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269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
to Trieste two years later.
As a cosmopolitan, mercantile city Trieste was a probable hub of illicit trade, and Francesco was forced to leave after he killed Josephus Steffani on July 31, 1778. Although Steffani's death is commonly attributed to a duel, given their acquaintanceship (both worked at a cr... | 24,100 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the local aristocracy with the Spanish honorific Don ("of noble origin"). Francesco's name was Hispanicized to Francisco Cofresí, which was easier for his neighbors to pronounce. Since he was linked to illegal commerce in his homeland, he probably relocated to Cabo Rojo for strategic reasons; its harbor... | 24,101 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
(or El Tujado), near the coast. Francisco's father Giovanni died in 1789, and a petition pardoning him for Steffani's murder a decade before was granted two years later (enabling him to return to Trieste). However, no evidence exists that Francisco ever returned to the city.
## Penniless nobleman and m... | 24,102 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
these conditions, Cofresí was born to Francisco and María Germana. The youngest of four children, he had one sister (Juana) and two brothers (Juan Francisco and Ignacio). Cofresí was baptized into the Catholic Church by José de Roxas, the first priest in Cabo Rojo, when he was fifteen days old. María di... | 24,103 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
probably knew Dutch and Italian. In November 1814 Francisco died, leaving a modest estate; Roberto was probably homeless, with no income.
On January 14, 1815, three months after his father's death, Cofresí married Juana Creitoff in San Miguel Arcángel parish, Cabo Rojo. Contemporary documents are uncle... | 24,104 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
mother-in-law, Anna Cordelia. He established ties with residents of San Germán, including his brothers-in-law: the wealthy merchant Don Jacobo Ufret and Don Manuel Ufret. The couple struggled to begin a family of their own, conceiving two sons (Juan and Francisco Matías) who died soon after birth.
Alth... | 24,105 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
believed to have later protected Cofresí, since Mendoza was godfather to several of his brother Juan Francisco's children. The following year he first appeared on a government registry as a sailor, and there is no evidence linking him to any other jobs in Cabo Rojo. Although Cofresí's brothers were mari... | 24,106 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and paid higher taxes than the previous year: five reales.
Political changes in Spain affected Puerto Rico's stability during the first two decades of the 19th century. Europeans and refugees from the American colonies began arriving after the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815, changing the archipelago's ... | 24,107 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
to the mayors. Driven by hunger and poverty, highway robbers continued to roam southern and central Puerto Rico. In 1817 wealthy San Germán residents requested help with the criminals, who were invading houses and shops. The following year, Meléndez established a high-security prison at El Arsenal in Sa... | 24,108 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
1818 and to another nobleman, Juan Geraldo Bey. Among Cofresí's associates were Juan de los Reyes, José Cartagena and Francisco Ramos, and the criminals continued to thrive in 1820. The situation worsened with the arrival of unauthorized street vendors from nearby municipalities, who were soon robbed. A... | 24,109 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Antonio Ordóñez to round up as many criminals as possible. On November 22, 1820, a group of fifteen men from Cabo Rojo participated in the highway robbery of Francisco de Rivera, Nicolás Valdés and Francisco Lamboy on the outskirts of Yauco. Cofresí is believed to have been involved in this incident bec... | 24,110 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and an investigation of the former mayor. The incoming mayor was ordered to control crime in the region, an unrealistic demand with the resources at his disposal. Bernardo Pabón Davila, a friend of Cofresí and relative of Cristóbal, was assigned to prosecute the Yauco incident. Bernardo reportedly prote... | 24,111 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
primary collaborators were the Ramírez de Arrellano family, who prevented his capture as Cabo Rojo's founding family with high positions in politics and law enforcement. The central government issued wanted posters for Cofresí, and in July 1821 he and the rest of his gang were captured; Bey escaped, bec... | 24,112 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
parole. While Cofresí was a fugitive, Bernardo Pabón Davila was Bernardina's godfather and Felícita Asencio her godmother. On December 4, 1821, a wanted poster was circulated by San Germán mayor Pascacio Cardona. There is little documentation of Cofresí’s whereabouts in 1822. Historians have suggested t... | 24,113 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and Anna to her brothers' houses and would visit in secret; Juana also visited him at his headquarters at Pedernales. It is unknown how far Cofresí traveled during this time, but he had associates on the east coast and may have taken advantage of eastern migration from Cabo Rojo. Although he may have be... | 24,114 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
captained by José Ramón Torres and managed by his cousin (the first mayor of Mayagüez, José María Ramírez de Arellano). Historians agree, since several of his friends and family members benefited from the sale of stolen goods. Cofresí may have joined to evade the authorities, honing skills he would use ... | 24,115 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the reasons behind his decision are unclear, several theories have been proposed by researchers. In "Orígenes portorriqueños" Ramírez Brau speculates that Cofresí's time aboard "El Scipión", or seeing a family member become a privateer, may have influenced his decision to become a pirate after the crew'... | 24,116 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Indies anti-piracy operations. While piracy was heavily monitored and most pirates were rarely successful, Cofresí was confirmed to have plundered at least eight vessels and has been credited with over 70 captures. Unlike his predecessors, Cofresí is not known to have imposed a pirate code on his crew; ... | 24,117 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
dismantle.
