sister organizations, the Missionary Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo (founded by Scalabrini on 25 October 1895) and Secular Institute of the Scalabrinian Missionary Women (founded 25 July 1961) minister to migrants, refugees and displaced persons.
# History.
The institute was approved in principle by Pope Leo XIII | 21,508 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
in a papal brief dated 25 November 1887 and its Constitution definitively approved by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda on 3 October 1908.
The expediency of providing for the spiritual — and also, in some degree, for the temporal — needs of Italian emigrants to the Americas was forcibly brought home to Bishop Scalabrini by the pathetic spectacle of a number of such emigrants waiting in the great railway station of Milan. Acting upon this inspiration, and encouraged by Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni, then Cardinal Prefect of the Propaganda Fide, the bishop acquired at Piacenza a residence which he converted into "The Christopher Columbus Apostolic Institution," forming there a community | 21,509 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
of priests which was to be the nucleus of a new congregation.
This congregation, which was henceforth to be known as the Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, was to be governed by a Superior General, dependent upon the Congregation of Propaganda. Its primary aim was to maintain Catholic faith and practice among Italian emigrants in the New World, and "to ensure as far as possible their moral, civil, and economical welfare." It was to provide priests for the emigrants, as well as committees of persons who should give the good advice and practical direction needed by poor Italians newly arrived in foreign ports; to establish churches, schools, and missionary homes in the various Italian colonies | 21,510 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
in North and South America; and to train youths for the priesthood. The members of the congregation promise obedience to their superiors in the congregation and the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
Seven priests and three lay brothers of Scalabrini's institute left Italy on 12 July 1888, of whom two priests and one lay brother were bound for New York, five priests and two lay brothers for various parts of Brazil. On this occasion, Cesare Cantú, the famous Italian historian, addressed to the Bishop of Piacenza some memorable words of congratulation, asking leave to add to the bishop's blessing on the departing missionaries, "the prayers of an old man who admires a courage and an abnegation so full | 21,511 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
of humility." A welcome had already been assured these first missionaries of the congregation by a commendatory letter (1 June 1888) of Leo XIII addressed to the American bishops.
Immediately after their arrival in New York City, the new missionaries were enabled to secure a favorable site in Centre Street, where there was a colony of Italians, and in a short time a chapel was opened; soon after this the Church of the Resurrection was opened on Mulberry Street; lastly, a building on Roosevelt Street, which had been a Protestant place of worship, became the property of the Scalabrini Fathers, who transformed it into the Church of St. Joachim, the first national parish for Italian immigrants | 21,512 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. The Society of St. Raphael, an emigrant aid society, was organized at Ellis Island. The good work thereafter spread rapidly through the continent.
# Formation in the Philippines.
The Scalabrini Formation Center
The formation of the first Scalabrinian seminarians was set with the challenging reality that a house must be built for such purpose. In 1984, seminarians were living in the Mission House were the first three missionary Fathers lived. With this setting, there had been found a problem in terms of space since the community had flourished in number. By the fact that the community started to grow, the shout for a new building was eminently | 21,513 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
sounded. Fr. Anthony Paganoni, being the local superior took the challenge. As was the case, and with the Father General’s knowledge about the matter, the visit of the Provincial Treasurer on July 1984 had posed the hope that a new building be opened where seminarians would formally concentrate on the priestly formation after the image of Christ, the High Priest.
“As grace from God overflows all the more”, the construction of the formation center followed as early after the shout was heard. Hence, Scalabrini Formation Center (SFC) was blessed on November 28, 1985 by Ricardo Cardinal Vidal, the Archbishop himself.
“In designing a priestly formation program, the fathers, led by the Director | 21,514 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
of Foramtion, Fr. Sabbadin, drew on Scalabrinian Models from other countries but they were very conscious they have been conceived in Western context. They also drew on the experience of other orders already working in the Philippines but over the next almost twenty years there would be experimentation. Formation was perceived as a journey in faith by the student to experience God and His Providence in the world, especially in the world of migration” (Desmond Cahill, pg. 369). “In 1986, the first group of Filipinos was sent to Italy for the novitiate. This practice went on until 1993. In 1989, Fr. Nazareno became the second rector until 1995 when he went back to Italy. The Eternal Father called | 21,515 |
1804000 | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionaries%20of%20St.%20Charles%20Borromeo | Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
xt almost twenty years there would be experimentation. Formation was perceived as a journey in faith by the student to experience God and His Providence in the world, especially in the world of migration” (Desmond Cahill, pg. 369). “In 1986, the first group of Filipinos was sent to Italy for the novitiate. This practice went on until 1993. In 1989, Fr. Nazareno became the second rector until 1995 when he went back to Italy. The Eternal Father called him five months later. During his term, in 1992, the first four Filipino Priests were ordained: on June 1, Florentino Galdo, Mario Lorenzana, Fidel Magno, and on August 2, Romeo Velos”
# External links.
- Scalabrinian Congregation official site | 21,516 |
1804030 | Liquefactive necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquefactive%20necrosis | Liquefactive necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is a type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass. Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections, and can also manifest as one of the symptoms of an internal chemical burn. In liquefactive necrosis, the affected cell is completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in a soft, circumscribed lesion consisting of pus and the fluid remains of necrotic tissue. Dead leukocytes will remain as a creamy yellow pus. After the removal of cell debris by white blood cells, a fluid filled space is left. It is generally associated with abscess formation and is commonly | 21,517 |
1804030 | Liquefactive necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquefactive%20necrosis | Liquefactive necrosis
found in the central nervous system.
# In the brain.
Due to excitotoxicity, hypoxic death of cells within the central nervous system can result in liquefactive necrosis. This is a process in which lysosomes turn tissues into pus as a result of lysosomal release of digestive enzymes. Loss of tissue architecture means that the tissue can be liquefied. This process is not associated with bacterial action or infection. Ultimately, in a living patient most necrotic cells and their contents disappear.
The affected area is soft with liquefied centre containing necrotic debris. Later, a cyst wall is formed.
Microscopically, the cystic space contains necrotic cell debris and macrophages filled with | 21,518 |
1804030 | Liquefactive necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquefactive%20necrosis | Liquefactive necrosis
ris and macrophages filled with phagocytosed material. The cyst wall is formed by proliferating capillaries, inflammatory cells, and gliosis (proliferating glial cells) in the case of brain and proliferating fibroblasts in the case of abscess cavities.
Brain cells have a large amount of digestive enzymes (hydrolases). These enzymes cause the neural tissue to become soft and liquefy.
# In the lung.
Liquefactive necrosis can also occur in the lung, especially in the context of lung abscesses.
# Infection.
Liquefactive necrosis can also take place due to certain infections. Neutrophils, fighting off a bacteria, will release hydrolytic enzymes which will also attack the surrounding tissues. | 21,519 |
1804018 | Sucker Punch Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucker%20Punch%20Productions | Sucker Punch Productions
Sucker Punch Productions
Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer founded in 1997 and based in Bellevue, Washington. It was an independent company until August 2011, and has worked solely with Sony Interactive Entertainment since 2000. Sony acquired Sucker Punch on August 2, 2011.
# History.
The company was founded in 1997 and according to the company's website it "started at the roots of Microsoft, where the co-founders all worked in a variety of productivity and software development applications. All shared a love for video games, yet only one had game development experience." The group decided to leave Microsoft in 1997. The company name came as one of several | 21,520 |
1804018 | Sucker Punch Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucker%20Punch%20Productions | Sucker Punch Productions
proposed by the company that they would not have been able to use at Microsoft due to that company's policies.
