wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
brain size to compensate for the increased distance to travel for neural impulse transmission. This allows the brain to coordinate sensory and motor impulses. However, the scaling of overall brain size and increased myelination have not occurred between chimpanzees and humans. This has resulted in the h... | 24,000 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
mpulse transmission. This allows the brain to coordinate sensory and motor impulses. However, the scaling of overall brain size and increased myelination have not occurred between chimpanzees and humans. This has resulted in the human corpus callosum's requiring double the time for interhemispheric comm... | 24,001 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
Angiotensin
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.... | 24,002 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
is an α-2-globulin produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver. It is a member of the serpin family, although it is not known to inhibit other enzymes, unlike most serpins. Plasma angiotensinogen levels are increased by plasma corticosteroid, estrogen, thyroid hormone, and ... | 24,003 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the decapeptide (ten amino acid) (des-Asp) angiotensin I. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to renal sympathetic activity, decreased intrarenal blood pressure (<90mmHg systolic blood pressure ) at th... | 24,004 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
of thick ascending limb with glomerulus attached in low NaCl perfusate were unable to inhibit renin secretion when various sodium salts were added but could inhibit renin secretion with the addition of chloride salts. This, and similar findings obtained in vivo, has led some to believe that perhaps "the ini... | 24,005 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
II (AII) through removal of two C-terminal residues by the enzyme "angiotensin-converting enzyme" (ACE), primarily through ACE within the lung (but also present in endothelial cells, kidney epithelial cells, and the brain). Angiotensin II acts on the CNS to increase vasopressin production, and also acts on ... | 24,006 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
(which in turn activates an IP3-dependent mechanism leading to a rise in intracellular calcium levels and ultimately causing contraction). In addition, angiotensin II acts at the Na/H exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney to stimulate Na reabsorption and H excretion which is coupled to bicarbonate... | 24,007 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
which directly block angiotensin II AT receptors.
Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. It has a half-life in circulation of around 30 seconds, whereas, in tissue, it may be as long as 15–30 minutes.
Angiotensin I... | 24,008 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
II and are beneficial in CHF.
## Angiotensin III.
Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor activity of angiotensin II, but 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity.
Increases mean arterial pressure. It is a peptide that is formed by removing an amino acid from angiotensin II by aminopeptidase A
## Angio... | 24,009 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
through the c-Met receptor.
Synthetic small molecule analogues of angiotensin IV with the ability to penetrate through blood brain barrier have been developed.
The AT4 site may be involved in memory acquisition and recall, as well as blood flow regulation.
# Effects.
Angiotensins II, III and IV have a n... | 24,010 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
protein to activate Phospholipase C, and subsequently increase intracellular calcium.
Angiotensin II has prothrombotic potential through adhesion and aggregation of platelets and stimulation of PAI-1 and PAI-2.
When cardiac cell growth is stimulated, a local (autocrine-paracrine) renin–angiotensin system ... | 24,011 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
thirst sensation (dipsogen) through the area postrema and subfornical organ of the brain, decreases the response of the baroreceptor reflex, increases the desire for salt, increases secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary, and increases secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. It also potentiate... | 24,012 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
Renal.
Angiotensin II has a direct effect on the proximal tubules to increase Na reabsorption. It has a complex and variable effect on glomerular filtration and renal blood flow depending on the setting. Increases in systemic blood pressure will maintain renal perfusion pressure; however, constriction of t... | 24,013 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
of Angiotensin II can constrict the glomerular mesangium, reducing the area for glomerular filtration. Angiotensin II is a sensitizer to tubuloglomerular feedback, preventing an excessive rise in GFR. Angiotensin II causes the local release of prostaglandins, which, in turn, antagonize renal vasoconstrictio... | 24,014 |
270016 | Angiotensin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin | Angiotensin
peting mechanisms on glomerular filtration will vary with the physiological and pharmacological environment.
