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1804444 | Jan Zahradil | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan%20Zahradil | Jan Zahradil
in Europe (ACRE) was founded in 2010 Jan Zahradil has been its President.
## Ethical controversy.
Jan Zahradil made controversial statements whitewashing European Parliament’s criticisms on the state of human rights in Azerbaijan, mentioned in three European Parliament resolutions in the period of 2015–2018. He called the resolutions “short-sighted, one-sided, one-issue resolutions” and argued that Azerbaijan is a “victim of political games” suggesting that the EU should tolerate the massive breaches of human rights, persecutions and imprisonments of journalists in Azerbaijan for the sake of partnership with the country.
In April 2018 a Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe investigation | 22,400 |
1804444 | Jan Zahradil | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan%20Zahradil | Jan Zahradil
revealed that Azerbaijan blindfolded several members of PACE, bringing into play the infamous caviar diplomacy to tone down and soothe criticism towards Azerbaijan. These members were subjected to sanctions. Commenting on these events, Zahradil said: "The Council of Europe has made unilateral and biased decisions on Azerbaijan and it should be abolished".
# Political views.
Viewed as being an ideological protégé of former Czech President Václav Klaus, Jan Zahradil is a strong eurosceptic and sceptic on the issue of climate change. He has actively promoted "The Great Global Warming Swindle" film and has warned against expensive actions that would bring no results. He has been described as Anglophile, | 22,401 |
1804444 | Jan Zahradil | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan%20Zahradil | Jan Zahradil
sed decisions on Azerbaijan and it should be abolished".
# Political views.
Viewed as being an ideological protégé of former Czech President Václav Klaus, Jan Zahradil is a strong eurosceptic and sceptic on the issue of climate change. He has actively promoted "The Great Global Warming Swindle" film and has warned against expensive actions that would bring no results. He has been described as Anglophile, Atlanticist, national liberal and libertarian, and holds liberal viewpoints on immigration and gay marriage.
# See also.
- Movement for European Reform
- European Conservatives and Reformists
- Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
# External links.
- Jan Zahradil website | 22,402 |
1804503 | Tenshō Shūbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenshō%20Shūbun | Tenshō Shūbun
Tenshō Shūbun
# History.
Shūbun was born in the late 14th century in Ōmi Province and became a professional painter around 1403. He settled in Kyoto, then the capital city. He became director of the court painting bureau, established by Ashikaga shōguns, which consisted of influential art patrons. He was chosen by the members of the diplomatic mission to Joseon in 1423.
Shūbun is considered to be the founder of the Chinese style of "suiboku" ink painting in Japan. He was influenced by Chinese landscape painters Xia Gui and Ma Yuan.
Throughout his life, Shūbun was associated with the Zen Buddhist temple, Shōkoku-ji. Early in his career, he studied painting there under Josetsu, a Chinese immigrant | 22,403 |
1804503 | Tenshō Shūbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenshō%20Shūbun | Tenshō Shūbun
who became the father of the new Japanese ink painting tradition. Under Josetsu's influence, Shūbun started studying Chinese Song Dynasty painting by masters such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan; consequently, Shūbun's style was an intermediate step between early Japanese artists who imitated Chinese models very closely, and later artists, who developed a national style. Later in life, Shūbun became overseer of buildings and grounds at Shōkoku-ji.
In the 1440s he taught the young Sesshū Tōyō, who became his best pupil and the most highly regarded Japanese artist of his time. Another important pupil may have been Kanō Masanobu, who succeeded Shūbun as the chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate, and | 22,404 |
1804503 | Tenshō Shūbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenshō%20Shūbun | Tenshō Shūbun
also founded the Kanō school of painting.
Shūbun's most well-known painting, designated as a National Treasure in Japan, is "Reading in a Bamboo Grove", now kept in the Tokyo National Museum. The same museum houses a few other works attributed to Shūbun, among them a pair of titled . Two more pairs of folding screens depicting landscapes of the four seasons are held by the Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. As with many Japanese and Chinese artists of this and earlier periods, many works survive that are attributed to Shūbun, but only for a few is this attribution secure. Contemporary accounts describe Shūbun as a very versatile artist, yet the only extant works with the authorship issue resolved are | 22,405 |
1804503 | Tenshō Shūbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenshō%20Shūbun | Tenshō Shūbun
landscapes.
# See also.
- Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
# References.
- Deal, William E. 2007. "Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan". Oxford University Press US.
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
- Varley, H. Paul. (2000). "Japanese Culture." Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
# External links.
- Landscapes of the Four Seasons in the Seikado Foundation
- Ten Oxherding Pictures, attributed to Shūbun
- Landscape in the Seattle Art Museum Permanent Collection, attributed to Shūbun
- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan | 22,406 |
1804503 | Tenshō Shūbun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenshō%20Shūbun | Tenshō Shūbun
in Medieval and Early Modern Japan". Oxford University Press US.
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
- Varley, H. Paul. (2000). "Japanese Culture." Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
# External links.
- Landscapes of the Four Seasons in the Seikado Foundation
- Ten Oxherding Pictures, attributed to Shūbun
- Landscape in the Seattle Art Museum Permanent Collection, attributed to Shūbun
- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tenshō Shūbun (see index) | 22,407 |
1804525 | Singapore Network Information Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore%20Network%20Information%20Centre | Singapore Network Information Centre
Singapore Network Information Centre
Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) is the National Internet Registry for Singapore. It administers the .sg top level domain.
Formed in October 1995, the SGNIC took over the operation of Domain Name Registration (DNR) Services in November 1995. It operated under the National Computer Board until July 1997 when SGNIC was registered as a company.
The SGNIC comprises four entities:
- SGNIC Board
- SGNIC Operations
- Domain Name Registration Service (DNRS) Committee
- Domain Name System Technical (DNST) Committee
The SGNIC Board formulates policies for SGNIC and comprises representatives from regulatory and commercial agencies in Singapore.
# | 22,408 |
1804525 | Singapore Network Information Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore%20Network%20Information%20Centre | Singapore Network Information Centre
n SGNIC was registered as a company.
The SGNIC comprises four entities:
- SGNIC Board
- SGNIC Operations
- Domain Name Registration Service (DNRS) Committee
- Domain Name System Technical (DNST) Committee
The SGNIC Board formulates policies for SGNIC and comprises representatives from regulatory and commercial agencies in Singapore.
# Domain names.
As of August 2014, there were 165,579 domain names registered at SGNIC, under the following categories:
- .sg - 65,151
- .com.sg - 94,917
- .net.sg - 237
- .org.sg - 2,818
- .edu.sg - 1,143
- .gov.sg - 667
- .per.sg - 415
- .新加坡 - 216
- .சிங்கப்பூர் - 15
# External links.
- Singapore Network Information Centre - official website | 22,409 |
1804519 | Maria de Belém Roseira | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20de%20Belém%20Roseira | Maria de Belém Roseira
Maria de Belém Roseira
Maria de Belém Roseira Martins Coelho Henriques de Pina, GCC (b. Porto, 28 July 1949) is a Portuguese politician who served as President of the Socialist Party from 2011 to 2014. She is informally known as "Maria de Belém", or, more commonly, "Maria de Belém Roseira".
She graduated in Law at the University of Coimbra in 1972.
She was Minister of Health (1995–1999) in the first government of António Guterres, and Minister for Equality (1999–2000) early in his second government.
In December 2006, while she was still President of the Parliamentary Health Commission, she was hired as a consultant by Espírito Santo Saúde, a private health provider. She stated that she did | 22,410 |
1804519 | Maria de Belém Roseira | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria%20de%20Belém%20Roseira | Maria de Belém Roseira
ond government.
In December 2006, while she was still President of the Parliamentary Health Commission, she was hired as a consultant by Espírito Santo Saúde, a private health provider. She stated that she did not consider there would be any conflict of interest holding both roles simultaneously In 2015, while she was still a member of parliament, she was put forward as a member of the Executive Council of the Board of Governors of Luz Saúde, (formerly Espírito Santo Saúde).
