wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
pathways of communication between the endothelial cells and pericytes. The first is transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling, which is mediated by endothelial cells. This is important for pericyte differentiation. Angiopoietin 1 and Tie-2 signaling is essential for maturation and stabilization of endothelial cells. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway signaling from endothelial cells recruits pericytes, so that pericytes can migrate to growing vessels. If this pathway is blocked, it leads to pericyte deficiency. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling also aides in pericyte recruitment by communication through G protein-coupled receptors. S1P signals through GTPases that promote N-cadherin | 22,500 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
trafficking to endothelial membranes. This trafficking strengthens contacts with pericytes.
Communication between endothelial cells and pericytes is important. Inhibiting the PDGF pathway leads to pericyte deficiency. This causes endothelial hyperplasia, abnormal junctions, and diabetic retinotropy. A lack of pericytes also causes an upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leading to vascular leakage and hemorrhage. Also, angiopoietin 2 can act as an antagonist to Tie-2. This destabilizes the endothelial cells, which accounts for less endothelial cell and pericyte interaction. This can actually lead to the formation of tumors. Similar to the inhibition of the PDGF pathway, | 22,501 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
angiopoietin 2 reduces levels of pericytes, leading to diabetic retinopathy.
## Scarring.
Usually, astrocytes are associated with the scarring process in the central nervous system, forming glial scars. It has been proposed that a subtype of pericytes participates in this scarring in a glial-independent manner. Through lineage tracking studies, these subtype of pericytes were followed after stroke, revealing that they contribute to the glial scar by differentiating into myofibroblasts and depositing extracellular matrix. However, this remains controversial, as more recent studies suggest that the cell type followed in these scar studies is likely to be not pericytes, but fibroblasts.
## Contribution | 22,502 |
1804463 | Pericyte | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericyte | Pericyte
e recent studies suggest that the cell type followed in these scar studies is likely to be not pericytes, but fibroblasts.
## Contribution to adult neurogenesis.
The emerging evidence (as of 2019) suggests that neural microvascular pericytes, under instruction from resident glial cells, are reprogrammed into interneurons and enrich local neuronal microcircuits. This response is amplified by concomitant angiogenesis.
# See also.
- Hemangiopericytoma
- Mesoangioblast
- Diabetic retinopathy caused by death of pericytes
- List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
# External links.
- www.stemcellsfreak.com — Pericytes can be used for muscle regeneration
- Diagram at udel.edu | 22,503 |
1804596 | Weak topology (polar topology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20topology%20(polar%20topology) | Weak topology (polar topology)
Weak topology (polar topology)
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics the weak topology is the coarsest polar topology, the topology with the fewest open sets, on a dual pair. The finest polar topology is called strong topology.
Under the weak topology the bounded sets coincide with the relatively compact sets which leads to the important Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem.
# Definition.
Given a dual pair formula_1 the weak topology formula_2 is the weakest polar topology on formula_3 so that
That is the continuous dual of formula_5 is equal to formula_6 up to isomorphism.
The weak topology is constructed as follows:
For every formula_7 in formula_6 on formula_3 we define a seminorm | 22,504 |
1804596 | Weak topology (polar topology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20topology%20(polar%20topology) | Weak topology (polar topology)
coincide with the relatively compact sets which leads to the important Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem.
# Definition.
Given a dual pair formula_1 the weak topology formula_2 is the weakest polar topology on formula_3 so that
That is the continuous dual of formula_5 is equal to formula_6 up to isomorphism.
The weak topology is constructed as follows:
For every formula_7 in formula_6 on formula_3 we define a seminorm on formula_3
with
This family of seminorms defines a locally convex topology on formula_3.
# Examples.
- Given a normed vector space formula_3 and its continuous dual formula_15, formula_16 is called the weak topology on formula_3 and formula_18 the weak* topology on formula_15 | 22,505 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
ASCII tab
ASCII tab is a text file format used for writing guitar, bass guitar and drum tabulatures (a form of musical notation) that uses plain ASCII numbers, letters and symbols. It is the only widespread file format for representing tabulature, and is extensively used for disseminating tabulature via the Internet.
ASCII tab is intended to be a human-readable format rather than machine-readable, and hence is not strictly defined. Though some standards are used by all ASCII tab files, such as hyphens to represent string lines and digits to represent frets, other things such as barlines, rhythms, bends, chord symbols etc. may be present, absent or represented in a variety of ways. Additionally, | 22,506 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
ASCII tab files frequently contain lyrics and freeform text in unpredictable places.
There are various computer programs for creating guitar tabulature which can save ASCII tab files, but due to the unpredictability of the format, only a few (e.g. G7) can read arbitrary ASCII tab files created by humans.
ASCII tab files usually have the file extension .tab, .btab (for bass guitar) or .txt.
The tabulature for a C major chord on six-string guitar with standard tuning typically looks something like this:
The string tunings at the left-hand side are often omitted. When notating entire songs, usually a note near the beginning of the tabulature tells the reader what tuning the instrument should | 22,507 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
be in. The number on each line refers to the fret as in guitar tab. Sometimes an 'x' means that the string should be played, but muted with either the left-hand fingers or the right-hand palm. The chord symbol C is written above - again this may or may not be included.
Other techniques, such as hammer-ons, string pulls (or pull-offs), slides, and bends may also be shown. Hammer-ons are usually shown with an "h" in between the fret to strike and the fret to hammer on. String pulls are shown with a "p". "Tribute" by Tenacious D is one example of a song that uses both of these:
A trill is a combination of hammer-ons and pull-offs being performed in succession.
Slides are shown in the same format, | 22,508 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
but with a slash (/) or the letter S in between the fret to slide from and the fret to slide to. "ATWA" by System of a Down is a song that uses these (in Drop D tuning):
Bending is often shown by a letter b, but may also be indicated by an ^. A bend can show how far the string is to be bent, when the string is to be released (denoted by an r), or that it is a bend to an unspecific note. Examples:
In the first example, a note played at the fifth fret on the G string (the note C) is bent up one full step so that it sounds like a note played at the seventh fret on the G string (the note D); secondly, the same note is played, but the bend is released so that the string again sounds a C note; thirdly, | 22,509 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
the string is bent to an undetermined note; fourthly, the string is bent to an undetermined note, and released back to the C note.
ASCII tab can also indicate rhythms above the staff; however this is rarely done. Barlines can be indicated using '|' characters (pipes). Lyrics may be added above or below the staff, either aligned with the music or as a continuous text block. Freeform text (describing the song, composer, transcriber, notational conventions used, etc.) is also often included at the start or end of the file, or used for relevant comments about a certain part of the song.
ASCII tab can also use various lines, arrows, and other symbols to denote bends, hammer-ons, trills, pull-offs, | 22,510 |
1804619 | ASCII tab | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII%20tab | ASCII tab
released back to the C note.
ASCII tab can also indicate rhythms above the staff; however this is rarely done. Barlines can be indicated using '|' characters (pipes). Lyrics may be added above or below the staff, either aligned with the music or as a continuous text block. Freeform text (describing the song, composer, transcriber, notational conventions used, etc.) is also often included at the start or end of the file, or used for relevant comments about a certain part of the song.
ASCII tab can also use various lines, arrows, and other symbols to denote bends, hammer-ons, trills, pull-offs, slides, and so on. These are the symbols that represent various techniques, though these may vary: | 22,511 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
Team time trial
A team time trial (TTT) is a road-based bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock (see individual time trial for a more detailed description of ITT events).
The winning team in a TTT is determined by the comparing the times of (usually) the fourth-finishing rider in each team (though the relevant finish position can be otherwise specified in advance by the race organisers). This means that each team will try to get their first four (at least) riders across the finish line in a tight group: it is actually a disadvantage for any rider to finish far in advance of the fourth rider, as by staying back a faster rider can help the fourth rider to get a quicker | 22,512 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
time.