# See also.
- ACE inhibitor
- Angiotensin receptor
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
- Captopril
- Perindopril
- Renin inhibitor
# Further reading.
- "Brenner & Rector's The Kidney", 7th ... | 24,015 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone and cortisol, respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. A 1998 study suggests tha... | 24,016 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
by distinct hormones as noted below. This "anatomic zonation" can be appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics.
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
# Hormone synthesi... | 24,017 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex:
- Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone
- Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C17) → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycortisol → (hydroxylatio... | 24,018 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
effects on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium (by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct). Sodium retention is also a response of the distal col... | 24,019 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol in humans and corticosterone in many other animals. Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
## Androgens.
They are produced in the zona reticularis. The most important androgens include:
- Testoste... | 24,020 |
270061 | Adrenal cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal%20cortex | Adrenal cortex
uced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrost... | 24,021 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
Flores Historiarum
The Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History) is the name of two different (though related) Latin chronicles by medieval English historians that were created in the 13th century, associated originally with the Abbey of St Albans.
# Wendover's "Flores Historiarum".
The first "Flore... | 24,022 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
it is now valued not so much for what was culled from previous writers, as for its full and lively narrative of contemporary events from 1215 to 1235, including the signing of Magna Carta by King John at Runnymede.
The book has survived in one thirteenth-century manuscript in the Bodleian Library (D... | 24,023 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Robert de Monte, William of Tyre, Ralph de Diceto, Benedictus Abbas, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph of Coggeshall (to 1194). A detailed list is given by Luard, who in his running text also marks up the apparent source of each section. From 1201 and through the ... | 24,024 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
to here in Abbot John's chronicle book". Luard took this to mean that there had existed a core of the "Flores" going up to 1188, the creation of which had been supervised by John of Wallingford at some point during his tenure as abbot of St Albans between 1195 and 1214. On the other hand, 1188 is als... | 24,025 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
heavily on the "Historia scholastica" (ca. 1173) of Petrus Comestor, a copy of which was not introduced into the monastery until John of Wallingford's abbacy. (Though Luard elsewhere notes some differences between the treatment of Comestor and that of some other writers). The work of Diceto, which is... | 24,026 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
have been some earlier compilation used by Wendover, and finds some evidence for such a compilation, extending perhaps to 1066.
# Paris's "Flores Historiarum", and its continuation.
The second and more widely distributed "Flores Historiarum" runs from the creation to 1326 (although some of the earl... | 24,027 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
Mss 1106); St Mary's, Southwark (Bodleian Library, Rawlinson Mss B 177); and at St Augustine's, Canterbury (Harleian Mss 641).
It was written originally at St Albans Abbey and later at Westminster Abbey. The earliest manuscript, the basis for all the various continuations, was conserved in Chetham's... | 24,028 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
Henry Richards Luard demonstrated was actually Matthew Paris.
The Flores Historiarum is markedly opposed to Robert the Bruce. According to the chronicle after Bruce had had himself crowned king of Scots in the spring of 1306, Lady Elisabeth Bruce tells her husband: "I reckon that you are a summer ki... | 24,029 |
270059 | Flores Historiarum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flores%20Historiarum | Flores Historiarum
century "Flores Historiarum"
- Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, from a single manuscript (1567).
- Thomas Marsh, (1570): vol
- C. D. Yonge (2 vols, London, 1853): vol 1 vol 2
- Henry Richards Luard, for the Rolls series, (3 vols, London, 1890): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3
# Further reading.
- ... | 24,030 |
270070 | 1903 in aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903%20in%20aviation | 1903 in aviation
1903 in aviation
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1903:
# Events.
## January–December.
- 1 January – Konstantin Tsiolkovski deduces the Basic Rocket Equation in his article "Explorations of outer space with the help of reaction apparatuses".
- 12 February - The worlds first successfu... | 24,031 |
270070 | 1903 in aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903%20in%20aviation | 1903 in aviation
flight with a machine which weighs more than air can not be solved and it is only a dream."
- 23 March – The Wright brothers file an application for a patent for an airplane based on the design of their Glider No. 3.
