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1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
basilica. The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the "Apology against the Arians" of Athanasius in the fourth century, which speaks of a council of bishops assembled "in the place where the Presbyter Vito held his congregation".
By the end of the 5th century they numbered 25, as is confirmed by the "Liber Pontificalis". The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, the number is given as 28. Many more have received the status of titular churches in modern times, other were abandoned, or assigned to another order of cardinals (from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or "pro hac | 26,600 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
vice"), just for the duration of one incumbent's cardinalate.
In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees, the priests in charge of the titular churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the cardinals.
Accordingly, as ecclesiastics from outside Rome came to be appointed cardinals, they were assigned theoretical responsibility for certain Roman parish churches, a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome. They had no obligation to reside in Rome, and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them, a practice | 26,601 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
still in force today.
# Present situation.
Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose cardinal protector they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches.
Likewise, the cardinal bishops are given only honorary title to one (or for the Cardinal-dean two, Ostia being granted additionally with that dignity) of the seven suburbicarian | 26,602 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
dioceses, and the cardinal deacons are given a similar relationship to the churches of their cardinal deaconries, of which there were 67 in 2015.
Many cardinals are assigned to "tituli" with some connection to their home see or country, such as the national churches in Rome. For example, Jean-Claude Turcotte, former Archbishop of Montreal, was made Cardinal Priest of the Santi Martiri Canadesi (Holy Canadian Martyrs); André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris, is the cardinal priest of San Luigi dei Francesi (St. Louis, King of France).
Those Patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who become Cardinal-Patriarchs (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own | 26,603 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title. They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees.
# Cardinal-deaconries.
In the wider sense, the term "titular church" is also loosely applied to the deaconries in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons.
Originally, they were charitable institutions first mentioned in connection with Pope Benedict II (684–685). Pope Adrian I (772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century.
Since the proliferation of cardinalates, most are serving another pastoral purpose | 26,604 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
(such as parish) with a cardinal-deacon (often (arch)bishop with a proper cathedral elsewhere) assigned as almost nominal cardinal-protector.
# See also.
- List of titular churches in Rome, listing present titular churches and their incumbents
- Churches of Rome
- Suburbicarian diocese
# Bibliography.
- Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies,"
- H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung" 25 (1936), 115–221.
- Krautheimer, R., "Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae", vol. 3.
- Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda," | 26,605 |
1055799 | Titular church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titular%20church | Titular church
s
- Churches of Rome
- Suburbicarian diocese
# Bibliography.
- Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies,"
- H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung" 25 (1936), 115–221.
- Krautheimer, R., "Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae", vol. 3.
- Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda," "Rivista di archeologia cristiana" II (1925), 195–257.
- Richardson, Carol M., "Reclaiming Rome: cardinals in the fifteenth century", Leiden: Brill, 2009.
# External links.
- GCatholic Cardinal titles
- GCatholic Cardinal deaconries | 26,606 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
Greenhead College
Greenhead College is a former grammar school and current sixth form college located in Huddersfield, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. The current principal is Simon Lett. With over 2300 students, it is a large sixth form college, attracting students from as far afield as Wakefield, Manchester, Barnsley, Bradford, Leeds, Halifax, Wetherby and even Wales. It is located next to Greenhead Park which is one of the largest parks in Huddersfield.
# Reputation.
The college topped both "The Guardian" and "The Independent"'s A level college league tables in 2006. It came fourth in 2007 and sixth in 2008. It was also the "Sunday Times"'s Sixth Form College of the Year, 2014-15.
2019 | 26,607 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
will see 45 students heading to Oxford or Cambridge University
# Subject choices.
Students usually study 3 subjects at A level. The college is quite flexible with respect to courses being studied, with a proportion of students studying 4 A Levels as long as they meet the required criteria (an average of an A grade at GCSE). There are over 30 different subjects for students to study.
# Admissions.
Students from partnership feeder schools are given priority for places at the college, and are required to obtain a minimum of GCSE grades 4 in Maths and English language in addition to three GCSE grade 6s to gain a place at the college. Students usually need to get a B grade in the subjects they | 26,608 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
are wanting to take.
Current partner schools are All Saints Catholic High School, Newsome High School, Almondbury High School and Language College, Colne Valley High School, North Huddersfield Trust School, Holmfirth High School, Honley High School, King James's School, Moor End Technology College, Netherhall Learning Campus, Royds Hall School and Salendine Nook High School.
Students from other schools are considered based on their mock GCSE results, a one-to-one interview and the availability of subject places, this after partner school students have been taken into consideration. Students from the Calderdale secondary schools, including The Brooksbank School, The Crossley Heath School and | 26,609 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
North Halifax Grammar School, can be accepted through the application process. In 2005, then-principal Martin Rostron said he believed the college has been criticised for selecting only the best students, which he denied, saying that Greenhead took those of all abilities.