More recently, she was a candidate on the Portuguese presidential election, 2016, but received only 4.26% of the votes, losing to Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, and not being supported as the official candidate of her party. | 22,411 |
1804472 | Jerrahi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrahi | Jerrahi
Jerrahi
The Jerrahi () are a Sufi tariqah (order) derived from the Halveti order. Their founder is Hazreti Pîr Muhammad Nureddin al-Jerrahi (1678-1720), who lived in Istanbul and is buried at the site of his tekke in Karagumruk, Istanbul; Nureddin was a direct descendant of Muhammad both from his mother and father. The path he founded is dedicated to the teachings and traditions, through an unbroken chain of spiritual transmission (silsilah), that go directly back to Muhammad. During the late Ottoman period, this Order was widespread throughout the Balkans, particularly Macedonia and southern Greece (Morea). The Jerrahi Order of Dervishes is a cultural, educational, and social relief organization | 22,412 |
1804472 | Jerrahi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrahi | Jerrahi
with members from diverse professional, ethnic and national backgrounds.
The head dergah "convention" of the Halveti-Jerrahi Order is in Karagumruk, Istanbul. There are some substations in Turkey and it has branches in some European countries, Australia, South Africa, South America and North America, including Los Angeles, New York, Mexico, San Francisco, Toronto and Chicago. Branches of the Halveti-Jerrahi Order conduct gatherings where the dervishes perform Sufi remembrance ceremonies, practice sufi music, serve dinner, pray together and listen to the discourses of their Sufi guides. The main branch of the Jerrahi Order of America is in Chestnut Ridge, Rockland County, New York with a congregation | 22,413 |
1804472 | Jerrahi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrahi | Jerrahi
of mixed immigrant and local convert backgrounds.
# History.
This Sufi Order was brought to Western countries by Muzaffer Ozak, who was the 19th Grand Sheikh of the Order from 1966 until his death in 1985. Sefer Dal was Grand Sheikh of the Order from 1985 until his own death in 1999. Omer Tugrul Inancer has been Grand Sheikh of the Order since 1999. According to Gift of the Givers founder Imtiaz Sooliman, it was Sefer Dal, 20th Grand Sheikh of the Order, who advised him to establish the organization during a visit to Dal's Istanbul mosque.
During the Bosnian War, the Order's American branch worked with the Fellowship of Reconciliation to bring 160 Bosnian refugees to the US. Inancer, the | 22,414 |
1804472 | Jerrahi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrahi | Jerrahi
current Grand Sheikh of the Order, was a speaker at the World Sufi Forum organized by the All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board in 2016.
# See also.
- Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order
- Muzaffer Ozak
- Malamatiyya
- Mevlevi Order
- Bektashiyyah
- Bayramiyya
# External links.
- Halveti Jerrahi order of America
- Halveti Jerrahi order in Mexico
- Halveti Jerrahi order in Canada
- Halveti Jerrahi order in Argentina, tekke of Orhan Baba. Murillo 686, Buenos Aires Tel: (5411) 48575336
- Halveti Jerrahi order in Argentina
- Halveti Jerrahi in Chicago
- Halveti Jerrahi in Los Angeles
- Halveti Jerrahi order in Italy
- Halveti Jerrahi Order in Brazil
- Nur Ashki Jerrahi Order in New York
- | 22,415 |
1804472 | Jerrahi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrahi | Jerrahi
in Brazil
- Nur Ashki Jerrahi Order in New York
- Zawiya of the Tariqa Halveti-Cerrahi in Granada, Spain
- First khalyfa Jerrahi in Italy (died 2010)
- Interview with Sheikh Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi
- Interview with Sheikh Ragip al-Jerrahi
- Interviews with Rabbi David Edelman and Sheikh Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi
- The Unveiling of Love Sufism and the Remembrance of God By Sheikh Muzaffer Ozak
- IRSHAD Wisdom of a Sufi Master By Sheikh Muzaffer Ozak Al-Jerrahi
- Garden of Paradise - Sufi Ceremony of Remembrance - Music CD Sheikh Muzzafer Ozak and the Halveti-Jerrahi Order of Dervishes
- Lifting the Boundaries: Muzaffer Efendi and the Transmission of Sufism to the West by Gregory Blann | 22,416 |
1804542 | Det Blå Marked | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Det%20Blå%20Marked | Det Blå Marked
Det Blå Marked
Det Blå Marked () is a chain of Danish antique markets owned by Lars Kristensen.
The first property was opened in Børkop, with others opening later in Låsby, Haslev and Randers. Only the "Haslev" and "Låsby" markets still operate, although all were commercially successful.
The current flagship property is located in the town of Låsby in Jutland, and is a major tourist attraction, bringing in over half a million visitors every year.
# External links.
- Official website
- Website for the market in Haslev | 22,417 |
1804536 | Roger Goldsworthy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Goldsworthy | Roger Goldsworthy
Roger Goldsworthy
Sir Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy (1839 – 6 May 1900) was a British colonial administrator.
Roger Goldsworthy was born in Marylebone, Middlesex in 1839, and educated at Sandhurst, the younger brother of Major-General Walter Tuckfield Goldsworthy MP (1837–1911). He joined his father and brother in Calcutta in 1855 and later joined the volunteer cavalry known as Havelock's Irregulars. During the Indian rebellion of 1857 he won medals and was mentioned in dispatches. In 1859 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 17th Lancers. He resigned in 1866.
From 1868 to 1870, Goldsworthy was Inspector General of Police in Sierra Leone; during this time he married a widow named Eliza | 22,418 |
1804536 | Roger Goldsworthy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Goldsworthy | Roger Goldsworthy
Egan. He was then commandant of the Hausa Armed Police and District Magistrate of Lagos until 1873. He then became Inspector of Customs for the Gold Coast until 1874. In 1874 he was made CMG for his role in the war with the Akumahs. His next appointment was as President of Nevis from 1876 to 1877.
In 1877, Goldsworthy was appointed Colonial Secretary of Western Australia, a position which also implied an appointment to the Western Australian Legislative Council. He took up both appointments on 30 August 1877, holding them until his resignation on 7 September 1880. Following this, he was Administrator and Colonial Secretary of Saint Lucia from 1881 to 1884; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of | 22,419 |
1804536 | Roger Goldsworthy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Goldsworthy | Roger Goldsworthy
the war with the Akumahs. His next appointment was as President of Nevis from 1876 to 1877.
In 1877, Goldsworthy was appointed Colonial Secretary of Western Australia, a position which also implied an appointment to the Western Australian Legislative Council. He took up both appointments on 30 August 1877, holding them until his resignation on 7 September 1880. Following this, he was Administrator and Colonial Secretary of Saint Lucia from 1881 to 1884; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the British Honduras from 1884 to 1891; and Governor of the Falkland Islands from 1891 to 1897.
Goldsworthy was made KCMG in 1889. He died on 6 May 1900.
# References.
- Goldsworthy family, "pers. comm." | 22,420 |
1804548 | Baghdad Airport Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad%20Airport%20Road | Baghdad Airport Road
Baghdad Airport Road
The Baghdad Airport Road is a 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) stretch of highway in Baghdad, Iraq linking the Green Zone, a heavily fortified area at the centre of Baghdad, to Baghdad International Airport (BIAP). It also links different parts of Baghdad to the Airport and connects neighbouring areas to each other. It became prominent after the 2003 invasion of Iraq following its capture by the Coalition Forces. Although it was commonly referred to by the military Main Supply Route (MSR) designation "Route Irish", the route from the International Zone to the airport stretches over two MSRs: Route Aeros, the section leading into and out of the International Zone, and Route Irish, which | 22,421 |
1804548 | Baghdad Airport Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad%20Airport%20Road | Baghdad Airport Road
stretches east from the airport, then turns south (past the junction with Route Aeros) to a junction with Highway 1 (MSR Tampa).