Co-founder Chris Zimmerman showed the list to his wife for her opinion, and she responded that she did not care "as long as it isn't 'Sucker Punch'." Considering the opinion of a middle-aged woman would be completely contrary to the demographics of their target audience, they selected that name for the company.
In late 1999, Sucker Punch released its first game, "", for Nintendo 64. After signing a deal with Sony in 2000, the company went on to create the "Sly Cooper" series for PlayStation 2 using their proprietary game engine SPACKLE (Sucker Punch Animation and Character Kinematics | 21,521 |
1804018 | Sucker Punch Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucker%20Punch%20Productions | Sucker Punch Productions
Life Engine).
The company's most recent series, "Infamous" for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4, heralded a move from level-based games portraying cel-shaded, anthropomorphic animals to a fully streaming open world game depicting more realistic-looking humans and protagonists with acrobatic abilities.
Sucker Punch is considered one of Sony's "platformer trio", which includes Naughty Dog and Insomniac Games. Although the three companies have started to venture into more mature outings, they have recently started to continue their series, such as Naughty Dog handing over production of their latest "Jak and Daxter" title to High Impact Games and Insomniac games continuing their "Ratchet & Clank" | 21,522 |
1804018 | Sucker Punch Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucker%20Punch%20Productions | Sucker Punch Productions
series. In addition, Sucker Punch has handed over their "Sly Cooper" series to Sanzaru Games and they have produced "". This game was released in February 2013 in North America and March 2013 in Europe and Australia.
Sanzaru Games also released "The Sly Collection", a remastered port of PlayStation 2 "Sly Cooper" games for PlayStation 3, in November 2010. In addition, Nihilistic Software developed "PlayStation Move Heroes", a cross-over PS3 title featuring Sly Cooper and two other popular characters, Ratchet and Jak. A sequel to "Infamous" was officially announced when the cover of Game Informer's July 2010 issue was a picture of "Infamous 2", along with the magazine containing a ten-page preview | 21,523 |
1804018 | Sucker Punch Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucker%20Punch%20Productions | Sucker Punch Productions
o "Infamous" was officially announced when the cover of Game Informer's July 2010 issue was a picture of "Infamous 2", along with the magazine containing a ten-page preview of the game.
Sucker Punch teamed up with Capcom to include their "Infamous" protagonist, Cole MacGrath, as a special guest character for "Street Fighter X Tekken". He is also a playable character on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita versions, and with SuperBot Entertainment to include both the good and evil versions Cole MacGrath and Sly Cooper in "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale".
Their next game in development, titled "Ghost of Tsushima", was revealed at PlayStation's Paris Games Week 2017 conference for PS4. | 21,524 |
1804031 | Caseous necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caseous%20necrosis | Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass.
# Causes.
Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections. It can also be caused by syphilis and certain fungi.
A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis.
# Appearance.
In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved. On microscopic examination with H&E staining, it is characterized by acellular pink areas of necrosis surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory process.
When the hilar lymph node for | 21,525 |
1804031 | Caseous necrosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caseous%20necrosis | Caseous necrosis
atory process.
When the hilar lymph node for instance is infected with tuberculosis and leads to caseous necrosis, its gross appearance can be a cheesy tan to white, which is why this type of necrosis is often depicted as a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
However, in the lung, extensive caseous necrosis with confluent cheesy tan granulomas is typical. The tissue destruction is so extensive that there are areas of cavitation (also known as cystic spaces). See Ghon's complex.
# External links.
- Microscope images of caseous necrosis
- Image of a hilar lymph node demonstrating caseous necrosis
- Image of a caseating granuloma of tuberculosis in the adrenal gland | 21,526 |
1804034 | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greedy%20randomized%20adaptive%20search%20procedure | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
The greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (also known as GRASP) is a metaheuristic algorithm commonly applied to combinatorial optimization problems. GRASP typically consists of iterations made up from successive constructions of a "greedy randomized" solution and subsequent iterative improvements of it through a local search. The greedy randomized solutions are generated by adding elements to the problem's solution set from a list of elements ranked by a "greedy function" according to the quality of the solution they will achieve. To obtain variability in the candidate set of greedy solutions, well-ranked candidate elements are often placed | 21,527 |
1804034 | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greedy%20randomized%20adaptive%20search%20procedure | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
in a "restricted candidate list" (also known as RCL), and chosen at random when building up the solution. This kind of greedy randomized construction method is also known as a semi-greedy heuristic, first described in Hart and Shogan (1987).
GRASP was first introduced in Feo and Resende (1989). Survey papers on GRASP include Feo and Resende (1995), Pitsoulis and Resende (2002), and Resende and Ribeiro (2003). An annotated bibliography of GRASP can be found in Festa, G. C Resende (2002).
# References.
- J. P. Hart and A. W. Shogan (1987) Semi-greedy heuristics: An empirical study. "Operations Research Letters", 6:107–114, 1987.
- T. A. Feo and M. G. C. Resende (1989) A probabilistic heuristic | 21,528 |
1804034 | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greedy%20randomized%20adaptive%20search%20procedure | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
for a computationally difficult set covering problem. "Operations Research Letters", 8:67–71, 1989.
- T. A. Feo and M. G. C. Resende (1995) Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. "Journal of Global Optimization", 6:109–133, 1995.
- L. Pitsoulis and M. G. C. Resende (2002) Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. In P. M. Pardalos and M. G. C. Resende, editors, "Handbook of Applied Optimization", pp. 168–181, Oxford University Press.
- M. G. C. Resende and C. C. Ribeiro (2003) Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. In F. Glover and G. Kochenberger, editors, "Handbook of Metaheuristics", pp. 219–249, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
- P. Festa and M. G. C. Resende (2002) | 21,529 |
1804034 | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greedy%20randomized%20adaptive%20search%20procedure | Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
n P. M. Pardalos and M. G. C. Resende, editors, "Handbook of Applied Optimization", pp. 168–181, Oxford University Press.
- M. G. C. Resende and C. C. Ribeiro (2003) Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures. In F. Glover and G. Kochenberger, editors, "Handbook of Metaheuristics", pp. 219–249, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
- P. Festa and M. G. C. Resende (2002) GRASP: An annotated bibliography. In C. C. Ribeiro and P. Hansen, editors, "Essays and Surveys on Metaheuristics", pp. 325–367, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
# See also.
- Metaheuristic
- Local search (optimization)
- Constructive cooperative coevolution
- Cooperative coevolution
- Simulated annealing
- Tabu search | 21,530 |
1804035 | Bruch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruch | Bruch
Bruch
Bruch may refer to the following
- Bruch, Lot-et-Garonne, a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne "département", France
- Bruch, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in the district Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
- the old German names of Lom (Strakonice District) and Lom u Mostu in the Czech Republic
- Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid in the eye
- 5004 Bruch, an asteroid
# People with the surname.
- Carl Friedrich Bruch (1789–1857), German ornithologist
- Carlos Bruch born Franz Karl Bruch (1869-1943), German-born Argentinian entomologist
- Ernst Brüche (1900–1985), German physicist
- Hilde Bruch (1904–1984), psychoanalyst, expert on eating disorders
- | 21,531 |
1804035 | Bruch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruch | Bruch
ate, Germany
- the old German names of Lom (Strakonice District) and Lom u Mostu in the Czech Republic
- Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid in the eye
- 5004 Bruch, an asteroid
# People with the surname.
- Carl Friedrich Bruch (1789–1857), German ornithologist
- Carlos Bruch born Franz Karl Bruch (1869-1943), German-born Argentinian entomologist
- Ernst Brüche (1900–1985), German physicist
- Hilde Bruch (1904–1984), psychoanalyst, expert on eating disorders
- Klaus vom Bruch, German video artist
- Max Bruch (1838–1920), German composer
- Ricky Bruch (1946–2011), Swedish athlete
- Volker Bruch (born 1980), German actor
- Walter Bruch (1908–1990), German engineer | 21,532 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
Pearson distribution
The Pearson distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions. It was first published by Karl Pearson in 1895 and subsequently extended by him in 1901 and 1916 in a series of articles on biostatistics.