# Campus.
The Greenhead College campus is located on one site, near the centre of Huddersfield, directly next to Greenhead park. The campus is fairly small in comparison with the number of students enrolled - however, it manages to effectively provide provision for a multitude of subjects taught.
The college has approximately 8 main buildings, all of which are internally linked. Each building represents a subject or a group | 26,610 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
of similar subjects. On 26 May 2004, the college officially opened a new building on the campus, the Conway Building. The building was dedicated to the former principal, Dr Kevin Conway.
The college has a small football field on site and a small hockey field. Two tennis courts were replaced in early 2012 to make way for a new maths and science building, opened by the Duke of Kent. Many enrichments (extra curricular activities) offered by the college are done off campus due to the lack of outdoor space owing to the proximity to Huddersfield town centre.
The infamous statue situated on the side of the Science Building, in the adjacent picture, has recently changed location to outside the newly | 26,611 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
constructed Rostrom Building. College legend has it that on the eve of results day 2015 the metal woman, also known as The Silent Student, moved on her own free will. Her rusty feet remain on the side of the Science Building; she has since regenerated new feet. By 2025 she is expected to move once again.
# Redevelopment.
In 2008 Ryder Architecture were commissioned to draw up plan for a new project with would provide a series of new buildings which were linked to the existing buildings via a central atrium hub. These buildings provided educational classrooms as well as various support and ancillary accommodation. The existing site was constrained with several existing buildings which would | 26,612 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
have caused a complex phased construction process. It was estimated that the project would cost approximately £15 million.
In December 2008 a report examining the feasibility of the project was approved by the College. An application was submitted to the Learning and Skills Council in July 2009 with construction works commencing January 2010 for a duration of 2 years. Unfortunately LSC funding was not received and the project was placed on hold until alternative funding could be sourced.
# Staff.
There are currently around 100 teaching staff to cater for the large number of students, in addition to the canteen staff, IT technicians, lab technicians and caretakers who also serve in the college. | 26,613 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
Although late 2018 saw the college in cash struggles, leaving some staff in threat.
## Hierarchy.
The College Principal is Simon Lett, who is supported by vice principals, Mo Bunter, David Greenwood and Christine Milsom. In addition there are subject heads and then finally the subject teachers and assistants.
# Extracurricular activities.
Greenhead is well praised for its enrichment programmes which encourages pupils to partake in extracurricular activities designed to build students character, their personal, sporting and social interests and prepares them more effectively both for higher education and future employment. It was first introduced in 1990. Its most recent praise was from Ofsted | 26,614 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
in 2011 from their spot check report.
Enrichment is mandatory for student to undertake, this encourages pupils to partake supporting the programs success. There are a huge variety of courses for students to choose form including The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, sports, music and drama, information technology, voluntary services and The World Challenge; additionally students are free to start new courses on the proviso they can gain enough support for them. In 2011 a total of 79 different courses were available to students including 22 different sporting activates such as badminton, basketball, cycling, football (men and women’s), rugby (men and women’s), judo and squash and 9 different music | 26,615 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
groups. Taster sessions are provided so that students can make informed decisions.
As part of the enrichment program, pupils must undertake one week of PaWS (Projects and Work Shadowing) in their first year. Work shadowing placements include medical, political, scientific and language based jobs, usually at a senior level within the respective companies. If a pupil does not wish to do work shadowing, many projects, from circus skills to mathematical art, are available.
# Awards.
- Queen's Anniversary Prize in 1996
- The Educational Institution of the Year Award in 1999
- The Beacon College Award in May 1999, and again in September 2004
- The Queen's Anniversary Prize for Excellence in | 26,616 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
2000 (for the second time)
- Officially announced as "outstanding" in the May 2004 Ofsted reportand again in the 2008 report.
- "Sunday Times"'s Parent Power Top State Sixth Form College of the Year 2014.
# Notable alumni.
- Lisa Head, first female bomb disposal officer in the British Army to be killed in operations.
- Jill Kemp, professional classical recorder player.
- Jonathan Le Billon, actor best known for playing Brian Drake in Hollyoaks.
- Janine Mellor, actress best known for playing Kelsey Phillips in BBC One's Casualty.
- Kearnan Myall, rugby union footballer for London Wasps.
- Matt Roberts, television presenter, best known for his work on BBC Sport's Moto GP coverage.
- | 26,617 |
1055782 | Greenhead College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhead%20College | Greenhead College
tate Sixth Form College of the Year 2014.
# Notable alumni.
- Lisa Head, first female bomb disposal officer in the British Army to be killed in operations.
- Jill Kemp, professional classical recorder player.
- Jonathan Le Billon, actor best known for playing Brian Drake in Hollyoaks.
