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1599558 | Estadio Nacional | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadio%20Nacional | Estadio Nacional
Estadio Nacional
Estadio Nacional ("National Stadium" in Spanish) is the name used for:
- Estadio Nacional de Hockey in Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos in Santiago, Chile
- Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (1924) in La Sabana, Costa Rica
- Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (2011) in La Sabana, Costa Rica
- Estadio Nacional (Mexico) (demolished), formerly located in Colonia Roma, Mexico City, Mexico
- Estadio Nacional de Panamá in Panama City, Panama
- Estadio Nacional (Lima) in Lima, Peru; nicknamed Coloso de José Díaz
- "Estadio Nacional" (film), a documentary film about the use of the Estadio Nacional de Chile as a concentration camp
- Estadio | 24,200 |
1599558 | Estadio Nacional | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadio%20Nacional | Estadio Nacional
Costa Rica (1924) in La Sabana, Costa Rica
- Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (2011) in La Sabana, Costa Rica
- Estadio Nacional (Mexico) (demolished), formerly located in Colonia Roma, Mexico City, Mexico
- Estadio Nacional de Panamá in Panama City, Panama
- Estadio Nacional (Lima) in Lima, Peru; nicknamed Coloso de José Díaz
- "Estadio Nacional" (film), a documentary film about the use of the Estadio Nacional de Chile as a concentration camp
- Estadio Tiburcio Carías Andino or Estadio Nacional, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
In Portuguese, Estádio Nacional ("National Stadium") is used for:
- Estádio Nacional in Jamor, Portugal near Lisbon
- Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in Brasília, Brazil | 24,201 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his travels in Australia to collect plants.
# Early life.
Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, Surrey, the son of Allan Cunningham (head gardener at Wimbledon Park House), who came from Renfrewshire, Scotland, and his English wife Sarah (née Juson/Jewson née Dicken). Allan Cunningham was educated at a Putney private school, Reverend John Adams Academy and then went into a solicitor's office (a Lincoln's Inn Conveyancer). He afterwards obtained a position with William Townsend Aiton superintendent of Kew Gardens, and this brought him in touch with Robert Brown and | 24,202 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Sir Joseph Banks.
# Brazil and Australia (New South Wales).
On Banks' recommendation, Cunningham went to Brazil with James Bowie between 1814 and 1816 collecting specimens for Kew Gardens. On 28 September 1816 he sailed for Sydney where he arrived on 20 December 1816. He established himself at Parramatta. Among other explorations, he joined John Oxley's 1817 expedition beyond the Blue Mountains to the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers and shared in the privations of the 1,200 miles (1,930 km) journey. He collected specimens of about 450 species and gained valuable experience as an explorer.
# Coastal exploration.
Cunningham traveled as the ship's botanist aboard HMS "Mermaid" under Phillip Parker | 24,203 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
King from 1817 to 1820. The "Mermaid" was of only 85 tons, but sailing on 22 December 1817 they reached King George Sound on 21 January 1818. Though their stay was short many specimens were found but the islands on the west coast were comparatively barren. Towards the end of March the Goulburn Islands on the north coast were reached and many new plants were discovered. They reached Timor on 4 June 1818 and, turning for home, arrived at Port Jackson on 29 July 1818. Cunningham's collections during this voyage included about 300 species.
Shortly after his return, Cunningham made an excursion south from Sydney, ascending the prominent peak of Mount Keira overlooking the Illawarra region and present | 24,204 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
day Wollongong. Towards the end of the year he made a voyage to Tasmania arriving at Hobart on 2 January 1819. He next visited Launceston and though often finding the botany interesting, he found little that was absolutely new, as Brown had preceded him. In May he went with King in the "Mermaid" on a second voyage to the north and north-west coasts. On this occasion they started up the east coast and Cunningham found many opportunities for adding to his collections. One of these was after the ship reached the mouth of the Endeavour River (the site of modern Cooktown) on 28 June 1819.
The circumnavigation of Australia was completed on 27 August when they reached Vernon Island in Clarence Strait. | 24,205 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
They again visited Timor and arrived back in Sydney on 12 January 1820. The third voyage to the north coast with King began on 15 June, but meeting bad weather the bowsprit was lost and a return was made for repairs. Sailing again on 13 July 1820 the northerly course was followed and eventually the continent was circumnavigated. Though they found the little vessel was in a bad state when they were on the north-west coast, and though serious danger was escaped until they were close to home, they were nearly wrecked off Botany Bay. The "Mermaid" was then condemned and the next voyage was on the "Bathurst" which was twice the size of the "Mermaid". They left on 26 May 1821, the northern route was | 24,206 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
chosen, and when they were on the west coast of Australia it was found necessary to go to Mauritius to refit, where they arrived on 27 September 1821. They left after a stay of seven weeks and reached King George Sound on 24 December 1821. A sufficiently long stay was made for Cunningham to make an excellent collection of plants, and then turning on their tracks the "Bathurst" sailed up the west coast and round the north of Australia. Sydney was reached again on 25 April 1822. Cunningham provided a chapter on botany to King's "Narrative of a Survey".
# Further exploration of eastern Australia.
In September 1822 Cunningham went on an expedition over the Blue Mountains and arrived at Bathurst | 24,207 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
on 14 October 1822 and returned to Parramatta in January 1823. His account of about 100 plants met with will be found in "Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales", edited by Barron Field, 1825, under the title "A Specimen of the Indigenous Botany ... between Port Jackson and Bathurst".
In 1823 Cunningham set out from the upper Hunter River to explore inside the Great Dividing Range. With five men and five horses, he set out from Bathurst to explore from the Cudgegong River, passing through Rylstone to Coolah and then eastwards to Scone and returning to Coolah through Merriwa. He examined the Cudgegong and Goulburn Rivers. On 2 June passing through Coolah to the north east, he explored Pandora's | 24,208 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Pass, which could have opened out a fair and practicable road to Liverpool Plains. He returned to Bathurst through an undeveloped Mudgee on 27 June 1823.
In September 1824 Cunningham accompanied John Oxley on his second expedition to Moreton Bay and explored up the Brisbane River.
Cunningham also undertook an expedition to what is now Canberra in 1824. He travelled with three convicts, three horses and a cart and he travelled via Lake Bathurst, Captains Flat and the valley in which flows the Queanbeyan River. Poor weather prevented him from continuing his journey south.
Cunningham had long wished to visit New Zealand and on 28 August 1826 he was able to sail on a whaler. He was hospitably | 24,209 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
received by the missionaries in the Bay of Islands, was able to do much botanical work, and returned to Sydney on 20 January 1827. Accounts of his work in New Zealand will be found in Hooker's "Companion to the Botanical Magazine", 1836, and "Annals of Natural History", 1838 and 1839.
Cunningham set out to explore the area to the west of Moreton Bay in 1827, crossing to the west of the Great Dividing Range from the Hunter Region and travelling north. In June 1827, Cunningham climbed to the top of Mount Dumaresq (near what is now Clintonvale close to Maryvale) and after wrote in his diary that this lush area was ideal for settlement. Exploring around Mount Dumaresq, Cunningham found a pass, | 24,210 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
now known as Cunninghams Gap.
Cunningham returned to the Moreton Bay penal colony in 1828, setting off from Brisbane with Patrick Logan, Charles Fraser and five men to find Mount Warning and to establish the route to Cunningham's Gap which he did, on 24 July. The peaks on either side of the gap were also named, Mount Cordeaux and Mount Mitchell. After exploring the McPherson Range area, Cunningham travelled on the south side of the Gap whereas the highway today runs further north, through the gap, from the small township of Aratula. Spicer's Gap which runs parallel to Cunningham's Gap was actually the pass first identified by Cunningham in 1827. After its rediscovery by Henry Alphen in 1847, | 24,211 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Spicer's Gap was used as a stagecoach route. In 1829, Cunningham explored the Brisbane River.