The earliest document linked to Cofresí's "modus operandi" is a letter dated July 5, 1823, from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico which was published in the "St. Thomas Gazette". The letter reported that a brigantine, loaded with coffee and West Indian indigo from La Guaira, was boarded by pirates on J... | 24,118 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
operation, helping him move plunder and deal with captured ships. Juan Francisco was able to gather information about maritime traffic in his work at the port, presumably forwarding it to his brother. The pirates communicated with their cohorts through coastal signs, and their associates on land warned ... | 24,119 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Cofresí organized improvised markets in Cabo Rojo, where plunder would be informally sold; according to this theory, merchant families would buy goods for resale to the public. The process was facilitated by local collaborators, such as French smuggler Juan Bautista Buyé.
On October 28, 1823, months af... | 24,120 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
of Newburyport and captained by Daniel Knight, on its way to Mayagüez the ship was intercepted by a ten-ton schooner armed with a swivel gun near Desecheo Island. Cofresí's group, consisting of seven pirates armed with sabers and muskets, stole $1,000 in cash, tobacco, tar and other provisions and the v... | 24,121 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
new mayor Juan Font y Soler requested resources to deal with a larger group which was out of control. Links between the pirates and local sympathizers made arresting them difficult. The central government, frustrated with Cabo Rojo's inefficiency, demanded the pirates' capture and western Puerto Rico mi... | 24,122 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Cofresí to the two hijackings.
Cofresí's sudden success was an oddity, nearly a century after the end of the Golden Age of Piracy. By this time, joint governmental efforts had eradicated rampant buccaneering by Anglo-French seamen (primarily based on Jamaica and Tortuga), which had turned the Caribbean... | 24,123 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Mona had been associated with pirates for more than a century; it was visited by William Kidd, who landed in 1699 after fleeing with a load of gold, silver and iron. A second pirate base was found at Saona, an island south of Hispaniola.
In November a number of sailors aboard "El Scipión" took advantag... | 24,124 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
hints that the ship was captured by Hispaniola authorities. Cofresí is recorded in the Dominican Republic, where his crew reportedly rested off Puerto Plata province. On one excursion, the pirates were intercepted by Spanish patrol boats off the coast of Samaná Province. With no apparent escape route, C... | 24,125 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the May 9, 1936 issue of "Puerto Rico Ilustrado", Eugenio Astol described an 1823 incident between Cofresí and Puerto Rican physician and politician Pedro Gerónimo Goyco. The 15-year-old Goyco traveled alone on a schooner to a Santo Domingo school for his secondary education. In mid-voyage, Cofresí inte... | 24,126 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Goyco returned home safely, later attempting the voyage again. The elder Goicovich had favored members of Cofresí's family, despite their association with a pirate. Goyco grew up to become a militant abolitionist, similar to Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis.
