wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1803929 | Peter Nixon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Nixon | Peter Nixon
this portfolio under William McMahon. He is mentioned in the song Gurindji Blues, saying "Buy your land back, Gurindji" referring to his assessment of the Wattie Creek land rights strike.
In opposition from 1972 to 1975, Nixon was a prominent figure in persuading his National Party colleagues to help pass Australian Labor Party legislation opposed by the Nationals' coalition partner, the Liberal Party. This helped prove to voters the National Party's independence from the Liberal Party and in cases such as when the Nationals supported Labor's policy on educational grants to public schools, helped to show the National Party's connection with core voter issues. Nixon was also a longtime critic | 21,300 |
1803929 | Peter Nixon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Nixon | Peter Nixon
of what he saw as bias by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation against the National Party.
Following the Coalition victory in 1975, Nixon served as Minister for Transport until 1979 and then Minister for Primary Industry, both in Malcolm Fraser's government.
On the floor of parliament, Nixon was known for trading insults with opposition members and particularly his verbal stoushes with Fred Daly.
Following his retirement from politics in 1983, Nixon returned to the business world, including spending seven years from 1984 as a commissioner of the Australian Football League (AFL). In 1996, he was chosen to chair a joint Commonwealth-State inquiry into the Tasmanian economy. The report became | 21,301 |
1803929 | Peter Nixon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Nixon | Peter Nixon
ding insults with opposition members and particularly his verbal stoushes with Fred Daly.
Following his retirement from politics in 1983, Nixon returned to the business world, including spending seven years from 1984 as a commissioner of the Australian Football League (AFL). In 1996, he was chosen to chair a joint Commonwealth-State inquiry into the Tasmanian economy. The report became known as the "Nixon Report: Tasmania into the 21st Century".Trustee of MCC 86–91. Freeman City of Jakarta, Athens.Chief Commissioner East Gippsland Shire 95–97
# Honours.
On 26 January 1993 Nixon was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for his service to the Australian parliament and to the community. | 21,302 |
1803968 | Grasp (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasp%20(disambiguation) | Grasp (disambiguation)
Grasp (disambiguation)
A grasp generally refers to an act of taking, holding or seizing firmly with (or as if with) the hand.
Grasp or GRASP may also refer to:
Software:
- Graphics Animation System for Professionals, the first multimedia animation program for the IBM PC
- GRASP (multimedia authoring software), a multimedia authoring software
- Grasp (software), a spooler for DOS and DOS/VSE
- GRASP (object-oriented design), General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (or Principles)
- GRASP, the previous version of Jgrasp, a graphical source code editor
- General Purpose Relativistic Atomic Structure Program, developed by Ian Grant and others for relativistic atomic structure | 21,303 |
1803968 | Grasp (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasp%20(disambiguation) | Grasp (disambiguation)
a graphical source code editor
- General Purpose Relativistic Atomic Structure Program, developed by Ian Grant and others for relativistic atomic structure calculations
Computer science:
- Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure
- GRASP (SAT solver), an SAT instance solver
Ships:
- , a United States Navy rescue and salvage ship
- , a United States Navy rescue and salvage ship
Other uses:
- Glaciogenic Reservoir Analogue Studies Project, a collaborative project in glacially-related sedimentary systems
- Grace St. Paul's Episcopal Church or GraSP Church, an Episcopal church in Trenton, New Jersey, United States
- Great Apes Survival Project
# See also.
- Grab (disambiguation) | 21,304 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
WinSport
WinSport's Canada Olympic Park (COP) (formerly known as Paskapoo Ski Hill) is a ski hill and multi-purpose training and competition facility located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and is owned and operated by WinSport. It is currently used both for high performance athletic training and for recreational purposes by the general public. Canada Olympic Park was one of the venues for the 1988 Winter Olympics, being the primary venue for ski jumping, bobsleigh, and luge.
The park is located in western Calgary, south of the Trans-Canada Highway, north of the community of Cougar Ridge and west of Bowness.
# 1988 Winter Olympics.
The ski resort is one of the best-known legacies of the XV Olympic | 21,305 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
Winter Games which were held in Calgary in 1988. It was the main venue for bobsleigh, luge (both at the now bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track), nordic combined, ski jumping, freestyle skiing (aerials and ballet).
# Activities and Facilities.
In the winter, the park is also used for winter activities including downhill skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, bobsleigh and luge. In the summer, the park is used for warm-weather activities including mountain biking, summer festivals, ski jumping training, zip-lining and summer camps. The park also has a number of indoor facilities which are operated year-round, including arenas, fitness centres, and an indoor ice track.
## | 21,306 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
Skiing and Snowboarding.
Canada Olympic Park is a popular place for people looking to go skiing or snowboarding without driving out to the mountains. The hill is divided into three sections, the downhill racing section, the casual section and the terrain park.
The terrain park is of exceptional quality, and as of 2006, the halfpipe has been enlarged to be an exact replica of the halfpipe that was used for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Other features of the terrain park include spines, handrail, and tables.
There are currently 6 lifts that are being used on a regular basis, a four-passenger detachable high-speed chairlift, a four-person standard chair, and 4 Magic Carpets. There is | 21,307 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
also a single chair that provides access to one of the smaller ski jumps, and a double chair (which has been recently removed), that takes people from the base area to near the base of the 90 m ski jump tower.
## Snowmaking.
Canada Olympic Park relies almost exclusively on man made snow to create skiable terrain. Snowmaking usually begins in early December and depending on weather conditions usually ends in early February. The hill has an arsenal of snowmaking equipment including automated SMI PoleCat fan guns, 'Mckinney' stick guns, and a handful of aging SMI Highland fan guns. An onsight pump station provides high pressure water and air to hydrants located around the hill. When pumping at | 21,308 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
capacity the park consumes roughly 850,000 L/hr of water.
## Ski Jumping Facility.
Winsport also operates a ski jumping facility on the east side of the Canada Olympic Park campus. The facility has six jumps ranging in size from K4 to K95. Of the six jumps at Canada Olympic park three are used year-round (the K18, K38, and K63). The K4 and the K89 jumps are used exclusively in the summer months. The largest jump, the K95 is no longer used for ski jumping and serves exclusively as a party venue. Collectively the facility sees on average 28,000 jumps each year. The majority of which are in the summer months. The Ski Jump venue is home of the Altius Nordic SC club.
## Mountain Biking.
In the | 21,309 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
summer Canada Olympic Park is open for the sport of mountain biking. The high-speed chairlift is used with bike racks on the chairs. There are numerous trails on the hill's west side, complete with north shore ladder stunts and singletrack trails. The east trees just contain regular trails, with minimal stunts and jumps. COP is also outfitted with a downhill course that holds competitions through the summer. The trails are designed for all riding abilities. Canada Olympic Park also has a large dirt jump park and trials park. Summer sports camps run all summer with activities ranging from luge to ski jumping.
## WinSport Arenas.
In 2011, WinSport opened its ice facility that houses four ice | 21,310 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
rinks (an international ice size arena seating 3000, three NHL-size rinks (the Joan Snyder arena, and arena C & D)). The arenas have been used for curling, figure skating, power skating (for long and short track speed skating), ringette, and hockey. Also, the arena has hosted concerts, shows, and other sporting events.
During the summer of 2013, Hockey Canada held its Olympic orientation camp for perspective Canadian NHL athletes heading to the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi. Due to injury concerns and insurance disputes, drills and scrimmage sessions were held off ice in a "street hockey/ball hockey" format.