Because of heavy military traffic and high-profile convoys, the route from the International Zone to the airport was extremely dangerous in the years following the invasion. The many roadside bombs, suicide bombers attacking its checkpoints, drive-by shootings and random shooting from the areas on both sides of the road have led to its notoriety. In late 2004 after aggressive patrolling by 1/7th Cavalry, the 1st Cav 4/5 ADA (Dakota and Foxtrot Batteries), and the 1/69th Infantry during Operation Wolfhound the road became safer and more reliable.
In 2008, Baghdad | 22,422 |
1804548 | Baghdad Airport Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghdad%20Airport%20Road | Baghdad Airport Road
oys, the route from the International Zone to the airport was extremely dangerous in the years following the invasion. The many roadside bombs, suicide bombers attacking its checkpoints, drive-by shootings and random shooting from the areas on both sides of the road have led to its notoriety. In late 2004 after aggressive patrolling by 1/7th Cavalry, the 1st Cav 4/5 ADA (Dakota and Foxtrot Batteries), and the 1/69th Infantry during Operation Wolfhound the road became safer and more reliable.
In 2008, Baghdad airport road underwent construction to repair and repave the road. A beautification and redevelopment plan for the road was announced in 2010 in anticipation of the Arab Summit in 2011. | 22,423 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Pikachu
The Pikachu design was conceived by Atsuko Nishida and finalized by Ken Sugimori. Pikachu first appeared in "Pokémon Red" and "Green" in Japan, and later in the first internationally released "Pokémon" video games, "Pokémon Red" and "Blue", for the original Game Boy.
Pikachu are one of the most well-known varieties of Pokémon, largely because Pikachu is a central character in the "Pokémon" anime series. Pikachu is regarded as a major character of the "Pokémon" franchise as well as its mascot, and has become an icon of Japanese pop culture in recent years. It is also seen as one of the major mascots for Nintendo.
# Concept and design.
Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, | 22,424 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
the "Pokémon" series began in Japan in 1996, and features several species of creatures called "Pokémon" that players, called "trainers", are encouraged to capture, train, and use to battle other players' Pokémon or interact with the game's world. Pikachu was one of several different Pokémon designs conceived by Game Freak's character development team. Artist Atsuko Nishida is credited as the main person behind Pikachu's design, which was later finalized by artist Ken Sugimori. According to series producer Satoshi Tajiri, the idea of the name came from a mouselike animal called pika and then derived from a combination of two Japanese sounds: "pika", a sound an electric spark makes, and "chu", | 22,425 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
a sound a mouse makes. Despite its name's origins, however, Nishida based Pikachu's generation 1 design, especially its cheeks, on squirrels. Developer Junichi Masuda noted Pikachu's name as one of the most difficult to create, due to an effort to make it appealing to both Japanese and American audiences.
Standing tall, Pikachu were the first "Electric-type" Pokémon created, their design intended to revolve around the concept of electricity. They appear as Pika-like creatures that have short, yellow fur with brown markings covering their backs and parts of their lightning bolt-shaped tails. They have black-tipped, pointed ears and red circular pouches on their cheeks, which can spark with electricity. | 22,426 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
In "Pokémon Diamond" and "Pearl", gender differences were introduced; a female Pikachu now has an indent at the end of its tail, giving it a heart-shaped appearance. They attack primarily by projecting electricity from their bodies at their targets. Within the context of the franchise, a Pikachu can transform, or "evolve," into a Raichu when exposed to a "Thunderstone". In later titles an evolutionary predecessor was introduced named "Pichu", which evolves into a Pikachu after establishing a close friendship with its trainer.
Initially both Pikachu and the Pokémon Clefairy were chosen to be lead characters for the franchise merchandising, with the latter as the primary mascot to make the early | 22,427 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
comic book series more "engaging". However, with the production of the animated series, Pikachu was chosen as the primary mascot, in an attempt to appeal to female viewers and their mothers, and under the belief that the creature presented the image of a recognizable intimate pet for children. Its color was also a deciding factor, as yellow is a primary color and easier for children to recognize from a distance, and with consideration to the fact the only other competing yellow mascot at the time was Winnie-the-Pooh. Though Tajiri acknowledged that the character was relatively popular with both boys and girls, the idea of Pikachu as the mascot was not his own, with the company responsible for | 22,428 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
the production of the animated series OLM, Inc. giving the suggestion to utilize Pikachu’s potential to Game Freak, and stated he felt the human aspect of the series was overlooked by Japanese children who embraced Pikachu by itself more readily. Pikachu was originally going to have a second evolution called Gorochu, which was intended to be the evolved form of Raichu.
# Appearances.
## In video games.
In the video games, Pikachu is a Pokémon which has appeared in all of the games, except "Black" and "White," without having to trade. The game "Pokémon Yellow" features a Pikachu as the only available Starter Pokémon. Based on the Pikachu from the "Pokémon" anime, it refuses to stay in its | 22,429 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Poké Ball, and instead follows the main character around on screen. The trainer can speak to it and it displays different reactions depending on how it is treated. "Pokémon Yellow" followed the anime series closely, with Pikachu as a central character. "Pokémon Let's Go", which is based heavily on "Yellow", has Pikachu as a starter in one of its two versions, with the latter version using Eevee instead.
In Pokémon "Emerald", Pikachu and its evolutionary family gained Volt Tackle as a signature move, learned by the Pichu hatched from an Egg made by a Pikachu or Raichu holding a Light Ball. It can also be learned by Pikachu directly through events and tutors. An event from April 1 to May 5, 2010 | 22,430 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
allowed players of "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver" to access a route on the Pokéwalker which solely contained Pikachu which knew attacks that they were not normally compatible with, Surf and Fly. Both of these attacks can be used outside battles as travel aids. Seven "Cap" forms of Pikachu, wearing caps belonging to anime protagonist Ash Ketchum across different seasons, were released across Pokémon "Sun" and "Moon" as well as their "Ultra" versions. These games also released two Z-Crystals exclusive to Pikachu: Pikanium Z, which upgrades Volt Tackle into Catastropika, and Pikashunium Z, which upgrades Thunderbolt into 10,000,000 Volt Thunderbolt when held by a Cap form of Pikachu.
Aside | 22,431 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
from the main series, Pikachu stars in "Hey You, Pikachu!" for the Nintendo 64. The player interacts with Pikachu through a microphone, issuing commands to play various mini-games and act out situations. The game "Pokémon Channel" follows a similar premise of interacting with the Pikachu, though without the microphone. Pikachu appear in almost all levels of "Pokémon Snap", a game where the player takes pictures of Pokémon for a score. A Pikachu is one of the sixteen starters and ten partners in the "Pokémon Mystery Dungeon" games. "" features a Pikachu as the main protagonist. Pikachu has also appeared in all five "Super Smash Bros." games as a playable character. Pikachu is an amiibo character. | 22,432 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Pikachu appears as a playable fighter in "Pokkén Tournament", along with "Pikachu Libre", based on "Cosplay Pikachu" from "Omega Ruby" and "Alpha Sapphire". "Detective Pikachu" features a talking Pikachu who becomes a detective and helps to solve mysteries.
## In anime.
The "Pokémon" anime series and films feature the adventures of Ash Ketchum and his Pikachu, traveling through the various regions of the Pokémon universe. They are accompanied by a group of alternating friends, including Misty, Brock, Tracey, May, Max, Dawn, Iris, Cilan, Bonnie, Serena, and Clemont.