# History.
The Pearson system was originally devised in an effort to model visibly skewed observations. It was well known at the time how to adjust a theoretical model to fit the first two cumulants or moments of observed data: Any probability distribution can be extended straightforwardly to form a location-scale family. Except in pathological cases, a location-scale family can be made to fit the observed mean (first cumulant) and variance (second cumulant) | 21,533 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
arbitrarily well. However, it was not known how to construct probability distributions in which the skewness (standardized third cumulant) and kurtosis (standardized fourth cumulant) could be adjusted equally freely. This need became apparent when trying to fit known theoretical models to observed data that exhibited skewness. Pearson's examples include survival data, which are usually asymmetric.
In his original paper, Pearson (1895, p. 360) identified four types of distributions (numbered I through IV) in addition to the normal distribution (which was originally known as type V). The classification depended on whether the distributions were supported on a bounded interval, on a half-line, | 21,534 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
or on the whole real line; and whether they were potentially skewed or necessarily symmetric. A second paper (Pearson 1901) fixed two omissions: it redefined the type V distribution (originally just the normal distribution, but now the inverse-gamma distribution) and introduced the type VI distribution. Together the first two papers cover the five main types of the Pearson system (I, III, IV, V, and VI). In a third paper, Pearson (1916) introduced further special cases and subtypes (VII through XII).
Rhind (1909, pp. 430–432) devised a simple way of visualizing the parameter space of the Pearson system, which was subsequently adopted by Pearson (1916, plate 1 and pp. 430ff., 448ff.). The Pearson | 21,535 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
types are characterized by two quantities, commonly referred to as β and β. The first is the square of the skewness: formula_1 where γ is the skewness, or third standardized moment. The second is the traditional kurtosis, or fourth standardized moment: β = γ + 3. (Modern treatments define kurtosis γ in terms of cumulants instead of moments, so that for a normal distribution we have γ = 0 and β = 3. Here we follow the historical precedent and use β.) The diagram on the right shows which Pearson type a given concrete distribution (identified by a point (β, β)) belongs to.
Many of the skewed and/or non-mesokurtic distributions familiar to us today were still unknown in the early 1890s. What is | 21,536 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
now known as the beta distribution had been used by Thomas Bayes as a posterior distribution of the parameter of a Bernoulli distribution in his 1763 work on inverse probability. The Beta distribution gained prominence due to its membership in Pearson's system and was known until the 1940s as the Pearson type I distribution.
(Pearson's type II distribution is a special case of type I, but is usually no longer singled out.) The gamma distribution originated from Pearson's work (Pearson 1893, p. 331; Pearson 1895, pp. 357, 360, 373–376) and was known as the Pearson type III distribution, before acquiring its modern name in the 1930s and 1940s.
# Definition.
A Pearson density "p" is defined | 21,537 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
to be any valid solution to the differential equation (cf. Pearson 1895, p. 381)
with:
According to Ord, Pearson devised the underlying form of Equation (1) on the basis of, firstly, the formula for the derivative of the logarithm of the density function of the normal distribution (which gives a linear function) and, secondly, from a recurrence relation for values in the probability mass function of the hypergeometric distribution (which yields the linear-divided-by-quadratic structure).
In Equation (1), the parameter "a" determines a stationary point, and hence under some conditions a mode of the distribution, since
follows directly from the differential equation.
Since we are confronted | 21,538 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
with a first order linear differential equation with variable coefficients, its solution is straightforward:
The integral in this solution simplifies considerably when certain special cases of the integrand are considered. Pearson (1895, p. 367) distinguished two main cases, determined by the sign of the discriminant (and hence the number of real roots) of the quadratic function
# Particular types of distribution.
### The Pearson type IV distribution.
If the discriminant of the quadratic function (2) is negative (formula_7), it has no real roots. Then define
Observe that is a well-defined real number and , because by assumption formula_9 and therefore . Applying these substitutions, the | 21,539 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
quadratic function (2) is transformed into
The absence of real roots is obvious from this formulation, because α is necessarily positive.
We now express the solution to the differential equation (1) as a function of "y":
Pearson (1895, p. 362) called this the "trigonometrical case", because the integral
involves the inverse trigonometric arctan function. Then
Finally, let
Applying these substitutions, we obtain the parametric function:
This unnormalized density has support on the entire real line. It depends on a scale parameter α 0 and shape parameters "m" 1/2 and "ν". One parameter was lost when we chose to find the solution to the differential equation (1) as a function of "y" rather | 21,540 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
than "x". We therefore reintroduce a fourth parameter, namely the location parameter "λ". We have thus derived the density of the Pearson type IV distribution:
The normalizing constant involves the complex Gamma function (Γ) and the Beta function (B).
Notice that the location parameter "λ" here is not the same as the original location parameter introduced in the general formulation, but is related via
#### The Pearson type VII distribution.
The shape parameter "ν" of the Pearson type IV distribution controls its skewness. If we fix its value at zero, we obtain a symmetric three-parameter family. This special case is known as the Pearson type VII distribution (cf. Pearson 1916, p. 450). Its | 21,541 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
density is
where B is the Beta function.
An alternative parameterization (and slight specialization) of the type VII distribution is obtained by letting
which requires "m" 3/2. This entails a minor loss of generality but ensures that the variance of the distribution exists and is equal to σ. Now the parameter "m" only controls the kurtosis of the distribution. If "m" approaches infinity as "λ" and "σ" are held constant, the normal distribution arises as a special case:
This is the density of a normal distribution with mean "λ" and standard deviation "σ".
It is convenient to require that "m" 5/2 and to let
This is another specialization, and it guarantees that the first four moments of | 21,542 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
the distribution exist. More specifically, the Pearson type VII distribution parameterized in terms of (λ, σ, γ) has a mean of "λ", standard deviation of "σ", skewness of zero, and excess kurtosis of γ.
#### Student's "t"-distribution.
The Pearson type VII distribution is equivalent to the non-standardized Student's "t"-distribution with parameters ν 0, μ, σ by applying the following substitutions to its original parameterization:
Observe that the constraint is satisfied.
The resulting density is
which is easily recognized as the density of a Student's "t"-distribution.
Note also that this implies that the Pearson type VII distribution subsumes the standard Student's "t"-distribution | 21,543 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
and also the standard Cauchy distribution. In particular, the standard Student's "t"-distribution arises as a subcase, when "μ" = 0 and "σ" = 1, equivalent to the following substitutions:
The density of this restricted one-parameter family is a standard Student's "t":
## Case 2, non-negative discriminant.
If the quadratic function (2) has a non-negative discriminant (formula_26), it has real roots "a" and "a" (not necessarily distinct):
In the presence of real roots the quadratic function (2) can be written as
and the solution to the differential equation is therefore
Pearson (1895, p. 362) called this the "logarithmic case", because the integral
involves only the logarithm function and | 21,544 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
not the arctan function as in the previous case.