# Contributions to botany.
Australia's most prolific plant collector of the early nineteenth century, Cunningham had been sent to Australia to expand the collection at the King' Garden at Kew and he was given the title of "King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew". He was so successful that a hothouse built for specimens from Africa was renamed "Botany Bay House". Although his main role was to collect propagation material, his lasting legacy are his herbarium sheets which are thought by his biographer, Anthony Orchard, to exceed 20,000.
It is often thought that Cunningham published few papers | 24,212 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
on botany and in his obituary, John Lindley wrote, "How little he regarded posthumous fame is seen by the fewness of his published works, a brief sketch of the Flora of New Zealand being the only systematic account of his Botanical discoveries...". In fact, although he was effectively barred from publishing on botany whilst employed as "King's Collector", he nevertheless later published seven major papers, and 57 shorter papers on subjects including taxonomy, geology, physical geography and zoology. He was one of the first scientists to publish papers on botanical geography.
Cunningham was concerned that many of his discoveries sent to Kew were not published, allowing others, including William | 24,213 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Baxter to be credited with their discovery. (Baxter had risked arrest and a possible flogging for undermining Cunningham's work by sending specimens to commercial interests.) When Cunningham returned to London,
he sent duplicates of his herbarium specimens to other botanists, including de Candolle, Schauer, William Jackson Hooker, Bentham, Lindley and others, who published his descriptions with acknowledgement to "A.Cunn.".
# Later life.
In 1831 Cunningham returned to England, but went back to Australia in 1837 on board as government botanist, resigning in the following year on finding that he was required to grow vegetables for government officials. He died in Sydney on 27 June 1839, of | 24,214 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
consumption and was buried in the Devonshire Street Cemetery. In 1901 his remains were "reverently removed" and reinterred in an obelisk within the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.
# Legacy.
Some of Australia's plants: "Araucaria cunninghamii" (hoop pine), "Archontophoenix cunninghamiana" (Bangalow palm), "Banksia cunninghamii", "Bauhinia cunninghamii", "Casuarina cunninghamiana" (river sheoak), "Centipeda cunninghamii" (old man weed), "Ficus cunninghamii", "Medicosma cunninghamii" (bone wood), "Nothofagus cunninghamii" (myrtle tree, Tasmania), "Pennantia cunninghamii" (brown beech), and "Polyosma cunninghamii" commemorate Allan and his brother Richard, a botanist. The Cunningham Highway is | 24,215 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
named in honour of Allan. The genus "Alania" was created by Endlicher in Cunningham's honour.
A species of Australian lizard, "Egernia cunninghami", is named in honour of Allan Cunningham.
The Australian federal seat of Cunningham, which stretches from Port Kembla in the south of Wollongong to Heathcote in Southern Sydney, was named after him in honour of his being the first European explorer to visit the Illawarra region.
The locality of Allan, Queensland was named after him.
# References.
- Cunningham's Pandora's Pass, Tracking and Mapping the Explorers, 1823, Volume 4, 2nd Edition, Sunnyland Press
# External links.
- The Allan Cunningham Project dedicated to documenting accurate information | 24,216 |
270052 | Allan Cunningham (botanist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Cunningham%20(botanist) | Allan Cunningham (botanist)
nghami", is named in honour of Allan Cunningham.
The Australian federal seat of Cunningham, which stretches from Port Kembla in the south of Wollongong to Heathcote in Southern Sydney, was named after him in honour of his being the first European explorer to visit the Illawarra region.
The locality of Allan, Queensland was named after him.
# References.
- Cunningham's Pandora's Pass, Tracking and Mapping the Explorers, 1823, Volume 4, 2nd Edition, Sunnyland Press
# External links.
- The Allan Cunningham Project dedicated to documenting accurate information related to Allan Cunningham
- Toowoomba City Council
- Indian Academy of Sciences
- National Library of Australia
- Kew Gardens | 24,217 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
Bewitched (2005 film)
Bewitched is a 2005 American romantic comedy fantasy film written, produced, and directed by Nora Ephron, and starring Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell alongside an ensemble cast featuring Shirley MacLaine, Michael Caine, Jason Schwartzman, Kristin Chenoweth (in her first film appearance), Heather Burns, Jim Turner, Stephen Colbert, David Alan Grier, Carole Shelley and Steve Carell. The film follows an out of work actor (Ferrell) who discovers, in the making of a retooling of "Bewitched", that his co star (Kidman) is an actual witch.
Produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures with Red Wagon Entertainment, the film is a re-imagining of the television series of the same | 24,218 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
name (produced by Columbia's Screen Gems television studio, now Sony Pictures Television). "Bewitched" opened theatrically in the United States and Canada on June 24, 2005 to both critical and commercial failure, earning only $63 million in domestic grosses from an $85 million budget.
# Plot.
Jack Wyatt is a narcissistic actor who is approached to play the role of Darrin in a remake of the 1960s sitcom "Bewitched", but insists that an unknown play Samantha. Isabel Bigelow is an actual witch who decides she wants to be normal and moves to Los Angeles to start a new life and becomes friends with her neighbor Maria. She goes to a bookstore to learn how to get a job after seeing an advertisement | 24,219 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
of Ed McMahon on television. Jack happens to be at the same bookstore after attending some failed Samantha auditions. Jack spots Isabel and persuades her to audition. At the same time, while she's trying to settle into her new life, Isabel's intrusive father Nigel keeps appearing to convince her to return home, despite several rejections from Isabel.
After Isabel impresses the show's producers and writers, Jack finally convinces Isabel to join the show. Also joining the show is legendary actress Iris Smythson as Endora. After a successful taping of the pilot, Isabel happens to overhear a conversation Jack is having with his agent Ritchie. They are talking about how they tricked Isabel to appear | 24,220 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
without having any lines. Furious, Isabel storms off with Maria and new neighbor friend Nina close behind. She decides she only has three choices: quit, get mad, or live with it. Instead, Isabel's Aunt Clara visits and aids Isabel in casting a spell on Jack in order to make him fall in love with her. At the same time, Nigel is introduced to Iris and becomes infatuated with her.
The hex works and Jack becomes love struck by Isabel, insisting on several script changes to give her some dialogue and jokes, ignoring statements from test groups preferring Isabel over him. Jack's affection for Isabel grows and he asks her out on a date, making Isabel forget about the hex. But when he brings her home, | 24,221 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
she remembers and reverses it back to when she and Aunt Clara cast it. The next day, rather than the events the hex presented, Jack is outraged by the scores he received and takes his anger out on Isabel, who lashes back at him. Ritchie fires her, and she storms off.
Rather than be angry at her, Jack is fascinated with Isabel and chases after her, accepting all her comments. After another taping (with Isabel getting dialogue), their romance blossoms. But the next day, Jack's former wife Sheila arrives, determined to woo Jack back. Isabel sees this and casts a spell on her making her sign the divorce papers and have her decide to move to Iceland. Jack, thrilled, announces he will be throwing | 24,222 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
a party at his house celebrating the divorce.
Nigel attends the party with Iris and when Nigel begins flirting with much younger guests, Iris reveals that she is also a witch and casts a spell on each girl. When Jack makes a toast stating truth will be revealed with everyone, Isabel decides to tell Jack she's a witch. At first thinking she's simply an amateur magician, Jack officially believes her when she levitates him with her broom. Jack becomes frightened and shoos her away with a stick. Offended, Isabel flies off.