## Markin-MacPhail Centre.
In 2014, WinSport completed the Markin-MacPhail Centre. | 21,311 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
The centre is named after its benefactors Allan Markin and Keith MacPhail. The high-performance centre was designed as a training hub for Canadian athletes who have reached a provincial level of excellence. The center includes the ice arenas, a gymnasium, medical center for treatment and recovery, and an office tower who residences include the National Sport School as well as several national sport federations.
# Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
In October 28, 2008, Calgary was chosen, among nine Canadian cities, to permanently host the nation's main sports hall of fame. The foundation and construction of the new facility was laid on donated land by the former Calgary Olympic Development Association | 21,312 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
(CODA), now called the Canadian Winter Sport Institute or WinSport Canada. The cost of the project was C$50 million (about C$30 million was used to build the venue; another C$20 million for operating costs, through an endowment fund). It was opened to the general public on July 1, 2011, to coincide with the Canada Day festivities. The former "Olympic Museum and Hall of Fame" location was turned into a training site for athletes, making it (OMHoF) redundant and the CSHOF the only sports-related museum there.
# Expansion plans.
On June 11, 2012, City Hall councillors voted against WinSport Canada's multimillion-dollar proposal to have some land at COP's base made into a "sprawling retail centre" | 21,313 |
1803889 | WinSport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WinSport | WinSport
ly 1, 2011, to coincide with the Canada Day festivities. The former "Olympic Museum and Hall of Fame" location was turned into a training site for athletes, making it (OMHoF) redundant and the CSHOF the only sports-related museum there.
# Expansion plans.
On June 11, 2012, City Hall councillors voted against WinSport Canada's multimillion-dollar proposal to have some land at COP's base made into a "sprawling retail centre" by a vote of 9–5. However, WinSport has an option of redeveloping the land into smaller projects, over time, which can be "sustainable."
# See also.
- List of ski areas and resorts in Canada
# External links.
- WinSport Website
- Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Website | 21,314 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
Gaspar Cassadó
Gaspar Cassadó i Moreu (5 October 1897 – 24 December 1966) was a Catalan cellist and composer of the early 20th century. He was born in Barcelona to a church musician father, Joaquim Cassadó, and began taking cello lessons at age seven. When he was nine, he played in a recital where Pablo Casals was in the audience; Casals immediately offered to teach him. The city of Barcelona awarded him a scholarship so that he could study with Casals in Paris.
He was also the author of several notable musical hoaxes, notably the "Toccata" that he attributed to Frescobaldi.
The personal papers of Cassadó's father are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya. Gaspar's own papers, along with | 21,315 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
those of his wife, the pianist Chieko Hara, are preserved at the Tamagawa University Museum of Education.
On the invitation of his great friend Alicia de Larrocha, with whom he had a cello-piano duo (touring extensively with him from 1956-58), Gaspar Cassado played concerts and led frequent classes at Academia Marshall in Barcelona. The Professor of Cello chair at Academia Marshall is named after Gaspar Cassado and held since 2018 by Professor Jacob Shaw.
# Compositions.
## Original works.
Cassadó's many transcriptions are listed below his original works.
### Concertos.
- Cello Concerto in D minor (1926)
### Solo cello works.
- Suite for Cello Solo
- Fugue in the Style of Handel
### | 21,316 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
Solo guitar works.
- Canción de Leonardo
- Catalanesca
- Dos Cantos Populares Finlandeses (Two Finnish Folk Songs)
- Leyenda Catalana
- Préambulo y Sardana
- Sardana Chigiana
### Works for cello and piano.
- Allegretto Grazioso "After Schubert"
- Archares 1954
- Danse du diable vert (Dance of the Green Devil) for violin or cello 1926
- La Pendule, la Fileuse et le Galant 1925
- Lamento de Boabdil 1931
- Minuetto "After Paderewski"
- Morgenlied 1957
- Partita 1935
- Pastorale "After Couperin"
- Rapsodia del Sur
- Requiebros 1934
- Serenade 1925
- Sonata in A minor 1925
- Sonata nello stile antico spagnuolo (Sonata in an "Old Spanish Style") 1925
- Toccata "After Frescobaldi" | 21,317 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
1925
### Chamber works.
- Piano Trio in C major 1926/1929
- String Quartet No. 1 in F minor 1929
- String Quartet No. 2 in G major 1930
- String Quartet No. 3 in C minor 1933
## Transcriptions.
### Concerto transcriptions.
- Cello Concerto in F major, based on Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's Concerto No. 3 in A major, Wq. 172
- Cello Concerto in D major, based on Mozart's Horn Concerto No. 3 in E flat major, K. 447
- Cello Concerto in A minor, based on Schubert's Arpeggione Sonata, D. 821
- Cello Concerto in E major, based on Tchaikovsky's Piano Pieces, Op. 72 (1940)
- Cello Concerto in D major, based on Weber's Clarinet Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 74
- Cello Concerto in E minor, | 21,318 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
based on Vivaldi's Cello Sonata No. 5, RV. 40
- Guitar Concerto in E major, based on Boccherini's Concerto No. 2 in D major, G. 479
### Transcriptions for solo cello.
- Johann Sebastian Bach - Cello Suite No. 4, BWV 1010
- Frédéric Chopin - Étude, Op. 25, No. 1
- George Frideric Handel - "The Harmonious Blacksmith" (from the Harpsichord Suites Vol.1 No.5 "Air and Variations")
### Transcriptions for cello and piano.
- Isaac Albéniz:
- Cádiz (Serenata española)
- "Malagueña", Op. 165, No. 3
- Martin Berteau - Studio
- Luigi Boccherini - Minuetto
- Alexander Borodin - Serenata all spagnola (from String Quartet B-La-F)
- Jean-Baptiste Bréval - Sonata in G major (realization of figured | 21,319 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
bass)
- Frédéric Chopin - Minute Waltz, Op. 64, No. 1
- Constantino de Crescenzo - Prima Carezza
- Claude Debussy:
- "Clair de lune"
- "Golliwog's Cakewalk"
- "Minstrels"
- Antonín Dvořák - Sonatina in G major, Op. 100 (Indian Lament)
- Gabriel Fauré - Nocturne No. 4
- Enrique Granados - Intermezzo (from the opera "Goyescas")
- Ernesto Halffter - Canzone e Pastorella
- Blas de Laserna - Tonadilla
- Franz Liszt - Liebestraum (Notturno) No. 3
- Benedetto Marcello:
- Sonata No. 1 in C major
- Sonata No. 4 in A minor
- Federico Mompou - "Chanson et Danse
- Federico Moreno Torroba - Fandanguillo
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:
- Rondo alla turca (from Piano Sonata K.331)
- Serenata | 21,320 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
de "Don Giovanni" [Deh vieni alla finestra]
- Sonata K. 358 (from Sonata for Piano Four Hands)
- Georg Muffat - Arioso
- Ignacy Jan Paderewski - Minuet in G
- Manuel Ponce - Estrellita (Little Star)
- David Popper - Elfentanz
- Johann Strauss II - An der schonen Blauen Donau
# Further reading.
- "Gaspar Cassadó: Cellist, Composer and Transcriber", Gabrielle Kaufman, Routledge, London (2017),
# External links.
- Brief biography from the International Cello Society
- Nathaniel J. Chaitkin's doctoral thesis on "Gaspar Cassadó: His Relationship with Pablo Casals and His Versatile Musical Life" (2001)
- His Profile at The Remington Site
- Personal papers Joaquim Cassadó in the Biblioteca | 21,321 |
1803978 | Gaspar Cassadó | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar%20Cassadó | Gaspar Cassadó
[Deh vieni alla finestra]
- Sonata K. 358 (from Sonata for Piano Four Hands)
- Georg Muffat - Arioso
- Ignacy Jan Paderewski - Minuet in G
- Manuel Ponce - Estrellita (Little Star)
- David Popper - Elfentanz
- Johann Strauss II - An der schonen Blauen Donau
# Further reading.
- "Gaspar Cassadó: Cellist, Composer and Transcriber", Gabrielle Kaufman, Routledge, London (2017),
# External links.
- Brief biography from the International Cello Society
- Nathaniel J. Chaitkin's doctoral thesis on "Gaspar Cassadó: His Relationship with Pablo Casals and His Versatile Musical Life" (2001)
- His Profile at The Remington Site
- Personal papers Joaquim Cassadó in the Biblioteca de Catalunya | 21,322 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney is a heritage-listed major botanical garden, event venue and public recreation area located at Farm Cove on the eastern fringe of the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia.