Using the substitution
we obtain the following solution to the differential equation (1):
Since this density is only known up to a hidden constant of proportionality, that constant can be changed and the density written as follows:
### The Pearson type I distribution.
The Pearson type I distribution (a generalization of the beta distribution) arises when the roots of the quadratic equation (2) are of opposite sign, that is, formula_34. Then the solution "p" is supported on the interval formula_35. Apply the substitution
where formula_37, which yields a solution in terms of "y" that is supported on the interval (0, 1):
One may define:
Regrouping | 21,545 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
constants and parameters, this simplifies to:
Thus formula_41 follows a formula_42 with formula_43. It turns out that "m", "m" −1 is necessary and sufficient for "p" to be a proper probability density function.
### The Pearson type II distribution.
The Pearson type II distribution is a special case of the Pearson type I family restricted to symmetric distributions.
For the Pearson Type II Curve,
where
The ordinate, "y", is the frequency of formula_46. The Pearson Type II Curve is used in computing the table of significant correlation coefficients for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient when the number of items in a series is less than 100 (or 30, depending on some sources). After | 21,546 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
that, the distribution mimics a standard Student's t-distribution. For the table of values, certain values are used as the constants in the previous equation:
The moments of "x" used are
### The Pearson type III distribution.
Defining
formula_50 is formula_51. The Pearson type III distribution is a generalized gamma distribution or chi-squared distribution.
### The Pearson type V distribution.
Defining new parameters:
formula_53 follows an formula_54. The Pearson type V distribution is an inverse-gamma distribution.
### The Pearson type VI distribution.
Defining
formula_56 follows a formula_57. The Pearson type VI distribution is a beta prime distribution or "F"-distribution.
# Relation | 21,547 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
to other distributions.
The Pearson family subsumes the following distributions, among others:
- Beta distribution (type I)
- Beta prime distribution (type VI)
- Cauchy distribution (type IV)
- Chi-squared distribution (type III)
- Continuous uniform distribution (limit of type I)
- Exponential distribution (type III)
- Gamma distribution (type III)
- "F"-distribution (type VI)
- Inverse-chi-squared distribution (type V)
- Inverse-gamma distribution (type V)
- Normal distribution (limit of type I, III, IV, V, or VI)
- Student's "t"-distribution (type VII, which is the non-skewed subtype of type IV)
# Applications.
These models are used in financial markets, given their ability | 21,548 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
to be parametrised in a way that has intuitive meaning for market traders. A number of models are in current use that capture the stochastic nature of the volatility of rates, stocks etc. and this family of distributions may prove to be one of the more important.
In the United States, the Log-Pearson III is the default distribution for flood frequency analysis.
# Sources.
## Secondary sources.
- Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun (1964). "Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables". National Bureau of Standards.
- Eric W. Weisstein et al. Pearson Type III Distribution. From MathWorld.
## References.
- Elderton, Sir W.P, Johnson, N.L. (1969) "Systems | 21,549 |
1804023 | Pearson distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearson%20distribution | Pearson distribution
tochastic nature of the volatility of rates, stocks etc. and this family of distributions may prove to be one of the more important.
In the United States, the Log-Pearson III is the default distribution for flood frequency analysis.
# Sources.
## Secondary sources.
- Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun (1964). "Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables". National Bureau of Standards.
- Eric W. Weisstein et al. Pearson Type III Distribution. From MathWorld.
## References.
- Elderton, Sir W.P, Johnson, N.L. (1969) "Systems of Frequency Curves". Cambridge University Press.
- Ord J.K. (1972) "Families of Frequency Distributions". Griffin, London. | 21,550 |
1804052 | Wu Siu Hong | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu%20Siu%20Hong | Wu Siu Hong
Wu Siu Hong
Wu Siu Hong (; born October 22, 1984) is a ten-pin bowling player from Hong Kong who won the 2015 QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup.
# External links.
- Bowling World of Wu Siu Hong
- Brief biography of Wu Siu Hong | 21,551 |
1804073 | Margaret of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20of%20Norway | Margaret of Norway
Margaret of Norway
Margaret of Norway may refer to:
- Margaret, Maid of Norway (1283–1290), disputed queen regnant of Scots
- Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412), queen regnant of Norway, regent of Denmark and Sweden, and founder of the Kalmar Union
- Margaret of Denmark (1456-1486), queen consort of Scotland | 21,552 |
1804043 | Arcas (rocket) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcas%20(rocket) | Arcas (rocket)
Arcas (rocket)
Arcas (originally "All-Purpose Rocket for Collecting Atmospheric Soundings", also designated Big Boy Rocket or "PWN-6") was the designation of an American sounding rocket, developed by the Atlantic Research Corp. (now Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO)), Alexandria, Va..
The Arcas sounding rocket is an unguided vehicle with a diameter of 4.5 inches designed to carry payloads of 12 pounds or less to heights in excess of 200,000 feet when launched from sea level. It launched between July 31, 1959 and August 9, 1991 at least 421 times. The Arcas has a maximum flight altitude of 52 kilometers, a takeoff thrust of 1.5 kN, a takeoff weight of 34 kilograms, and a diameter of 11 centimeters. | 21,553 |
1804043 | Arcas (rocket) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcas%20(rocket) | Arcas (rocket)
The Arcas was 2.30 m long and had a fin span of 0.33 m.
# History.
A 1957 Stanford Research Institute study proposed a small single-stage sounding rocket to measure high-altitude winds to determine the spread of radioactive fallout. The U. S. Office of Naval Research and the Air Force Research Center awarded Atlantic Research Corporation a contract to develop this sounding rocket, known as "Kitty" in January 1958. ARC designed the Arcas rocket, the first of which was ready for flight tests in late 1958. By the end of 1960, more than 400 Arcas rockets had been launched.
# Engine.
The Arcas was powered by a slow-burning SR45-AR-1 solid-propellant motor. Since the rocket diameter was larger | 21,554 |
1804043 | Arcas (rocket) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcas%20(rocket) | Arcas (rocket)
than the nozzle diameter of the engine, the aft end of the rocket ended in a tapered "boat tail", to decrease the subsonic drag.
Arcas was launched from a tubular closed-breech launcher, which provided a faster boost by the piston action of trapping the engine gasses. The rocket was kept centered in the tube by four plastic spacers.
# Variants.
Variants of the basic Arcas included the Atlantic Research PWN-6A and 6B "Kitty" and PWN-7 "Rooster".
## Super Arcas.
A higher power version of the Arcas, Super Arcas, was used extensively around the world from a wide variety of platforms on land and at sea. With a boost from a gas generator-fed launch tube, Super Arcas was capable of reaching altitudes | 21,555 |
1804043 | Arcas (rocket) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcas%20(rocket) | Arcas (rocket)
as high as 100 km. There were many time-based weather experiments launched on this rocket due to the ability of the launch tube to be rapidly turned around for another launch. One of those experiments launched one rocket per hour for 24 hours straight in Antarctica.
## Boosted Arcas.
Another variation of Arcas was called the "Boosted Arcas", which was a 2-stage rocket; one Arcas stage and one booster.
# Arcas use with DMQ-6 telemetry.
When used for radar calibration in the 1960s, the Arcas rocket configuration consisted of a closed breech launcher, a sounding rocket, and two payload configurations, one a parachute recovery system with a DMQ-6 telemetry transmitter compatible with standard | 21,556 |
1804043 | Arcas (rocket) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcas%20(rocket) | Arcas (rocket)
cas stage and one booster.