Cofresí's actions quickly gai... | 24,127 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the anti-piracy West Indies Squadron, who sent several ships to Puerto Rico. On November 27 Cofresí sailed from his base on Mona with two sloops (armed with pivot gun cannons) and assaulted another American ship, the brigantine "William Henry". The "Salem Gazette" reported that the following month a sch... | 24,128 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
"criollos". The situation was complicated by several factors, most of them geopolitical. The Spanish Empire had lost most of its possessions in the New World, and her last two territories (Puerto Rico and Cuba) faced economic problems and political unrest. To undermine the commerce of former colonies, S... | 24,129 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Spanish-appointed governor of Puerto Rico Lt Gen Miguel Luciano de la Torre y Pando (1822–1837) made Cofresí's capture a priority. By December 1823 other nations joined the effort to combat Cofresí, sending warships to the Mona Passage. Gran Colombia sent two corvettes, the "Bocayá" and the "Bolívar", u... | 24,130 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
combatants. De la Torre ordered the pursuit of pirates, bandits and those aiding them, issuing medals, certificates and bounties in gold and silver as rewards. Manuel Lamparo was captured on Puerto Rico's east coast, and some of his crew joined Cofresí and other fugitives.
United States Secretary of th... | 24,131 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
not find plunder at the base because of the proximity of eastern Puerto Rican ports. On February 8, 1824, the "Spark" arrived at Mona, conducted reconnaissance and landed. A suspicious schooner was seen, but captain John T. Newton decided not to chase her. The crew found a small settlement with an empty... | 24,132 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
on Mona.
Attacks on two brigantines were reported by Renato Beluche on February 12, 1824, and published in "El Colombiano" several days later. The first was "Boniton", captained by Alexander Murdock, which sailed with a load of cocoa from Trinidad and was intercepted en route to Gibraltar. The second, ... | 24,133 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
not capture her, her crew described the vessel as painted black, armed with a rotating cannon and having a crew of twenty unidentified Puerto Rican men. Cofresí was presumably leading the vessels to dock at Pedernales, where Mendoza and his brother could facilitate the distribution of loot with the aid ... | 24,134 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Hormigueros or San Germán for distribution. When Beluche returned to Colombia, he published an article critical of the situation in the press. "La Gaceta de Puerto Rico" countered, accusing him of stealing "Bonne Sophie" and connecting him to the pirates.
On February 16, 1824, de la Torre mandated a mo... | 24,135 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
him personally of the pirate's arrest. Authorizing the use of force, the governor described Cofresí as "one of the evil ones that I am pursuing" and acknowledged that the pirate was protected by Cabo Rojo authorities. The mayor was unable (or unwilling) to cooperate, despite orders from de la Torre. Riv... | 24,136 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and the impact of piracy on maritime commerce. This brought France into the search for Cofresí; on March 23 de la Torre authorized France to patrol the Puerto Rican coast and commissioned a frigate, "Flora". The mission was led by a military commander named Mallet, who was ordered to the west coast and ... | 24,137 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Ramírez, who may have been a member of the Ramírez de Arellano family, lived in Pedernales and was a neighbor of Cofresí's brothers and Cristobal Pabón Davila. On April 30, shortly after acquiring the ship, Ramírez sold it to Cofresí (who used it as a pirate flagship). The irregularity of the transactio... | 24,138 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Commission, concluded with Bautista's imprisonment and sanctions for García. Several members of the Ramírez de Arellano family were prosecuted, including the former mayors of Añasco and Mayagüez (Manuel and José María), Tómas and Antonio. Others with the same last name but unclear parentage, such as Jua... | 24,139 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Cayetano Castillo y Picado, boarded a ship commanded by Sergeant Sebastián Bausá. Sailor Pedro Alacán, best known as the grandfather of Ramón Emeterio Betances and a neighbor of Cofresí, was captain of the second schooner. The expedition failed, only finding a military deserter named Manuel Fernández de... | 24,140 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
his cattle. The group then broke into a second estate, owned by Jacinto Texidor, stole plantains and resupplied their ship. It is now believed that Juan José Mateu gave the pirates refuge in one of his haciendas, near Jobos Bay. The next day the news reached Guayama mayor Francisco Brenes, who quickly c... | 24,141 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Tallaboa in Peñuelas. The ship was en route between Saint Thomas and Guayanilla with over 6,000 pesos' worth of dry goods for Félix and Miguel Mattei, who were aboard. The Mattei brothers are now thought to have been anti-establishment smugglers related to Henri La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein an... | 24,142 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Portugués was second-in-command during the boarding of "San José y las Animas", and Joaquín "El Campechano" Hernández was a crew member. The pirates took most of the merchandise, leaving goods valued at 418 pesos, three reales and 26 maravedi. Governor Miguel de la Torre was visiting nearby municipaliti... | 24,143 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
which were intended to prevent further visits.