- 31 March – Richard Pearse is reputed to have made a powered flight in a heavier-th... | 24,032 |
270070 | 1903 in aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903%20in%20aviation | 1903 in aviation
(900 m), landing in the semi-dry bed of the Opihi River.
- 27 June – 19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, “No. 9”, from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.
- 18 August – Karl Jath... | 24,033 |
270070 | 1903 in aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903%20in%20aviation | 1903 in aviation
and falls into the Potomac River.
- 12 November – The Lebaudy brothers make a controlled dirigible flight of from Moisson to Paris, France.
- 19 November – Léon Y. K. Levavasseur demonstrates his Antoinette engine, designed as a lightweight powerplant specifically for aircraft.
- 8 December – second... | 24,034 |
270070 | 1903 in aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903%20in%20aviation | 1903 in aviation
ngley himself was absent at this attempt but the machine's failure to fly ended his government (i.e. U.S. Army) funded attempts at building a successful full sized man-carrying flying machine.
- 17 December – The Wright Brothers make four flights in their Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina following ... | 24,035 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Kikuko Inoue
# Biography.
Inoue's vocal roles are usually female characters characterized as dignified, reserved, beautiful, kind, regal, mature or domestic. For example, Belldandy, a goddess who is kind, compassionate and skilled at domestic tasks. Kasumi Tendo is an older sister who has taken over dome... | 24,036 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Teacher!", a sensible, strong-hearted alien agent in charge of observing humanity that ends up falling in love with an earthling.
She occasionally takes on roles which are more sultry, such as Corvette in "Idol Project", a curvaceous dancer who flirts quite intensely with Mimu, the young heroine. In the h... | 24,037 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
is referred to as "Onee-chan" ("big sister" in Japanese) and stayed with the title on her official site and a few albums because of her role as Kasumi Tendo in "Ranma ½"; this is confirmed in her online profile. She believes that in her past life she was a fish and therefore uses fish as her trademark. She... | 24,038 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
subsequent chapters of the manga used Inoue's distinctive style as the basis for Belldandy's character.
She won Best Supporting Voice Actress in the 4th Seiyu Awards. In 2016, at the 10th Seiyu Awards, she won the Kazue Takahashi Award for "the female performer who broadens the profession of voice acting ... | 24,039 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Carlini)
- "Sakura Taisen Paris no Christmas, Joyeux Noël!" 2001 Dinner Show, Tokyo (Lobelia Carlini)
# Discography.
## Albums.
- "Bokura no Best da, Onee-chan"
- "Funwari, Nobi Nobi Perfect Solo Collection" (LD + 2-CD set)
- "Fushigi na Omajinai: Tadaima 2"
- "Hidamari"
- "merry fish: sound & phot... | 24,040 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Hōsōkyoku 2" ()
- "Ruri Iro Aquarium Special: Manbow Hōsōkyoku 3" ()
- "Ruri Iro Aquarium Selection" ()
- "Shin Onee-chan to Issho" seasonal series (1999)
## Collaboration.
- "Lu · puty · La · puty" ("Shiawase Kurowassan", Kikuko Inoue and Maria Yamamoto)
- "Osakana Penguin no Theme" ("Osakana Pengui... | 24,041 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Miyou!" (Meimi and Seira from "Saint Tail")
- "Gimme Love" (from "Voogie's Angel")
- "Girl Friends" (from "Voogie's Angel")
- "Oh My Goddess! Mikami Debut Pack" (as Belldandy from "Oh My Goddess!")
- "Shin Megami Tensei Devil Children Character File 3" (as Cool from "Shin Megami Tensei Devil Children")... | 24,042 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
Mizuho-sensei no Hachimitsu Jugyō" (January–October 2002)
- "Inoue Kikuko no Caramel Heights" (October 2002–March 2005)
- "Onegai Teacher: Hachimitsu Jugyō♥Ho · Shu · U" (October 2002–March 2003)
- "Onegai Teacher: Hachimitsu Jugyō Shingakki" (April–June 2003)
- "Onegai Twins: Mizuho-sensei to Hachimit... | 24,043 |
270063 | Kikuko Inoue | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikuko%20Inoue | Kikuko Inoue
r: Hachimitsu Jugyō Shingakki" (April–June 2003)
- "Onegai Twins: Mizuho-sensei to Hachimitsu Twins" (July 2003–March 2004)
- "Hāi Inoue Shōten Desu yo!" (April 2005–current)