Jack takes this hard, being brought to the studios by the police and becoming disenchanted with the project. Isabel decides to return home as she no longer wishes to stay. Jack, | 24,223 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
imagining himself on the "Conan O'Brien Show", is visited by Uncle Arthur. Arthur convinces Jack not to let Isabel leave, because Jack still loves her and wouldn't be able to return for 100 years (which is later proven to be a lie Arthur made up to inspire Jack). Arthur drives him to the studio where he finds Isabel at the set. Jack apologizes to her and tells her he wants to marry her. They do and move into their new neighborhood (which resembles the neighborhood in the series, with the Kravitzes living right across the street).
# Cast.
- Nicole Kidman as Isabel Bigelow / Samantha Stephens
- Will Ferrell as Jack Wyatt / Darrin Stephens
- Shirley MacLaine as Iris Smythson / Endora
- Michael | 24,224 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
Caine as Nigel Bigelow
- Jason Schwartzman as Ritchie
- Kristin Chenoweth as Maria Kelly
- Heather Burns as Nina
- Jim Turner as Larry
- Stephen Colbert as Stu Robison
- David Alan Grier as Jim Fields
- Katie Finneran as Sheila Wyatt
- Actual characters from the series
- Carole Shelley as Aunt Clara
- Steve Carell as Uncle Arthur
- Amy Sedaris as Gladys Kravitz
- Richard Kind as Abner Kravitz
- Elizabeth Montgomery (uncredited archive footage) as Samantha Stephens
- Dick York (uncredited archive footage) as Darrin Stephens
- Agnes Moorehead (uncredited archive footage) as Endora
- Paul Lynde (uncredited archive footage) as Uncle Arthur
- Cameo appearances
- Ed McMahon as himself
- | 24,225 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
Conan O'Brien as himself
- James Lipton as himself
- Nick Lachey as Vietnam soldier
- Kate Walsh as Waitress
- Abbey McBride as Auditioner
- Teri Robinson as the witch
# Production.
Principal photography took place from the end of 2004 to the beginning of 2005.
# Reception.
"Bewitched" received negative reviews from critics. Budgeted at $85 million, it achieved a worldwide gross of $131,413,159, considered disappointing. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 25% of critics gave the film a positive review, based upon 185 reviews, with the website's statement, ""Bewitched" is haunted by scattered laughs and a lack of direction". The total gross for the United States was $63,313,159, with international | 24,226 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
at $68,100,000. The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 19, 2005, and opened on #2, behind "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory".
The film earned Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple. The film was also nominated for Worst Director, Worst Actor (Will Ferrell), Worst Screenplay, and Worst Remake or Sequel. "The New York Times" called the film "an unmitigated disaster". Australian critics Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton gave the film three and half stars out of five stars. Both said that Kidman captured the character exactly.
# Home media.
The DVD was released on October 25, 2005 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. It included deleted | 24,227 |
1599541 | Bewitched (2005 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bewitched%20(2005%20film) | Bewitched (2005 film)
ll Ferrell a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple. The film was also nominated for Worst Director, Worst Actor (Will Ferrell), Worst Screenplay, and Worst Remake or Sequel. "The New York Times" called the film "an unmitigated disaster". Australian critics Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton gave the film three and half stars out of five stars. Both said that Kidman captured the character exactly.
# Home media.
The DVD was released on October 25, 2005 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. It included deleted scenes, such as Jack and Isabel's wedding and an extended version of Isabel getting mad, several making of featurettes, a trivia game, and an audio commentary by the director. | 24,228 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
Synthetic fiber
Synthetic fibers (British English: synthetic fibres) are fibers made by humans with chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that humans get from living organisms with little or no chemical changes. They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve on naturally occurring animal fibers and plant fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets, forming a fibre. These fibers are called synthetic or artificial fibers.Synthetic fibres are created by a process known as polymerisation which includes combining monomers to make a long chain or polymer.The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which | 24,229 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units".(Note:each single units of a polymer is called monomer).Polymerisation are of two types:linear polymerisation and Cross-linked polymerisation. Example are Rayon, Nylon and Polyester.
# Early experiments.
Joseph Swan invented the first artificial fiber in the early 1880s; today it would be called semisynthetic in precise usage. His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb, but Swan soon realized the | 24,230 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
potential of the fiber to revolutionise textile manufacturing. In 1885, he unveiled fabrics he had manufactured from his synthetic material at the International Inventions Exhibition in London.
The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet, a French engineer and industrialist, who invented the first artificial silk, which he called "Chardonnet silk". In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silkworms. Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet's discovery of nitrocellulose as a potential replacement for real silk. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new | 24,231 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
product, which he displayed at the Paris Exhibition of 1889. Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and was subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials.
# Commercial products.
The first successful process was developed in 1894 by English chemist Charles Frederick Cross, and his collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle. They named the fiber "viscose", because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of xanthate. The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds in 1905. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to | 24,232 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
make both rayon and cellophane. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood.
Nylon, the first synthetic fiber in the "fully synthetic" sense of that term, was developed by Wallace Carothers, an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s. It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II. Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes.
The first polyester | 24,233 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
fiber was introduced by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, British chemists working at the Calico Printers' Association, in 1941. They produced and patented the first polyester fiber which they named Terylene, also known as Dacron, equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience. ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of the fiber.
The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014.
# Description.
Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers of small molecules. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a chemical | 24,234 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
that bond two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing chemical compounds are used to produce different types of synthetic fibers.
Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fiber based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 per cent.
# Advantages.
Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different | 24,235 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
dyes. In addition, many synthetic fibers offer consumer-friendly functions such as stretching, waterproofing and stain resistance.
Sunlight, moisture, and oils from human skin cause all fibers to break down and wear away. Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends. This is mainly because natural products are biodegradable.
Natural fibers are susceptible to larval insect infestation; synthetic fibers are not a good food source for fabric-damaging insects.
Compared to natural fibers, many synthetic fibers are more water resistant and stain resistant. Some are even specially enhanced to withstand damage from water or stains.
# Disadvantages.
Most of synthetic fibers' | 24,236 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
disadvantages are related to their low melting temperature:
- The mono-fibers do not trap air pockets like cotton and provide poor insulation.
- Synthetic fibers burn more readily than natural.
- Prone to heat damage.
- Melt relatively easily.
- Prone to damage by hot washing.
- More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibers.
- Not skin friendly, so it is uncomfortable for long wearing.
- Some people are allergic to synthetic fibres.
- Non-biodegradable in comparison to natural fibers.
- Most of the synthetic fibres absorb very little moisture so become sticky when the body sweats.
- Synthetic fibers are a source of microplastic pollution from laundry machines.
# | 24,237 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
Common synthetic fibers.