Opened in 1816, the garden is the oldest scientific institution in Australia and one of the most important historic botanical institutions in the world. The overall structure and key elements were designed by Charles Moore and Joseph Maiden, and various other elements designed and built under the supervision of Allan Cunningham, Richard Cunningham, and Carrick Chambers. The garden is owned by | 21,323 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
the Government of New South Wales and administered by the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. The Botanic Garden, together with the adjacent Domain were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
The Garden and The Domain are open every day of the year and access is free. Its stunning position on Sydney Harbour, the Sydney Opera House and the large public parklands of The Domain ensure it is one of the most visited attractions in Sydney. The garden is bordered by the Cahill Expressway to the south and west, Macquarie Street to the northwest, Art Gallery Road to the east, and Sydney Harbour to the north.
# Establishment and development.
The first farm by European | 21,324 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
settlers on the Australian continent, at Farm Cove, was established in 1788 by Governor Phillip. Although that farm failed, the land has been in constant cultivation since that time, as ways were found to make the relatively infertile soils more productive. The Botanic Garden was founded on this site by Governor Macquarie in 1816 as part of the Governor's Domain. Australia's long history of collection and study of plants began with the appointment of the first Colonial Botanist, Charles Fraser, in 1817. The Botanic Gardens is the oldest scientific institution in Australia and, from the earliest days, has played a major role in the acclimatisation of plants from other regions. After a succession | 21,325 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
of colonial botanists and superintendents, including the brothers Richard and Allan Cunningham, both also early explorers, John Carne Bidwill was appointed as the first Director in 1847. Charles Moore was possibly the most influential Director, with his responsibility spanning 48 years, from 1848 to 1896. Moore was succeeded by Joseph Maiden who added much to Moore's maturing landscape, and served for a period of 28 years.
## The first one hundred years.
Charles Fraser, Superintendent 1821–31, was the first botanist appointed to develop the gardens along scientific lines. Fraser made many inland excursions particularly with John Oxley and brought back plants and specimens. Fraser's plantings | 21,326 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
between 1827–8 from his Brisbane district and northern NSW travels survive, and include hoop pines ("Araucaria cunninghamii"), weeping lilly pillies ("Waterhousia floribunda"), a hoop (or Moreton Bay) pine ("Araucaria cunninghamii"), 2 swamp oaks ("Casuarina cunninghamiana") on the eastern side of the palm grove. On his death in 1831 he was succeeded by Richard Cunningham. His brother, the explorer Allan Cunningham was also a director. A native red cedar Fraser collected in 1822 formerly thought to have been from the Parramatta region has been genetically tested and found to have been collected in the Dorrigo region. This tree grows still near the Palm House (beside Farm Cove Creek in Bed 9).
In | 21,327 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
1825 Governor Brisbane directed that the Garden extend west of Farm Cove Creek, for an experimental garden, to acclimatise Australian plants for export and imported plants. Between 1829 and 1838 the wine growing industry of New South Wales began in the Garden with some vines being brought out with the First Fleet (1788), and a large supplementary collection of around 365 vine cultivars donated by James Busby in 1832 (planted early 1833). Busby in fact imported cuttings of over 540 vines, but all those of at least 170 of the accessions were either dead on arrival at Sydney or did not survive through to mid-1834. For three or four years, vines propagated from these plants were distributed throughout | 21,328 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
the colony, but the collection increasingly fell into neglect and was in a parlous state well before 1840, with very many vines dead and many of the remainder unidentifiable due to the loss of their labels and inadequate record keeping. In the 1830s the Lower Garden area at the head of Farm Cove was developed and the shoreline laid out in an ornamental fashion with serpentine paths.< In 1833 four gardens were recognised: the botanic garden (the lower garden at the head of the cove); the fruit garden; the experimental garden and the kitchen garden, still producing food for the Governor's table. Between 1837 and 1845 the (New) Government House was built in The Domain's north (north of the current | 21,329 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
extent of the Botanic Garden). In 1847 the fig tree avenue of Moreton Bay figs ("Ficus macrophylla") was planted, lining main public entry to gardens from Macquarie Street eastward (now the line of the Cahill Expressway).
The East India Company windmill stood in The Domain near Government House stables. It was located close to the statue of a huntsman with dogs by Henri Henri Alfred Jacquemart, which is still in the grounds of the Royal Botanical Garden. Built of stone, it was owned by the Government and was used for grinding the grain of the settlers. According to "Freeman’s Journal", the windmill was built by the East India Company who were granted land around Farm Cove. The Governor of New | 21,330 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
South Wales later took forcible possession of the mill which resulted in a drawn-out lawsuit between the company and the government. During the dispute the Collector of Internal Revenue, Mr Wm. McPherson hired a manager to live in the cottages next to the mill. At this time, where the Bent-street entrance is was occupied as a large dairy, kept by Mr W. Stone. There was a large gate near the dairy; it stood a bit in from Bent-street, and faced Macquarie-street, with two large Norfolk Island pines on either side. This was the entrance to the company’s mill, but it could not be called a public entrance in the accepted meaning, it being on private property. Finally, in 1835 Sir Richard Bourke had | 21,331 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
the mill taken down and removed.
In 1848 John Carne Bidwill was appointed (the first such title) Director, by Governor Fitzroy. Meantime in England horticulturist Charles Moore (1820–1905) was appointed Director by the English Government. Bidwell was succeeded the following year by Moore. Bidwill was offered the post of Commissioner of Lands, Wide Bay. Moore was a Scotsman who had trained in the Botanic Gardens of Trinity College, Dublin. Moore remained Director for 48 years (1848–96) and did much to develop the Botanic Gardens in their modern form. He boldly tackled the problems of poor soil, inadequate water and shortage of funds to develop much of the Gardens as we see them today. The Palm | 21,332 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
Grove at the heart of the Garden is a reminder of his skill and foresight, as is the reclaimed land behind the Farm Cove seawall which significantly expanded the area of the Garden. Moore renovated paths throughout the upper gardens, built new paths in lower garden and added were added to the lower gardens between 1848 and 1858. Between 1848 and 1879 Moore organised construction of the sea wall and reclamation of Farm Cove's tidal flats (work proceeded in two stages) to expand the Lower Garden, the wall being built of stone recycled from demolished Old Government House in Bridge Street, and a long walk was established along Farm Cove. Ornamental ponds in the lower garden were laid out using | 21,333 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
Farm Cove creek, water supply for upper gardens was aided by water pipe installed from Macquarie Street.