## Satellite digital radio.
- "Inoue Kikuko no Osakana Radio" (November 2000–March 2002)
- "Inoue Kikuko no Shiitake Radio" (Ap... | 24,044 |
270068 | Marina District Development | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20District%20Development | Marina District Development
Marina District Development
The Marina District Development Company, LLC was a joint venture of Boyd Gaming Corporation and MGM Resorts International that was established to develop and operate the Borgata Hotel Casino and Spa in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
# History.
After a competitive p... | 24,045 |
270068 | Marina District Development | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20District%20Development | Marina District Development
New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the Division of Gaming Enforcement into the company's suitability as a casino licensee, executives at MGM announced that they would place their shares in MDDC into a special trust until they find a suitable buyer. In their investigation, the NJCCC and... | 24,046 |
270068 | Marina District Development | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20District%20Development | Marina District Development
nse. On October 14, the New Jersey Casino Control Commission approved the $73 million sale of land underneath the Borgata to Vornado Realty Trust and Geyser Holdings as part of its exit strategy from Atlantic City. On September 10, 2014 the New Jersey Casino Control Commission approved MGM R... | 24,047 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
Operational semantics
Operational semantics is a category of formal programming language semantics in which certain desired properties of a program, such as correctness, safety or security, are verified by constructing proofs from logical statements about its execution and procedures, rather than... | 24,048 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
obtained. Other approaches to providing a formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and denotational semantics.
The operational semantics for a programming language describes how a valid program is interpreted as sequences of computational steps.
These sequences then ... | 24,049 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
operations arrives at that value.)
Perhaps the first formal incarnation of operational semantics was the use of the lambda calculus to define the semantics of LISP. Abstract machines in the tradition of the SECD machine are also closely related.
# History.
The concept of operational semantics w... | 24,050 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
meaning is attributed to
Dana Scott (Plotkin04).
What follows is a quote from Scott's seminal paper on formal semantics,
in which he mentions the "operational" aspects of semantics.
It is all very well to aim for a more ‘abstract’ and a ‘cleaner’ approach to
semantics, but if the plan is to b... | 24,051 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
small-step semantics) was introduced by Gordon Plotkin in (Plotkin81) as a logical means to define operational semantics. The basic idea behind SOS is to define the behavior of a program in terms of the behavior of its parts, thus providing a structural, i.e., syntax-oriented and inductive, view o... | 24,052 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
are given in Plotkin81 and Hennessy90, and other textbooks. Let formula_1 range over programs of the language, and let formula_2 range over states (e.g. functions from memory locations to values). If we have expressions (ranged over by formula_3), values and locations (formula_4), then a memory up... | 24,053 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
finishes in state formula_15, then the program formula_16 in state formula_2 will reduce to the program formula_18 in state formula_15.
(You can think of this as formalizing "You can run formula_13, and then run formula_18
using the resulting memory store.)
The second rule says that
if the pro... | 24,054 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
semantics is structural, because the meaning of the sequential program formula_16, is defined by the meaning of formula_13 and the meaning of formula_18.
If we also have Boolean expressions over the state, ranged over by formula_34, then we can define the semantics of the while command:
formula_... | 24,055 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
semantics. As a sign of success, the original report (so-called Aarhus
report) on SOS (Plotkin81) has attracted more than 1000 citations according to the CiteSeer ,
making it one of the most cited technical reports in Computer Science.
### Reduction semantics.
Reduction semantics are an altern... | 24,056 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
can be plugged in.
The shape of the contexts indicate where reduction can occur (i.e., a term can be plugged into a term).
To describe a semantics for this language, axioms or reduction rules are provided:
formula_39
This single axiom is the beta rule from the lambda calculus. The reduction co... | 24,057 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
closure". Taking the
reflexive, transitive closure of this relation gives the "reduction relation" for this language.