Common synthetic fibers include:
- Nylon (1931)
- Modacrylic (1949)
- Olefin (1949)
- Acrylic (1950)
- Polyester (1953)
Specialty synthetic fibers include:
- Rayon (1894) artificial silk
- Vinyon (1939)
- Saran (1941)
- Spandex (1959)
- Vinalon (1939)
- Aramids (1961) - known as Nomex, Kevlar and Twaron
- Modal (1960's)
- Dyneema/Spectra (1979)
- PBI (Polybenzimidazole fiber) (1983)
- Sulfar (1983)
- Lyocell (1992) (artificial, not synthetic)
- PLA (2002)
- M-5 (PIPD fiber)
- Orlon
- Zylon (PBO fiber)
- Vectran (TLCP fiber) made from Vectra LCP polymer
- Derclon used in manufacture of rugs
Other synthetic materials used in fibers include:
- | 24,238 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
Acrylonitrile rubber (1930)
Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include:
- Glass fiber (1938) is used for:
- industrial, automotive, and home insulation (glass wool)
- reinforcement of composite materials (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete)
- specialty papers in battery separators and filtration
- Metallic fiber (1946) is used for:
- adding metallic properties to clothing for the purpose of fashion (usually made with composite plastic and metal foils)
- elimination and prevention of static charge build-up
- conducting electricity to transmit information
- conduction of heat
# See also.
- Artificial turf
- Elasterell
- Rope
- Delustrant
# | 24,239 |
270081 | Synthetic fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic%20fiber | Synthetic fiber
reinforcement of composite materials (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete)
- specialty papers in battery separators and filtration
- Metallic fiber (1946) is used for:
- adding metallic properties to clothing for the purpose of fashion (usually made with composite plastic and metal foils)
- elimination and prevention of static charge build-up
- conducting electricity to transmit information
- conduction of heat
# See also.
- Artificial turf
- Elasterell
- Rope
- Delustrant
# Further reading.
- The original source of this article and much of the synthetic fiber articles (copied with permission) is Whole Earth magazine, No. 90, Summer 1997. www.wholeearth.com | 24,240 |
1599551 | Gildone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gildone | Gildone
Gildone
Gildone is a hill town and "comune" in the province of Campobasso, in the Molise region (southern Italy). At its peak, the town consisted of 3,000 inhabitants, but the population now numbers about 900. The town is in a rural area surrounded by farms dotted with olive trees and sheep, and is located about 15 minutes southeast of the city of Campobasso.
Gildone became famous because the great-grandparents of Ariana Grande (Antonio Grande and Filomena Iavenditti) lived here before moving to america in 1912
# Emigration.
As part of the wider Italian mass-emigration, many of Gildone's inhabitants left the town in search of economic betterment. The first emigrants left around the turn of | 24,241 |
1599551 | Gildone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gildone | Gildone
the 20th century and mainly settled in Brooklyn, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. (There is a plaque in Gildone's main church St Sabino, commemorating the financial contribution of the Gildonese émigré community of Cleveland towards the church's restoration in 1923.) Following the Second World War, in light of stricter immigration laws into the United States, Gildonesi emigrants sought new lives elsewhere. A vast amount relocated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where in fact, the number of Gildonesi and their descendants exceeds the current population of the town itself. The traditions of Gildone continue to survive in the émigré community of Montreal, such as the August pepper | 24,242 |
1599551 | Gildone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gildone | Gildone
feast and anniversary of Santa Maria delle Grazie, which are maintained by the local Associazione Gildonese. Other major Gildonese communities exist in New York, Melbourne, Toronto, Belgium, Buenos Aires, São Paulo and Caracas, with minor communities in Western Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany and Switzerland.
# Landmarks.
Gildone's main church contains art dating back centuries and one of the other churches in town was converted to a community hall in Spring 2006. Dating further back in time, located near the town are the remains of an ancient Samnite necropolis.
# Local economy.
As with much of Southern Italy, the area surrounding Gildone consists mainly of small-scale, family-run | 24,243 |
1599551 | Gildone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gildone | Gildone
ties in Western Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany and Switzerland.
# Landmarks.
Gildone's main church contains art dating back centuries and one of the other churches in town was converted to a community hall in Spring 2006. Dating further back in time, located near the town are the remains of an ancient Samnite necropolis.
# Local economy.
As with much of Southern Italy, the area surrounding Gildone consists mainly of small-scale, family-run farms. There is little in the way of significant industry.
A notable development in the local economy is the farming of water buffalo to produce milk for the production of Mozzarella di Bufala (Buffalo Mozzarella). The facility opened in 2006. | 24,244 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
Tripod.com
Tripod.com is a web hosting service owned by Lycos. Originally aiming its services to college students and young adults, it was one of several sites trying to build online communities during the 1990s. As such, Tripod formed part of the first wave of user-generated content.
# Services.
Tripod offers free and paid web hosting services, including 20 megabytes of storage space and the ability to run Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts in Perl. In addition to basic hosting, Tripod also offers a blogging tool, a photo album manager, and the Trellix site builder for WYSIWYG page editing. Tripod's for-pay services include additional disk space, a shopping cart, domain names, web and | 24,245 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
POP/IMAP email.
# History.
Tripod originated in 1992 with two Williams College classmates, Bo Peabody and Brett Hershey, along with Dick Sabot, an economics professor at the school. The company was headquartered in Williamstown, Massachusetts, with Peabody as CEO. Although it would eventually focus on the Internet, Tripod also published a magazine, "Tools for Life", that was distributed with textbooks, and offered a discount card for students.
## Website launch.
The domain name Tripod.com was created on September 29, 1994, and the site officially launched in 1995 after operating in "sneak-preview mode" for a period. Billed as a "hip Web site and pay service for and by college students", | 24,246 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
it offered how-to advice on practical issues that might concern young people when first living away from home. It planned to charge a minimal fee and make money primarily on commissions from partners who would sell products on the site. Other services available included résumé writing features and a simple home page builder.
Although the feature was an afterthought originally, Tripod soon became known as a place where people could create free web pages, competing with the likes of Yahoo! GeoCities and Angelfire. Criticizing AOL, the existing leader in this space, for its "walled-garden" approach, Peabody described the company's aims: "Our idea is to build a community through user-created and | 24,247 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
user-based content." A reviewer in "The Washington Post" recommended Tripod over GeoCities for giving users an easier URL to remember, and because GeoCities sites had a tendency to crash computers.
## Investment and buyout.
After receiving an initial investment of US$4 million in venture capital, led by New Enterprises Associates, in May 1997 Tripod took an additional round of investment totaling US$10 million. By this time the company had grown to 40 employees and was hoping to reach profitability by the 1st quarter of 1998. The second group of investors included Interpublic, which paid US$2.5 million for a stake in Tripod estimated at 10 percent, thus implying a valuation of US$25 million | 24,248 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
for the company overall. As it turned out, Tripod would be sold in February 1998 to Lycos for a reported US$58 million in stock.
Lycos also ended up owning Tripod's former competitor Angelfire, picked up as part of the acquisition of WhoWhere. The two properties were run concurrently, with Tripod continuing to focus on its college-age audience while Angelfire tended to attract high school users. In early 2001, Tripod reached 6 million registered users (up from nearly 1 million at the time it was acquired) and was expanding at an estimated 250,000 new sites per month. However, generating profits remained difficult, with an analyst opining that they needed better user profiling so the sites could | 24,249 |
1599564 | Tripod.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripod.com | Tripod.com
so the sites could generate the results expected by advertisers. They also had the challenge of not alienating users while trying to make money. By the end of the year, Tripod and Angelfire also introduced account options allowing users to pay in order to keep their sites ad-free. GeoCities, now acquired by Yahoo!, would follow suit not long afterward.
# Domain name.
Web sites generally are a subdomain of tripod.com. However, users can pay a monthly charge and own a domain name. Paying in this manner also allows for other benefits, such as more disk space for the site which allows the site owner to put more information onto it, and personalized email accounts, e.g., yourname@yoursite.com. | 24,250 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Green Mount Cemetery
Green Mount Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Established on March 15, 1838, and dedicated on July 13, 1839, it is noted for the large number of historical figures interred in its grounds as well as a large number of prominent Baltimore-area families. It retained the name Green Mount when the land was purchased from the heirs of Baltimore merchant Robert Oliver. Green Mount is a treasury of precious works of art, including striking works by major sculptors including William H. Rinehart and Hans Schuler.
The cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Guided tours are available at various times of the year.
A | 24,251 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Baltimore City Landmark plaque at the entrance reads:
In addition to John Wilkes Booth, two other conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are buried here, Samuel Arnold and Michael O'Laughlen. It is common for visitors to the cemetery to leave pennies on the graves of the three men; the one-cent coin features the likeness of the president they successfully sought to murder.