Other work completed under Moore's extensive tenure included:
- 1850svista pavilions added in gardens, one with a thatched roof;
- 1852the Sydney-based herbarium collection started;
- 1857a small portion of the Governor's kitchen garden (Upper Garden) was converted as part of the Botanic Garden;
- 1860an aviary opened (site of current succulent/cacti garden) after public lobbying;
- 1860the original grape vines were uprooted;
- 1862the Palm grove was established near the Middle Garden, summer houses built in gardens. A zoo was added to aviary area. The zoo was Sydney's first and operated | 21,334 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
in the Gardens from 1862 until 1883, when most of it was transferred to Moore Park. During these years much of the remnant natural vegetation of the surrounding Domain was removed and planted as parkland. The Moreton Bay Figs, one of the major elements of this planting, continue to dominate the landscape. In the same year there was considerable plantings of NSW/Queensland rainforest tree species, and palms;
- 1863cottage built near Governor's Bathing house for Government House gardener;
- The Domain gate lodge and gates built, (Hospital Road, Prince Albert Road), Victoria Lodge gate house and gates was built (first stage) at east of Gardens near Mrs Macquarie's Point
- Late 1860smain part | 21,335 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
of Governor's kitchen garden (Upper garden) given up as an addition to the Upper Garden;
- 1870Governor's private gates built (now Opera House gates);
- 1870sdemolished the convict barracks built in Cunningham's time, and old glasshouses in former Governor's kitchen garden to make open grassed areas of Upper Garden;
- 1871 of the former Governor's kitchen garden was converted to Botanic Gardens, used as a nursery and propagating ground;
- 1873main entry gates built, off Fig Tree Avenue (east of Bent Street, now Cahill Expressway);
- 1874Italianate style two-storey Superintendent/Director's residence (now the Cunningham building) with tower was built, near Woolloomooloo gates);
- 1876Palm | 21,336 |
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house glasshouse built in Middle Garden; and
- 1878single storey herbarium and overseer's residence built.
The Garden Exhibition Palace was built on land between the Government House stables (now the Conservatorium of Music) and Governor Bourke's statue, an area until then used for grazing. The Palace was built to a design by Government Architect James Barnet for the first Australian International Exhibition. It was the epitome of the High Victorian style, complemented by the surroundings new gardens. Its giant dome was in diameter surmounted by a lantern above the ground'. Under the dome was a statue of Queen Victoria; there were four corner towers, and a floor area of over , making it a | 21,337 |
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major landmark in the city landscape. he International Exhibition held in the Palace attracted over one million visitors, displaying products of the arts and industry, museum collections from the library of the Linnean Society (botany and natural sciences), and exhibition of specimen displays from the Museums Collection of the Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum of NSW, (organised by its then Curator, Joseph Maiden)(the museum eventually became the Museum of Applied Sciences later the Powerhouse Museum), and its surrounding "instant" gardens of lawns, bedding and shrubberies around it, near Macquarie Street/Bent Street. However, the building was destroyed by fire in 1882. After the | 21,338 |
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clean up of new gardens were added to the RBG "Palace Garden"). Joseph Maiden moved and displayed the remnants of the exhibition fire to a pavilion in The Domain which became the official museum, incorporating a herbarium.
In 1880 a monkey house was built as part of the zoo. The same year, Tarpeian Way, including a stone stairway of 53 steps, was cut out of the rocky escarpment north of Bennelong Point, forming a south east boundary to the gardens. From "The Sydney Morning Herald", 4 October 1880:
Scottish gardener Alexander Grant was born in 1845 at Cullen, Scotland and served an apprenticeship in the gardens of Cullen House in Banffshire. Before migrating to Australia in 1878 he followed | 21,339 |
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his profession in several Scottish gardens, including the Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh. Grant arrived in the colony in 1878 and worked first at "Yaralla", Concord for the Walkers for some considerable time, then at "Rosemont", Woollahra for Alexander Campbell MLC, then for Mr Tooth at the "Swifts", , which he planned and laid out. There is no record of where Grant was living while working at "Yaralla" and "Rosemont", though from 1881 he lived at "Willow Cottage" in Point Piper Road – west side (later Ocean Street), Paddington until he moved to quarters in the Botanic Garden, Sydney in 1882 for work there. It is likely that the positions at "Yaralla" and "Rosemont" both included quarters for | 21,340 |
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a single man and that only after he married Margaret Stevenson in January 1880 was he obliged to find alternative accommodation ("Willow Cottage").
Towards the end of his time as Director, Moore, together with Ernst Betche, published the "Handbook of the Flora of New South Wales", further establishing the Botanic Garden as a centre for the science of botany.
From 1882 on Director Joseph Maiden added lighting (e.g.: on the sea walk on Farm Cove), seating, lavatories, drinking fountains and pathways. In 1883 the zoo was relocated to Moore Park; and of Outer Domain were incorporated into the Lower Garden, completing the ring of waterfront along Farm Cove. During the 1880s the Tarpeian Rock was | 21,341 |
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a prominent, dramatic and significant sandstone cliff landscape feature on the north west boundary of the Domain facing Bennelong Point and the Sydney Opera House, cut for the extension of Macquarie Street. The Rock derives its name from the famous Tarpeian Rock on the Capitoline Hill in Rome from where prisoners were hurled to their deaths in ancient times. A stairway gives access from close to the Sydney Opera House to the top of the rock and The Domain. An early carving in the sandstone cliff is located about above the fifth step from the base of the cliff. The carving reads "The Tarpeian Way." It possibly dates from the time of construction in the 1880s.
Between 1896 and 1901 Director Maiden | 21,342 |
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installed new lighting, seating, lavatories, fountains and pathways. Lighting along the sea walk and the lower garden installed, making the ring of water front of the lower gardens complete. In 1897 the Governor Phillip fountain was built near Macquarie Street/Garden palace gates. In 1899 a new herbarium building (second storey added by Govt. Architect Vernon to existing building, ground floor adapted as lecture hall and library, museum and admin centre) was built; now the Anderson Building.
## Developments in the twentieth century.
Moore was succeeded by Joseph Henry Maiden who, during his 28-year term, added much to Moore's maturing landscape. He organised the construction of a new herbarium | 21,343 |
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building, opened in 1901 (today part of the Anderson Building), and made major improvements to The Domain. However, the Botanic Garden suffered from loss of staff positions during the World War I, and in the Great Depression of the 1930s, the position of Director was lost. Both the Herbarium and the living collections languished.
In 1901 Maiden had an obelisk erected in a central pond, housing the relocated remains of Allan Cunningham from the Devonshire Street Cemetery. Maiden also drained and sewered the gardens. Between 1908 and 1916 the Sydney Conservatorium of Music was created by adapting the former Governor's Stables in the Western Domain. In 1912 the Palm House new superstructure was | 21,344 |
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completed, designed by Government Architect George McRae. By 1916 there were of space with the Botanic Garden and The Domain. In 1926 the Spring walk was replanted.
In 1936, on the site of the former aviaries/zoo, in the eastern section of the Garden, a succulent garden was created, near the Herbarium. In 1938 the Pioneer Memorial Women's' Garden opened, laid out in sunken circular area under the centre of the former (1879–82) Garden Palace dome. Laid out by Andersons & Co. of Sydney. In 1940 the aviary was removed.
From 1958 until the 1960s the Cahill Expressway resumption and construction work began, bisecting The Domain and the Botanic Garden, partly destroying Fig Tree Avenue (first entrance, | 21,345 |
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planted 1847) and loss of 24 palm trees and 12 other trees lost. A new Garden entrance was made on Macquarie Street with pools and prostrate plants, and recycled sandstone and iron gates from the post-Garden Palace fire. This entrance leads to the Palace Gardens. The Botanic Garden and The Domain were sewered for the first time since 1792. From 1945 Robert Anderson worked to reunify the Herbarium and Botanic Garden. In 1959 the title 'Royal' was granted, following the landing of Queen Elizabeth II in Farm Cove, this being the first site in Australia on which a reigning monarch had stood.