# Arcas use with DMQ-6 telemetry.
When used for radar calibration in the 1960s, the Arcas rocket configuration consisted of a closed breech launcher, a sounding rocket, and two payload configurations, one a parachute recovery system with a DMQ-6 telemetry transmitter compatible with standard meteorological ground station receiving equipment, the other a one-meter metalized balloon for radar calibration. The Arcas characteristics for this type operation were:
DMQ-6
Balloon
Rocket:
Transmitter:
"Source: RCA government contract DA-36-034-ORD-3144 Feb. 20, 1960"
# External links.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20050412122516/http://astronautix.com/lvs/arcas.htm | 21,557 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
Ahmed Agiza () and Muhammad Alzery () (also Elzari, el-Zary, etc.) were two Egyptian asylum-seekers who were deported to Egypt from Sweden on December 18, 2001, apparently following a request from the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The forced repatriation was criticized because of the danger of torture and ill treatment, and because the deportation decision was executed the same day without notifying the lawyers of the asylum seekers. The deportation was carried out by American and Egyptian personnel on Swedish ground, with Swedish servicemen apparently as passive onlookers.
Sweden had negotiated guarantees from Egypt, however, there | 21,558 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
are allegations that both men were tortured, but Sweden has been unable to prove or disprove these allegations, due to refusal by Egyptian authorities to allow proper investigations. Alzery was released without charges after two years in prison, but was not allowed to leave his village, nor could he speak to foreigners. Agiza was sentenced to 15 years in prison in a military tribunal. He was finally released from prison on August 9, 2011. Agiza told his story in a Swedish newspaper.
# Procedure.
Both men had sought asylum in Sweden; Zery using a false passport. The security services of Sweden had recommended that the men's requests for asylum be denied on security grounds. The administration | 21,559 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
had obtained a statement from a high-ranking Egyptian government official stating that the men would be treated humanely and in accordance with the Egyptian constitution. On this basis, the government decided on their immediate deportation. The two men were arrested on the street, in one case, and in a telephone booth while talking with his lawyer, in the other, and they were driven to the airport within a few hours, and given over to a group of American and Egyptian personnel who flew them out of the country within minutes.
Agiza and al-Zery both alleged they had received electrical shocks to their genitals.
In the meantime, the lawyer who experienced the interrupted conversation called the | 21,560 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
Swedish foreign office to figure out what was going on, but could not find anyone who could tell. Instead, he was told that no decision had been reached. The Foreign office sent certified letters to the lawyers, but these arrived two days after the men were in Egyptian custody.
This haste circumvented all procedural rules and deprived the detainees and their lawyers of all opportunity to question the reasons, to verify the correctness of the information underlying the decisions, or to supply corrections or additional information. The men and their lawyers were never allowed to learn about the accusations against them on which the security services based their recommendation. For example, it | 21,561 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
appears that the government believed they had obtained a letter from the Egyptian authorities with clear promises of respecting the human rights of the men. When the letter was later disclosed, it turned out to promise only that they would be treated in accordance with Egypt's constitution and law. When Sweden later tried to do some follow-up on the issue, the agreement in the letter proved woefully inadequate. This could have been discovered before the deportation, quite independent of the different views of the actual danger the men posed to Sweden, and would almost certainly have been discovered had due process rules been observed.
This handling was later condemned and found illegal by the | 21,562 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman. The United Nations Human Rights Committee found the deportation of Alzery a breach of Sweden's obligations under the international treaties that Sweden has entered into. The primary ground was the obvious and well known risk of torture to which Alzery was exposed. The immediate execution of the deportation decision was also found to breach Sweden's obligation to ensure the deportation could be reviewed by the Human Rights Committee, especially since Alzery's lawyer had previously announced his determination to appeal any negative decision to the Committee. In Agiza's case, the UN Committee on Torture reached similar conclusions.
The Swedish television program | 21,563 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
"Kalla Fakta" that first reported these deportations stated
But much of the information that the Foreign Office and Säpo [Swedish security service police] have are wrong, Agiza is not convicted of the murder of president Sadat, not even a suspect. Säpo thinks that Alzery is convicted of crimes. That is incorrect. Agiza is said to have contacts high up in Al Qaida, and it is correct that he knows Ayman Al Zawahiri, today known as Usama Bin Laden´s second in command. These two were both active in the Egyptian opposition in the beginning of the nineties, and met during Agiza´s exile in Pakistan in the middle of the nineties. But Säpo doesn't have any reports of later contacts between them. And | 21,564 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
Agiza has several times publicly denounced Al Zawahiri and his ideology of violence. Agiza is convicted. He was convicted in his absence in 1999, together with 106 others, by a military court in Cairo for membership in Talal al-Fatah, an illegal organisation. The proceedings took 20 minutes. Neither the Egyptian security police nor Swedish Säpo have been able to produce any information pointing to Alzery as a leading member of the same organization.
# Broken promises.
Before the deportation, the Swedish authorities had been concerned about the danger that the men could be tortured in Egypt. They had obtained a guarantee from Egypt that they would not be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment, | 21,565 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
that they would be given fair trials, and that the Swedish embassy personnel would be allowed to visit the men in prison. However, the Swedish decision to rely on such promises has been strongly criticized. In hindsight, it appears that the Swedish mode of action was strongly influenced by the events of the attack on the New York twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, three months earlier. At the time there was a strong desire among European governments to show solidarity with the USA, and to appear like reliable partners in security issues.
The Egyptian compliance with the given guarantee leaves something to be desired. The Swedish embassy personnel were not allowed to be present | 21,566 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
during the sittings of the trial, except for the last day. During visits, the men were not allowed to communicate privately with the embassy personnel, nor could an independent medical examination be had.
The fates of these men has since been used in courts to prevent other deportations to Egypt from other countries, in spite of guarantees.
# National and international responses.
Human Rights Watch published a harsh criticism of both the deportation from Sweden and the trial in 2004 in Egypt of Ahmed Agiza. This organization had a representative present in all four sittings of the trial.
The deportation only became widely known to the general public after the Swedish television network TV4 | 21,567 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
in its series "Kalla fakta" (Cold Facts) in May 2004 reported on the deportation under the heading "The broken promise", by the journalists, Sven Bergman, Fredrik Laurin, and Joachim Dyfvermark.
After the publication, the Swedish government was dismissive in its responses to inquiries from members of the Swedish parliament. Criminal investigations was undertaken twice, but no crime was found. The Parliamentary Ombudsman examined the handling of the case after the decision had been made, and criticised harshly various aspects of the degrading treatment of the subjects at the airport. However, these investigations failed to question the decision itself, nor was the haste of its execution and | 21,568 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
the failure to inform the lawyers or allow time to have the decisions examined by international human rights bodies questioned.
The Committee against Torture under the United Nations' Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights found on May 24, 2004, that the Government of Sweden had violated its obligations under the Convention against Torture in the forced repatriation of Mr. Agiza.
The United Nations' Human Rights Committee found that Sweden had "at least plausible grounds for considering, at the time, the case in question to present national security concerns." In consequence, the Committee did not find "a violation of article 13 of the Covenant for the failure to be allowed to submit | 21,569 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
reasons against his deportation and have the case reviewed by a competent authority".
# Civil suit.
On August 1, 2007, Agiza joined a civil suit filed under the United States' Alien Tort Statute, with the assistance of the American Civil Liberties Union.
Agiza was joined with four other men, Bisher Al-Rawi, Abou Elkassim Britel Binyam Mohamed, and Mohamed Farag Ahmad Bashmilah.
# Aftermath.
In March 2007, the Swedish government overturned the decision to repatriate Alzery. A short time before, an application for residence permit was denied on grounds that he was deported. In May 2007, the repatriation of Agiza was also overturned.