In the first episode, Ash Ketchum, a young boy from Pallet Town, turns 10 years old and is ready to acquire his first Pokémon. | 22,433 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Hopeful to become a Pokémon Master, the night before he receives his starter Pokémon (either Squirtle, Charmander or Bulbasaur) he has a dream where he is catching a Pokémon and actually, while sleeping, physically breaks his alarm clock. Ash quickly runs to Professor Oak's lab, where he finds out all the starter Pokémon have been given away. Professor Oak tells Ash there is one more Pokémon, a male Pikachu. At first, Pikachu largely ignores Ash's requests, shocking him frequently and refusing to be confined to the conventional method of Pokémon transportation, a Poké Ball. However, Ash puts himself in danger to defend Pikachu from a flock of wild Spearow, then rushes the electric mouse to a | 22,434 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Pokémon Center. Through these demonstrations of respect and unconditional commitment to Pokémon, Pikachu warms up to Ash, and their friendship is formed. However, he still refuses to go into his Poké Ball. Soon after, Pikachu shows great power that sets him apart from Pokémon, and other Pikachu, which causes Team Rocket to constantly attempt to capture him in order to win favor from their boss, Giovanni. Only once had Ash almost released Pikachu, and that was in the episode "Pikachu's Goodbye", because Ash thought Pikachu would be happier living in a colony of wild Pikachu, but Pikachu chose him instead.
Other wild and trained Pikachu appear throughout the series, often interacting with Ash | 22,435 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
and his Pikachu. The most notable among these is Ritchie's Pikachu, Sparky. Like most other Pokémon, Pikachu communicates only by saying syllables of his own name. He is voiced by Ikue Ōtani in all versions of the anime. In "Pokémon Live!", the musical stage show adapted from the anime, Pikachu was played by Jennifer Risser.
## In film.
A specific Pikachu character, Detective Pikachu, is voiced by Ryan Reynolds in the 2019 film "Pokémon Detective Pikachu".
## In other "Pokémon" media.
Pikachu is one of the main Pokémon used in many of the Pokémon manga series. In "Pokémon Adventures", main characters Red and Yellow both train Pikachu, which create an egg that Gold hatches into a Pichu. Other | 22,436 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
series, including "Magical Pokémon Journey" and "Getto Da Ze" also feature Pikachu while other manga series, such as "Electric Tale of Pikachu", and "Ash & Pikachu", feature the most well known Pikachu belonging to Ketchum in the anime series.
Collectible cards featuring Pikachu have appeared since the initial "Pokémon Trading Card Game" released in October 1996, including limited edition promotional cards. One of these collectible cards was "Pikachu Illustrator", limited to about 20-40 printed in 1998, and was auctioned off for about $55,000 in 2016.The character has also been used in promotional merchandising at fast-food chains such as McDonald's, Wendy's and Burger King.
# Promotion and | 22,437 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
legacy.
As the mascot of the franchise, Pikachu has made multiple appearances in various promotional events and merchandise. In 1998, then Topeka, Kansas Mayor Joan Wagnon renamed the town "Topikachu" for a day, and a "got milk?" advertisement featured Pikachu on April 25, 2000. A Pikachu balloon has been featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade since 2001. The original balloon was flown for the last time publicly at the "Party of the Decade" on August 8, 2006 in Bryant Park in New York City, and a new Pikachu balloon that chases a Poké Ball and has light-up cheeks debuted at the 2006 parade. In the 2014 parade, a new Pikachu balloon was wearing a green scarf and holding a smaller Pikachu | 22,438 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
snowman.
During the first episode of the 11th season of "Top Gear", presenter Richard Hammond compared an image of the Tata Nano to one of Pikachu, stating, "they've saved money on the styling 'cause they've just based it on this." In the episode "Dual" of the third season of "Heroes", Hiro Nakamura is nicknamed "Pikachu" by Daphne Millbrook, much to his chagrin. He is called this again by Tracy Strauss, after which he excuses himself before punching her in the face. A Pikachu spoof called Ling-Ling was a main character in the Comedy Central show "Drawn Together". An image of Pikachu has also been featured on the ANA Boeing 747-400 (JA8962).
Pikachu has appeared several of times on "The Simpsons". | 22,439 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
In the 2002 episode "Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade", Bart Simpson has a hallucination while taking a test in class and envisages his classmates as various television characters, one of which is Pikachu. Maggie Simpson appeared as a Pikachu in a couch gag during the opening sequence of the 2003 episode "'Tis the Fifteenth Season". The couch gag was used a second time for the 2004 episode "Fraudcast News". In the 2010 episode "Postcards from the Wedge", Bart is distracted from his homework by an episode of "Pokémon". After watching Ash Ketchum talk to his Pikachu, he muses how the show has managed to stay fresh over the years.
Pikachu was ranked as the "second best person of the year" by | 22,440 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
"Time" in 1999, who called it "the most beloved animated character since Hello Kitty". The magazine noted Pikachu as the "public face of a phenomenon that has spread from Nintendo's fastest selling video game to a trading-card empire", citing the franchise's profits for the year as "the reason for the ranking", behind singer Ricky Martin but ahead of author J.K. Rowling.
The character was ranked eighth in a 2000 Animax poll of favorite anime characters. In 2002, Ash's Pikachu received 15th place in "TV Guide's" 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time. GameSpot featured it in their article "All Time Greatest Game Hero". In 2003, "Forbes" ranked Pikachu as the "eighth top-earning fictional | 22,441 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
character of the year" with an income of $825 million. In 2004, the character dropped two spots to tenth on the list, taking in $825 million for a second straight year. In a 2008 Oricon poll, Pikachu was voted as the fourth most popular video game character in Japan, tying with Solid Snake. The character has been regarded as the Japanese answer to Mickey Mouse and as being part of a movement of "cute capitalism". Pikachu was listed 8th in IGN's "Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time". Nintendo Power listed Pikachu as their ninth favourite hero, stating that while it was one of the first Pokémon, it is still popular to this day. Authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll called Pikachu the best Electric-type | 22,442 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
Pokémon and the best Pokémon overall. They added that if a person were to go around and ask "Pokémon" players who their favourite Pokémon was, they would "almost always" choose Pikachu. They also called Pikachu "brave and loyal". On a less positive note, Pikachu was ranked first in AskMen's top 10 of the most irritating 1990s cartoon characters. Similarly, in a poll conducted by IGN, it was voted as the 48th best Pokémon, with the staff commenting "despite being the most recognized Pokémon in the world... Pikachu ranks surprisingly low on our top 100".
A newly discovered ligand believed to provide better visual acuity, discovered by , is named "Pikachurin", borrowed from the nimbleness of Pikachu. | 22,443 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
The name was inspired due to Pikachu's "lightning-fast moves and shocking electric effects".
Pikachu and ten other Pokémon were chosen as Japan's mascots in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In August 2017, The Pokémon Company had partnered with Snap Inc. to bring Pikachu to the social media app, Snapchat. Manga author Hiro Mashima referred to Pikachu as "the greatest mascot character of all time!" when talking about adding these types of characters to series.
# See also.
- "Pikachu" (sculpture), New Orleans
# References.
- Loe, Casey, ed. "Pokémon Special Pikachu Edition Official Perfect Guide". Sunnydale, California: Empire 21 Publishing, 1999.
- Barbo, Maria. "The Official Pokémon Handbook". | 22,444 |
269816 | Pikachu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pikachu | Pikachu
chu" (sculpture), New Orleans
# References.
- Loe, Casey, ed. "Pokémon Special Pikachu Edition Official Perfect Guide". Sunnydale, California: Empire 21 Publishing, 1999.
- Barbo, Maria. "The Official Pokémon Handbook". Scholastic Publishing, 1999. .
- Mylonas, Eric. "Pokémon Pokédex Collector's Edition: Prima's Official Pokémon Guide". Prima Games, September 21, 2004.
- Nintendo Power. "Official Nintendo Pokémon FireRed Version & Pokémon LeafGreen Version Player's Guide". Nintendo of America Inc., August 2004.
- Nintendo Power. "Official Nintendo Pokémon Emerald Player's Guide". Nintendo of America Inc., April 2005.
# External links.
- Pikachu on Bulbapedia
- Pikachu on Pokemon.com | 22,445 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
Third Protectorate Parliament
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
# Events.
After the death of Oliver Cromwell his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector of the Protectorate on 3 September 1658. As a civilian, Richard did not have the full confidence of the Army, particularly as the administration had a perennial budget deficit of half a million pounds and the Army was owed nearly nine hundred thousand pounds in back pay. His only option was to | 22,446 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
call a Parliament in the hope that it would cement his position by general recognition of the ruling class and by raising new taxes to pay the arrears owed to the Army.