Where a TTT is part of a stage race, it is necessary for each rider to be given a finish time that can be cumulated into the general classification timings. Hence, all riders in the team who finish in the leading bunch are given the time of the fourth rider, and any rider who has been dropped is timed individually in the usual way.
Teams start at equal intervals, usually two, three or four minutes apart. Starting sequences will usually be based on individuals' times in previous events, but in TTTs conducted as part of a multi-stage road race (such as the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia) the highest ranked teams will normally start later. Later starters have the advantage of knowing | 22,513 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
what times they need to beat (and this also makes the event more interesting to spectators).
Unlike individual time trials where competitors are not permitted to 'draft' (ride in the slipstream) behind each other, in team time trials, riders in each team employ this as their main tactic, each member taking a turn at the front while teammates 'sit in' behind. After their turn, the lead rider will swing over, allowing the next rider to take the lead, while the leader goes to the back of the team.
Should one team overtake another, the overtaken team would be expected to drop back.
# Tactics and formation.
The main principle behind a TTT is that a few riders can ride at the front of the formation | 22,514 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
slightly above their aerobic threshold while others draft behind these riders. The riders then rotate, allowing some riders to recover while drafting behind fresher teammates. A rider who is riding at the front is said to be taking a pull.
Accelerations require harder efforts, and therefore it is desirable to have a smooth, steady pace. Different riders have different power outputs, lactate thresholds and aerodynamics. In order to equalize the efforts in order to not burn some riders off too early, the weaker riders take shorter pulls and stronger riders take longer pulls, all at the same speed to minimize the change in pace. A rider finishing a pull usually rotates to the "very back of the | 22,515 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
formation", and the rider who was formerly behind this rider takes over. A rider who needs more time to recover may take a longer time at the back of the formation while the other teammates rotate in front of this rider. With "increased desired speed", the riders take harder but shorter pulls at the front so as not to burn themselves up.
The choice of formation is crucial to the performance of the team because it dictates how fast the riders can rotate. The two most popular formations are the single paceline and double paceline. In a single paceline, riders take longer pulls. Often, a double paceline is desirable since each rider takes shorter pulls, and therefore a higher pace is able to be | 22,516 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
maintained. This is why double pacelines are more often seen at the end of a TTT event when the teams are nearing the finish line.
The recorded finishing time in a team time trial is often based on the N-th rider of that team. For example, in stage races such as the Tour de France or Giro d'Italia the finishing time is based on the 5th rider of the team, out of a total of 9 riders per team. Therefore, a team may choose to have a few of its riders take a death pull towards the end of the TTT event, in which the riders take as hard a pull at the front as possible in order to resist the pace at the cost of exhausting themselves with no hope of being able to latch onto the back of the formation | 22,517 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
for drafting. They then drop back and leave the remainder of the team to finish the time trial.
# Professional team time trialling.
At the professional level, cycling teams are frequently accompanied by motorcycle outriders, team cars and official scrutineers. In a large stage race, the TTT will involve all remaining members of the team, with the time taken when, say, the fifth rider has crossed the line. This encourages a team to keep the minimum number together; the more riders a team has, the more the task of setting the pace can be shared; some teams may sacrifice weaker riders to maintain a higher pace, or strong riders may put in greater efforts over the early part of a course to give | 22,518 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
their team a good start before dropping off the pace and finishing alone.
# Team time trials in stage racing.
In a stage race, teams usually consist of several members. Each member of the team is credited with the time of the N-th team member to cross the finish line; this is usually after the median member of a nine-person team (e.g. the fourth out of eight members of a team in the Tour de France as of 2018). However, if a rider is dropped from the team's main group on the course, finishing separately in (N+1)-th position or later, then the dropped rider will get his actual time, not that of the fifth rider. This means there are often difficult decisions to make regarding hanging back for | 22,519 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
a team leader, and chaos can often ensue if ground rules have not been made by the team's manager.
The '(N+1)-th rider' convention also prevents a team leader who is far stronger than his teammates from riding by himself and setting a pace that would give his weaker teammates an unfair boost in the general classification. Traditionally, each team received the exact time it recorded in that stage.
For two years, starting with the 2004 Tour de France, the only team that received its actual time in the Tour de France was the winning team; the trailing teams at worst received set time penalties based on their placings in that stage - for example, riders in a team that finished six minutes behind | 22,520 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
the winner might lose only three minutes in the general classification. According to this rule any team that finished within 30 seconds of the winning team would earn its actual time. This happened in 2005, as Team CSC finished two seconds behind Lance Armstrong's Discovery Channel team in that year's team time trial. With the team time trial returning for the 2009 Tour de France, this rule change was not retained. The team time trial in 2009 is almost 30 kilometres shorter than the one in the 2005 edition.
If a stage race starts with team time trial, the leader's jersey is given to a rider who finishes first of the winning team.
## Fastest Grand Tours team time trials.
The fastest team time | 22,521 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
trial in the Tour de France was by Orica-GreenEDGE in 2013 during the 25 km team time trial around Nice. Orica-GreenEDGE had an average speed of 57.84 km/h (35.94 mph) and won the stage, with Simon Gerrans taking the yellow jersey. However, the team time trial was not held in the Tour from 2006 through to 2008. The 2009 Tour de France included a 39 km team time trial.
- list
- 2. Orica-GreenEDGE 57.841 km/h Nice - Nice (25 km) 2013
- 3. Discovery Channel Team 57.324 km/h Tours - Blois (67.5 km) 2005
- 4. Team CSC 57.298 km/h Tours - Blois (67.5 km) 2005
- 5. Team Jumbo - Visma 57.202 km/h Bruxelles Palais Royal - Brussel Atomium (27.6 km) 2019
- 6. Gewiss - Ballan 54.930 km/h Mayenne - | 22,522 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
Alençon (67 km) 1995
- 7. Carrera 54.610 km/h Berlin (40.5 km) 1987
# UK team time trial competition.
From 1970 to 1999, UK amateur cycling club teams, each comprising four riders, competed in an annual national championship run over courses of 100 kilometres (the championship record time of 2:00:07 was achieved in 1993 by a team from North Wirral Velo which included Chris Boardman). The championship was reconstituted in 2004, with teams of three riders competing over 50 km courses (the 2005 event was won by the Recycling.co.uk team in a time of 1:01:20).
Team time trials are also popular during the early parts of the traditional March to September season, though riders are more likely to | 22,523 |
1804632 | Team time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team%20time%20trial | Team time trial
e of 2:00:07 was achieved in 1993 by a team from North Wirral Velo which included Chris Boardman). The championship was reconstituted in 2004, with teams of three riders competing over 50 km courses (the 2005 event was won by the Recycling.co.uk team in a time of 1:01:20).
Team time trials are also popular during the early parts of the traditional March to September season, though riders are more likely to compete in teams of two or three; distances will tend to be 10 or 25 miles.
# See also.
- Eindhoven Team Time Trial
- UCI Road World Championships – Men's team time trial
- UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
- Individual time trial
- Time trialist
- Team pursuit | 22,524 |
1804640 | Marne River (South Australia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marne%20River%20(South%20Australia) | Marne River (South Australia)
Marne River (South Australia)
The Marne River, part of the River Murray catchment, is a river that is located in the Barossa Ranges region in the Australian state of South Australia.
# Course and features.
The Marne River rises below on the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the River Murray at . The Marne flows through Cambrai. The Marne descends over its course.
# Etymology.
In pre-European times, the Ngarrindjeri people used the Marne Valley as a route up into the hills to trade with the Peramangk people in the Barossa Valley and to cut bark canoes from the River Red Gums in the hills which had thicker bark than those | 22,525 |
1804640 | Marne River (South Australia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marne%20River%20(South%20Australia) | Marne River (South Australia)
ce with the River Murray at . The Marne flows through Cambrai. The Marne descends over its course.