De la Torre continued his tour of the municipalities, ordering Rivas to focus on the Cabo Rojo area when he reached Mayagüez. The task was given to Lieutenant Antonio Madrona, leader of the Mayagüez garrison. Madrona assembled troops and left for Cabo Rojo... | 24,144 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
The pirates' only option was to flee on foot. The Cofresí brothers escaped, but Creitoff and Bey were captured and tried in San Germán. Troops later visited Creitoff's house, where they found Cofresí's wife and mother-in-law. Under questioning, the women confirmed the brothers' identities. The authoriti... | 24,145 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
as accomplices instead of pirates. Ignacio was later arrested and also charged as an accomplice. The Mattei brothers filed a claim against shopkeeper Francisco Betances that some of his merchandise was cargo from "San José y Las Animas".
In response to a tip, José Mendoza and Rivas organized an expedit... | 24,146 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
left the coast of Cabo Rojo with Action Stations in place. Despite unfavorable sea conditions, the party arrived at their destination. However, as soon as they disembarked "Avispa" was lost. Although most of the pirates were captured without incident, Cofresí's second in-command Juan Portugués was shot ... | 24,147 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
informing him of further measures to track the pirates. The governor publicized the expedition, writing an account which was published in the government newspaper "La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico" on July 9, 1824. Alacán was honored by the Spanish government, receiving the ship recovered from the ... | 24,148 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Francisco Francheschi. After three days, the search was abandoned and the ship returned to Ponce. The governor enacted more measures to capture the pirates, including the commission of gunboats. De la Torre ordered the destruction of any hut or abandoned ship which might aid Cofresí in his escape attemp... | 24,149 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
and was killed in a shootout, with the developments again featured in "La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico". During the next few weeks, a joint initiative by Rivas and the west coast mayors led to the arrest of Cofresí associates Gregorio del Rosario, Miguel Hernández, Felipe Carnero, José Rodríguez, ... | 24,150 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
to San Juan, where they were prosecuted by Madrazo in a military tribunal overseen by the governor. The trial was plagued by irregularities, including Gómez' allegation that the public attorney had accepted a bribe of 300 pesos from Juan Francisco.
During the searches, the pirates stole a "sturdy, copp... | 24,151 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
quickly organized his troops, reaching the location on horseback. Aboard the ship they found three rifles, three guns, a carbine, a cannon, ammunition and supplies. After an unsuccessful search of nearby woods, the mayor sailed the craft to Pedernales and turned it over to Mendoza. A group left behind c... | 24,152 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
a skeleton crew captured the sloop "María" off the coast of Guayama as she completed a run between Guayanilla and Ponce under the command of Juan Camino. After boarding the ship they decided not to plunder her, since a larger craft was sailing towards them. The pirates fled west, intercepting a second s... | 24,153 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
waters of Puerto Rico as part of an international force. The schooner located a sloop commanded by the pirates off Culebra, but it fled to Vieques and ran inland into dense vegetation; Boarman could only recover the ship.