Until a 1965 agreement with Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor had planned for a burial in a purchased plot in Rose Circle at Green Mount Cemetery, near where the father of the Duchess was interred. The 1965 agreement allowed for the abdicated King Edward VIII and wife, the Duchess of Windsor, | 24,252 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
to be buried near other members of the royal family in the Royal Burial Ground near Windsor Castle.
# Notable interments.
- Arunah Abell (1808–1888), journalist, newspaper publisher, founder of the Philadelphia "Public Ledger" and Baltimore "Sun" newspapers.
- William Julian Albert (1816–1879), U.S. Congressman.
- Samuel Arnold (1834–1906), Lincoln assassination conspirator.
- James Monroe Bankhead (1783–1856), U. S. Army General that served in the War of 1812, Second Seminole War, and Mexican–American War.
- Daniel Moreau Barringer (1806–1873), a United States Congressman and diplomat.
- A. Aubrey Bodine (1906–1970), photographer.
- Elizabeth ("Betsy") Patterson Bonaparte (1785–1879), | 24,253 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Baltimore-born wife of Napoleon's brother, Jérôme Bonaparte (m. 1803). Napoleon refused to recognize the marriage. When Jérôme returned to France in 1805, his wife was forbidden to debark and went to England, where her son, Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte, was born. Napoleon issued a state decree of annulment for his brother in 1806, and Elizabeth Patterson returned to Baltimore with her son.
- Elijah Bond, (1847–1921), lawyer and inventor.
- Asia Frigga (Booth) Clarke, (1835–1888), author and sister of John Wilkes Booth.
- John Wilkes Booth (1838–1865), assassin of President Abraham Lincoln.
- Junius Brutus Booth (1796–1852), noted English actor, the foremost tragedian of the early-to-mid 19th | 24,254 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
century.
- Augustus Bradford (1806–1881), Governor of Maryland.
- Joseph Lancaster Brent (1826 – 1905) lawyer and politician in California, Louisiana and Maryland and a brigadier general in the Confederate army.
- Jesse D. Bright (1812–1875), United States Senator from Indiana.
- Frank Brown (1846–1920), Governor of Maryland.
- James M. Buchanan (1803–1876), Judge and United States Ambassador to Denmark.
- James Buck (1808–1865), an American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient.
- John Archibald Campbell (1811–1889), was a United States Supreme Court Justice.
- Henry Winter Davis (1817–1865), U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 3rd District, 1863–1865.
- William Daniel, state legislator and | 24,255 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Prohibition Party vice presidential candidate, 1884.
- Allen Welsh Dulles (1893–1969), director of the Central Intelligence Agency and a member of the Warren Commission.
- Wendell E. Dunn (1894–1965), educator and principal of Forest Park High School.
- Wendell E. Dunn, Jr. (1922–2007), metallurgist and chemical engineer.
- Thomas Dunn (1925–2008), musician and conductor.
- Johnny Eck (1911–1991), American freak show performer born without legs.
- Arnold Elzey (1816–1871), Confederate Civil War general from Maryland.
- George F. Emmons (1811–1884), Rear Admiral, United States Navy.
- George Hyde Fallon (1902–1980), U.S. Congressman, 4th District of Maryland.
- Robert G. Harper (1765–1825), | 24,256 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
United States Senator from Maryland.
- Johns Hopkins (1795–1873), businessman and philanthropist. He left substantial bequests in his will to found the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
- Benjamin Chew Howard (1791–1872), a congressman and the fifth reporter of decisions of the United States Supreme Court
- Benjamin Huger (1805–1877), a career United States Army ordnance officer and a Confederate general in the American Civil War.
- Reverdy Johnson (1796–1876), statesman, United States Senator and United States Attorney General.
- Joseph Eggleston Johnston (1807–1891), military officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
- Isaac Dashiell Jones | 24,257 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
(1806–1893), U.S. Congressman.
- Anthony Kennedy (1810–1892), United States Senator.
- John P. Kennedy (1795–1870), congressman and United States Secretary of the Navy.
- Harriet Lane (1830–1903), niece of President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861.
- Sidney Lanier (1842–1881), musician and poet.
- Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Jr. (1806–1878), civil engineer and Green Mount's landscape architect.
- Walter Lord (1917–2002), author, best known for his novel "A Night to Remember".
- John Gresham Machen (1881–1937), influential Presbyterian theologian and founder of Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- John MacTavish (1787–1852), | 24,258 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
British Consul to Maryland in the 1840s.
- Charles Marshall (1830–1902), colonel in the Confederate States Army, aide de camp, assistant adjutant general, and military secretary for the Army of Northern Virginia and Gen. Robert E. Lee.
- Theodore R. McKeldin (1900–1974), Mayor of Baltimore and Governor of Maryland.
- Louis McLane (1786–1857), United States Congressman from Delaware, United States Secretary of the Treasury, and later the United States Secretary of State.
- Robert Milligan McLane (1815–1898), Governor of Maryland.
- Louis Wardlaw Miles (1873–1944), World War I Medal of Honor Recipient.
- Arthur C. Needles (1867-1936), president of the Norfolk and Western Railroad.
- John | 24,259 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Nelson (1794–1860), United States Attorney General.
- Harry W. Nice (1877–1941), Governor of Maryland.
- Daniel S. Norton (1829–1870), United States Senator from Minnesota.
- Michael O'Laughlen (1840–1867), Lincoln assassination conspirator.
- Edward Coote Pinkney (1802–1828), poet.
- John P. Poe, Sr. (1836–1909), Attorney General of Maryland, 1891–1895.
- William Henry Rinehart (1825–1874), sculptor.
- Cadwalader Ringgold (1802–1867), U.S. Navy officer.
- Albert C. Ritchie (1876–1936), Governor of Maryland, 1920–1935.
- Major General George H. Steuart (1790–1867), a United States Army general in the War of 1812.
- George H. Steuart (1828–1903), a Confederate general in the American | 24,260 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
Civil War.
- Thomas Swann (1809–1883), Governor of Maryland, 1866–1869, U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 3rd and 4th Districts, 1869–1879, Mayor of Baltimore, 1856–1860.
- Isaac R. Trimble (1802–1888), a U.S. Army officer, civil engineer, a prominent railroad construction superintendent and executive, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War.
- Daniel Turner (1794–1850), United States Navy officer during the War of 1812.
- Erastus B. Tyler (1822–1891), Union Army general in the American Civil War.
- John B. Van Meter (1842–1930) U.S. Navy chaplain, academic, and co-founder of Goucher College
- Henry Walters (1848–1931), president of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, art collector | 24,261 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
whose bequest to the City of Baltimore in 1931 started the Walters Art Museum.
- William Thompson Walters (1820–1894), Liquor distributor, banker, railroad magnate and art collector.
- Teackle Wallis Warfield (1869-1896) Father of Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. Wife of King Edward VIII.
- William Pinkney Whyte (1824–1908), Maryland State Delegate, State Comptroller, a United States Senator, the State Governor, the Mayor of Baltimore, and State Attorney General.
- Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer (1812–1878), Episcopal bishop of Louisiana.
- John H. Winder (1800–1865), Confederate general during the American Civil War.
# External links.
- Green Mount Cemetery at The Political Graveyard
- | 24,262 |
1599599 | Green Mount Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green%20Mount%20Cemetery | Green Mount Cemetery
s Warfield (1869-1896) Father of Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. Wife of King Edward VIII.
- William Pinkney Whyte (1824–1908), Maryland State Delegate, State Comptroller, a United States Senator, the State Governor, the Mayor of Baltimore, and State Attorney General.
- Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer (1812–1878), Episcopal bishop of Louisiana.