The technique is useful for the ease in which reduction contexts can model state or control constructs (e.g., continuations). In addition, reduction semantics have been used to m... | 24,058 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
of the ML language.
One can view big-step definitions as definitions of functions, or more generally of relations, interpreting each language construct in an appropriate domain. Its intuitiveness makes it a popular choice for semantics specification in programming languages, but it has some drawb... | 24,059 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
a number of distinctions between small-step and big-step semantics that influence whether one or the other forms a more suitable basis for specifying the semantics of a programming language.
Big-step semantics have the advantage of often being simpler (needing fewer inference rules) and often dir... | 24,060 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
prove properties about such computations.
Small-step semantics give more control of the details and order of evaluation. In the case of instrumented operational semantics, this allows the operational semantics to track and the semanticist to state and prove more accurate theorems about the run-ti... | 24,061 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
Aspects of Computer Science". Springer-Verlag. London. 1987.
- Gordon D. Plotkin. A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics. (1981) Tech. Rep. DAIMI FN-19, Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. (Reprinted with corrections in J. Log. Algebr. Program. 60-61: 17-139 (... | 24,062 |
270062 | Operational semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational%20semantics | Operational semantics
kin. A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics. (1981) Tech. Rep. DAIMI FN-19, Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. (Reprinted with corrections in J. Log. Algebr. Program. 60-61: 17-139 (2004), preprint).
- Gordon D. Plotkin. The Origins of Structural Operational ... | 24,063 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
Formal verification
In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics.
Formal verificati... | 24,064 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
known by construction. Examples of mathematical objects often used to model systems are: finite state machines, labelled transition systems, Petri nets, vector addition systems, timed automata, hybrid automata, process algebra, formal semantics of programming languages such as operational semantics,... | 24,065 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
Usually this consists of exploring all states and transitions in the model, by using smart and domain-specific abstraction techniques to consider whole groups of states in a single operation and reduce computing time. Implementation techniques include state space enumeration, symbolic state space en... | 24,066 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
it does not in general scale to large systems; symbolic models are typically limited to a few hundred bits of state, while explicit state enumeration requires the state space being explored to be relatively small.
Another approach is deductive verification. It consists of generating from the system... | 24,067 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
that it typically requires the user to understand in detail why the system works correctly, and to convey this information to the verification system, either in the form of a sequence of theorems to be proved or in the form of specifications of system components (e.g. functions or procedures) and pe... | 24,068 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
approach is dependently typed programming, in which the types of functions include (at least part of) those functions' specifications, and type-checking the code establishes its correctness against those specifications. Fully featured dependently typed languages support deductive verification as a s... | 24,069 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
deduced from the semantics, or "unsound", meaning that there is no such guarantee. A sound technique yields a result only once it has searched the entire space of possibilities. An example of an unsound technique is one that searches only a subset of the possibilities, for instance only integers up ... | 24,070 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
a product's fitness for purpose. Validation is the complementary aspect. Often one refers to the overall checking process as V & V.
- Validation: "Are we trying to make the right thing?", i.e., is the product specified to the user's actual needs?
- Verification: "Have we made what we were trying t... | 24,071 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
it satisfactorily meet all use cases?").
# Automated program repair.
Program repair is performed with respect to an oracle, encompassing the desired functionality of the program which is used for validation of the generated fix. A simple example is a test-suite—the input/output pairs specify the f... | 24,072 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
techniques in formal verification are used to compute program points which might be possible bug-locations, which can be targeted by the synthesis modules. Repair systems often focus on a small pre-defined class of bugs in order to reduce the search space. Industrial use is limited owing to the comp... | 24,073 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
have greater commercial significance. Because of the potential subtle interactions between components, it is increasingly difficult to exercise a realistic set of possibilities by simulation. Important aspects of hardware design are amenable to automated proof methods, making formal verification eas... | 24,074 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
a formal verification protocol for blockchain called CertiKOS. The program is the first example of formal verification in the blockchain world, and an example of formal verification being used explicitly as a security program.