The Third Protectorate Parliament was summoned on 9 December 1658 on the basis of the old franchise, and assembled on 27 January 1659. Richard was recognised as Lord Protector by the Parliament by 223 votes to 134, but over the next month the old divisions re-surfaced. The "Commonwealthsmen" and members of the Rump Parliament (such as Sir Henry Vane, Edmund Ludlow and Sir Arthur Haselrig) wanted to dismantle the Protectorate and return to the Commonwealth which had existed between the regicide of Charles I in January 1649 and | 22,447 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
the dismissal of the Rump Parliament by Oliver Cromwell in 1653.
The Protectorate faction was led by the Secretary of State John Thurloe, General John Lambert and Major-Generals Charles Fleetwood and Sir John Desborough. These members wished to keep the Protectorate but were divided over who should command the Army and be Lord Protector.
"The proposition of restoring the Parliament met with great opposition from many of those that had tasted the sweetness of power and profit under the late usurpation of the Cromewells, and who feared a more equal distribution of things; and therefore they everywhere affirmed that there was not a sufficient number of members left to make up a Parliament".
An | 22,448 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
informal committee of key generals and republican parliamentary members met at Henry Vane the Younger's home at Charing-Cross; representing the army were John Lambert, Col John Hones, Col. Kelsey, Col. Berry, and representing Parliament were Sir Henry Vane, Sir Arthur Haslerig, Major Saloway and Edmund Ludlow.
"The things demanded by those of the army were: 1. To be secured by an act of indemnity for what was past; 2. That some provision of power might be made for Mr. Richard Cromwell, as well as for the payment of his debts, and future subsistence in a plentiful manner, they having promised to take care of him in these particulars; 3. That what should stand in need of regulation both in the | 22,449 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
law and clergy, should be reformed and amended; 4. That the government of the nation should be by a representative of the people, and by a select senate (chosen in part by the military faction)". Difficulties arose from mistrust between Parliament and the army, making effective working between the two houses problematic.
The issues came to a head when Parliament attempted to impeach Major-General William Boteler for actions he had carried out during the Rule of the Major-Generals in 1656. In response to the attempted impeachment, on 6 April 1659 the Grandees in the Army presented Parliament with a declaration calling for soldiers to be granted immunity from prosecution for all actions carried | 22,450 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
out during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. But accepting that the Commonwealthsmen were in the ascendency in Parliament, Desborough and Fleetwood forced a reluctant Richard Cromwell to use his powers as Lord Protector to dissolve Parliament on 22 April 1659.
The Grandees intended to keep Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector under Army control, without calling another parliament. Their position was undermined, however, when it became clear that the Army's rank and file still harboured support for the "Good Old Cause" of the Commonwealth, and still wanted to have their arrears of pay settled. This groundswell of support forced the Grandees to allow Richard Cromwell to re-call the Rump Parliament | 22,451 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
less than a month after the dissolution of the Third Protectorate Parliament.
There were two Speakers during the Third Protectorate Parliament and two Deputy Speakers. Chaloner Chute served as Speaker from 27 January 1659 until 14 April 1659, with two deputy speakers: Sir Lislebone Long from 9 March 1659 until 14 March 1659, and Thomas Bampfield from 16 March 1659 until 14 April 1659. Thomas Bampfield was Speaker from 15 April 1659 until 22 April 1659.
The Third Protectorate Parliament was preceded by the Second Protectorate Parliament and followed by the return of the Rump Parliament.
# Composition.
The constituencies and distribution of seats, in England and Wales, for this Parliament | 22,452 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
reverted to being the same as in the Long Parliament. However the Scottish and Irish constituencies (see list in the First Protectorate Parliament article) remained unchanged.
## Constituencies.
Abbreviations: Boro' const. – Borough/Burgh constituencies, Shire const. – County/Shire constituencies, Univ. const. or const'ies – University constituencies, Total Const. – Total constituencies, Con. (or Const.) - Constituencies
Table 1: Constituencies and MPs, by type and country
Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country
"Notes: (1) Monmouthshire (1 borough and 2 county seats) included in England, not Wales. (2) Dublin City and County treated as a county constituency (2 seats)."
# | 22,453 |
1804490 | Third Protectorate Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third%20Protectorate%20Parliament | Third Protectorate Parliament
iversity constituencies, Total Const. – Total constituencies, Con. (or Const.) - Constituencies
Table 1: Constituencies and MPs, by type and country
Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country
"Notes: (1) Monmouthshire (1 borough and 2 county seats) included in England, not Wales. (2) Dublin City and County treated as a county constituency (2 seats)."
# See also.
- List of Parliaments of England
- List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1659
# References.
- The British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website: Third Protectorate Parliament 1659
- www.archontology.org: England: Parliament 1640–1660
- Journal of the House of Commons on the British History website | 22,454 |
1804534 | Rifa`i | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifa`i | Rifa`i
Rifa`i
Rifa`i (also "Rufa`i", "Rifa`iyya", "Rifa`iya", Arabic, الرفاعية) is an eminent Sufi order (tariqa) founded by Ahmed ar-Rifa'i and developed in the Lower Iraq marshlands between Wasit and Basra. The Rifa'iyya had its greatest following until the 15th century C.E. when it was overtaken by the Qadiri order. The order is said to wield particular influence in Cairo, Egypt.
The Rifa'i order is most commonly found in the Arab Middle East but also in Turkey, the Balkans and South Asia.
# History.
Records indicate Ahmad al-Rifa'i inherited his maternal uncle's, Mansur al-Bata'ihi, position of headship to his religious community in 1145-6 C.E. At this time many followed his activities in and | 22,455 |
1804534 | Rifa`i | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifa`i | Rifa`i
around the village of Umm 'Ubayda. In the Lower Iraq marshlands, the Rifa'i order developed and gained notice throughout the 12th century C.E. due to its extravagant practices. Rifa'i expanded into Egypt and Syria.
In 1268 C.E., Abu Muhammad 'Ali al-Hariri formed the Syrian branch of the order which became known as the Haririya. The Rifa'i gained further popularity in Egypt and Turkey. In the 15th century C.E., its popularity waned and the popularity of the Qadiriyya order rose. Subsequently, interest in the Rifa'i order centered within Arab lands.
The order has a presence in Syria and Egypt and plays a noticeable role in Kosovo and Albania. The Rifa'i Tariqa blends worship styles or ideas | 22,456 |
1804534 | Rifa`i | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifa`i | Rifa`i
with those of other orders that predominate in the local area. For example, the group established by Ken'an Rifa'i in Istanbul that reflects elements of the Mevlevi Order, while more rural Turkish Rifa'is have absorbed significant influence from the Alevi/Bektashi tradition.
The order spread into Anatolia during the 14th and 15th Centuries and ibn Battuta noted Rifa'i 'tekkes' in central Anatolia. The order however, began to make progress in Turkey during the 17th to 19th centuries when tekkes began to be found in Istanbul. The order spread into the Balkans (especially Bosnia, where they are still present), modern day Albania and Kosovo.
In the United States and Canada tekkes (lodges) are | 22,457 |
1804534 | Rifa`i | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifa`i | Rifa`i
found in Staten Island and Toronto that were under the guidance of the late Shaykh Xhemali Shehu (d.2004) of Prizren, Kosovo. Each of these orders is ultimately Turkish in origin.
The original Rifai order has spawned many branches and derivatives. For example, the Islamic Sufi Order of Qadiri Rifai Tariqa of the Americas has been a legally registered non-profit organization since 1996. This order has students and branches in Australia, Germany, UK, South Africa, and Mauritius. The head of the order, Taner Ansari travels worldwide attending conferences, giving discourses, and has written many books. The order has its center established in Nassau, New York.