As Director, Knowles Mair (1965–70) achieved reunification and the Royal Botanic Garden began its return | 21,346 |
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to eminence. In 1968 the Herbarium was combined with the Royal Botanic Garden. From 1969 further reconstruction and planting after completion of Cahill Expressway and The Domain Parking station. Australian and New Zealand native plants were extensively used, in the plantings near the Bent Street/Macquarie Street entrance (opposite the State Library) and Woolloomooloo gates near Mrs Macquarie's Road. Many glasshouses were removed in the 1970s under Director Mair, and the new Pyramid Glasshouse, built in 1970–71, designed by Anchor, Mortlock & Murray. The first of its kind in the world, it contained a spiral staircase to allow visitors to observe all levels of tropical plant growth within.
In | 21,347 |
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1972–85 Dr Lawrence Johnson, Director, proposed the "thematic" planting scheme in evidence today. NSW and Queensland rainforest trees collected by Fraser, the Allan and Richard Cunningham, and Charles Moore scattered throughout the Garden were supplemented by a new section of tropical and subtropical rainforest flora near the Pyramid glasshouse. The palm collection, which is planted in three separate groves in the Garden, was thinned of duplicate species, particularly in Moore's original palm grove, and new species were added. The fig ("Ficus") collection, mainly in the lower garden, was rationalised and centred on the slope below Government House, with many additional species added. A garden | 21,348 |
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bed of local native species was added near the Cunningham building in the Upper garden, and the long bed of native small trees and shrubs along the boundary of the gardens on Macquarie Street was thickened with new plantings. A collection of eucalypts on the lawns of the Lower Garden north of the Macquarie Wall was under planted with a new collection of cycads, many relocated from the original Moore Palm Grove. A Myrtales bed near the Twin ponds in the Lower Garden was added.
Directors, Dr John Beard (1970–72) and Dr Lawrence Johnson (1972–85) further developed the organisation. The breadth of activities increased over these decades with the formation of the Friends of the Royal Botanic Garden; | 21,349 |
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educational and ecological programs; the Flora of New South Wales; the scientific journals "Telopea" and "Cunninghamia" and programs of computerised documentation of both the living and herbarium collections.
Between 1970 and 1980 the new succulent and cacti garden was built on the site of the former aviary/zoo near Mrs Macquarie's Road in the east. In 1978 the administration of the Botanic Garden and National Herbarium of NSW were transferred from the Department of Agriculture (where they had been administered since 1908) to the Premier's Department.
In 1980 the Royal Botanic Gardens Trust Act was passed by Parliament, seeking to prevent further erosion of the grounds and excisions of land | 21,350 |
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(the in 1916 had diminished to in 1980). Also in 1980 Centennial Park, which until then had been administered by staff of the Botanic Gardens since Moore's directorship, became autonomous under its own Trust.
In 1982 the new Herbarium building was built under Director Johnson opened (named the Brown building in honour of colonial botanist Robert Brown), linking the former Herbarium (now called the Maiden Theatre and Moore Room) building and the 1870s former Superintendent/Director's residence. The former Herbarium was adapted to a visitors' centre, shop and exhibitions space (now the Moore Room, within the then renamed R. H. Anderson Building), and the former Director's residence, named now | 21,351 |
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the Cunningham building, was adapted for office use by staff. The complex was opened on 6 November 1982 by then Premier Neville Wran, QC MP. The Brown building had three levels housing the herbarium collection in 55,000 specially-designed red plastic boxes, plus scientific staff offices, a laboratory, scanning electron microscope and full drying room and library. In July 1982 a general meeting established the Friends of the Botanic Gardens and members' events (to raise funds for the Botanic Garden) commenced in December 1982.
In 1987 and 1988 under Director Carrick Chambers, two satellite botanic gardens areas were opened, Mt. Annan (subsequently renamed the Australian Botanic Garden Mount | 21,352 |
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Annan on Narellan Road near Campbelltown featuring native plants, and Mount Tomah (subsequently renamed the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden on the Bells Line of Road in the northern Blue Mountains, featuring cool-climate plants. Both were formally opened in 1988 as part of Australia's Bicentennial celebrations. During 1988 and 1989 a new rose garden was built near the Bridge Street gates (since removed). A new curved "Arc" glasshouse was built adjoining (east of) the Pyramid glasshouse, which was intended for ferns. It has since been adapted for tropical plants. In 2015 the Pyramid was demolished to make way for "Calyx" the new display and tropical plant centre. The curved "Arc" glasshouse is | 21,353 |
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being adapted as part of the same works. The Royal Botanic Gardens celebrated its 175th anniversary in 1991. During Professor Chambers' ten years as Director, the Rose Garden (1988), the Fernery (1993), the Herb Garden (1994), and the Oriental Garden (1997) were opened and the Rare and Threatened Species Garden (1998) was commenced to further enrich the experience of visitors. The Royal Botanic Garden Foundation was established to seek a wider range of support for future needs.
During the 1990s Asian themed plants garden added in Lower Garden below kiosk and east of Twin ponds. A new fernery designed by John Barbeceto was built in the Middle Gardens (on the site of two former shade houses) | 21,354 |
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adjoining the gardens nursery area and palm grove. A new herb garden was built in the western side of the Lower gardens below the Conservatorium. Considerable upgrade works were undertaken in the run up to the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, including adaptation of existing buildings for new central shop and toilets. The Cadi Jam Ora – First Fleet Encounters garden was created north of the Palm House in the Middle Garden area. John Lennis (1952–2015) as Aboriginal Education Officer was responsible for the content, "flavour" and invovement of Aboriginal people in this garden. During 1992 and 19933 the Palm House glasshouse was reconstructed to its 1912 form and adapted to become an exhibition space. | 21,355 |
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About 50% of its original glazing was recycled on the south side, also s patterned glass was reused. In the mid-1990s a fourth level was added to the Robert Brown building (National Herbarium), providing more work spaces and shelving for 20,000 more red herbarium boxes and a sloping roof to stop leaks.
From 1996–8 the Rare & Endangered Garden, was laid out north of the Herbarium, growing and displaying plants under threat in the wild or out-of-fashion in cultivation. Jeremy Coleby-Williams was instrumental in establishing this. Also in 1997–8 the HSBS Oriental Garden was established west of the lotus pond in the middle garden. Its site has Asian associations dating from 1917. In 1998 the Wollemi | 21,356 |
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pine ("Wollemia nobilis") was discovered in a remote gorge in Wollemi National Park by Phillip Noble, triggering an innovative propagation campaign to secure this species in ex-situ cultivation. An early specimen was planted on the site of the main intersection of paths between the middle garden, Cadi Jam Ora – First Encounters and the Rare and Endangered Gardens.
## Developments in the twenty-first century.
In 2000 the toilet block in the Palm Grove was adapted and extended to become the Garden Shop, renamed the Palm Grove Centre. During 2000 to 2001 the Conservatorium of Music was redeveloped with new underground extensions, demolition of trial grass beds and incorporation of new roof garden | 21,357 |
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areas to gardens over the new Conservatorium. A new land bridge was built (completed in 2005) over the Cahill Expressway/Eastern Distributor redevelopment, linking the Art Gallery of NSW, Mrs Macquarie's Road, The Domain and Botanic Garden, with small additional land area and new native plantings to The Domain. In 2003 a Fig tree avenue (Cahill Expressway median) was removed. Originally it was planted in 1847 in the brief directorship of John Carne Bidwill). The rose garden was also removed for redevelopment, the Spring Walk plantings (azaleas, etc.) were removed for fumigation/fallowing of soil.