- John H. Winder (1800–1865), Confederate general during the American Civil War.
# External links.
- Green Mount Cemetery at The Political Graveyard
- Green Mount Cemetery Famous People Map Grave Marker Locations
- Green Mount Cemetery at "Explore Baltimore Heritage"
- Photos of Green Mount Cemetery on Flickr
- Green Mount Cemetery at Cold Marble | 24,263 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
King's College, Auckland
King's College, often informally referred to simply as King's, is an independent secondary boarding and day school in New Zealand. It educates over 1000 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years. King's was originally a single sex boys school but has admitted girls in the Sixth and Seventh forms (Years 12 and 13) since 1980, and in the Fifth form (Year 11) since 2016. King's was founded in 1896 by Graham Bruce. King's was originally situated in Remuera, Auckland on the site now occupied by King's School, Remuera, in 1922 the school moved to its present site in the South Auckland suburb of Otahuhu.
The school has strong links to the Anglican church; the Anglican Bishop of Auckland, | 24,264 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
and the Dean of Auckland are permanent members of the school's Board Of Governors. The College is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' UK Conference, the G20 Schools Group and Round Square group.
# Enrolment.
As a New Zealand private school, King's receives around $2000 per student from the government and charges parents of students tuition fees to cover costs.
At a February 2011 Education Review Office (ERO) review, King's College had 975 students including 31 international students. The school's gender composition was 85% male and 15% female, or 72% male and 28% female in the final two years. At the same review King's students identified as 79% New Zealand European (Pākehā), | 24,265 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
7% Chinese, 4% Māori, 3% Indian, 2% Korean, and 5% other.
# Sports.
King's College competes in the 1A Rugby Competition and has won 15 times. The annual King's College v Auckland Grammar School rugby game is one of the oldest rivalries in New Zealand schoolboy rugby. The King's 1st XI Cricket team won the Gillette Cup in consecutive years between 2009 and 2011, producing notable cricketers with the most recent being Tim Southee.
# Teaching and community activities.
The school, like some others in New Zealand, offers students Cambridge A-Level, and IGCSE courses as well as those from New Zealand's national qualification, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement.
The school co-ordinates | 24,266 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
a service programme which aids the South Auckland community.
# Houses.
All students are organised into Houses, which form separate communities within the College, and compete amongst themselves for numerous trophies and the much sought Merritt Shield. Boys' boarding Houses include Parnell, School, Selwyn, and St John's. Boys' day Houses (known as 'Townhouses') are Greenbank, Major, Marsden, Averill and Peart. The Girl's Houses are Middlemore (boarding), and Taylor (day).
- Averill – Averill House was founded in 1961, and became the first weekly boarding House in 1977. It has since been made into a day house as of February 2013. The Averill House motto is ""Non Sine Pulvere Plama"" which means | 24,267 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
"The prize is not won without effort". Averill is represented by the colour brown.
- Greenbank – Greenbank House is the newest boy day house named after former Headmaster G N T Greenbank; opened in 1997 as an overflow House from the other three Day Houses with just 70 boys and has since grown to 108 in 2009. The Greenbank House motto, ""Semper ad Optima"" means "Always strive for the best". Greenbank is represented by the colour grey.
- Major – Built in 1959 to relieve the two existing day Houses. Major is named after Charles Major, who "saved the school" back in its founding years. He was Headmaster after Graham Bruce. Major's House Colour is Black, the House motto is ""Virtute ad Victoriam"", | 24,268 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
meaning "with virtues comes victory", and is part of the day House complex, alondside Marsden and Peart. Major is represented by the colour black.
- Marsden – Originally Marsden was known as Town House, until Town House was split into Marsden and Peart in 1947. It is named after the first Anglican missionary to arrive in New Zealand in 1814, Samuel Marsden. The motto is ""Semper Ardentes"", meaning "Always Determined". Marsden is represented by the colour white.
- Middlemore – The Girls' Boarding House, established in 1984, caters for up to 50 boarders. The Middlemore House motto, ""Nulli Secundus"" means "Second to none". Middlemore is represented by the colour maroon.
- Parnell – Established | 24,269 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
under the name Middlemore in 1924, was renamed in 1928 to mark the affiliation with the former Church of England Grammar School (est 1855) in Ayr Street, Parnell and has 64 boarders this year. Their motto, "Disciplina Fides Perservantia" means Discipline, Faith, Perseverance. Parnell is represented by the colour yellow.
- Peart – Founded in 1947, named after the Headmaster killed in action in World War II. The motto, ""Veritas Praevalet"", means 'Let Truth Prevail'. Peart is represented by the colour sky blue.
- School – The House was founded in 1922, when the College moved to Middlemore. School House is represented by the colour red and shares the same motto as the College, ""Virtus Pollet"".
- | 24,270 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
Selwyn – Selwyn was founded in 1945 and resided 'at the top of the drive' until the new House was opened on 1 July 2004. This building is located inside the Golf Road gates, immediately on the right hand side as one drives into the College. It has a maximum capacity of 82 boys from Year 9 – 13. There are no dormitories as all students are in rooms, which are shared at Years 9, 10, 11 with individual rooms for Years 12 and 13. Rooms at Year 11, 12 and 13 have ensuites. The house colour is green and the motto is ""Per Fidem Fortis"" meaning "Strength Through Faith".
- St John's – Named 'St John's' to recognise the direct link with St John's Collegiate School, which merged with King's in 1913. | 24,271 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
St John's is located adjacent to the main tennis courts. The St John's House motto, ""Religio Doctrina Diligentia"" translates to "True religion, sound learning, useful industry." St John's is represented by the colour blue.
- Taylor – Taylor House was established in 2006 and it is home to the Day Girls of King’s College. Originally part of Middlemore House, the differing needs of day and boarding girls meant that a new facility was required. Taylor House is located next to Marsden, in the building that was formerly the Headmaster's residence. The statue in the garden (Mana Wahine) was a present at the opening from former Headmaster, John, and his wife, Sarah Taylor who is the eponym of the | 24,272 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
house. The Taylor House motto ""Potens Pollensque"” means "capable and strong." Taylor is represented by the colour purple.
Both Middlemore and Taylor cater for Year 11, 12 and 13 girls.
# Traditions.
## School Song.
The school song of King's College is the "Carmen Regale", the melody of which was composed by Dutchman Eduard Kremser and the lyrics were authored by I G G Strachan. The school song is shared, among some other things, with King's School in Remuera.
# Alumni.
King's alumni or former pupils are traditionally named Old Boys or Collegians.
## Academic.
- George Cawkwell – ancient historian
## The Arts.
- Jack Body – composer
- Marton Csokas – actor
- David de Lautour – actor
- | 24,273 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
Laura Hill – actor
- Elizabeth Marvelly – singer
- Jamie McDell – singer
- James Wallace – Art Collector, James Wallace Art Trust
- KJ Apa – actor
## Business.
- Sam Chisholm – former chief executive Nine Network and British Sky Broadcasting
- Rob Fenwick – Sustainable Advisory Panel
- Hugh Fletcher – chief executive of Fletcher Challenge
- Douglas Myers – brewer, philanthropist
- David Richwhite – merchant banker (of Fay, Richwhite)
## Criminals.
- Quinton Winders – the 'Stop/Go Murderer'