The Danish sloop "Jordenxiold" was intercepted off Isla Palominos on September 3,... | 24,154 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Rico and passed directly over the Mona Passage. Cofresí and his crew were caught in the storm, which drove their ship towards Hispaniola. According to historian Enrique Ramírez Brau, an expedition weeks later by Fajardo commander Ramón Aboy to search Vieques, Culebra and the Windward Islands for pirates... | 24,155 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Cofresí and his men escaped, were recaptured and again imprisoned. The group escaped again, breaking the locks on their cell doors and climbing down the prison walls on a stormy night on a rope made from their clothing. With Cofresí were two other inmates: a man known as Portalatín and Manuel Reyes Paz,... | 24,156 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
reduced, with Cofresí the remaining target of concern. However, that month Peraza, Pérez, Hernádez, Gallardo, José Rodríguez and Ramos escaped from jail. Three former members of Lamparo's crew—a man of African descent named Bibián Hernández Morales, Antonio del Castillo and Juan Manuel de Fuentes Rodríg... | 24,157 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
second-in-command of the new crew. At the height of their success, they had a flotilla of three sloops and a schooner. The group avoided capture by hiding in Ceiba, Fajardo, Naguabo, Jobos Bay and Vieques, and when Cofresí sailed the east coast he reportedly flew the flag of Gran Colombia.
On October 2... | 24,158 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
sloop. "Beagle" opened fire, interrupting the capture of a sloop from Saint Croix, but the pirates docked at Punta Arenas in Vieques and fled inland; one, identified as Juan Felis, was captured after a shootout. When Platt disembarked in Fajardo to contact Juan Campos, a local associate of Bedford, the ... | 24,159 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
by November 1824. The international force reacted by sending more warships to patrol the zone; France provided the "Gazelle", a brigantine, and the frigate "Constancia". After the Fajardo incident the United States increased its flotilla in the region, with the USS "Beagle" joined by the schooners and i... | 24,160 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
with sabers and muskets) to open fire and ordered the schooner to stop. When Sloat gave the order to counterattack, Cofresí sailed into the night. Although a skiff and cutters from "Grampus" were sent after the pirates, they failed to find them after a two-hour search.
The pirates sailed east and docke... | 24,161 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Bay. "Neptune" was owned by Salvador Pastorisa, who was supervising the unloading. Cofresí began the charge in a sloop, opening musket fire on the crew, and Pastoriza fled in a rowboat. Despite a bullet wound, Pastoriza identified four of the eight to ten pirates (including Cofresí). An Italian living i... | 24,162 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
"Beagle" off Vieques. After a battle, the pirate sloop was captured and Hernández Morales was transported to St. Thomas for trial. After being sentenced to death, he escaped from prison and disappeared for years. According to a St. Thomas resident, on February 12, 1825 the pirates retaliated by setting ... | 24,163 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
near Guayama, again plundering and abandoning her. Like its predecessor, it was seen near Caja de Muertos (Dead Man's Chest) before disappearing.
Evading "Beagle", Cofresí returned to Jobos Bay; on February 15, 1825, the pirates arrived in Fajardo. Three days later John Low picked up a six-gun sloop, "... | 24,164 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the ship and forced the crew to jump overboard; during the capture, Cofresí reportedly picked $20 from Low's pocket. Despite having to "walk the plank", Low's crew survived and reported the assault to the governor of Saint Thomas. Low probably attracted the pirates' attention by docking near one of thei... | 24,165 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
documents verify that the builder was paid by Low. Days later, Cofresí led his pirates to the Humacao shipyard and they stole a cannon from a gunboat (ordered by Miguel de la Torre to pursue the pirates) which was under construction. The crew armed themselves with weapons found on the ships they boarded... | 24,166 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
countered with an expedition from the port of Patillas. Captain Sebastian Quevedo commanded a small boat, "Esperanza", to find the pirates but was unsuccessful after several days at sea. At the same time, de la Torre pressured the regional military commanders to take action against the pirates and under... | 24,167 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Antoneti in Salinas.
# Capture and trial.
By the spring of 1825, the flotilla led by "Anne" was the last substantial pirate threat in the Caribbean. The incursion which finally ended Cofresí's operation began serendipitously. When Low arrived at his home base in Saint Thomas with news of "Anne"s hijac... | 24,168 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
staffed by volunteers from a Colombian frigate. After sighting "Anne" while they negotiated the involvement of the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, the task force decided to split up.