In 2005 the fourth on-site Rose Garden near the Conservatorium and its adjoining pergolas were | 21,358 |
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altered with additions made to both to allow functions, set up and preparation facilities, and a new amenities block. From 2006 the Cacti and Succulent Garden was partially revamped by Jamie Durie, celebrity horticulturist. The Central Gardens Depot was also redeveloped, with repair of significant heritage glasshouses, new glasshouses, store and staff areas.
From 2011 onwards the relocation of a growing colony of roosting grey-headed flying foxes (bats) in the Palm Grove has resulted in slow renewal of that area. The roosting activities of the bats had caused the death of a number of highly significant trees and previous attempts using noise, sprinklers and lights had proved ineffective in | 21,359 |
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encouraging the animals to move. In Autumn 2014 Palm Grove was restored, with over 1300 palm species being donated by Illawarra businessman and conservationist Colin Wilson, after he saw the damage flying foxes (bats) had caused. Efforts to grow this collection will help secure the survival of many very rare species. The Palm Grove was once internationally recognised as one of the best in the world. The goal was to restore it to equal or surpass its past glory and give an opportunity to see a wide range of palms. At their peak some 22,000 grey-headed flying foxes roosted in the Palm Grove and Gardens. The former was their favoured spot. They killed 28 mature trees, 30 palms and many understorey | 21,360 |
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plants. The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust commenced a successful flying-fox relocation programme in 2012.
In July 2015 the Minister announced organisational changes to transform the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust into a more efficient and responsive organisation. He revealed the name of the new Biome project will be "The Calyx", which opened in 2016. He also announced a 26% increase in agency budget over 2014–15 estimates.
In 2016 the Royal Botanic Garden celebrated its 200 years anniversary with various events to commemorate key educational, horticultural, scientific and cultural experiences of those two centuries. Fireworks displays ushering in the New Year, significant | 21,361 |
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new exhibitions and collaborations with other cultural institutions.
# Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust.
The Garden comes under the responsibility of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, established in 1980 by act of the New South Wales Parliament. The "Domain Leasing Act" 1961 was repealed and An Act to constitute the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust was passed, defining its powers, authorities, duties and functions. The trust is also responsible for the adjoining public open space of The Domain as well as the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan in western Sydney and the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah in the Blue Mountains. While the Trustees provide oversight | 21,362 |
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of the lands under legislative guidelines, the day-to-day operational management of the Garden is undertaken by staff. In 2014 it was announced that the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust would be known as the Botanic Gardens & Centennial Parklands, widening responsibilities to take in the heritage-listed Centennial Parklands that includes Centennial, Moore and Queens parks.
# Description.
The Royal Botanic Garden consist of of closely cultivated land surrounded by of open parklands comprising The Sydney Domain. The Garden forms a large natural amphitheatre, wrapped around and sloping down towards the 'stage' of Farm Cove. It is divided into four major precincts called the Lower Gardens, | 21,363 |
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the Middle Gardens, the Palace Gardens and the Bennelong precinct. Within the four major precincts are many smaller gardens and features as well as large amounts of lightly wooded lawn areas. Located approximately in the middle of the four precincts is the Palm Grove Centre which offers a restaurant, cafe, visitors centre and bookshop. A large and complex public botanic garden, largely of late 19th-century character; being not only an historic site of the first importance but containing within it numerous structures which have been nominated separately by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). A predominantly nineteenth century character of landscape layout strengthened by large mature trees. | 21,364 |
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Traditionally designated as four areas reflecting its development.
The single most distinct landscape feature in the Garden is the historic hand-hewn sandstone seawall that curves around Farm Cove from Mrs Macquarie's Point to the Opera House, delineating the garden from the harbour and providing a focal point for visitors, joggers and photographers.
The layout of the Gardens is exceptionally important, each area (the Middle garden, the Lower Garden, the Palace Lawn etc.) reflects an important stage in the development of the Garden and the current fashion in landscape design almost from the founding of the colony. The squared beds of the Middle Garden are traditionally believed to reflect | 21,365 |
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the first furrows and shortly thereafter the first garden plots of the new settlement. The old Garden Palace grounds is the area bordering Macquarie Street and the Conservatorium of Music (former Government House stables). The Middle Garden is the first farm site. The Upper garden comprises the southern section housing administrative offices and National Herbarium on Mrs Macquarie's road as well as the nursery and depot area bordering the Cahill Expressway. The Lower Garden comprises the rest of the area extending north of the Middle Garden to Farm Cove.
The Garden Palace grounds being the highest point have excellent views and are maintained as lawn areas, garden beds, Australian shrubs and | 21,366 |
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turf species. The area was originally enclosed by a paling fence for grazing the Governor's stock. An ornamental fence was constructed along Macquarie Street and in the grounds stood the Garden Palace built 1879 which was destroyed by fire in 1882.
The Middle Garden is now the most closely cultivated section of the gardens where both native and exotic species are well labelled. It included the spring walk famous for its azalea display, one of the finest collections of outdoor palms in the world and a 1970s succulent garden. Some of the Lower Garden was laid out by Charles Fraser and features ponds which are frequented by waterfowl including Australian Black Swans which breed successfully in | 21,367 |
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the environment.
## Lower Gardens.
Charles Moore directed the reclamation of and expansion of the "Lower Garden" into Farm Cove, extending the gardens' pleasure grounds with curving pleasure walks, tree and shrubbery plantings. This work took place over 30 years, resulting in a gardenesque parkland which retains much of its original layout and composition today. Within this layout there are collections of plants of note, including from the Canary Islands, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The lower gardens feature the Band Lawn, the main Ponds, the HSBC Oriental Garden, the Yurong, Victoria Lodge, Henry Lawson Gates and the Maiden Pavilion.
## Middle Gardens.
The long rectangular beds | 21,368 |
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have evolved from the rectangular beds of the earliest garden. The land before the first Government House and Bennelong Point was laid out in the manner of an English park, the Botanic Garden was treated in a purely functional way. The gate in the wall which Macquarie had completed in 1816 to protect the garden from the harbour, and which now separates the Middle and Lower Gardens. Fraser's plantings in what is now called the "Palm Grove", made between 1827–8 from his Brisbane district and northern NSW travels survive, and include hoop pines ("Araucaria cunninghamii"), weeping lilly pillies ("Waterhousia floribunda"), a hoop pine ("Araucaria cunninghamii"), two swamp oaks ("Casuarina cunninghamiana") | 21,369 |
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on the eastern side of the palm grove. On his death in 1831 he was succeeded by Richard Cunningham. His brother, the explorer Allan Cunningham, was also a director. A native red cedar Fraser collected in 1822 formerly thought to have been from the Parramatta region has been genetically tested and found to have been collected in the Dorrigo region. This tree grows still near the Palm House (beside Farm Cove Creek in Bed 9).
Charles Moore planted the Palm Grove which has an internationally significant collection of palms and rainforest species in the Middle Garden.
The middle gardens feature the Palm House, the Wollemi Pine, the Succulent Garden, the Rare and Threatened Plant Garden, the Herbarium | 21,370 |
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& Plant Sciences Building, the Lion Gate Lodge, the Begonia Garden and the Macquarie Wall and Spring Walk.
## Palace Gardens.
The Palace Gardens feature the The Calyx, the Rainforest Walk, the Pioneer Garden, the Morshead Fountain Gate, the Palace Garden Gate, the Rose Garden & Pavilion, the Turf Plots, the Old Mill Garden, the Herb Garden and the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.