As of 2017, formal verification has been applied to the design of large ... | 24,075 |
270054 | Formal verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal%20verification | Formal verification
ough a mathematical model of the network, and as part of a new network technology category, intent-based networking. Network software vendors that offer formal verification solutions include Cisco Forward Networks and Veriflow Systems.
The CompCert C compiler is a formally verified C compiler imple... | 24,076 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
List of wildfires
This is a list of notable wildfires.
# Asia.
## China.
- 1987 – The Black Dragon Fire burnt a total of of forest along the Amur river, with three million acres (4687.5 square miles) destroyed on the Chinese side.
## Hong Kong.
- 1996Pat Sin Leng wildfire, Tai Po, Hong Kong; 5 h... | 24,077 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
138,000 hectares in Kalimantan. The haze covered countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Brunei, Burma, Philippines and also Vietnam. In Singapore, some of the 2015 FINA Swimming World Cup's events on 3 October 2015 were cancelled as the PSI was in the 'Unhealthy' range. In Thailan... | 24,078 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
fire
- 3. The 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire in Israel, Started on 2 December 2010 and burned 41 km of forest, killing as many as 44 people, most of them Israel Prison Service officer cadets, when a bus evacuating them was trapped in flames.
- 4. 22 November 2016 Haifa, Zikhron Ya'akov, Gilon wildfir... | 24,079 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
April 2019, Gangwon Province wildfire.
## India.
- 2019 Bandipur forest fires
- 2016 Uttarakhand forest fires
# Europe.
- July 2000: Fires in Southern Europe consumed forests and buildings in southern France, parts of Iberia, Corsica, and much of Italy including the southern part: caused by the h... | 24,080 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
Vir, Pag and some other islands.
## France.
- The 1949 Landes Forest Fire burned 50.000 ha of forest land and killed 82 people.
- The 1983 Forest Fire burned 25.000 ha of forest land and killed 239 people.
## Germany.
- In the fire on the Lüneburg Heath in Lower Saxony in August 1975, of heathlan... | 24,081 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
of forests, properties and farmlands. The fire spread quickly after a few hours with winds of up to 55 to 70 km/h and spread near the suburban housings of Athens near Rafina causing dense smoke. The fire reached Kallitechnio and the settlements by around 3:30 (EET) and devastated homes leaving some pe... | 24,082 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
areas and most of Greece to put out the blaze. A stretch of Marathonos Avenue became closed.
- 29 July 2005 – a day after the enormous Attica fire, another series of fires occurred throughout Greece, entirely in Preveza including Monolithi consuming properties and a campground, Ioannina and Xiromeni ... | 24,083 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
Puscza nad notecią fire in Poland burned 6 k HA of forest on 10 August 1992. This wildfire damaged 6.k HA of forest in 10 hours.
## Portugal.
- August 2003 Wildfires, destroying 10% of Portuguese forests and killing 18 people
- 2016 Portugal wildfires
- June 2017 Portugal wildfires and October 201... | 24,084 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
around 400-640 TgC.
- June – August 2010 – Drought and the hottest summer since records began in 1890 caused many devastating forest fires in European Russia.
- April 2015 – A series of wildfires in Southern Siberia killed 26 people and left thousands homeless.
## Spain.
- 17 July 2005 – Guadalaja... | 24,085 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
a 191 km forest fire with 1 verified death.
- Summer 2018
## United Kingdom.
- May 2011 – Swinley Forest fire, Berkshire, England. Fire appliances from 12 counties attended over several days due to the large area of the fire. The fire service incident log for the call is over 500 pages long.