In July 2008 and September 19, 2008, they were each awarded | 21,570 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
3 million SEK ($380,000) in damages in a settlement with the Swedish ministry of justice.
In November 2009, the Swedish government on appeal denied the renewed applications for residence in Sweden that had been submitted following the formal overturning of the repatriations in March 2007.
In July 2012, the Swedish government granted Agiza a permanent residence permit.
# Allegation of US threats.
In January 2009, it was claimed that the United States had threatened to impose trade barriers on the European Union if the two men were not transferred. Reporter Eva Franchell, friend of the deceased foreign minister Anna Lindh, witness to her murder, and at an earlier stage her press secretary, | 21,571 |
1804036 | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation%20of%20Ahmed%20Agiza%20and%20Muhammad%20al-Zery | Repatriation of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammad al-Zery
on if the two men were not transferred. Reporter Eva Franchell, friend of the deceased foreign minister Anna Lindh, witness to her murder, and at an earlier stage her press secretary, published a book about Lindh where she described the difficulties surrounding the repatriation decision, as well as the participation of other politicians who allegedly later conveniently shoved the responsibility over to the deceased Lindh.
# See also.
- Extraordinary rendition by the United States
# External links.
- A Secret Deportation Of Terror Suspects, Washington Post July 25, 2004
- Human Rights Watch's "Egypt" Page.
- ICCPR Decision in Alzery v. Sweden
- Comments to the Committee against Torture | 21,572 |
1804053 | Unified Theories of Cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified%20Theories%20of%20Cognition | Unified Theories of Cognition
Unified Theories of Cognition
Unified Theories of Cognition is a 1990 book by Allen Newell. Newell argues for the need of a set of general assumptions for cognitive models that account for all of cognition: a unified theory of cognition, or cognitive architecture.
# Contents.
Newell argues that the mind functions as a single system. He also claims the established cognitive models are vastly underdetermined by experimental data. By cognition, Newell means:
- Problem solving, decision making, routine action
- Memory, learning, skill
- Perception, motor behavior
- Language
- Motivation, emotion
- Imagining, dreaming, daydreaming
After arguing in favor of the development of unified theories | 21,573 |
1804053 | Unified Theories of Cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified%20Theories%20of%20Cognition | Unified Theories of Cognition
of cognition, Newell puts forward a list of constraints to any unified theory, in that a theory should explain how a mind does the following:
- 1. Behave flexibly as a function of the environment
- 2. Exhibit adaptive (rational, goal-oriented) behavior
- 3. Operate in real time
- 4. Operate in a rich, complex, detailed environment (Perceive an immense amount of changing detail; use vast amounts of knowledge; and control a motor system of many degrees of freedom)
- 5. Use symbols and abstractions
- 6. Use language, both natural and artificial
- 7. Learn from the environment and from experience
- 8. Acquire capabilities through development
- 9. Operate autonomously, but within a social | 21,574 |
1804053 | Unified Theories of Cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified%20Theories%20of%20Cognition | Unified Theories of Cognition
community
- 10. Be self-aware and have a sense of self
- 11. Be realizable as a neural system
- 12. Be construable by an embryological growth process
- 13. Arise through evolution
Newell's secondary task is to put forward the cognitive architecture Soar as an implementation of a UTC that meets the constraints above. Other efforts at unified theories of cognition cited in the book include ACT-R and the human processor model.
# Further reading.
- Newell, A. (1994)."Unified Theories of Cognition", Harvard University Press; Reprint edition, .
- Newell, A. (1973). "You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium". In W. G. Chase (ed.), | 21,575 |
1804053 | Unified Theories of Cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified%20Theories%20of%20Cognition | Unified Theories of Cognition
s an implementation of a UTC that meets the constraints above. Other efforts at unified theories of cognition cited in the book include ACT-R and the human processor model.
# Further reading.
- Newell, A. (1994)."Unified Theories of Cognition", Harvard University Press; Reprint edition, .
- Newell, A. (1973). "You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium". In W. G. Chase (ed.), Visual Information Processing. New York: Academic Press. (Read article online.)
# See also.
- Blue Brain Project
- Cognitive architecture
- Soar
# External links.
- What is a unified theory of cognition?
- You can't play 20 questions with nature and win | 21,576 |
1804094 | Doubletake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doubletake | Doubletake
Doubletake
Doubletake is a BBC comedy programme, created by Alison Jackson. It made extensive use of celebrity look-alikes playing their doubles in apparently embarrassing situations, seen through CCTV cameras and amateur video, using distance shots and shaky camera-work to disguise the true identity of those being filmed.
# External links.
- Comedy Guide | 21,577 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
Arri
The Arri Group is a global supplier of motion picture film equipment. Based in Munich, the company was founded in 1917. It produces professional motion picture cameras, lenses, lighting and postproduction equipment. Hermann Simon mentioned this company in his book "Hidden Champions of the 21st Century" as an example of a Hidden Champion. The Arri Alexa camera system was used to film Academy Award winners for Best Cinematography including "Hugo", "Life of Pi", "Gravity", "Birdman" and "The Revenant".
# History.
## Early history.
Arri was founded in Munich, Germany on 12 September 1917 by August Arnold and Robert Richter as Arnold & Richter Cine Technik. The abbreviation "Arri" was derived | 21,578 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
from the initial two letters of the founders' surnames, "Ar"nold and "Ri"chter.
In 1924, Arnold and Richter developed their first film camera, the small and portable Kinarri 35. In 1937, Arri introduced the world's first reflex mirror shutter in the Arriflex 35 camera, an invention of longtime engineer Erich Kästner. This technology employs a rotating mirror that allows a continuous motor to operate the camera while providing parallax-free reflex viewing to the operator, and the ability to focus the image by eye through the viewfinder, much like an SLR camera for still photography. The reflex design was subsequently used in almost every professional motion picture film camera and is still used | 21,579 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
in the Arri Alexa Studio digital camera. The first Hollywood film to employ an Arriflex was the 1947 Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall film "Dark Passage" in 1947. Over the years, more than 17,000 Arriflex 35s were built. The design was recognized with two Scientific and Technical Academy Awards in 1966 and 1982.
## 1950–1989.
In 1952, Arri introduced the Arriflex 16ST, the first professional 16mm camera with a reflex viewing system. In 1965, a self-blimped 16mm camera was released: the Arriflex 16BL. The Arriflex 35BL followed in 1972 as a lightweight, quiet alternative to the rather heavy and cumbersome blimped cameras of the time. Also in 1972, Arri pioneered the development of daylight | 21,580 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
luminaires with the Arrisonne 2000 W. The Arriflex 16SR, launched in 1975, featured a redesigned viewfinder with a through-the-lens light meter. The Arriflex 765, a 65mm camera, was released in 1989, partly in response to the growing industry demand for 70mm release prints.
## 1990–2009.
The Arriflex 535 camera was released in 1990, followed by the Arriflex 535B and the Arriflex 16SR 3 in 1992. The Arriflex 435 was released in 1994.
Arri partnered with Carl Zeiss AG in order to develop and manufacture advanced lenses for the motion picture industry. In 1998, Arri released the Ultra Prime lenses.
Development of the Arrilaser, a postproduction film recorder, began in 1997 and it was released | 21,581 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
for beta testing in 1998.
In 2000, Arri purchased the company Moviecam and developed Arricam, a 35mm camera platform. In 2003, Arri developed its first digital camera, the Arriflex D-20, which later evolved into the D-21. The camera used a 35mm CMOS sensor (instead of CCD) and allowed cinematographers to utilize standard 35mm lenses. This technology was further developed and improved for the Arri Alexa camera.