## Bennelong Precinct.
The Bennelong Precinct contains Government House, the Parade Ground, the Australian Native Rockery, Bennelong Lawn and the Queen Elizabeth II Gate.
## Palm Grove Centre.
The Palm Grove Centre features the Palm Grove itself, a Cafe, Garden Shop and the Botanic Gardens Restaurant.
# Daniel | 21,371 |
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Solander Library.
The library at the Royal Botanic Gardens was established in 1852. It is named after Daniel Solander (1733–1782) who was a student of Linnaeus and held positions at the British Museum, including working in the library. He was employed in 1768 by Joseph Banks to accompany him on HMS "Endeavour" on James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific. On their return to England in 1771 he became Banks' botanist and librarian.
The library is the oldest botanical research library in Australia. The library has a collection of horticultural, botanic and taxonomic literature and is located within the National Herbarium of New South Wales which has samples collected by Banks and Solander on the | 21,372 |
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voyage with James Cook amongst more than 1.2 million plant specimens.
# Flying foxes.
The Royal Botanic Garden was for decades home to a large colony of native Grey-headed Flying Foxes, a large species of fruit bat. The colony (estimated to be over 20,000 strong at times) caused significant damage to the trees used for roosting, especially around the Palm Grove Centre where dozens of historic trees were killed or severely damaged.
In May 2010 the trust announced a plan to evict the colony from the gardens by driving them away with repeated playing of extremely loud recorded noise. This plan was subsequently held up for several years by court action instigated by an animal welfare group but | 21,373 |
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approval was finally given to the trust to proceed in June 2012. By June 2013 the bats had entirely left the Garden and the damaged trees had started to recover.
In an ironic coda, many of the bats displaced from the garden were found to have moved to a native bushland site on the north coast of New South Wales which was scheduled to be destroyed for an upgrade of the Pacific Highway, the main road linking Sydney with Brisbane. The destruction of the forest and displacement of that colony became a publicly contentious environment-versus-development issue in early 2014 and the building of the road was delayed pending a court-ordered federal government environmental assessment.
# Heritage listing.
As | 21,374 |
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at 22 September 1998, the Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain collectively are of exceptional national, state and local significance as:
## General values.
- It is one of the earliest surviving colonial botanic gardens in the world and one of the oldest, richest and most extensive early public cultural landscapes in Australia with a substantially intact area and major precincts that are nationally rare from a historic, scientific, aesthetic and social perspective, and which continue to fulfil diverse use expectations by remaining freely accessible and in high demand from a broad community spectrum;
- As it contains three of the most important collections for botanical science in Australia | 21,375 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
notable for their rarity, diversity, size and scientific value – its living collection which is distinguished by many rare and unusual cultivated plants, the extensive preserved collections of the Herbarium and comprehensive botanical library (scientific/technical and research values);
- Additionally The Domain is of historical and aesthetic value on a national level for its ability to demonstrate its dual role as the prime example of a pleasure ground attached to Government House and as a leading example of a public park developed from the mid 19th century as an early designated landscape for public use (1831) the site was at the forefront of international concerns for the integration of public | 21,376 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
parks within city planning and development.
## Primary values.
- As an important and integral part of the boundaries – from 1792 – of the first permanent European settlement in Australia. It is also an integral part of a large group of early Australian colonial sites located along, and linked by, Macquarie Street, including the largest surviving group of Governor Macquarie-era places in Australia. Individually and collectively these sites have considerable potential to reveal much about the formative town planning, settlement and development pattern of the City of Sydney (historic and technical/research values);
- It contains one of the earliest established botanic gardens in the southern | 21,377 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
hemisphere (1816); the whole site comprises a broad and idiosyncratic collection of native and exotic plants (8000 taxa and 45,000 accessions) acquired over a period of 190 years for the purpose of scientific study including research for agriculture, ornamental horticulture and industry (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It contains three of the most valuable assets to botanical science in Australia – its living collection which is distinguished by many rare and unusual cultivated plants, the preserved collections of the herbarium and the RBG library archives (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It continues, uninterrupted, a close and direct link with | 21,378 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
the study, classification and cultivation of the indigenous vegetation of NSW from the time of Charles Fraser (1817) and remaining a core function of the institution and landscape (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- The place has strong and direct associations with many notable early botanical explorers and collectors such as William Paterson, John Carne Bidwill, Ludwig Leichhardt and John Richardson; and with their important plant acquisitions still extant in the living and preserved collections (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It has strong and direct associations with various prominent early directors such as Charles Fraser, Richard and Allan Cunningham, | 21,379 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
Charles Moore and Joseph Maiden – who were largely responsible for the present overall form of the landscape as well as the content and organisation of the plant collections (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It has strong and direct associations with many distinguished 20th century scientists – such as Dr Darnell-Smith, Knowles Mair, Robert Anderson and Dr Lawrence Johnson – whose research, using the living and preserved collections of the place and building on the work of the 19th century RBG botanists, forms the basis of contemporary knowledge and understanding of Australian plants. The collections remain an important basis for contemporary research in systematic and | 21,380 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
horticultural botany and plant ecology by various Australian and international scientists (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It is closely associated with the history and development of the principal government residences – as well as the Governors – of New South Wales; and it remains an integral part of the historical and visual landscape of Government House and of the archaeological remains of the First Government House (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- It is a nationally important representative example of a largely intact high-Victorian/Edwardian subtropical Gardenesque landscape design – retaining elements of the earlier Macquarie-era "estate park" | 21,381 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
– with the capacity to indicate evolving landscape design styles in Australia over the past 200 years (historic & aesthetic values);
- It retains many important components of the various phases of its layout – including paths, fences, bedding areas, plantations, views, monuments, statuary, fountains, walling, steps, other landscape furnishings and gate houses – that give the landscape its distinctive visual and botanical character (historic, aesthetic & technical/research values);
- Both the overall place as well as particular areas within it are highly valued by the community – for strong personal associations and memories, and for providing a sense of identity and continuity of use. The | 21,382 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
place has been, and continues to be, the focus of important historic events in the cultural and political life of New South Wales (social & historic values);
- It fulfils an important role as a part of the quintessential setting for nearby architectural landmarks such as the Sydney Opera House, St. Mary's Cathedral and Aurora Place – all having, individually, exceptional aesthetic value. The Tarpeian Rock is a prominent, dramatic and significant sandstone cliff landscape feature of the Domain facing Bennelong Point and the Sydney Opera House, cut for the extension of Macquarie Street and an example of 19th century romanticism (aesthetic value);
- It is an integral part of Sydney's scenic harbour | 21,383 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
landscape (aesthetic value);
- It remains a potent source of inspiration for artists and writers since the inception of the colony; and as a setting for public art (historic, aesthetic & social values);
- Despite various interventions over the last 200 years it is still possible to appreciate the basic form of the pre-European landscape – the two ridged promontories enclosing the central gully (aesthetic value);
- The place demonstrates changing fashions in horticulture, garden design and ornament, and the practice of botany through its landscape and architectural design and art as it has continued to be developed, reshaped and embellished by successive directors and overseers (historic & | 21,384 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
aesthetic values);
- The trialling of various plant species – for example Canary Island date palms ("Phoenix canariensis"), brush box ("Lophostemon confertus") and Hill's fig ("Ficus microcarpa var. Hillii") – within the place has subsequently influenced their popularity and use throughout Sydney and beyond (scientific/technical/research and aesthetic values);
- As a landscape it has also been the setting for earlier important structures such as the Exhibition Palace, Fort Macquarie, the Crimean War period fortifications, the temporary Federation pavilion and for which some archaeological evidence may remain (scientific/technical/research values); and
- From an early date the place developed, | 21,385 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
and continues to develop, a didactic role of increasing knowledge and understanding about plants through displays, public lectures, tours and social events based on the living collections and the landscape setting (social value).