"San José y Las Animas" found Cofresí, and mounted a surprise attack. The sailors aboard hid while Cofresí, recognizi... | 24,169 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
fell during the landing, most scattered throughout rural Guayama and adjacent areas. Cofresí, injured, was accompanied by two crew members. Half his crew was captured shortly afterwards, but the captain remained at large until the following day. At midnight a local trooper, Juan Candido Garay, and two o... | 24,170 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
pieces of eight (which he claimed to possess) in exchange for his freedom. Although a key component of modern myth, this is the only historical reference to Cofresí's hiding any treasure. Brenes declined the bribe. Cofresí and his crew remained in Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan for the rest o... | 24,171 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
The case was hurried—an oddity, since other cases as serious (or more so) sometimes took months or years. Cofresí was reportedly tried as an insurgent corsair (and listed as such in a subsequent explanatory action in Spain), in accordance with measures enacted by governor Miguel de la Torre the year bef... | 24,172 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Cofresí trial, denying him and his crew defense witnesses or testimony (required by trial protocol). The trial was based on the pirates' confessions, with their legitimacy or circumstances not established.
The other pirates on trial were Manuel Aponte Monteverde of Añasco; Vicente del Valle Carbajal of... | 24,173 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
not executed, his sentence was to be sold at public auction with his price earmarked for trial costs. Cofresí confessed to capturing a French sloop in Vieques; a Danish schooner; a sailing ship from St. Thomas; a brigatine and a schooner from the Dominican Republic; a sloop with a load of cattle in Boca... | 24,174 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
to a letter sent to Hezekiah Niles' "Weekly Register" Cofresí admitted off the record that he had killed nearly 400 people (but no Puerto Ricans). The pirate also confessed that he burned the cargo of an American vessel to throw off the authorities. The defendants' social status and association with cri... | 24,175 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the morning of March 29, 1825, a firing squad was assembled to carry out the sentence handed down to the pirates. The public execution, which had a large number of spectators, was supervised by the Regimiento de Infantería de Granada between eight and nine a.m. Catholic priests were present to hear conf... | 24,176 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
a final act of defiance Cofresí refused to have his eyes covered after he was tied to a chair and he was blindfolded by soldiers. Richard Wheeler said that the pirate said that after killing three or four hundred people, it would be strange if he was not accustomed to death. Cofresí's last words were re... | 24,177 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
the cemetery wall. Contrary to local lore, they were not buried in Old San Juan Cemetery (Cementerio Antiguo de San Juan); their execution as criminals made them ineligible for burial in the Catholic cemetery. A letter from Sloat to United States Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard implied that at ... | 24,178 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
that Juana Creitoff, with little or no support from Cofresí's brothers and sisters, was left with the debt. His brothers distanced themselves from the trial and their brother's legacy, and Juan Francisco left Cabo Rojo for Humacao. Ignacio also evidently disassociated himself from Creitoff and her daugh... | 24,179 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
a deal with the authorities giving them the cargo of the "San José y las Animas" in return for future accountability. Juana Creitoff died a year later.
Bernardina later married a Venezuelan immigrant, Estanislao Asencio Velázquez, continuing Cofresí's blood lineage in Cabo Rojo to this day. She had sev... | 24,180 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
she was the first member of her branch of the Cofresí family to earn a high-school diploma and university degree. A teacher, Méndez founded the Puerto Rico High School of Commerce during the 1940s (when most women did not complete their education). By the turn of the 21st century her initiative had evol... | 24,181 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Puerto Rico during the 1980s. Colberg made efforts to popularize Cofresí, particularly the heroic legends which followed his death. He was related to the pirate through his sister Juana, who married Germán Colberg.