Arri revealed its Arriscan prototype during IBC 2003. The 16mm/35mm film scanner worked alongside the Arrilaser to support the increasingly popular digital intermediate route through postproduction. Later, the Arriscan became a widely used tool for film restoration work and was recognized | 21,582 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
with a Scientific and Engineering Academy Award in 2009.
Arri released the Master Prime lenses in 2005, designed for a super-fast aperture of T1.3 without breathing and distortion. In 2007, the Master Prime 14mm and 150mm lenses were released.
The Arrilaser 2 was released in 2009, with new client-server architecture and speeds twice as fast as the original model. In 2011, the Arrilaser was recognized with an Academy Award of Merit.
## 2010–present.
In 2010, the Arri Alexa camera was released. The camera had the ability to compress 1080p footage to ProRes QuickTime formats and allowed direct-to-edit workflows. Later, models were added to the range including the Alexa Plus, Alexa Studio and | 21,583 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
Alexa M, which was designed to get the camera closer to the action, The Alexa Plus 4:3, like the Alexa Studio, allowed the full area of the sensor to be used with anamorphic lenses.
The 16mm Arriflex 416 camera and Ultra Prime 16 lenses were used in the filming of the 2010 film, "Black Swan".
Arri announced a strategic partnership with Zeiss and Fujinon in 2010 to create new lenses that incorporated enhanced electronic lens data transfer in order to simplify visual effects workflows in postproduction. The Arri/Fujinon Alura Zooms were released that same year, while the Arri/Zeiss Master Anamorphic lens series was released in 2012.
In 2013, Arri created "Arri Medical", a business unit that | 21,584 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
utilizes its camera technology for medical purposes. Apart from a medical imaging documentation service, it has developed a fully digital 3D surgical microscope called the Arriscope.
The Arri Alexa 65, released in 2014, was used in the filming of "The Revenant" as well as "" and "". The Arri Amira camera was also released in 2014. In 2015, four of the five nominees for the cinematography category of the Academy Awards were filmed using the Arri Alexa.
Arri's subsidiary postproduction and creative services company, Arri Film & TV, was renamed Arri Media in 2015 as part of a company restructuring. At NAB 2015, the SkyPanel LED fixtures were introduced by Arri. The SC60 and the SC30 have a full | 21,585 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
color tunable LED option.
In April 2016, Arri acquired the Artemis camera stabilizer systems developed by Curt O. Schaller from Sachtler / Vitec Videocom. As a result, Arri became the exclusive seller of Artemis Trinity stabilizers. At NAB 2016, Arri unveiled its version of the Trinity system.
# Products.
- Camera lines
- Kinarri 35 (1924)
- Kinarri 16 (1928)
- Arriflex 35 (1937)
- Arriflex 35 II (1946)
- Arriflex 16ST (1952)
- Arriflex 16M (1960)
- Arriflex 35 IIC (1964)
- Arriflex 16BL (1965)
- Arritechno 35 (1970)
- Arriflex 35BL (1972)
- Arriflex 16SR (1975)
- Arriflex 35BL II (1975)
- Arriflex 35 BL III (1980)
- Arriflex 35 IIIC (1982)
- Arriflex 35 BL4 (1986)
- Arriflex | 21,586 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
35 BL4S (1986)
- Arriflex 765 (1989)
- Arriflex 535 (1990)
- Arriflex 535 B (1992)
- Arriflex 16SR 3 (1992)
- Arriflex 435 (1994)
- Arriflex 435 ES (1995)
- Arricam Studio and Lite (2000)
- Arriflex 235 (2003)
- Arriflex D-20/21 (2003/2008)
- Arriflex 416 (2006)
- Arri Alexa (2010)
- Arri Amira (2013)
- Arri Alexa 65 (2014)
- Arri Alexa Mini (2015)
- Arri Alexa SXT (2016)
- Arri Alexa LF (2018)
- Arri Alexa Mini LF (2019)
- Lighting
- Arri Fresnel (1937)
- Arri Gigant (1952)
- Arrisonne 2000 (1972)
- Arri Apollo (1979)
- Arri Studio (1988)
- Arri Compact Daylight (1991)
- Arrisun 40/25 (1992)
- Arrilux Pocket PAR (1996)
- ARRIMAX 18/12 (2005)
- Arri M40 (2011)
- | 21,587 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
Arri L7 LED Fresnel (2011)
- Arri SkyPanel (2015)
- Camera stabilizers
- artemis Maxima Stabilizer
- artemis Trinity
- Film recorder
Arrilaser film recorder is used for film-out.
- Film scanner
Arriscan
# Controversy.
In 2011, it was alleged that Michael Bravin, an executive of the US-based subsidiary Arri Inc., had unlawfully accessed a rival company email account. A suit was brought before a US court and in September 2011, Bravin entered a guilty plea. Arri Inc. denied knowledge or gains from Bravin's actions, and a separate lawsuit against the company was dropped as a result of an out-of-court settlement.
# See also.
- Arri bayonet
- Arri PL
- Arri standard
- Carl Zeiss
- | 21,588 |
1804100 | Arri | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arri | Arri
rsy.
In 2011, it was alleged that Michael Bravin, an executive of the US-based subsidiary Arri Inc., had unlawfully accessed a rival company email account. A suit was brought before a US court and in September 2011, Bravin entered a guilty plea. Arri Inc. denied knowledge or gains from Bravin's actions, and a separate lawsuit against the company was dropped as a result of an out-of-court settlement.
# See also.
- Arri bayonet
- Arri PL
- Arri standard
- Carl Zeiss
- Panavision
- Red Digital Cinema
- Comparison of movie cameras
# External links.
- Arri's cameras histories in CinemaTechnic website
- Reviews: D-20 & D-21 on The Reel Show
- Arriflex 16 S operating instructions - PDF | 21,589 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
List of places in Gloucestershire
This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the county of Gloucestershire, England. For places in the district of South Gloucestershire, see that article. For places in Bristol formerly in Gloucestershire, see Subdivisions of Bristol.
# A.
- Abbeymead, Abenhall, Ablington, Acton Turville, Adlestrop, Alderley, Alderton, Alderton Fields, Aldsworth, Alkerton, Alkington, Allaston, Alstone (Cheltenham), Alstone (near Tewkesbury), Alvington, Amberley, Ampney Crucis, Ampney St Mary, Ampney St Peter, Andoversford, Anthony's Cross, Apperley, Arle, Arlebrook, Arlingham, Arlington, Ashchurch, Ashleworth, Ashley, Ashton under Hill, Aston Cross, Aston Magna, Aston | 21,590 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Subedge, Avening, Awre, Aylburton, Aylworth
# B.
- Badgeworth, Bagendon, Bagpath, Baker's Hill, Ball's Green, Bamfurlong, Barnsley, Barrington, Barrow, Barrow Wake, Barton, Barton End, Batsford, Battledown, Battlescombe, Baunton, Beachley, Bencombe, Bengrove, Berkeley, Berkeley Vale, Berry Hill, Beverston, Bibstone, Bibury, Birdlip, Bishop's Cleeve, Bishop's Norton, Bisley, Bisley-with-Lypiatt, Bitton, Blaisdon, Blakeney, Bledington, Blockley, Boddington, Bondend, Boughspring, Boulsdon, Bournes Green, Bournside, Bournstream, Bourton-on-the-Hill, Bourton on the Water, Bowbridge, Box, Boxbush, Boxwell, Boxwell with Leighterton, Brain's Green, Brand Green, Breadstone, Bream, Brimpsfield, Brimscombe, | 21,591 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Broad Campden, Broadwell, Cotswold, Broadwell, Forest of Dean, Brockhampton, Brockweir, Brockworth, Bromsberrow, Bromsberrow Heath, Brookthorpe, Brookthorpe-with-Whaddon, Buckland, Bussage