# Practices.
During heightened states | 22,458 |
1804534 | Rifa`i | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifa`i | Rifa`i
erences, giving discourses, and has written many books. The order has its center established in Nassau, New York.
# Practices.
During heightened states of Rifa'i Ratib, Rifa'i followers were noted to have eaten live snakes, entered ovens filled with fire and ridden on lions. Followers were also noted to have practiced charming snakes and thrusting iron spikes and glass into their bodies.
It is uncertain whether or not Ahmed ar-Rifa'i instituted the practices that helped solidify the Rifa'i order's massive popularity. While some scholars attribute these practices to al-Rifa'i, other scholars contend he was unaware of these practices and that these were introduced after the Mongol invasion. | 22,459 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
The Order of the Crown () is a house order of the Dutch Royal House. The order came into being as a result of Queen Juliana's reorganization of the Order of the House of Orange (Huisorde van Oranje) in 1969. The 18 classes of the house order were no longer felt to be appropriate in the ever more egalitarian Dutch society of the 1960s. The Order was divided into five subdivisions. As a house order it is not subject to ministerial responsibility or influence, but is awarded at the discretion of the Dutch monarch alone.
The Order of the Crown is intended for "foreigners who have rendered special service to the Dutch King or his House".
The former queen, Beatrix, | 22,460 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
instituted a silver medal to commemorate state visits.
The Order of the Crown has the traditional five grades and three medals. This allows the Dutch monarch to dispense the decorations according to rank especially during state visits.
# List of current members Grand Cross.
- Charles, Prince of Wales (1972)
- Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (1982)
- Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
- Princess Benedikte of Denmark (1984)
- King Harald V of Norway (1986)
- Queen Sonja of Norway (1986)
- Princess Astrid of Norway, Mrs. Ferner (1986)
- Emperor Naruhito of Japan (1991)
- Princess Astrid of Norway (1996)
- Princess Martha Louise | 22,461 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
of Norway (1996)
- King Rama X, then Crown Prince of Thailand (2004)
- Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand (2004)
- Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este (2006)
- Princess Claire of Belgium (2006)
- Prince Laurent of Belgium (2006)
- Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este (2006)
- Eva Köhler (2007)
- Alma Adamkienė (2008)
- Hayrünnisa Gül (2012)
- Al-Muhtadee Billah, Crown Prince of Brunei (2013)
- Pengiran Anak Sarah, Crown Princess of Brunei (2013)
## By decree of King Willem-Alexander.
- Queen Letizia of Spain (2014)
- Empress Masako (2014)
- Prince Akishino, Crown Prince of Japan (2014)
- Princess Kiko, Crown Princess of Japan (2014)
- Prince Joachim | 22,462 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
of Denmark (2015)
- Princess Marie of Denmark (2015)
- Juliana Awada (2017)
- Iveta Vējone (2018)
- Georgi-Rene Maksimovski (2018)
- Lígia Fonseca (2018)
# Insignia.
- 1. Grand Cross ("Grootkruis") - badge may be worn on a sash on the right shoulder, plus a 4-pointed star on the left chest;
- 2. Grand Honorary Cross with Star ("Groot erekruis met Plaque") - wears the badge on a necklet, plus a 4-pointed star on the left chest;
- 3. Grand Honorary Cross ("Groot erekruis") - wears the badge on a necklet;
- 4. Honorary Cross with Rosette ("Erekruis met Rozette") - wears the badge on a ribbon with a rosette on the left chest;
- 5. Honorary Cross ("Erekruis") - wears the badge on a ribbon | 22,463 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
on the left chest;
- 6. Medals in Gold, Silver and Bronze ("Medaille in goud, zilver en brons") - wears the medal on a ribbon on the left chest.
# External links.
- http://orderofsplendor.blogspot.be/2013/05/the-dutch-inauguration-orders-and-gents.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120425123911/http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture%3A23475634%3Apreview%3Awatermark
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124044/http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture%3A23472085%3Apreview%3Awatermark
- http://www.monarchie.be/sites/default/files/imagecache/ImageDetail/images/fr_2Nederland06.jpg
- http://www.kongehuset.no/aim/kongehuset/63/5/storage/file.image.jpg/Scale?geometry=580x%3E
- http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:20865775:preview:watermark?m=lkjgmcak
- | 22,464 |
1804570 | Order of the Crown (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order%20of%20the%20Crown%20(Netherlands) | Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
b/20120425124044/http://3.t.cdn.belga.be/picture%3A23472085%3Apreview%3Awatermark
- http://www.monarchie.be/sites/default/files/imagecache/ImageDetail/images/fr_2Nederland06.jpg
- http://www.kongehuset.no/aim/kongehuset/63/5/storage/file.image.jpg/Scale?geometry=580x%3E
- http://0.t.cdn.belga.be/picture:20865775:preview:watermark?m=lkjgmcak
- http://www.medals.org.uk/netherlands/netherlands023.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://www.eo.nl/tv/blauwbloed/artikel-detail/een-verrassing-voor-koningin-letizia/
- http://orderofsplendor.blogspot.be/2013/05/the-dutch-inauguration-orders-and-gents.html
- List of Dutch Honours awarded to Heads of State and Royals#cite note-18 | 22,465 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
Fragile binary interface problem
The fragile binary interface problem or FBI is a shortcoming of certain object-oriented programming language compilers, in which internal changes to an underlying class library can cause descendant libraries or programs to cease working. It is an example of software brittleness.
This problem is more often called the fragile base class problem or FBC; however, that term has a wider sense.
# Cause.
The problem occurs due to a "shortcut" used with compilers for many common object-oriented (OO) languages, a design feature that was kept when OO languages were evolving from earlier non-OO structured programming languages such as C and Pascal.
In these languages | 22,466 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
there were no objects in the modern sense, but there was a similar construct known as a record (or "struct" in C) that held a variety of related information in one piece of memory. The parts within a particular record were accessed by keeping track of the starting location of the record, and knowing the offset from that starting point to the part in question. For instance a "person" record might have a first name, last name and middle initial, to access the initial the programmer writes codice_1 which the compiler turns into something like codice_2. Modern CPUs typically include instructions for this common sort of access.
When object-oriented language compilers were first being developed, | 22,467 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
much of the existing compiler technology was used, and objects were built on top of the record concept. In these languages the objects were referred to by their starting point, and their public data, known as "fields", were accessed through the known offset. In effect the only change was to add another field to the record, which is set to point to an immutable virtual method table for each class, such that the record describes both its data and methods (functions). When compiled, the offsets are used to access both the data and the code (via the virtual method table).
# Symptoms.
This leads to a problem in larger programs when they are constructed from libraries. If the author of the library | 22,468 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
changes the size or layout of the public fields within the object, the offsets are now invalid and the program will no longer work. This is the FBI problem.
Although changes in implementation may be expected to cause problems, the insidious thing about FBI is that nothing "really" changed, only the layout of the object that is hidden in a compiled library. One might expect that if one changes codice_3 to codice_4 that it might cause a problem, but in this case one can cause problems without changing codice_3, it can be caused as easily as moving lines of source code around for clarity. Worse, the programmer has little or no control over the resulting layout generated by the compiler, making | 22,469 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
this problem almost completely hidden from view.
In complex object-oriented programs or libraries the highest-level classes may be inheriting from tens of classes. Each of those base classes could be inherited by hundreds of other classes as well. These base classes are fragile because a small change to one of them could cause problems for any class that inherits from it, either directly or from another class that does. This can cause the library to collapse like a house of cards as many classes are damaged by one change to a base class. The problem may not be noticed when the modifications are being written if the inheritance tree is complex. Indeed, the developer modifying the base class | 22,470 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
is generally unaware of which classes, developed by others, are using it.
# Solutions.
## Languages.
One solution to the fragile binary interface problem is to write a language that knows the problem exists, and does not let it happen in the first place. Most custom-written OO languages, as opposed to those evolved from earlier languages, construct all of their offset tables at load time. Changes to the layout of the library will be "noticed" at that point. Other OO languages, like Self, construct everything at runtime by copying and modifying the objects found in the libraries, and therefore do not really have a base class that can be fragile. Some languages, like Java, have extensive documentation | 22,471 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
on what changes are safe to make without causing FBI problems.