After Cofresí's death, items associated with him have been preserved or placed on displa... | 24,182 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
them in a section devoted to Spanish colonial history. Locally, documents are preserved in the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture's General Archive of Puerto Rico, the Ateneo Puertorriqueño, the University of Puerto Rico's General Library and Historic Investigation Department and the Catholic Church's Pa... | 24,183 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
to portray him as a menacing figure by emphasizing his role as "pirate lord" and nicknaming him the "terror of the seas" planted him in the collective consciousness. This, combined with his boldness, transformed Cofresí into a swashbuckler differing from late-19th-century fictional accounts of pirates. ... | 24,184 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
him as a generous thief or anti-hero and those describing him as overwhelmingly evil. A subcategory represents him as an adventurer, world traveler or womanizer. Reports by historians such as Tió of the pirate sharing his loot with the needy have evolved into a detailed mythology. These apologetics atte... | 24,185 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
as malevolent generally link him to supernatural elements acquired through witchcraft, mysticism or a deal with the Devil. This horror fiction emphasizes his ruthlessness while alive or his unwillingness to remain dead. Cofresí's ghost has a fiery aura or extraordinary powers of manifestation, defending... | 24,186 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
Jones' Locker or attacked by the ghost of Cofresí or a member of his crew. Rumors about the locations of hidden treasure flourish, with dozens of coves, beaches and buildings linked to pirates in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
The 20th century revived interest in Cofresí's piracy as a tourist attraction, ... | 24,187 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
adopting it and its associated legends. Puerto Rico's first flag carrier seaplane was named for him. Several attempts have been made to portray Cofresí's life on film, based on legend.
Coplas, songs and plays have been adapted from the oral tradition, and formal studies of the historical Cofresí and th... | 24,188 |
269979 | Roberto Cofresí | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto%20Cofresí | Roberto Cofresí
sáreo Rosa Nieves and the brothers Luis and Gustavo Palés Matos. Educators Juan Bernardo Huyke and Robert Fernández Valledor have also published on Cofresí. In mainstream media Cofresí has recently been discussed in the newspapers "El Mundo", "El Imparcial", "El Nuevo Día", "Primera Hora", "El Periódico... | 24,189 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
Proximity card
A proximity card or prox card is a "contactless" smart card which can be read without inserting it into a reader device, as required by earlier magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards and "contact" type smart cards. The proximity cards are part of the contactless card technologies. Hel... | 24,190 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
cards typically have a read range up to 50 cm (< 15 inches) which is the main difference from the contactless smartcard with a range of 2 to 10 cm (1 to 3 inches). The card can often be left in a wallet or purse, and read by simply holding the wallet or purse near the reader. These early proximity cards ... | 24,191 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
cards.
# Types.
## Passive cards.
Passive 125 kHz cards, the more widely used type which were described above, are powered by radio frequency signals from the reader device and so have a limited range and must be held close to the reader unit. They are used as keycards for access control doors in offi... | 24,192 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
High Frequency) smart cards can reach up to 150 meters (500 ft) and are often used for applications where the card is read inside a vehicle, such as security gates which open when a vehicle with the access card inside approaches, or automated toll collection. The battery eventually runs down, however, an... | 24,193 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
integrated circuit (IC) which contains the user's ID number in specific formats and no other data. The reader has its own antenna, which continuously transmits a short range radio frequency field.
When the card is placed within range of the reader, the antenna coil and capacitor, which form a tuned circ... | 24,194 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
whatever function it has been programmed to do for that ID number. All the energy to power the card comes from the reader unit, so passive cards must be close to a reader to transmit their data.
An active card contains a flat lithium cell in addition to the above components to power it. The integrated c... | 24,195 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
the case of the memory-based first generation of contactless smartcards. This means that there is no compatibility between the readers of a specific brand and the cards of another brand.
Contactless smartcards are covered by the ISO/IEC 14443 and/or the ISO/IEC 15693 OR ISO/IEC 18000 standards. These st... | 24,196 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
if a technology meets ISO standard is to ask the manufacturer if it can be emulated on other devices without any proprietary hardware.
# 125 kHz Readers and formats.
The card readers communicate in various protocols, for example the Wiegand protocol that consists of a data 0 and a data 1 circuit (or bi... | 24,197 |
270072 | Proximity card | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity%20card | Proximity card
its can be made identical; these are called facility or site codes. The idea is that company A has a facility code of "xn" and a card set of 0001 through 1000 and company B has a facility code of "yn" and a card set also of 0001 through 1000. For smartcards, a numbering system is internationally harmoniz... | 24,198 |
1599555 | Soda machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soda%20machine | Soda machine
Soda machine
Soda machine can refer to one of the following:
- A vending machine with soft drinks or other cold beverages; see also full-line vending.
- A soda fountain. | 24,199 |
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