# C.
- Cainscross, Calcot, Calcott's Green, Cam, Cambridge, Cashes Green, Chaceley, Chalford, Charlton Kings, Chaxhill, Chedworth, Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, Churchdown, Churchend, Cinderford, Cirencester, Clapton-in-the-Hill, Clearwell, Coaley, Coaley Peak, Coalway, Coberley, Cold Ashton, Cold Aston, Coldharbour, Coleford, Colesborne, Coln Rogers, Coln St. Aldwyns, Coln St. Dennis, Colthrope, Compton Abdale, Condicote, Coombe, Coombe Hill, Corse, Cowley, Cranham, Cutsdean
# D.
- Daglingworth, Daylesford, | 21,592 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Deerhurst, Didbrook, Dixton, Donnington, Down Ampney, Draycott, Driffield, Drybrook, Dumbleton, Duntisbourne Abbots, Dursley, Dymock
# E.
- Earthcott, East Dean, Eastington, Cotswold, Eastington, Stroud, Eastcombe, Edgeworth, Elmstone Hardwicke, Ellwood, Elmbridge, English Bicknor, Elmore Back, Evenlode, Epney
# F.
- Fairford, Filton, Flaxley, Ford, Forthampton, Framilode, Frampton Cotterell, Frampton Mansell, Frampton-on-Severn, Fretherne, Frocester, Frocester Hill, Fyfield
# G.
- Ganborough, Gloucester, Gorsley, Gotherington, Greet, Gretton, Gotherington, Guiting Power, Great Rissington
# H.
- Ham, Hampnett, Hardwicke (Elmstone-Hardwicke), Hardwicke (Stroud), Haresfield, Harrow Hill, | 21,593 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Hartpury, Hasfield, Hatherop, Hawkesbury Upton, Hawling, Hazleton, Hempsted, Henbury, Hidcote Boyce, Highnam, Hillesley, Hinchwick, Hinton, Horsley, Hucclecote, Huntley
# I.
- Icomb, Innsworth
# J.
- Joys Green
# K.
- Kemble, Kempley, Kempsford, Kent's Green, Kilcot, Kineton, King's Stanley, Kingscote, Kingsway Village, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire, Kingswood, Stroud District, Knightsbridge
# L.
- Lasborough, Lassington, Laverton, Lechlade, Leckhampton, Leigh, Leighterton, Leonard Stanley, Little Rissington, Little Witcombe, Little Barrington, Littledean, Long Newnton, Longborough, Longford, Longhope, Longlevens, Longney, Lower Slaughter, Lower Apperley, Lower Berry Hill, Lower Cam, | 21,594 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Lower Dowdeswell, Lower Lemington, Lower Oddington, Lower Swell, Lower Wick, Luxley, Lydbrook, Lydney, Lypiatt
# M.
- Maisemore, Meysey Hampton, Mickleton, Milkwall, Minchinhampton, Miserden, Mitcheldean, Moreton-in-Marsh, Moreton Valence, Minsterworth
# N.
- Nailsworth, Naunton, Newent, Newington Bagpath, Newland, Newnham on Severn, Newport, North Nibley, Northleach, Northway, Northwick, Norton, Notgrove, Nympsfield
# O.
- Oakle Street, Oakley, Oakridge, Oddington, Okle Green, Oldbury on the Hill, Oldcroft, Over, Owlpen, Oxenton, Ozleworth
# P.
- Painswick, Parkend, Parton, Piff's Elm, Pillowell, Pope's Hill, Poulton, Prestbury, Priding, Prior's Norton, Purton near Berkeley, Purton | 21,595 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
near Lydney
# Q.
- Quedgeley, Quenington
# R.
- Randwick, The Reddings, Redmarley D'Abitot, Rodborough, Ruardean, Ruardean Woodside
# S.
- Saintbury, Salperton, Sandhurst, Sapperton, Saul, Sedbury, Seven Springs, Sevenhampton, Sharpness, Sheepscombe, Sherborne, Shipton Moyne, Shipton, Shorncote, Shurdington, Shuthonger, Siddington, Siston, Slad, Slimbridge, Snig's End, Snowshill, Somerford Keynes, South Cerney, Southam, Southrop, St. Briavels, Stanton, Stanway, Staunton, nr. Coleford, Staunton, on A417, Staverton, Staverton Bridge, Stinchcombe, Stoke Orchard, Stone, Stonehouse, Stow-on-the-Wold, Stowe, Stowell, Stratfod, Stratton, Stroat, Stroud Green, Stroud, Stow-on-the-Wold, Sudgrove, | 21,596 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
Sunhill, Swindon Village, Syde
# T.
- Taynton, Teddington, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, Tidenham, Thrupp, Toddington, Tredington, Temple Guiting, Tibberton, Througham Slad, Tresham, Tuffley, Twyning
# U.
- Uckington, Uley, Ullenwood, Up Hatherley, Upleadon, Upper Dowdeswell, Upper Slaughter, Upper Coberley, Upper Oddington, Upper Swell, Upper Framilode, Upper Soudley, Upper Lydbrook, Upton St Leonards, Upper Rissington
# V.
- Viney Hill
# W.
- Walton Cardiff, Whiteshill, Whiteway Colony, Whitminster, Winchcombe, Winson, Winstone, Witcombe, Withybridge, Woodchester, Woodmancote "near Cirencester", Woodmancote "near Dursley", Woodmancote "near Cheltenham", Wotton-under-Edge, Wyck Rissington
# | 21,597 |
1804104 | List of places in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Gloucestershire | List of places in Gloucestershire
, Syde
# T.
- Taynton, Teddington, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, Tidenham, Thrupp, Toddington, Tredington, Temple Guiting, Tibberton, Througham Slad, Tresham, Tuffley, Twyning
# U.
- Uckington, Uley, Ullenwood, Up Hatherley, Upleadon, Upper Dowdeswell, Upper Slaughter, Upper Coberley, Upper Oddington, Upper Swell, Upper Framilode, Upper Soudley, Upper Lydbrook, Upton St Leonards, Upper Rissington
# V.
- Viney Hill
# W.
- Walton Cardiff, Whiteshill, Whiteway Colony, Whitminster, Winchcombe, Winson, Winstone, Witcombe, Withybridge, Woodchester, Woodmancote "near Cirencester", Woodmancote "near Dursley", Woodmancote "near Cheltenham", Wotton-under-Edge, Wyck Rissington
# Y.
- Yanworth, Yorkley | 21,598 |
1804101 | Marvel Feature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvel%20Feature | Marvel Feature
Marvel Feature
Marvel Feature was a comic book showcase series published by Marvel Comics in the 1970s. It was a tryout book, intended to test the popularity of characters and concepts being considered for their own series. The first volume led to the launch of "The Defenders" and "Marvel Two-in-One", while volume two led to an ongoing "Red Sonja" series.
# Volume one.
"Marvel Feature" was one of three tryout books proposed by Stan Lee after he transitioned from being Marvel Comics' writer and editor to its president and publisher, the others being "Marvel Spotlight" and "Marvel Premiere". The advantage of such tryout books was that they allowed the publisher to assess a feature's popularity | 21,599 |
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