# Etymology.
In pre-European times, the Ngarrindjeri people used the Marne Valley as a route up into the hills to trade with the Peramangk people in the Barossa Valley and to cut bark canoes from the River Red Gums in the hills which had thicker bark than those near the Murray. The original name of the Marne River was Taingappa, meaning footrack-trading road.
Before 1917, it was called the "Rhine River South". Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I, it was renamed after the Marne River of France, where the German advance was stopped in 1914.
# See also.
- Rivers of South Australia | 22,526 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Sheikh Bedreddin
Sheikh Bedreddin (1359–1420) () was an influential mystic, scholar, theologian, and revolutionary. He is most well known for his role in a 1416 revolt against the Ottoman Empire, in which he and his disciples posed a serious challenge to the authority of Sultan Mehmed I and the Ottoman state. His full name was Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud Bin Israel Bin Abdulaziz.
# Early life.
Many details of Bedreddin's early life are disputed, as much of it is the subject of legend and folklore. He was born in 1359 in the town of Simavna (Kyprinos), near Edirne. His father was the "ghazi" of the town, and his mother was the daughter of a Greek Byzantine fortress commander. Notably, Bedreddin | 22,527 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
was of mixed Muslim and Christian parentage, with a Christian mother and a Muslim father; this contributed to his syncretic religious beliefs later in life. Turkish scholar Cemal Kafadar argues that Bedreddin's ghazi roots may also have contributed to his commitment to religious coexistence. In his youth he was a "kadi" to Ottoman warriors on the marches, which gave him ample experience in jurisprudence, a field of study in which he would become well-versed. Bedreddin was exposed to a variety of different cultures during his education, traveling far from his birthplace in Thrace. He studied theology in Konya, and then in Cairo, which was the capital of the Mamluk sultanate. After this, he traveled | 22,528 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
to Ardabil, in what is now Iranian Azerbaijan. Ardabil was under the control of the Timurids, and was home to the mystic Safavid order. Surrounded by mystics and far removed from the religious norms of the Ottoman Empire, Bedreddin was in an excellent place to cultivate his unconventional religious ideology. There he found an environment sympathetic to his pantheistic religious beliefs, and particularly the doctrine of "oneness of being". This doctrine condemned oppositions such as those of religion and social class as interference in the oneness of God and the individual, and such doctrine ran contrary to increasing Ottoman efforts to establish Sunni Islam as the state religion. By adopting | 22,529 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
it, Bedreddin further established himself as a subversive.
During the Ottoman Interregnum after the defeat of sultan Bayezid I by Tamerlane in 1402, Bedreddin served as the kadiasker, or chief military judge, of the Ottoman prince Musa as Musa struggled with his brothers for control of the Ottoman sultanate. Along with the frontier bey Mihaloglu, he was a chief proponent of Musa's revolutionary regime. While kadiasker, Bedreddin gained the favor of many frontier ghazis by distributing "timars" among them. Through this he aided these unpaid ghazis in their struggle against centralization, a clear indication of his subversive side.
# Revolt of 1416.
After Musa’s defeat by Ottoman sultan Mehmed | 22,530 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
I in 1413, Bedreddin was exiled to Iznik, and his followers were dispossessed of their timars. However, he soon decided to capitalize on the climate of opposition to Mehmed I following the disorder of the still-fresh interregnum. Leaving his exile in Iznik in 1415, Bedreddin made his way to Sinop and from there across the Black Sea to Wallachia. In 1416, he raised the standard of revolt against the Ottoman state.
Most of the revolts that ensued took place in regions of Izmir, Dobrudja, and Saruhan. The majority of his followers were Turcomans. The rest included frontier ghazis, dispossessed "sipahis", medrese students, and Christian peasants. The first of these rebellions was kindled in Karaburun, | 22,531 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
near Izmir. There, Borkluje Mustafa, one of Bedreddin’s foremost disciples, instigated an idealistic popular revolt by preaching the communal ownership of property and the equality of Muslims and Christians. Most those who revolted were Turkish nomads, but Borkluje’s followers also included many Christians. In total, approximately 6,000 people revolted against the Ottoman state in Karaburun. Torlak Kemal, another of Bedreddin’s followers, led another rebellion in Manisa, and Bedreddin himself was the leader of a revolt in Dobrudja, in contemporary northeastern Bulgaria. The heartland for the Dobrudja revolt was in the "wild forest" region south of the Danube Delta. Bedreddin found disciples | 22,532 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
among many who were discontent with sultan Mehmed; he became a figurehead for those who felt they had been disenfranchised by the sultan, including disgruntled marcher lords and many of those who had been given timars by Bedreddin as Musa's kadiasker, which had been revoked by Mehmed.
These uprisings posed a serious challenge to the authority of Mehmed I as he attempted to reunite the Ottoman Empire and govern his Balkan provinces. Although they were all eventually stifled, the series of coordinated revolts instigated by Bedreddin and his disciples was suppressed after only great difficulty. Torlak Kemal's rebellion in Manisa was crushed and he was executed, along with thousands of his followers. | 22,533 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Borkluje's rebellion put up more of a fight than the others, defeating first the army of the governor of Saruhan and then that of the Ottoman governor Ali Bey, before finally it was finally crushed by the Vizier Bayezid Pasha. According to the Greek historian Doukas, Bayezid slaughtered unconditionally to ensure the rebellion's defeat, and Borkluje was executed along with two thousand of his followers. Sheikh Bedreddin's own Dobrudja rebellion was a short-lived one, and came to an end when Bedreddin was apprehended by Mehmed's forces and taken to Serres. Accused of disturbing the public order by preaching religious syncretism and the communal ownership of property, he was executed in the marketplace.
# | 22,534 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Thought and writings.
Sheikh Bedreddin was a prolific writer and religious scholar, and a distinguished member of the Islamic religious hierarchy. He is often regarded as a talented voice in religious sciences, particularly for his thoughts on Islamic law. For his works on jurisprudence he is classed among the great scholars of Islamic thought. On the other hand, many condemn him as a heretic for his radical ideas on religious syncretism. Bedreddin advocated overlooking religious difference, arguing against zealous proselytism in favor of a utopian synthesis of faiths. This latitudinarian interpretation of religion was a major part of what allowed him and his disciples to instigate a broad-reaching | 22,535 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
popular revolt in 1416, unifying a very heterogeneous base of support.
Bedreddin's religious origins were as a mystic. His form of mysticism was greatly influenced by the work of Ibn al-‘Arabi, and he is known to have written a commentary of al-‘ Arabi's book "Fusus al-hikam" (The Quintessence of Wisdom). Through his writings, he developed his own form of mysticism. His most significant book, "Varidat", or "Divine Inspirations," was a compilation of his discourses which reflected on his ideas about mysticism and religion. Bedreddin was a monist, believing that reality is a manifestation of God's essence, and that the spiritual and physical worlds were inseparable and necessary to one another. | 22,536 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
As he writes in "Varidat", he believed that "This world and the next, in their entirety, are imaginary fantasies; heaven and hell are no more than the spiritual manifestations, sweet and bitter, of good and evil actions."
Bedreddin's pantheistic beliefs greatly influenced many of his political and social ideas, particularly the doctrine of "oneness of being." This doctrine condemns oppositions which its adherents believe hinder the oneness of the individual with God, including oppositions between religions and between the privileged and the powerless. This belief system is reflected in the beliefs of Bedreddin and his disciples, who, among other things, preached that all religions are essentially | 22,537 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
the same, as well as that ownership of property should be communal. Such ideas appealed greatly to those who felt marginalized in Ottoman society, and this egalitarian ideology played a major role in inspiring popular revolt in 1416.