- Janine Mellor, actress best known for playing Kelsey Phillips in BBC One's Casualty.
- Kearnan Myall, rugby union footballer for London Wasps.
- Matt Roberts, television presenter, best known for his work on BBC Sport's Moto GP coverage.
- Mona Siddiqui OBE FRSE FRSA, British Muslim academic.
- Steven Woodcock, award-winning film director, writer, and producer.
# External links.
- Greenhead College | 26,618 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
Arithmetic mean
In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean (, stress on third syllable of "arithmetic"), or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results of an experiment or an observational study, or frequently a set of results from a survey. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps distinguish it from other means, such as the geometric mean and the harmonic mean.
In addition to mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean is used frequently in many diverse fields such as economics, | 26,619 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
anthropology, and history, and it is used in almost every academic field to some extent. For example, per capita income is the arithmetic average income of a nation's population.
While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic, meaning that it is greatly influenced by outliers (values that are very much larger or smaller than most of the values). Notably, for skewed distributions, such as the distribution of income for which a few people's incomes are substantially greater than most people's, the arithmetic mean may not coincide with one's notion of "middle", and robust statistics, such as the median, may be a better description of central | 26,620 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
tendency.
# Definition.
The arithmetic mean (or mean or average), formula_1 (read formula_2 "bar"), is the mean of the formula_3 values formula_4.
The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used and readily understood measure of central tendency in a data set. In statistics, the term average refers to any of the measures of central tendency. The arithmetic mean of a set of observed data is defined as being equal to the sum of the numerical values of each and every observation divided by the total number of observations. Symbolically, if we have a data set consisting of the values formula_5, then the arithmetic mean formula_6 is defined by the formula:
(See summation for an explanation of the | 26,621 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
summation operator).
For example, consider the monthly salary of 10 employees of a firm: 2500, 2700, 2400, 2300, 2550, 2650, 2750, 2450, 2600, 2400. The arithmetic mean is
If the data set is a statistical population (i.e., consists of every possible observation and not just a subset of them), then the mean of that population is called the population mean. If the data set is a statistical sample (a subset of the population), we call the statistic resulting from this calculation a sample mean.
# Motivating properties.
The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it useful, especially as a measure of central tendency. These include:
- If numbers formula_9 have mean formula_1, then | 26,622 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
formula_11. Since formula_12 is the distance from a given number to the mean, one way to interpret this property is as saying that the numbers to the left of the mean are balanced by the numbers to the right of the mean. The mean is the only single number for which the residuals (deviations from the estimate) sum to zero.
- If it is required to use a single number as a "typical" value for a set of known numbers formula_9, then the arithmetic mean of the numbers does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squared deviations from the typical value: the sum of formula_14. (It follows that the sample mean is also the best single predictor in the sense of having the lowest root mean squared | 26,623 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
error.) If the arithmetic mean of a population of numbers is desired, then the estimate of it that is unbiased is the arithmetic mean of a sample drawn from the population.
# Contrast with median.
The arithmetic mean may be contrasted with the median. The median is defined such that no more than half the values are larger than, and no more than half are smaller than, the median. If elements in the data increase arithmetically, when placed in some order, then the median and arithmetic average are equal. For example, consider the data sample formula_15. The average is formula_16, as is the median. However, when we consider a sample that cannot be arranged so as to increase arithmetically, such | 26,624 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
as formula_17, the median and arithmetic average can differ significantly. In this case, the arithmetic average is 6.2 and the median is 4. In general, the average value can vary significantly from most values in the sample, and can be larger or smaller than most of them.
There are applications of this phenomenon in many fields. For example, since the 1980s, the median income in the United States has increased more slowly than the arithmetic average of income.
# Generalizations.
## Weighted average.
A weighted average, or weighted mean, is an average in which some data points count more heavily than others, in that they are given more weight in the calculation. For example, the arithmetic | 26,625 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
mean of formula_18 and formula_19 is formula_20, or equivalently formula_21. In contrast, a "weighted" mean in which the first number receives, for example, twice as much weight as the second (perhaps because it is assumed to appear twice as often in the general population from which these numbers were sampled) would be calculated as formula_22. Here the weights, which necessarily sum to the value one, are formula_23 and formula_24, the former being twice the latter. Note that the arithmetic mean (sometimes called the "unweighted average" or "equally weighted average") can be interpreted as a special case of a weighted average in which all the weights are equal to each other (equal to formula_25 | 26,626 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
in the above example, and equal to formula_26 in a situation with formula_3 numbers being averaged).