## National, state and local significance.
The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, is of exceptional national, state and local significance as one of the earliest surviving colonial botanic gardens in the world and one of the richest and most extensive early public cultural landscapes in Australia with substantially intact major precincts that are nationally rare from a historic, scientific, aesthetic and social perspective.
- The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney has scientific | 21,386 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
significance:
- as it comprises an eclectic collection of native and exotic plants acquired over almost two centuries, for the purpose of scientific study including research for agriculture, ornamental horticulture and industry (scientific/technical/research and historic values);
- for the extraordinary breadth of the living collections for botanical science in Australia – its living collection which is distinguished by many rare and unusual cultivated plants, the extensive preserved collections of the Herbarium and comprehensive botanical library (scientific/technical/research values);
- as it contains three of the most important collections for botanical science in Australia – its living | 21,387 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
collection which is distinguished by many rare and unusual cultivated plants, the extensive preserved collections of the Herbarium and comprehensive botanical library (scientific/technical and research values);
- for the long-standing close and direct link with the study, classification and cultivation of the indigenous plants of NSW, Australia and the South Pacific region, which remains a core function of the scientific institution and the Garden (scientific/technical and research values);
- for the archaeological potential and remains of former Aboriginal and European occupation on the site. The Garden are part of the clan territory, or country of the Gadigal people. As an integral part | 21,388 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
of the first permanent European settlement, they are the site of the first contact and the earliest European agricultural and horticultural site in Australia (scientific/technical and research values);
- for its natural significance as the habitat of several animal species considered to have high local conservation value including a colony of the threatened grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus). Examples of native vegetation remain, as does the basic form of the pre-European landscape with two ridged promontories enclosing the central gully (scientific/technical and research values).
- The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney is individually of exceptional value to Australia, NSW and Sydney:
- | 21,389 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
as the site of the first Government Farm activities in Australia, an attempt to support the vulnerable new colony in 1788. After the establishment of the Government Gardens -17 it remained a prime site for the trailing of important economic botanical crops including the introduction of Busby's vines in 1830;
- as part of the Vice Regal Domain and for its association with prominent individuals especially Governors Phillip, Bligh, Macquarie & Mrs Macquarie, Darling, Denison and Brisbane;
- as the earliest established botanic garden in Australia, one of the earliest established botanic gardens in the southern hemisphere and among the earliest surviving colonial botanic gardens in the world;
- | 21,390 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
for the strong and direct associations with prominent early directors such as Charles Fraser, Richard & Allan Cunningham, Charles Moore, Joseph Maiden, who were largest responsible for the overall form of the Garden's landscape, as well as the 19th century content and organisation of the plant collections;
- for its strong and direct associations with many distinguished 20th century scientists who have developed and codified knowledge and understanding of Australian plants through their researches using the Garden and Herbarium collections. These include Joseph Maiden, William F. Blakeley, Lawrence Johnson and Barbara Briggs;
- as the study of the Garden's living and preserved collections | 21,391 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
has formed the basis of much of the contemporary knowledge and understanding of Australian plants. This knowledge built on the extensive work by the 19th century government botanists and the plant acquisitions, whose collections are of notable early botanical explorers and collectors. These include William Paterson, Charles Fraser, Allan & Richard Cunningham, John Carne Bidwill and Ludwig Leichhardt; and their Aboriginal assistants, whose collections are extant in both the living and the preserved collections;
- as the landscape layout, horticultural dressing as well as embellishment with statuary, fountains, memorials and structures, are indicative of the evolution of landscape styles in Australia, | 21,392 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
the landscape has evolved from a small botanic garden of a traditional functional design within the Governor's Domain or "estate park" of the Macquarie era, to the high Victorian Gardenesque which gradually replaced the "park" and which forms the framework of the existing landscape;
- as the path system, walling and layout of the Middle Garden is one of the earliest surviving garden layouts in Australia. Although once the accepted mode for botanic gardens, especially systematic gardens – the rectangular grid layout, its importance enhanced by continuous maintenance over almost 2 centuries, is increasingly rare worldwide;
- as the design of the Lower Garden is an exceptional example of a 19th-century | 21,393 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
landscape design displaying a major engineering feature in the sea wall and network of ponds. It exhibits Picturesque, naturalistic and Gardenesque design traits in its curvilinear pathway system with beds at junctions, the tradition of lawns for floral display now centred on the Choragic Monument (and views to Farm Cove and Government House);
- As the Garden Palace Grounds records historic layers in the remnants of the landscape design from the International Exhibition, including large scale terracing, the 1880s adaptation as a Victorian pleasure garden with associated Gardenesque layout, and early 20th century additions, particularly the Governor Phillip fountain;
- the Garden is an integral | 21,394 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
part of a wider area that contains a large group of significant colonial sites and the oldest officially established Domain in Australia (1792). This historic area provides considerable potential to reveal much about the formative town planning, settlement and development pattern of Sydney;
- as it demonstrates the changing fashions in horticulture, garden design and ornament and the practice of horticultural botany, through its landscape, as it has continued to be developed, reshaped and embellished by successive directors and overseers (aesthetic & historic values).
- The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney has aesthetic significance:
- as part of the quintessential setting for one of the finest | 21,395 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
ensembles of public facilities including the Botanic Garden, Sydney Opera House, Government House, Conservatorium of Music and Sydney's scenic harbour at Farm Cove, that is outstanding in a national context and possibly internationally;
- as a largely intact designed landscape that is a place of beauty and peace in contrast to the hard edge of the surrounding city;
- as it contains buildings of refined design of the Victorian and Federation period such as the Macquarie Lodge (1848), Victoria Lodge (1863–5), the former residences of workers, overseers and directors and the 1878/1899 Anderson Building erected during the tenure of Colonial Architects Mortimer Lewis and James Barnet and Government | 21,396 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
Architect Walter Liberty Vernon. The Garden also contains contemporary buildings of some significance representative of developments in Modern Movement architecture in Australia;
- as a source of inspiration for artists and writers since the inception of the colony and as a setting for the display of public art (aesthetic & historic values);
- as the place retains many fine components of the various phases of its layout including paths, fences, bedding areas, views, monuments, statuary, fountains, walling, steps and other landscape furnishings, these giving various compartments of the landscape distinctive visual and botanical character.
- The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney have social significance:
- | 21,397 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
as they are highly valued by the community and are in high demand from a broad community spectrum. They fulfil diverse use expectations by remaining freely accessible. The Garden as a cultural precinct provide a setting for recreation and relaxation, entertainment and events attracting over several million visitors and tourists every year;
- as from an early date developed, and continues to develop, a didactic role of increasing appreciation and conservation of plants. It performs this important educational role through displays, public lectures, tours and special events based on the living and preserved collections and the landscape setting;
- as the Herbarium contains one of Australia's | 21,398 |
1803839 | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20Botanic%20Garden,%20Sydney | Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
most important collections of preserved plant specimens that is highly valued by the national and international scientific community for contemporary research into systematic and horticultural botany and plant ecology.
## Historical significance.
The Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain also have exceptional historical significance as:
- The second oldest botanic garden in the southern hemisphere (officially established in 1816), Rio de Janeiro being the oldest;
- The site of the first attempts at agriculture in the colony in 1788 and a rare example on a world scale where a modern nation's first attempts at feeding itself can be traced and seen;
- The site of Governor Phillip's farm within | 21,399 |
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