Sheikh Bedreddin clearly had ambitious political aspirations when he began his rebellion. According to the 15th-century Sunni historian Idris of Bitlis, Bedreddin considered himself the Mahdi, who would bring about God's unity in the world by distributing his lands among his followers. Although Idris' account is partial, Bedreddin's ambitions as a political and religious leader are apparent. He even went so far as to claim that he was descended from the Seljuk | 22,538 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
royal house, undoubtedly to bolster his legitimacy as a potential ruler. It is plausible that he aspired to win the sultanate.
# Impact.
The revolt of 1416 marked a turning point in the toleration of non-Muslims by the Ottoman state. By crushing the rebellion aggressively and stigmatizing those who revolted, the state condemned popular discontent as illegitimate and further defined its position of opposition to religious nonconformists. After the revolt, Turco-Muslim presence in the Balkans became equivalent to an Ottoman presence. Bedreddin's rebellion made it clear to Ottoman statesmen that religious dissidence could pose a serious threat to their administrative structure, and in the years | 22,539 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
that followed, Murad II, Mehmed's successor, took steps to ensure that Islam was further established as the state's religion. For example, Murad expanded the Janissaries in the wake of the Bedreddin revolt to increase Ottoman military power, but also to create a steady flow of Christians being converted to Islam. This demonstrates a clear shift in Ottoman policy away from toleration of non-Muslims and closer to one of assimilation, a trend that would continue in the coming centuries.
Sects of Bedreddin's followers continued to survive long after his death. His teachings remained influential, and his sectarians were considered a threat until the late sixteenth century. Known as the Simavnis | 22,540 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
or the Bedreddinlus, a sect of his followers in Dobrudja and Deliorman continued to survive for hundreds of years after his execution. Unsurprisingly, the Ottoman government viewed this group with great suspicion. In the sixteenth century, they were regarded as identical to the Kizilbash, and persecuted along with them. Some of Bedreddin's doctrines also became common among some other mystic sects. One such sect was the Bektashi, a dervish order commonly associated with the Janissaries.
Sheikh Bedreddin continues to be known in Turkey, especially among socialists, communists, and other political leftists. In the twentieth century, he was brought back into the spotlight by the communist Turkish | 22,541 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
writer Nazim Hikmet, who wrote "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin" to voice opposition to the rise of fascism in the 1930s. Hikmet's work popularized Bedreddin as a historical champion of socialism and an opponent of fascist tyranny, and his name has remained well known to those on the left of the political spectrum. His bones were exhumed in 1924, but his devotees were so fearful of a backlash against Bedreddin's newfound political significance by the Turkish government that he was not buried until 1961. He was finally put to rest near the mausoleum of Mahmud II, in Istanbul.
# Books on Sheikh Bedreddin in Turkish.
- Şaban Er, "Edirne-Simâvne Kâdîsı ve Emîri İsrâ’îl Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddîn Hakkında | 22,542 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Son Söz", Kutupyıldızı Yayınları, İstanbul, Hazîran 2016 ( Cildli 657 Sayfa, ) (The Last Word about Sheikh Bedreddin)
- Cemil Yener : Varidat, İstanbul : Elif Yayınları, 1970.
- Erol Toy : Azap ortakları, 1973.
- Vecihi Timuroğlu : Şeyh Bedrettin Varidat Ankara : Türkiye Yazıları Yayınları, 1979
- İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu : Şeyh Bedreddin Varidat, Derin Yayınları, 1980
- Cengiz Ketene: Varidat: Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Simavi, 823/1420 ; trc. Cengiz Ketene, Ankara : Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990.
- Seyyid Muhammed Nur : Varidat şerhi . Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Simavi, 823/1420 ; Haz. Mahmut Sadettin Bilginer, H. Mustafa Varlı, İstanbul : Esma Yayınları, 1994
- Radi Fiş: Ben De Halimce | 22,543 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Bedreddinem Evrensel Basım Yayın.
- Nazım Hikmet: Şeyh Bedrettin Destanı YKY.
- Mine G. Kirikkanat, Gulun Oteki Adi (The Other Name Of The Rose)
# Works cited.
- Finkel, Caroline. "Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923." New York: Basic Books, 2005
- Hikmet, Nazim, Randy Blasing, and Mutlu Konuk. "Poems of Nazim Hikmet." New York: Persea Books, 1994.
- Imber, Colin. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650". Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
- Inalcik, Halil. "The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Empire 1300-1600." New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.
- Kafadar, Cemal. "Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State." Berkley: University of California Press, 1995
- | 22,544 |
1804572 | Sheikh Bedreddin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh%20Bedreddin | Sheikh Bedreddin
Oteki Adi (The Other Name Of The Rose)
# Works cited.
- Finkel, Caroline. "Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923." New York: Basic Books, 2005
- Hikmet, Nazim, Randy Blasing, and Mutlu Konuk. "Poems of Nazim Hikmet." New York: Persea Books, 1994.
- Imber, Colin. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650". Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
- Inalcik, Halil. "The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Empire 1300-1600." New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.
- Kafadar, Cemal. "Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State." Berkley: University of California Press, 1995
- Lowry, Heath. "The Nature of the Early Ottoman State." Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003. | 22,545 |
1804651 | Strong topology (polar topology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20topology%20(polar%20topology) | Strong topology (polar topology)
Strong topology (polar topology)
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics the strong topology is the finest polar topology, the topology with the most open sets, on a dual pair. The coarsest polar topology is called weak topology.
# Definition.
Let formula_1 be a dual pair of vector spaces over the field formula_2 of real (formula_3) or complex (formula_4) numbers. Let us denote by formula_5 the system of all subsets formula_6 bounded by elements of formula_7 in the following sense:
Then the strong topology formula_9 on formula_7 is defined as the locally convex topology on formula_7 generated by the seminorms of the form
In the special case when formula_13 is a locally convex | 22,546 |
1804651 | Strong topology (polar topology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20topology%20(polar%20topology) | Strong topology (polar topology)
space, the strong topology on the (continuous) dual space formula_14 (i.e. on the space of all continuous linear functionals formula_15) is defined as the strong topology formula_16, and it coincides with the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets in formula_13, i.e. with the topology on formula_14 generated by the seminorms of the form
where formula_20 runs over the family of all bounded sets in formula_13. The space formula_14 with this topology is called strong dual space of the space formula_13 and is denoted by formula_24.
# Examples.
- If formula_13 is a normed vector space, then its (continuous) dual space formula_14 with the strong topology coincides with the Banach dual | 22,547 |
1804651 | Strong topology (polar topology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong%20topology%20(polar%20topology) | Strong topology (polar topology)
_13. The space formula_14 with this topology is called strong dual space of the space formula_13 and is denoted by formula_24.
# Examples.
- If formula_13 is a normed vector space, then its (continuous) dual space formula_14 with the strong topology coincides with the Banach dual space formula_14, i.e. with the space formula_14 with the topology induced by the operator norm. Conversely formula_29-topology on formula_13 is identical to the topology induced by the norm on formula_13.
# Properties.
- If formula_13 is a barrelled space, then its topology coincides with the strong topology formula_33 on formula_13 and with the Mackey topology on formula_13 generated by the pairing formula_36. | 22,548 |
1804668 | Pharmahuasca | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmahuasca | Pharmahuasca
Pharmahuasca
Pharmahuasca is a pharmaceutical version of the entheogenic brew ayahuasca. Traditional ayahuasca is made by brewing the MAOI-containing Banisteriopsis caapi vine with a DMT-containing plant, such as Psychotria viridis. Pharmahuasca refers to a similar combination that uses a pharmaceutical MAOI instead of a plant.