## Public service.
- John Manchester Allen (1901–1941), MP for the National Party
- Douglas Rivers Bagnall, DSO DFC (1918 – 2001), RAF Wing Commander, notable WWII Wellington bomber pilot and | 24,274 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
commander
- John Percy Bayly, Member of the Legislative Council of Fiji
- Peter Blanchard, KNZM, PC – Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, Member of the British Privy Council
- Roy Calvert, DFC (1913–2002), WWII pilot
- Brian Carbury, DFC (1918–1962), leading flying ace of the Battle of Britain
- Paul East, CNZM, QC – former Cabinet Minister and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
- Leon Götz, KCVO, (1892–1970), MP for the National Party
- John Henry, KNZM, QC – Justice of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand, Privy Councillor (see Privy Council of the United Kingdom)
- Colin Kay, CBE – former Mayor of Auckland and New Zealand triple jump champion
- John Lewis – former Headmaster, | 24,275 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
Eton College and Geelong Grammar School
- Jim McLay, KNZM, QSO – former Deputy Prime Minister, former leader of the National Party, former Permanent Representative to the United Nations (New York) for New Zealand, and current Representative of New Zealand to the Palestinian Authority
- Simon Moore, QC – Justice of the High Court
- Keith Park, GCB, KBE, MC & Bar, DFC, RAF – New Zealand soldier, World War I flying ace and World War II senior Royal Air Force commander, the key military figure in the Battle of Britain
- Geoffrey Sim, QSO, (1911–2002), Member of Parliament representing the National Party
- George Tupou V, (1948–2012), King of Tonga
## Science.
- Charles Fleming – scientist | 24,276 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
and environmentalist
- Allan Wilson – evolutionary biologist
## Sport.
- Pita Alatini – All Blacks rugby player
- Daniel Braid – 2002–03 All Blacks, 2002– Auckland NPC and Blues Super 14 rugby teams
- Mark Chapman — Black Caps cricketer
- Simon Child – New Zealand hockey player
- Mark Craig – Black Caps cricketer
- Peter Dignan – Olympic bronze medallist: rowing
- Alistair Dryden – Commonwealth Games silver medallist: rowing
- Ryan Fox – Professional Golfer
- Peter Hillary – Son of Sir Edmund Hillary, mountaineer and motivational speaker
- Bill Hunt – Olympic skier
- Ian Kirkpatrick – All Blacks rugby player and captain
- Hamish Marshall – New Zealand Test/ODI cricketer
- James | 24,277 |
1599623 | King's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King's%20College,%20Auckland | King's College, Auckland
unt – Olympic skier
- Ian Kirkpatrick – All Blacks rugby player and captain
- Hamish Marshall – New Zealand Test/ODI cricketer
- James Marshall – New Zealand Test/ODI cricketer
- Peter Masfen – Olympic rower
- Anthony Mosse – Olympic bronze medalist, Commonwealth Games double gold medalist, silver medalist and bronze medalist.
- James Parsons – All Blacks and North Harbour NPC and Blues Super 14 Rugby teams (Captain)
- Jamie Smith – New Zealand hockey player and captain
- Kim Smith – Olympic long distance runner
- Tim Southee – Black Caps cricketer
- Rob Waddell – Olympic gold medalist: rowing; crew Member
- Ali Williams – All Blacks and Auckland NPC and Blues Super 14 Rugby teams | 24,278 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
William Henry Cushing
William Henry Cushing (August 21, 1852 – January 25, 1934) was a Canadian politician. Born in Ontario, he migrated west as a young adult where he started a successful lumber company and later became Alberta's first Minister of Public Works and the 11th mayor of Calgary. As Minister of Public Works in the government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford, he oversaw the creation of Alberta Government Telephones.
Cushing's resignation in 1910 precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal, which forced Rutherford's resignation. Though Cushing had hopes of being asked to replace Rutherford, that role fell instead to Arthur Sifton, the province's chief judge. Left out | 24,279 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
of Sifton's cabinet, Cushing did not seek re-election in the 1913 election, and did not re-enter politics thereafter. He was the chairman of Mount Royal College's board of governors for sixteen years. He died in 1934.
# Early life.
Cushing was born August 21, 1852 in Kenilworth, Ontario to William Cushing and Sarah Thomson. His father was a farmer who had immigrated from Norwich, England in 1840. In 1879, Cushing indentured as a carpenter. He moved to Calgary in 1883, where in partnership with Stephen Jarett, he engaged in carpentry, building houses and stores. In 1877 Cushing married Elizabeth Rinn, who died three years later. In 1883 he married Mary Jane Waters, with whom he had two children. | 24,280 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
In 1885 he opened a sash and door factory, which made him wealthy. His business flourished and expanded; by 1900, it occupied 42 city lots and employed more than one hundred workers; by 1911, this number had reached two hundred. He was also active in the local Methodist church and the Bowness golf club, and served eight years as a school trustee with the Calgary Board of Education. He was a supporter of the Temperance Movement.
# Municipal politics.
Cushing was elected Calgary town councillor for a term beginning on January 20, 1890. He remained in that capacity until January 16, 1893. Two years later he became an alderman on the council of Calgary, which was now a city. He served as alderman | 24,281 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
from January 7, 1895 until January 4, 1897, and again from May 1899 until January 2, 1900. During his last term he was elected the thirteenth mayor of Calgary, a position he held from January 2, 1900 until January 7, 1901. He subsequently served another term as alderman from January 6, 1902 until January 2, 1905.
He also served as the president of Calgary's Board of Trade in 1906.
# Provincial politics.
After Alexander Cameron Rutherford was asked to form Alberta's first government in 1905, he appointed Cushing as his Minister of Public Works. Historian L. G. Thomas notes that this was an important portfolio, given the rapid development of infrastructure expected in the new province. In keeping | 24,282 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
with custom for cabinet ministers in Westminster parliamentary systems, Cushing ran for the first Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the district of Calgary in the 1905 election. Cushing, a Liberal, was opposed by Conservative leader R. B. Bennett. The campaign was acrimonious; at one meeting, Bennett accused Cushing of giving his fellow Liberal candidates road-building money with which they could bribe their districts. On election day, Cushing defeated Bennett, who attributed his defeat to "Roman Catholic influence".
Once elected, he was Calgary's primary supporter in the legislature's debate over Alberta's capital city, claiming that it was the new province's economic centre, that Alberta's | 24,283 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
status as a province was the result of a political movement that had begun in Calgary, and that it would be cheaper to build a legislature there than in Edmonton, site of the interim capital. His motion to name Calgary as the capital was defeated 16 votes to eight, and permanent capital was located at Edmonton. Though it was not to be at his preferred location, as Public Works Minister Cushing did choose the design for the new Alberta Legislature Building, which was based on the Minnesota State Capitol.
As Calgary's representative, Cushing was further dismayed when Rutherford elected to locate the University of Alberta in his own hometown of Strathcona, immediately across the North Saskatchewan | 24,284 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
River from Edmonton. Calgarians felt that, having been denied the capital, they should be first in line for the university.
As Public Works Minister, Cushing was a primary advocate of government intervention in the labour disputes plaguing Alberta's coal industry in 1907; Rutherford eventually appointed a commission to examine the problem. Cushing also presided over the government's entry into the telephone business: in 1906, most telephone lines in Alberta were privately owned, and the largest of these private owners was the Bell Telephone Company. Bell controlled all telephone service in Calgary, and refused to extend its operations into less densely populated, and therefore less profitable, | 24,285 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
regions of the province. In response, Cushing attacked Bell as "the most pernicious and iniquitous monopoly that had ever been foisted upon a people claiming to be free" and sponsored legislation creating Alberta Government Telephones to service areas that Bell would not. This new company later purchased Bell's lines, financing the venture by issuing debentures, in contrast to the government's usual policy of "pay as you go". Cushing's zeal for government involvement was such that member of the House of Commons of Canada Peter Talbot in 1908 warned Rutherford that his Public Works Minister was "going crazy" with public ownership and that Rutherford would "someday find a lot of trouble through | 24,286 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
him". Thomas has argued that it was strange for a successful businessman like Cushing to be so aggressive rhetorically against a successful corporation, but Mount Royal College historian Patricia Roome has suggested that Cushing was soured by his own experience as a Calgarian living under the monopoly, hostile to what he saw as a symbol of "eastern capitalism", and hopeful that bringing telephone service to rural areas would guarantee continued Liberal success.