- 201... | 24,086 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
Thursday bushfires of 1851 (Victoria)
- Black Friday bushfires of 1939 (Victoria)
- Black Sunday bushfires of 1955 (South Australia)
- 1961 Western Australian bushfires
- Black Tuesday bushfires of 1967 (Tasmania)
- Ash Wednesday bushfires of 1980 and 1983 (Victoria and South Australia)
- 1994 E... | 24,087 |
1599548 | List of wildfires | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20wildfires | List of wildfires
shfire of 2006
- Black Saturday bushfires of 2009 (Victoria)
- 2015 Sampson Flat bushfires of 2015 (South Australia)
- 2015 Pinery bushfire of 2015 (South Australia)
## New Zealand.
- Raetihi Forest Fire (Manawatu)
- 2017 Port Hills fires (Canterbury)
- 2019 Nelson fires
# South America.
## B... | 24,088 |
1599547 | Nina Ponomaryova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina%20Ponomaryova | Nina Ponomaryova
Nina Ponomaryova
Nina Apollonovna Ponomaryova (née "Romashkova"; ; 27 April 1929 – 19 August 2016) was a Russian discus thrower and the first Soviet Olympic champion.
# Career.
Ponomaryova became interested in athletics in 1947, when she entered the Physical Training Faculty of the Stavropol Pedagog... | 24,089 |
1599547 | Nina Ponomaryova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina%20Ponomaryova | Nina Ponomaryova
repeated this success in 1952–1956, 1958 and 1959.
In 1952 she was a member of the Soviet team, which participated in the Olympic Games for the first time in history. At that time the Olympic record was held since 1936 Summer Olympics by Gisela Mauermayer at 47.63 m. Ponomaryova won the qualifying rou... | 24,090 |
1599547 | Nina Ponomaryova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina%20Ponomaryova | Nina Ponomaryova
m and earned the first Olympic gold medal for the Soviet Union.
Less than a month after the 1952 Summer Olympics, on 9 August 1952 in Odessa Ponomaryova set a new world record at 53.61 m. In 1954 she won a European title, and in 1956 an Olympic bronze medal. In 1957 she was awarded the Order of the Re... | 24,091 |
1599547 | Nina Ponomaryova | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina%20Ponomaryova | Nina Ponomaryova
e birth to a son.
# Quote.
"Only after I had felt a heavy golden circle in my hand, I realized what happened. I am the first Soviet Olympic Champion, you know, the first record-holder of the 15th Olympiad...Tears were stinging my eyes. How happy I was!..". After her win at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
... | 24,092 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Roberto Cofresí
Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano (June 17, 1791 – March 29, 1825), better known as El Pirata Cofresí, was a pirate from Puerto Rico. Despite his birth into a noble family, the political and economic difficulties faced by the island as a colony of the Spanish Empire during the late ... | 24,093 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
that he may have worked as a privateer aboard "El Scipión", a ship owned by one of his cousins.
At the height of his career, he evaded capture by vessels from Spain, Gran Colombia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Denmark, France, and the United States. Cofresí commanded several small-d... | 24,094 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and USS "Beagle". Although most crew members were recruited locally, men from the other Antilles, Central America and expatriate Europeans occasionally joined the pirates. Despite never confessing to a murder, he reportedly boasted about his crimes; the number of people who died as a result of his pilla... | 24,095 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
his ship and escaped overland; he was recognized by a local resident, who ambushed and injured him. Cofresí was captured and imprisoned, making a last unsuccessful attempt to escape by trying to bribe an official with part of a hidden stash. The pirates were sent to San Juan, Puerto Rico, where a brief ... | 24,096 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
accepted as fact in Puerto Rico and throughout the West Indies. A subset of these claims that Cofresí became part of the Puerto Rican independence movement and other secessionist initiatives, including Simón Bolívar's campaign against Spain. Historic and mythical accounts of his life have inspired songs... | 24,097 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Úrsula Acosta (a member of the Puerto Rican Genealogy Society), held that the name Kupferstein ("copper stone") may have been chosen by his family when the 18th-century European Jewish population adopted surnames. The theory was later discarded when their research uncovered a complete family tree prepar... | 24,098 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
became one of Trieste's early settlers. Cristoforo's son Felice was recognized as a noble in 1620, becoming Edler von Kupferschein. The family gained prestige and became one of the city's wealthiest, with the next generation receiving the best possible education and marrying into other influential famil... | 24,099 |
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