For pharmahuasca, 50 mg N,N-DMT and 100 mg harmaline is usually the recommended dosage per person. However, combinations of 50 mg harmaline, 50 mg harmine, and 50 mg, N,N-DMT have been tested with success. As a rule, the fewer the β-carbolines, the less the nausea; the more DMT, the more spectacular the visions. The constituents are put into separate gelatin capsules. | 22,549 |
1804668 | Pharmahuasca | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmahuasca | Pharmahuasca
dosage per person. However, combinations of 50 mg harmaline, 50 mg harmine, and 50 mg, N,N-DMT have been tested with success. As a rule, the fewer the β-carbolines, the less the nausea; the more DMT, the more spectacular the visions. The constituents are put into separate gelatin capsules. The capsules with harmaline/harmine is swallowed first and the capsule containing the DMT is taken 15 to 20 minutes later. The purely synthetic MAO inhibitor Marplan is suitable in place of harmaline and harmine, although caution should be taken as this is an irreversible MAOI.
# See also.
- Alkaloid
- Entheogen
- Ayahuasca
# External links.
- Erowid: Ayahuasca
- A General Introduction to Ayahuasca | 22,550 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Fort Wayne International Airport
Fort Wayne International Airport is eight miles southwest of Fort Wayne, in Allen County, Indiana, United States. It is owned by the Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority.
The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a "primary commercial service" airport since it has over 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 323,252 enplanements in calendar year 2014, 9.59% more than 2013. Based on passenger enplanements, Fort Wayne International ranked #151 out of the 550 airports in the United States that received scheduled passenger airline service in 2014. As | 22,551 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
such, the airport is classified by the FAA as a "nonhub", or an airport that has between 10,000 and 400,000 enplanements per year.
The airport has one terminal, the Lieutenant Paul Baer Terminal. Passenger flights reach seven airline hubs of Atlanta, Chicago, Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, and Philadelphia along with flights to Orlando, Punta Gorda (serving Fort Myers and Sarasota), Tampa, Phoenix, and seasonal service to Myrtle Beach. Together, flights from the airport to these twelve cities serve over 710,000 combined arriving and departing passengers per year.
The airport has a air cargo center on the southwest side. The center was occupied by Kitty Hawk | 22,552 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Aircargo, which had a hub at Fort Wayne until October 30, 2007, shortly after the carrier filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The former Kitty Hawk hub is now used by several aviation and non-aviation companies including Logistics Insight, FedEx Express, and Spinach Ball.
Fort Wayne International is also home to a maintenance base for SkyWest Airlines CRJ-200 and CRJ-700 aircraft.
# Baer Army Air Field in World War II.
The airport was built at a cost of $10 million as a U.S. Army Air Forces base during World War II, opening in 1941 under the name Baer Field and later Baer Army Air Field. During wartime, over 100,000 military personnel served out of Baer Field and its more than 100 structures. | 22,553 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
The principal units at the installation were the First Troop Carrier Group and the 45th Army Air Force Base Unit.
The oldest original Baer Army Air Field hangar, Hangar No. 40, was in use from World War II until 2012. Hangar No. 40's final tenant was FedEx Express, who used it until the hangar was damaged in a weather-related incident. After the damage to Hangar No. 40, FedEx moved into a portion of the former Kitty Hawk hub. Hangar No. 40 was demolished between March and April 2013.
# Early Passenger Service & The Jet Age.
At the end of World War II, the city of Fort Wayne bought the airport from the federal government's General Services Administration for $1, renaming it Baer Field/Fort | 22,554 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Wayne Municipal Airport in 1946. Two passenger airlines initially served Baer Field: TWA and Chicago & Southern Airlines; United Airlines appeared in 1947 with one DC-3 each way a day. C&S merged with Delta Air Lines in 1953 and Delta is the airport's longest-serving carrier, having served the airport in one form or another ever since. In 1953 the airport's current terminal opened, replacing a converted military structure. The new permanent terminal had an air traffic control tower, an observation deck, and the "Look-Out Dining Room" restaurant with views of the ramp below. TWA, the first airline to serve Fort Wayne at what is now Smith Field, ended flights from Baer Field in 1963. Scheduled | 22,555 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
jet flights began in January 1967 on United Caravelles (United had been using the Vickers Viscount at Baer Field for several years). United's jets were soon joined by Delta Douglas DC-9s. American Airlines flights began in 1974, initially to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (which opened that year) on Boeing 727s.
Along with Delta, United, and later American, locally based Hub Airlines and other regional airlines flew to the airport in the 1960s and 1970s. The airport was the largest in Indiana not served by airlines classified as local service airlines by the Civil Aeronautics Board (e.g. Allegheny Airlines and Ozark Air Lines). Eastern Air Lines was the only CAB regulation-era "Big | 22,556 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Four" airline that never served Baer Field.
# Deregulation & new management.
In 1981, Baer Field's 1953 terminal building was modernized and expanded with features like jetways to handle increased traffic brought on by the Airline Deregulation Act. During the period immediately following deregulation in the late 1970s through the early 1980s, Air Wisconsin, Piedmont Airlines (later US Airways), and Republic Airlines were several of the airlines that had begun service to Baer Field. American also changed their Fort Wayne flights from Dallas to Chicago O'Hare, while Air Wisconsin took over United's Chicago route in partnership with United and later as United Express. Air Wisconsin also had a | 22,557 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
maintenance base on the west side of the airport in the 1980s and 1990s that handled BAe 146, BAe ATP, and later Canadair Regional Jet aircraft. After Air Wisconsin closed the maintenance base, Shuttle America briefly used the hangar before the loss of the US Airways Express Pittsburgh flying; the former Air Wisconsin hangar was later used by Endeavor Air before being used by SkyWest today. In 1985, management of Baer Field was transferred from the City of Fort Wayne to the newly established Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority, with a board composed of equal numbers of City of Fort Wayne and Allen County officials.
# The 1990s and expansion.
In 1991 Baer Field was renamed Fort Wayne | 22,558 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
International Airport; the terminal was renamed to continue honoring Lieutenant Paul Baer. Through the 1990s the airport underwent the largest expansion and revitalization in its history. Between 1994 and 1997, the terminal was again expanded, with design by MSKTD & Associates, Inc. Other improvements included runway upgrades and the Air Trade Center on the southwest side of the property. In 1998, Fort Wayne International Airport started advertising the airport to the general public for the first time. That same year, Delta ended its mainline jet service to Atlanta. Although this ended a tradition of service dating back to Chicago & Southern Airlines when the airport was converted to civil use | 22,559 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
in the 1940s, Delta continued to serve the airport via Delta Connection regional jets to Atlanta and Cincinnati. Other airlines serving the airport, including United, Northwest, and American, followed Delta's lead in introducing regional jets such as the Canadair Regional Jet, Fairchild Dornier 328JET, Avro RJ85, and the Embraer ERJ-145 to the airport. Turboprops such as the Saab 340, Beechcraft 1900, ATR 72, and Dash 8 also continued to play a role for flights to destinations such as Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Detroit, occasionally alongside larger jets such as the DC-9, Fokker 100, and Boeing 737 on the same routes.