Another solution is to write out an intermediate file listing the offsets and other information from the compile stage, known as meta-data. The linker then uses this information to correct itself when the library is loaded into an application. Platforms such as .NET do this.
However, the market has selected programming languages such as C++ that are indeed "position dependent" and therefore exhibit FBI. In these cases there are still a number of solutions to the problem. One puts the burden on the library author by having them insert a number of "placeholder" objects in case they need to add additional functionality in the future | 22,472 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
(this can be seen in the structs used in the DirectX library). This solution works well until you run out of these dummies -- and you do not want to add too many because it takes up memory.
Objective-C 2.0 provides non-fragile instance variables by having an extra level of indirection for instance variable access.
Another partial solution is to use the Bridge pattern, sometimes known as "Pimpl" ("Pointer to implementation"). The Qt framework is an example of such an implementation. Each class defines only one data member, which is a pointer to the structure holding the implementation data. The size of the pointer itself is unlikely to change (for a given platform), so changing the implementation | 22,473 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
data does not affect the size of the public structure. However, this does not avoid other breaking changes such as introducing virtual methods to a class that has none, or changing the inheritance graph.
## Linkers.
Another solution requires a smarter linker. In the original version of Objective-C, the library format allowed for multiple versions of one library and included some functionality for selecting the proper library when called. However this was not always needed because the offsets were only needed for fields, since methods offsets were collected at runtime and could not cause FBI. Since methods tend to change more often than fields, ObjC had few FBI problems in the first place, | 22,474 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
and those it did could be corrected with the versioning system. Objective-C 2.0 added a "modern runtime" which solved the FBI problem for fields as well. Additionally, the TOM language uses runtime collected offsets for everything, making FBI impossible.
Using static instead of dynamic libraries where possible is another solution, as the library then cannot be modified without also recompiling the application and updating the offsets it uses. However static libraries have serious problems of their own, such as a larger binary and the inability to use newer versions of the library "automatically" as they are introduced.
## Architecture.
In these languages the problem is lessened by enforcing | 22,475 |
1804540 | Fragile binary interface problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile%20binary%20interface%20problem | Fragile binary interface problem
automatically" as they are introduced.
## Architecture.
In these languages the problem is lessened by enforcing single inheritance (as this reduces the complexity of the inheritance tree), and by the use of interfaces instead of base classes with virtual functions, as interfaces themselves do not contain code, only a guarantee that each method signature the interface declares will be supported by every object that implements the interface.
## Distribution method.
The whole problem collapses if the source code of the libraries is available. Then a simple recompilation will do the trick.
# See also.
- Fragile base class
# External links.
- BeOS's paper on the problem and their solution | 22,476 |
1804561 | David Naylor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Naylor | David Naylor
David Naylor
Christopher David Naylor, (born October 26, 1954) is a Canadian physician, medical researcher and former president of the University of Toronto. He is ICES scientist emeritus and founding CEO. In 2016, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.
# Life and career.
Naylor was born in Woodstock, Ontario. A Rhodes Scholar, Naylor received an MD from the University of Toronto in 1978, proceeding to Hertford College, Oxford, where he earned a D.Phil in 1983 in the Department of Social and Administrative Studies. He completed work in internal medicine and clinical epidemiology at the University of Western Ontario and Toronto and joined the academic staff of the Faculty of | 22,477 |
1804561 | David Naylor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Naylor | David Naylor
Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1987 where his clinical base was at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.
Naylor developed the proposal for the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in 1991 and served as the Institute's President and Chief Executive Officer from its inception in 1992 until June 1998.
Naylor was appointed Dean of Medicine and Vice Provost, Relations with Health Care Institutions, of the University of Toronto in 1999. He was named Chair of the National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Canada.
The appointment of Naylor as president of the University of Toronto was announced on 26 April 2005. He replaced acting president | 22,478 |
1804561 | David Naylor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Naylor | David Naylor
Vivek Goel who in turn had replaced interim president Frank Iacobucci, who himself took over after the departure of Robert Birgeneau. Naylor officially took office on October 1, 2005.
On July 25, 2006, it was announced that Naylor had been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was appointed on April 6, 2006, and his investiture took place on February 9, 2007.
On June 24, 2014, Naylor was appointed by Rona Ambrose, Minister of Health, as Chair of the Advisory Panel on Healthcare Innovation. The Panel's report, "Unleashing Innovation: Excellence for Healthcare in Canada" was delivered in July 2015.
In June 2016, Dr. Naylor was appointed the chair of The Advisory panel for the report | 22,479 |
1804561 | David Naylor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Naylor | David Naylor
anada. He was appointed on April 6, 2006, and his investiture took place on February 9, 2007.
On June 24, 2014, Naylor was appointed by Rona Ambrose, Minister of Health, as Chair of the Advisory Panel on Healthcare Innovation. The Panel's report, "Unleashing Innovation: Excellence for Healthcare in Canada" was delivered in July 2015.
In June 2016, Dr. Naylor was appointed the chair of The Advisory panel for the report "INVESTING IN CANADA’S FUTURE: Strengthening the Foundations of Canadian Research" by the federal Minister of Science, Dr. Kirsty Duncan. The 280 page "Naylor Report" was delivered in April 2017, and finally acted upon in the Canadian government's budget of February 27, 2018. | 22,480 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
Pericyte
Pericytes (previously known as Rouget cells) are multi-functional mural cells of the microcirculation that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body. Pericytes are embedded in basement membrane, where they communicate with endothelial cells of the body's smallest blood vessels by means of both direct physical contact and paracrine signaling. Pericytes help to maintain homeostatic and hemostatic functions in the brain and also sustain the blood–brain barrier. These cells are also a key component of the "neurovascular unit", which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Pericytes regulate capillary blood flow, the clearance | 22,481 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
and phagocytosis of cellular debris, and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes stabilize and monitor the maturation of endothelial cells by means of direct communication between the cell membrane as well as through paracrine signaling. A deficiency of pericytes in the central nervous system can cause the blood–brain barrier to break down.
# Structure.
In the central nervous system, pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These two types of cells can be easily distinguished from one another based on the presence of the prominent round nucleus of the pericyte compared to the flat elongated nucleus of the endothelial cells. Pericytes | 22,482 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
also project finger-like extensions that wrap around the capillary wall, allowing the cells to regulate capillary blood flow.
Both pericytes and endothelial cells share a basement membrane where a variety of intercellular connections are made. Many types of integrin molecules facilitate communication between pericytes and endothelial cells separated by the basement membrane. Pericytes can also form direct connections with neighboring cells by forming peg and socket arrangements in which parts of the cells interlock, similar to the gears of a clock. At these interlocking sites, gap junctions can be formed, which allow the pericytes and neighboring cells to exchange ions and other small molecules. | 22,483 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
Important molecules in these intercellular connections include N-cadherin, fibronectin, connexin and various integrins.
In some regions of the basement membrane, adhesion plaques composed of fibronectin can be found. These plaques facilitate the connection of the basement membrane to the cytoskeletal structure composed of actin, and the plasma membrane of the pericytes and endothelial cells.
# Function.
## Skeletal muscle regeneration and fat formation.
Pericytes in the skeletal striated muscle are of two distinct populations, each with its own role. The first pericyte subtype (Type-1) can differentiate into fat cells while the other (Type-2) into muscle cells. Type-1 characterized by negative | 22,484 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
expression for nestin (PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes-) and type-2 characterized by positive expression for nestin (PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes+). While both types are able to proliferate in response to glycerol or BaCl2-induced injury, type-1 pericytes give rise to adipogenic cells only in response to glycerol injection and type-2 become myogenic in response to both types of injury. The extent to which type-1 pericytes participate in fat accumulation is not known.