## Railway scandal.
By the 1909 election, Calgary's growth had earned it a second seat in the legislature. Cushing finished first in a five candidate field, and was elected to fill one of these seats; Bennett, finishing second, was | 24,287 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
elected to the other.
Though Cushing, as Minister of Public Works, was initially responsible for railway policy, on November 1, 1909 Rutherford created a new ministry of Railways, which he appointed himself to head. In February 1910, Cushing resigned as Minister of Public Works, expressing disagreement with Rutherford's policy of offering loan guarantees to private railway builders, including the Alberta and Great Waterways (A&GW) Railway. He stated in his letter of resignation that this policy had been adopted without his knowledge or consent. Rutherford accepted the resignation with regret, but publicly disagreed with Cushing's claim that he had been kept unaware of government railway policy. | 24,288 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
On February 25, Cushing gave his account of the events leading to his resignation In the legislature: after responsibility for railways was removed from his department, Rutherford had offered the A&GW guarantees of $20,000 per mile of railway constructed. In making this guarantee, Rutherford had not consulted government engineers in the department of Public Works about construction costs, relying instead on the A&GW's engineer. Cushing felt that guaranteeing $20,000 per mile, regardless of actual construction costs, was unwise, and further believed that the government's reliance on the A&GW's engineer could let the company get away with building a sub-standard railway.
There followed a dramatic | 24,289 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
series of legislative debates and votes, in which many Liberals, including Cushing, frequently voted against their own government, even on motions of non-confidence. In March, Rutherford invited Cushing to rejoin the cabinet; according to Cushing, he was assured that if he did so his rival, Attorney General Charles Wilson Cross, would resign. He declined Rutherford's offer, both because he considered that he was no longer able to work with the premier and because his allies among the anti-Rutherford Liberals urged him to fight on. Rumours began to circulate that Rutherford would resign, to be replaced by Cushing. Lieutenant Governor of Alberta George Bulyea was indeed convinced that Rutherford | 24,290 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
would have to resign in order to save the Liberals, but he and other powerful Liberals did not view Cushing as capable of leading the government. Bulyea instead invited provincial Chief Justice Arthur Sifton to form a government, though Cushing was reputed to have been "sitting in his hotel room, his ear glued to the telephone, waiting for the summons from the Lieutenant-Governor to assume the robes of Rutherford".
Sifton left Cushing, along with all other major figures of the A&GW dispute, out of his first cabinet; Ezra Riley, a staunch Cushing ally, resigned his seat in protest. Cushing did not do the same, but did not seek re-election in the 1913 election.
# Later life and legacy.
Cushing | 24,291 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
was the first chairman of the Mount Royal College Board of Governors, holding the post from 1910 until 1926, when he was designated Honorary Chairman. He died in Calgary January 25, 1934 of a heart attack. Calgary's W. H. Cushing Workplace School is named in his honour.
Cushing is primarily remembered for his role in the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal. In assessing his role in that episode, Thomas has suggested that his actions were motivated by something other than "revulsion against what appeared to be an unwise contract with a railway company". Instead, he believes that Cushing had concluded that he, rather than Rutherford, should be premier, and began to conduct himself publicly | 24,292 |
1599570 | William Henry Cushing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Henry%20Cushing | William Henry Cushing
ted by something other than "revulsion against what appeared to be an unwise contract with a railway company". Instead, he believes that Cushing had concluded that he, rather than Rutherford, should be premier, and began to conduct himself publicly in such a way as to undermine Rutherford's authority. Whatever his motivations, Cushing's resignation precipitated a scandal that ended Alexander Rutherford's political career, and in so doing had a profound effect on Alberta's political history. In evaluating his legacy, Roome also considers his role in establishing the government telephone system, which in her opinion "produced serious financial difficulties" for the province in the years ahead. | 24,293 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a bestselling young adult novel by Ann Brashares published in 2001. It follows the adventures of four best friends — Lena Kaligaris, Tibby Rollins, Bridget Vreeland, and Carmen Lowell, who will be spending their first summer apart when a magical pair of jeans comes into their lives, turning their summer upside down. The book was adapted into a film of the same name in 2005. Four sequels to the book have been published, "The Second Summer of the Sisterhood"; ""; ""; and "Sisterhood Everlasting".
# Plot summary.
In the first novel of the series, the reader is introduced to four high school students: Lena Kaligaris, | 24,294 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
Tibby Rollins, Bridget Vreeland, and Carmen Lowell. They have been best friends since birth (their mothers attended prenatal exercise classes together). The summer before their junior year of high school, Carmen finds a pair of old jeans that mysteriously fits each girl perfectly, despite their different sizes. This leads them to believe that the pants are magical. They share the "traveling pants" among themselves over the summer while they are separated.
Lena spends the summer with her grandparents in Santorini. During her stay, her grandmother attempts to set her up with a man by the name of Kostos. Kostos takes interest in Lena, who eventually returns the notion. She goes skinny-dipping | 24,295 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
and Kostos accidentally sees her. A misunderstanding leads Lena's grandparents to believe that Kostos attempted to assault Lena, causing an argument between the two families. Later in the summer, Lena explains to her grandparents what happened in order to repair the rift between her and Kostos' grandparents, and confesses to Kostos that she loves him.
Tibby spends the summer working at a Wallman's store, planning to film a documentary of her experiences. She meets a 12-year-old girl, Bailey, after the latter faints at the store. (It is revealed that she has been diagnosed with leukemia.) Over the course of the summer, the two become close friends and Bailey begins to help Tibby film her documentary. | 24,296 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
Tragically, Bailey passes from her leukemia, which leads Tibby to refocus her documentary to capture the memories that they created together.
Carmen goes to South Carolina to spend the summer with her father, from whom she has grown apart since he and Carmen's mother divorced several years before. Carmen learns that he is engaged. Out of frustration at feeling left out of her father's new family, she breaks a window in their home with a rock and returns home to her mother. She eventually attends her father's wedding and reconciles with her father and his new family.
Bridget attends a soccer camp in Baja California. While there, she falls for one of the coaches, Eric Richman. Bridget pursues | 24,297 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
him in spite of the camp's prohibition on coaches and campers entering relationships with each other, and eventually sees him in his underwear. She conspires to lose her virginity to him, until Eric eventually tells her that he does not feel as if he can worship her as she deserves. Lena comes to comfort a depressed Bridget and ends up taking her home.
# Background.
Ann Brashares got the idea for the novel while working as an editor when colleague Jodi Anderson, proposed the concept of a group of girlfriends who share a pair of jeans. This was based on some of Anderson's own college experiences. Brashares decided to write the book herself. Anderson was compensated with a small bonus and a | 24,298 |
1599634 | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Sisterhood%20of%20the%20Traveling%20Pants%20(novel) | The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (novel)
promotion. Brashares later said, "I loved the idea. A shirt can more easily fit different people, but jeans are more judgmental. It totally captured my fancy."
# Themes.
The Importance of Friendship
br
As the girls face challenges and different personal issues, they rely increasingly upon each other to cope with the changes. Their friendship helps them understand their identities more deeply. The pants are indeed a symbol of the girls' unique bond.
The Search for Love
br
The novel describes love in various forms - self-love, friendship, family bonds, etc. - and proclaims that all forms of love must come naturally and be respected.
The Importance of Family
br
In the novel, the family | 24,299 |
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