# 9/11, competition, and the first LCC.
By 2000, Fort Wayne International | 22,560 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Airport was handling record traffic. The record from 2000 was not broken until 2016. American Eagle resumed nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth that year, which continue. Air Canada Express began a short-lived service to Toronto. The following year, Fort Wayne International Airport's traffic dropped after the September 11 attacks. The slump continued for several years, prolonged by an ongoing fare war between Southwest Airlines, ATA Airlines, and others at Indianapolis International Airport, two and a half hours from Fort Wayne. In late 2003, ATA Connection began service from Fort Wayne International Airport to Chicago/Midway, the first low-cost carrier to serve the airport. Demand for the | 22,561 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
flights reached the point where airport management bought the on-site Days Inn to make room for more parking. ATA briefly switched the flight's destination to Indianapolis before closing their regional division completely in early 2005. US Airways also ended service to Pittsburgh, their lone service from the airport, as part of a broader dehubbing of Pittsburgh. US Airways left the airport, as the discontinued Pittsburgh service was not transferred to the airline's other hubs in Philadelphia or Charlotte. However, nine years later after the merger of American Airlines and US Airways, Fort Wayne International Airport got service to both hubs. Around the same time as the departure of US Airways | 22,562 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
from the airport, Northwest stopped using mainline aircraft on their Detroit flights; unlike US Airways, NWA continued to serve the Fort Wayne to Detroit route using regional jets and turboprops. Delta planned on introducing service to Orlando from the airport in 2005; however, the flights were canceled days before the planned launch as the result of Delta's Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
# Breaking the slump.
In 2006, a modernized air traffic control tower was opened on the south side of Fort Wayne International Airport, at a price of $9.7 million. One year later, Allegiant Air, the airport's second low-cost carrier, began operations with service to Orlando. Allegiant continues to serve the airport, | 22,563 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
and has since added service to Tampa/St. Petersburg, Myrtle Beach (seasonal), Punta Gorda (serving Fort Myers and Sarasota), and Phoenix. At one time, Allegiant also offered service to Las Vegas and Fort Lauderdale from the airport, and served Phoenix before late 2008 as well. The Las Vegas and Phoenix services were initially discontinued in 2008 due to fuel costs and fuel price volatility. However, the Phoenix suspension was ultimately temporary as Allegiant began adding more fuel-efficient Airbus A319 aircraft in 2013. The A319, along with lower fuel costs that made usage of the MD-80 viable again in 2014, both allowed the airline to serve Phoenix profitably from Fort Wayne, and the airport | 22,564 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
continues to pursue the resumption of Las Vegas flights. The airport also sees Airbus A320 aircraft from Allegiant, flying to Florida. The Fort Lauderdale service was eliminated along with several other Allegiant routes to Fort Lauderdale, including one from what is now South Bend International Airport, due to congestion problems at Fort Lauderdale International Airport.
In 2008, all Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority properties including Fort Wayne International Airport and Smith Field received a new logo. The new brand, designed by Fort Wayne firm Catalyst Marketing Design, is meant to resemble jet contrails. Debuting together with the new logo was the slogan "A Whole New Altitude" | 22,565 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
that was and continues to be used for both airports along with the Airport Authority's operations. Northwest began service to Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport in early 2008; the service was temporarily suspended in 2009 following the merger of Delta and Northwest, but resumed in 2010 as seasonal service running between early March and late December. The Minneapolis flights are now year-round service.
During and after the recession of 2008, Fort Wayne International Airport lost relatively little of its service and passengers when compared with similar Midwestern airports. Although Continental Airlines ended Cleveland service in 2009 and Delta ended Cincinnati service in 2011, there | 22,566 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
was no impact to the airport in the end. Unlike some other similar airports, Fort Wayne International Airport gained passengers in the six years immediately following Continental's discontinuation of Cleveland flights. In the cases of both Cleveland and Cincinnati, the service discontinuation was part of broader hub cutbacks at both Continental and Delta that affected many other airports. Following the merger of Delta and Northwest, Delta also replaced the last of the turboprop flying from the airport with regional jets. Around the time of the discontinuation of Cleveland service, United placed Continental flight numbers and allowed Continental OnePass frequent-flyer miles to be earned on United | 22,567 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
flights, including those from Fort Wayne. United continues to serve the airport following the United/Continental merger, and added flights to their Newark hub in September 2016.
# The airport today.
Today Fort Wayne is served by four carriers: Allegiant Air, American Eagle, Delta, and United Express. Although they account for a small percentage of airport traffic (less than 1%), charter flights from operators including Allegiant, Vision Airlines, Miami Air International, and Republic Airlines also operate from the airport. During January and February, the airport's slowest months, Delta reduces Detroit flights, while United and American reduce Chicago flights. Delta's Atlanta and Minneapolis | 22,568 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
flights, all American flights aside from O'Hare, and Allegiant flights to Florida and Phoenix do not see reductions in January and February.
The airport's terminal received updates in 2013. These updates included new paint, expanded business and welcome centers, new children's play areas, permanent heating and air conditioning units for aircraft use at gates, and new lounge seating near the gates with power outlets. The airport's office reception area and executive offices on the second floor of the terminal building also received an update at approximately the same time. Also in 2013, Allegiant reintroduced service to Phoenix via Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport in late October of that year. Phoenix | 22,569 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
is the third-most popular city from Fort Wayne International Airport behind Atlanta and Dallas, and prior to the reintroduction, Phoenix was also the most popular city without nonstop service from the airport. The resumed Phoenix service became Allegiant's fourth year-round and fifth total destination from the airport.
About six months after the legal closing of the American Airlines-US Airways merger, Fort Wayne International Airport and American Airlines Group announced twice-daily service to Philadelphia International Airport and daily flights to Charlotte Douglas International Airport, both legacy US Airways hubs. The new flights began on October 2, 2014. These three flights boosted the | 22,570 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
merged airline's departures from Fort Wayne by a third over the previous schedule, provided the airport's first route to the northeastern US since deregulation, and offered an additional gateway to the southeastern US and the Caribbean. Both hubs also improved connections to Europe from Fort Wayne, offering new one-stop flight options that were previously not available. A second Charlotte flight was added in December 2015.
The success of American's Philadelphia service led United Airlines to add service to Newark Liberty International Airport, effective September 2016. The service will initially utilize the Embraer EMB-145 regional jet. This is United's first flight aside from O'Hare from the | 22,571 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
airport since the mid-1980s, and will provide additional one-stop connections to the East Coast, Caribbean, Europe, Latin America, and India from the airport. However, shortly after the United announcement, American decided to discontinue Philadelphia flights as of August 2016. Unusually for such a decision, American initially did not cite a reason for the discontinuation to local media, though lower-than-expected traffic was later cited as a reason. However, some felt that the market was too small to support service to two very similar hubs in the same area. American remained committed to the airport, and continues to serve Charlotte, Chicago, and Dallas/Fort Worth multiple times daily. In | 22,572 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
November 2016, American upgraded their Dallas flights to the CRJ-900 with first class seating, and upgraded Charlotte flights to CRJ-700s with first class in March 2017. The Philadelphia decision was short-lived as American will resume Philadelphia service in June 2018, again with two daily flights. This will mark thirteen nonstop cities from the airport, with over 350 cities possible with one connection.
2016 was a record year for the airport's passenger numbers, as the airport handled 727,896 passengers, marking seven consecutive years of passenger growth. 2017 improved on this number, and the Airport Authority expects a third consecutive record year in 2018. Also planned in 2018 is a rerouting | 22,573 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
of Ferguson Road and demolition of a hangar. This will allow for more parking and a future terminal expansion.
# Passenger services, Aero Center, and the future.
An FAA Master Plan for Fort Wayne International Airport, the first since 2003, was completed in 2012. The new rental car area (which will bring covered spaces for rental cars) and parking lot reconfiguration (which streamlined the exit for the short- and long-term parking lots) were among the first improvements to be carried out under the master plan. These occurred in 2014, coinciding with a parking management change from Standard Parking to Republic Parking System, the first such change at the airport in 45 years. Eight car rental | 22,574 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
agencies serve FWA. The previous car rental lot was modified into a dedicated drop-off and pick-up point for taxis and hotel shuttles. Uber is also authorized to serve the airport, and Lyft has been authorized since the ridesharing firm began operating in Fort Wayne. Shortly after the change in parking vendors, the airport started offering airline miles or hotel points for parking, dining, and shopping by becoming a member of the Thanks Again loyalty program along with smartphone parking payments. Parking rates remained unchanged as the vendors changed and Thanks Again was introduced.