## Angiogenesis and the survival of endothelial cells.
Pericytes are also associated with allowing endothelial cells to differentiate, multiply, form vascular branches (angiogenesis), survive apoptotic signals and travel throughout the body. Certain pericytes, | 22,485 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
known as microvascular pericytes, develop around the walls of capillaries and help to serve this function. Microvascular pericytes may not be contractile cells because they lack alpha-actin isoforms; structures that are common amongst other contractile cells. These cells communicate with endothelial cells via gap junctions and in turn cause endothelial cells to proliferate or be selectively inhibited. If this process did not occur, hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis could occur. These types of pericyte can also phagocytose exogenous proteins. This suggests that the cell type might have been derived from microglia.
A lineage relationship to other cell types has been proposed, including | 22,486 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
smooth muscle cells, neural cells, NG2 glia, muscle fibers, adipocytes, as well as fibroblasts and other mesenchymal stem cells. However, whether these cells differentiate into each other is an outstanding question in the field. Pericytes' regenerative capacity is affected by aging. Such versatility is conducive because they actively remodel blood vessels throughout the body and can thereby blend homogeneously with the local tissue environment.
Aside from creating and remodeling blood vessels in a viable fashion, pericytes have been found to protect endothelial cells from death via apoptosis or cytotoxic elements. It has been studied "in vivo" that pericytes release a hormone known as pericytic | 22,487 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
aminopeptidase N/pAPN that may help to promote angiogenesis. When this hormone was mixed with cerebral endothelial cells as well as astrocytes, the pericytes grouped into structures that resembled capillaries. Furthermore, if experimental group contained all of the following with the exception of pericytes, the endothelial cells would undergo apoptosis. That being said, it was concluded that pericytes must be present to assure the proper function of endothelial cells and astrocytes must be present to assure that both remain in contact. If not, then proper angiogenesis cannot occur. In addition, it has been found that pericytes contribute to the survival of endothelial cells because they secrete | 22,488 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
the protein Bcl-w during cellular crosstalk. Bcl-w is an instrumental protein in the pathway that enforces VEGF-A expression and discourages apoptosis. Although there is some speculation as to why VEGF is directly responsible for preventing apoptosis, it is believed to be responsible for modulating apoptotic signal transduction pathways and inhibiting activation of apoptosis-inducing enzymes. Two biochemical mechanisms utilized by VEGF to accomplish such would be phosphorylation of extracellular regulatory kinase 1 (ERK-1), which sustains cell survival over time, and inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2 kinase, which also promotes apoptosis.
## Blood–brain barrier.
Pericytes | 22,489 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
play a crucial role in the formation and functionality of the selectively permeable space between the circulatory system and central nervous system. This space is known as the blood–brain barrier. This barrier is composed of endothelial cells and assures the protection and functionality of the brain and central nervous system. Although it had been theorized that astrocytes were crucial to the postnatal formation of this barrier, it has been found that pericytes are now largely responsible for this role. Pericytes are responsible for tight junction formation and vesicle trafficking amongst endothelial cells. Furthermore, they allow the formation of the blood–brain barrier by inhibiting the effects | 22,490 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
of CNS immune cells (which can damage the formation of the barrier) and by reducing the expression of molecules that increase vascular permeability.
Aside from blood–brain barrier formation, pericytes also play an active role in its functionality by controlling the flow within blood vessels and between blood vessels and the brain. In animal models with lower pericyte coverage, trafficking of molecules across endothelial cells occurs at a higher frequency, allowing proteins into the brain that would normally be excluded. Loss or dysfunction of pericytes is also theorized to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) through breakdown | 22,491 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
of the blood-brain barrier.
## Blood flow.
Increasing evidence suggests that pericytes can regulate blood flow at the capillary level. For the retina, movies have been published showing that pericytes constrict capillaries when their membrane potential is altered to cause calcium influx, and in the brain it has been reported that neuronal activity increases local blood flow by inducing pericytes to dilate capillaries before upstream arteriole dilation occurs. This area is controversial, with a recent study claiming that pericytes do not express contractile proteins and are not capable of contraction in vivo, although the latter paper has been criticised for using a highly unconventional definition | 22,492 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
of pericyte which explicitly excludes contractile pericytes. It appears that different signaling pathways regulate the constriction of capillaries by pericytes and of arterioles by smooth muscle cells.
Pericytes are important in maintaining circulation. In a study involving adult pericyte-deficient mice, cerebral blood flow was diminished with concurrent vascular regression due to loss of both endothelia and pericytes. Significantly greater hypoxia was reported in the hippocampus of pericyte-deficient mice as well as inflammation, and learning and memory impairment.
# Clinical significance.
Because of their crucial role in maintaining and regulating endothelial cell structure and blood flow, | 22,493 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
abnormalities in pericyte function are seen in many pathologies. They may either be present in excess, leading to diseases such as hypertension and tumor formation, or in deficiency, leading to neurodegenerative diseases.
## Hemangioma.
The clinical phases of hemangioma have physiological differences, correlated with immunophenotypic profiles by Takahashi et al. During the early proliferative phase (0–12 months) the tumors express proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pericytesna), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type IV collagenase, the former two localized to both endothelium and pericytes, and the last to endothelium. The vascular markers CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), | 22,494 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
and smooth muscle actin (pericyte marker) are present during the proliferating and involuting phases, but are lost after the lesion is fully involuted.
## Hemangiopericytoma.
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular neoplasm, or abnormal growth, that may either be benign or malignant. In its malignant form, metastasis to the lungs, liver, brain, and extremities may occur. It most commonly manifests itself in the femur and proximal tibia as a bone sarcoma, and is usually found in older individuals, though cases have been found in children. Hemangiopericytoma is caused by the excessive layering of sheets of pericytes around improperly formed blood vessels. Diagnosis of this tumor is difficult because | 22,495 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
of the inability to distinguish pericytes from other types of cells using light microscopy. Treatment may involve surgical removal and radiation therapy, depending on the level of bone penetration and stage in the tumor's development.
## Diabetic retinopathy.
The retina of diabetic individuals often exhibits loss of pericytes, and this loss is a characteristic factor of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Studies have found that pericytes are essential in diabetic individuals to protect the endothelial cells of retinal capillaries. With the loss of pericytes, microaneurysms form in the capillaries. In response, the retina either increases its vascular permeability, leading to swelling | 22,496 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
of the eye through a macular edema, or forms new vessels that permeate into the vitreous membrane of the eye. The end result is reduction or loss of vision. While it is unclear why pericytes are lost in diabetic patients, one hypothesis is that toxic sorbitol and advanced glycation end-products (AGE) accumulate in the pericytes. Because of the build-up of glucose, the polyol pathway increases its flux, and intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulate. This leads to osmotic imbalance, which results in cellular damage. The presence of high glucose levels also leads to the buildup of AGE's, which also damage cells.
## Neurodegenerative diseases.
Studies have found that pericyte loss in the | 22,497 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
adult and aging brain leads to the disruption of proper cerebral perfusion and maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, which causes neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The apoptosis of pericytes in the aging brain may be the result of a failure in communication between growth factors and receptors on pericytes. Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) is released from endothelial cells in brain vasculature and binds to the receptor PDGFRB on pericytes, initiating their proliferation and investment in the vasculature.
Immunohistochemical studies of human tissue from Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis show pericyte loss and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Pericyte-deficient | 22,498 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
mouse models (which lack genes encoding steps in the PDGFB:PDGFRB signalling cascade) and have an Alzheimer's-causing mutation have exacerbated Alzheimer's-like pathology compared to mice with normal pericyte coverage and an Alzheimer's-causing mutation.
## Stroke.
In conditions of stroke, pericytes constrict brain capillaries and then die, which may lead to a long-lasting decrease of blood flow and loss of blood–brain barrier function, increasing the death of nerve cells.
# Research.
## Endothelial and pericyte interactions.
Endothelial cells and pericytes are interdependent, so failure of proper communication between the two cells can lead to numerous human pathologies.
There are several | 22,499 |
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