The master plan called for the replacement of ground-level Gates 1 through 4 with an equal number of additional | 22,575 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
jetway gates on the second floor, and one of the new gates would include a passenger U.S. Customs Federal Inspection Services station to complement the existing FIS station for cargo and business jets. However, the status of this plan is unclear after a jetway was added to Gate 4 in 2014; the airport may simply choose to add jetways to Gates 1 and 3 instead. Room has opened up by the relocation of the airport's fixed-base operator (FBO) to the airport's west side near the SkyWest maintenance base, made possible by the opening of Altitude Drive. As of January 2016, the FBO is run by the Airport Authority and is branded as the Fort Wayne Aero Center. The new facility, which replaced previous FBO | 22,576 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Atlantic Aviation, offers a full range of services to private aircraft owners. Fort Wayne Aero Center also supplies Avfuel-branded aviation fuels and deicing services to both private and commercial airline customers. U.S. Customs will relocate to a new location near the Aero Center in 2016; although the facility will be larger, it is unclear if a passenger FIS will be included. The master plan also calls for a larger Transportation Security Administration security area.
The Greater Fort Wayne Aviation Museum in the terminal recounts early aviation history in Northeastern Indiana. The museum's curator, Roger Myers, co-authored the book "Fort Wayne Aviation: Baer Field & Beyond", published by | 22,577 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Arcadia Publishing. The book is available at the airport gift shop, from Amazon.com, and at Fort Wayne-area Barnes & Noble and Walgreens stores. During terminal renovations, the museum will likely move either to Smith Field or to a non-airport location. This relocation will once again allow access to the museum without a TSA screening and a ticket or tour guide.
The various projects under the Master Plan will last for a timeframe of multiple years. Altitude Drive, along with the parking lot and car rental reconfiguration, were the first projects completed in 2014. Construction of the new FBO building began in mid-2014 and was completed in winter 2015, in time for the Aero Center's opening in | 22,578 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
January 2016. Most other improvements will not start until 2016 and will likely continue for several years.
# Air cargo.
Fort Wayne International also handles a significant amount of air cargo. In the 1970s, United Airlines scheduled Douglas DC-8 freighters into the airport, Delta Air Lines used Boeing 727s for belly cargo capacity, and local company Jet Air Freight & Parcel Delivery offered delivery service of air cargo from what was then Baer Field.
In the 1980s, as air cargo shifted to specialized airlines, the airport gained a hub for Burlington Air Express (now BAX Global) in 1985. The airport was also a finalist for the United States Postal Service Express Mail hub in 1991; this hub | 22,579 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
went to Indianapolis International Airport before being closed in 2001 as the USPS shifted Express Mail and Priority Mail air duties to FedEx Express. The BAX hub was moved to Toledo Express Airport in 1991, and a hub for Kitty Hawk Aircargo opened eight years later. The hub was built with $24 million in bonds, and the airport's runway was extended in anticipation of larger cargo aircraft. Around this time, Fort Wayne International was second only to Indianapolis International in terms of air cargo volume in the state of Indiana. Kitty Hawk shut down operations in 2007; the airport raised its property tax levy significantly solely to pay the bonds. New tenants were eventually found for the facility, | 22,580 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
and bond payments for the former Kitty Hawk facility end in 2020.
Despite the loss of Kitty Hawk, both FedEx Express and UPS Airlines fly daily Boeing 757 service to Fort Wayne International from the FedEx Memphis SuperHub and UPS Louisville Worldport, respectively. (FedEx's Indianapolis hub is served from Fort Wayne by truck.) During times of high demand, the Boeing 767, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, or Airbus A300 are often substituted.
# Facilities.
Fort Wayne International Airport covers 3,351 acres (1,356 ha) at an elevation of 814 feet (248 m).
The main Runway 5/23 is long and wide grooved asphalt and concrete. The runway is large enough to accommodate the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter, Airbus | 22,581 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
A380, Boeing 747, and military air mobility and aerial refueling aircraft such as the C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster III, KC-135 Stratotanker, KC-46A Pegasus, and KC-10 Extender. The runway has BAK-14 arresting gear on both ends for emergency arrestment of US and NATO/Allied fighter and other tactical fixed-wing aircraft.
Runway 14/32 is the airport's secondary runway, . Runway 9/27 is , used by general aviation.
In the year ending August 6, 2018 the airport had 35,397 aircraft operations, average 97 per day: 47% general aviation, 36% air taxi, 16% airline, and 1% military. 72 aircraft were then based at this airport: 31% single-engine, 13% multi-engine, 26% jet, 29% military, and 1% helicopter.
# | 22,582 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
Airlines and destinations.
Fort Wayne International Airport has eight shared-use gates. Any gate can be used by any airline serving the airport at any time with the airport's shared-use gate system.
Gates 1 through 4 are ground-level on the first floor of the terminal, whereas Gates 5 through 8 are on the second floor of the terminal and board via jetways. A half-height jetway was added to Gate 4 in 2015, while Gate 2 has a Commute-a-Walk covered walkway. Gates 1 and 3 are currently uncovered. As Gates 5 through 8 were built at a time when the airport had mainline service, these gates can handle aircraft ranging in size from the Canadair Regional Jet family used by Delta, American, and United | 22,583 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
to the Airbus 319 and Airbus A320 family aircraft used by Allegiant.
# Accidents and incidents.
- On April 28, 1951, United Airlines Flight 129, a Douglas DC-3 with 11 passengers and crew, crashed on approach to Fort Wayne Municipal Airport/Baer Field. All 8 passengers and 3 crew were killed. A severe downdraft during a thunderstorm caused the aircraft to strike the ground in a near level attitude.
- In 2003, Charles McKinley shipped himself via Kitty Hawk Aircargo from Newark Liberty International Airport to Buffalo, New York, then to Fort Wayne, eventually flying to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, undetected through security.
- On August 18, 2004, authorities shut down the airport | 22,584 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
after a "liquid substance" leaking from luggage caused six people to fall ill. Fearing that the incident may have been an act of terrorism, the FBI was involved in the investigation. Hazmat later ruled that there was "no biological or chemical threat" and the airport was reopened that afternoon. All who were ill recovered and it was later revealed that the substance was an agent for producing perfume.
# See also.
- Indiana World War II Army Airfields
- List of airports in Indiana
# External links.
- Fort Wayne International Airport, official website
- 122nd Fighter Wing, official website
- Fort Wayne/Allen County Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Aerial photo from Indiana Department of | 22,585 |
269817 | Fort Wayne International Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort%20Wayne%20International%20Airport | Fort Wayne International Airport
d substance" leaking from luggage caused six people to fall ill. Fearing that the incident may have been an act of terrorism, the FBI was involved in the investigation. Hazmat later ruled that there was "no biological or chemical threat" and the airport was reopened that afternoon. All who were ill recovered and it was later revealed that the substance was an agent for producing perfume.
# See also.
- Indiana World War II Army Airfields
- List of airports in Indiana
# External links.
- Fort Wayne International Airport, official website
- 122nd Fighter Wing, official website
- Fort Wayne/Allen County Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Aerial photo from Indiana Department of Transportation | 22,586 |
1804661 | Bureau of Meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau%20of%20Meteorology | Bureau of Meteorology
Bureau of Meteorology
The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas. It was established in 1906 under the Meteorology Act, and brought together the state meteorological services that existed before then. The states officially transferred their weather recording responsibilities to the Bureau of Meteorology on 1 January 1908.
# Services and structure.
The Bureau of Meteorology is the main provider of weather forecasts, warnings and observations to the Australian public. The Bureau distributes weather images via radiofax and is responsible for issuing flood alerts in Australia.
The | 22,587 |
1804661 | Bureau of Meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau%20of%20Meteorology | Bureau of Meteorology
Bureau's head office is in Melbourne Docklands, which includes the Bureau's Research Centre, the Bureau National Operations Centre, the National Climate Centre, the Victorian Regional Forecasting Centre as well as the Hydrology and Satellite sections.
Regional offices are located in each state and territory capital. Each regional office includes a Regional Forecasting Centre and a Flood Warning Centre, and the Perth, Darwin and Brisbane offices also house Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres. The Adelaide office incorporates the National Tidal Centre, while the Darwin office the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre and Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (Analysis).
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology | 22,588 |
1804661 | Bureau of Meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau%20of%20Meteorology | Bureau of Meteorology
issues Tropical Cyclone Advices and developed the Standard Emergency Warning Signal used for warnings. The Bureau is responsible for tropical cyclone naming for storms in waters surrounding Australia. Three lists of names used to be maintained, one for each of the western, northern and eastern Australian regions. However, as of the start of the 2008–09 Tropical Cyclone Year these lists have been rolled into one main national list of tropical cyclone names.
The regional offices are supported by the Bureau National Operations Centre (BNOC) which is also located at the head office in Melbourne Docklands.
The Bureau maintains a network of field offices across the continent, on neighbouring islands | 22,589 |
1804661 | Bureau of Meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau%20of%20Meteorology | Bureau of Meteorology
and in Antarctica. There is also a network of some 500 paid co-operative observers and approximately 6,000 voluntary rainfall observers.
# Directors.
The following people have been directors of the Bureau of Meteorology:
# Technology.
In the head office a Cray XC40 supercomputer called "Australis" provides the operational computing capability for weather, climate, ocean and wave numerical prediction and simulation, while other Unix servers support the computer message switching system and real-time data base. The Australian Integrated Forecast System affords the main computing infrastructure in the regional offices.
Numerical weather prediction is performed using the Unified Model software. | 22,590 |
1804661 | Bureau of Meteorology | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau%20of%20Meteorology | Bureau of Meteorology
ed using the Unified Model software. The Bureau of Meteorology announced the Cray contract in July 2015, commissioned the Cray XC40 supercomputer on 30 June 2016 and decommissioned their Oracle HPC system in October 2016.
# See also.
- World Meteorological Organization, co-ordination body for weather, climate and environment services
- International Cloud Experiment, which collected data on tropical cyclones in January and February 2006
- Australian region cyclone season
- Water Data Transfer Format
- Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council
# External links.
- Bureau of Meteorology main page
- "Federation and Meteorology": the history of meteorology in Australia | 22,591 |
1804674 | Gaius Julius Victor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Julius%20Victor | Gaius Julius Victor
Gaius Julius Victor
Gaius Julius Victor (4th century) was a Roman writer of rhetoric, possibly of Gaulish origin. His extant manual is of some importance as facilitating the textual criticism of Quintilian, whom he closely follows in many places.
# References.
- Attribution
- "Rhetores latini minores", Carl Halm (ed.), Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1863, pp. 371-448. | 22,592 |
1804678 | Prewar Gibson banjo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prewar%20Gibson%20banjo | Prewar Gibson banjo
Prewar Gibson banjo
The prewar Gibson Mastertone banjo is a banjo.
# Terminology.
Although this term normally refers to World War II, when used to describe Gibson banjos, the term prewar operationally refers to banjos made prior to 1947. Production of metal banjo parts was suspended during World War II. However, small numbers of Gibson banjos continued to be constructed and shipped during the war years using stocks of metal parts remaining in factory bins. For that reason, Gibson banjos produced between 1940 and 1945 often reflect the creativity of shop personnel rather than standard catalogue descriptions . Production of metal banjo parts resumed in the Fall of 1946; however, it is commonly | 22,593 |
1804678 | Prewar Gibson banjo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prewar%20Gibson%20banjo | Prewar Gibson banjo
believed that the metal composition of foundry products delivered to Gibson after World War II was inferior to that of parts produced prior to 1940. On April 12, 1947, the Gibson Instrument Company changed their corporate logo from script lettering to the use of block letters, and this change occurred sufficiently close to resumption of banjo output to allow easy identification of prewar and postwar Gibson instruments.
# Identifying a prewar Gibson banjo.
Determining the authenticity of a prewar Gibson banjo can be a real challenge for a variety of reasons:
- The Gibson company produced a fairly wide variety of styles.
- Prewar Gibson banjos frequently failed to conform to the standard catalogue | 22,594 |
1804678 | Prewar Gibson banjo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prewar%20Gibson%20banjo | Prewar Gibson banjo
specifications, by dint of cost-saving measures to diminish inventories of excess or less-than-desirable components, thus casting doubt on the deviant banjo's authenticity.
- The actual number of authentic banjos is relatively small, so the experience of examining and playing them is limited to comparatively few individuals.
- Demand for these instruments is high, which has led to significant efforts toward reproducing them, with varying degrees of success.
- The majority of these banjos have been modified in some way by their owners over the years, due to the adjustability of the components, changes in playing style, etc.
# External links.
- Greg Earnest's site contains an overview of | 22,595 |
1804678 | Prewar Gibson banjo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prewar%20Gibson%20banjo | Prewar Gibson banjo
h, which has led to significant efforts toward reproducing them, with varying degrees of success.
- The majority of these banjos have been modified in some way by their owners over the years, due to the adjustability of the components, changes in playing style, etc.
# External links.
- Greg Earnest's site contains an overview of the various Gibson banjo styles, with many detailed photographs of vintage Gibson banjos.
- Dan Foy's site has an extensive reference list of pre-war Gibson banjo serial numbers.
- Spann's Guide to Gibson 1902-1941 is a, "detailed look at the inner workings of the famous musical instrument manufacturer of Kalamazoo, Michigan before World War II." (back of cover) | 22,596 |
1804672 | Too Drunk to Fuck | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too%20Drunk%20to%20Fuck | Too Drunk to Fuck
Too Drunk to Fuck
"Too Drunk to Fuck" is the fourth single by Dead Kennedys. The record was released in May 1981 on Cherry Red Records with "The Prey" as the B-side. Both songs from this single are available on the rarities album "Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death" (1987).
The single reached Number 36 in the UK Singles Chart, although it was not stocked in some record shops because of its provocative title. It was the first UK Top 40 single to include the word "fuck" in its title. It was banned from Radio 1 airplay by the BBC. In chart listings, it was usually referred to as "Too Drunk To". When it reached the Top 40, presenter Tony Blackburn referred to it simply as "a record by a group | 22,597 |
1804672 | Too Drunk to Fuck | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too%20Drunk%20to%20Fuck | Too Drunk to Fuck
calling themselves The Dead Kennedys". The Dead Kennedys supplied a sticker for some record stores who took offense to the title which said, "Caution: You are the victim of yet another stodgy retailer afraid to warp your mind by revealing the title of this record so peel slowly and see..."
The song features a heavy surf rock/garage rock riff from guitarist East Bay Ray and satirical lyrics from Jello Biafra that paint a trenchant picture of an outrageous, moronic party. The song ends with a sound of a man vomiting.
# Licensing controversy.
After the rest of the band were awarded the rights to the Dead Kennedys material, they licensed "Too Drunk to Fuck" for use in the film "Grindhouse". Almost | 22,598 |
1804672 | Too Drunk to Fuck | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too%20Drunk%20to%20Fuck | Too Drunk to Fuck
res a heavy surf rock/garage rock riff from guitarist East Bay Ray and satirical lyrics from Jello Biafra that paint a trenchant picture of an outrageous, moronic party. The song ends with a sound of a man vomiting.
# Licensing controversy.
After the rest of the band were awarded the rights to the Dead Kennedys material, they licensed "Too Drunk to Fuck" for use in the film "Grindhouse". Almost immediately, Biafra criticized his former bandmates, specifically citing the song (a cover by Nouvelle Vague) being used in a rape scene in the movie, saying "Some people will do anything for money." The rest of the band responded in kind, challenging him to donate his share of the money to charity. | 22,599 |
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