## Continuous probability distributions.
If a numerical property, and any sample of data from it, could take on any value from a continuous range, instead of, for example, just integers, then the probability of a number falling into some range of possible values can be described by integrating a continuous probability distribution across this range, even when the naive probability for a sample number taking one certain value from infinitely many is zero. The analog of a weighted average in this context, in which there are an infinite number of possibilities for the precise value of the variable | 26,627 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
in each range, is called the "mean of the probability distribution". A most widely encountered probability distribution is called the normal distribution; it has the property that all measures of its central tendency, including not just the mean but also the aforementioned median and the mode (the three M's), are equal to each other. This equality does not hold for other probability distributions, as illustrated for the lognormal distribution here.
# Angles.
Particular care must be taken when using cyclic data, such as phases or angles. Naïvely taking the arithmetic mean of 1° and 359° yields a result of 180°.
This is incorrect for two reasons:
- Firstly, angle measurements are only defined | 26,628 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
up to an additive constant of 360° (or 2π, if measuring in radians). Thus one could as easily call these 1° and −1°, or 361° and 719°, each of which gives a different average.
- Secondly, in this situation, 0° (equivalently, 360°) is geometrically a better "average" value: there is lower dispersion about it (the points are both 1° from it, and 179° from 180°, the putative average).
In general application, such an oversight will lead to the average value artificially moving towards the middle of the numerical range. A solution to this problem is to use the optimization formulation (viz., define the mean as the central point: the point about which one has the lowest dispersion), and redefine | 26,629 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
the difference as a modular distance (i.e., the distance on the circle: so the modular distance between 1° and 359° is 2°, not 358°).
# Symbols and encoding.
The arithmetic mean is often denoted by a bar, for example as in formula_1 (read formula_2 "bar").
Some software (text processors, web browsers) may not display the x̄ symbol properly. For example, the x̄ symbol in HTML is actually a combination of two codes - the base letter x plus a code for the line above (̄: or ¯).
In some texts, such as pdfs, the x̄ symbol may be replaced by a cent (¢) symbol (Unicode ¢) when copied to text processor such as Microsoft Word.
# See also.
- Average
- Fréchet mean
- Generalized mean
- | 26,630 |
612 | Arithmetic mean | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic%20mean | Arithmetic mean
owsers) may not display the x̄ symbol properly. For example, the x̄ symbol in HTML is actually a combination of two codes - the base letter x plus a code for the line above (̄: or ¯).
In some texts, such as pdfs, the x̄ symbol may be replaced by a cent (¢) symbol (Unicode ¢) when copied to text processor such as Microsoft Word.
# See also.
- Average
- Fréchet mean
- Generalized mean
- Geometric mean
- Harmonic mean
- Mode
- Sample mean and covariance
- Standard error of the mean
- Summary statistics
# External links.
- Calculations and comparisons between arithmetic mean and geometric mean of two numbers
- Calculate the arithmetic mean of a series of numbers on fxSolver | 26,631 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
Willamette National Forest
The Willamette National Forest is a National Forest located in the central portion of the Cascade Range of the U.S. state of Oregon.
It comprises . Over 380,000 acres (694 mi, 1,540 km) are designated wilderness which include seven major mountain peaks. There are also several National Wild and Scenic Rivers within the forest. The forest is named for the Willamette River, which has its headwaters in the forest. The forest headquarters are located in the city of Springfield. There are local ranger district offices in McKenzie Bridge, Detroit, Sweet Home, and Westfir.
The forest is famous for being at the center of the controversy between the logging industry and the | 26,632 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
endangered species status of the northern spotted owl. Environmentalists maintain that the forest was aggressively clear-cut for many years threatening a federally listed endangered species. The timber industry contends that the forest can simultaneously provide lumber jobs and wildlife habitat. Since April 1994, the forest is governed by the Northwest Forest Plan, which restricts, but does not eliminate, logging in potential spotted owl habitat.
The forest stretches for over 100 miles (160 km) along the western slopes of the Cascade Range in Western Oregon. It extends from the Mount Jefferson area east of Salem to the Calapooya Ridge which divides the watersheds of the Willamette and Umpqua | 26,633 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
rivers. Most of the forest (about 61%) is located in Lane County, but there are large areas in Linn, Marion, and Douglas counties, as well as much smaller areas in Clackamas and Jefferson counties.
# Geography.
The elevation of the forest ranges from about 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level on the western edge of the forest to almost 10,500 feet (3,200 m) at the top of Mount Jefferson, Oregon's second highest peak. Seven major peaks of the Cascades—Mount Jefferson, Mount Washington, Three Fingered Jack, Diamond Peak, North, Middle and South Sisters—as well as numerous high mountain lakes are within these wilderness areas. The McKenzie River and the North Fork Middle Fork Willamette River are | 26,634 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
Wild and Scenic rivers.
## Climate.
The Willamette National Forest receives 80 to 150 inches (2,000 to 3,800 mm)
of precipitation each year from moist onshore Pacific Ocean flow which encounters adiabatic cooling rising over the Cascades. Much of the precipitation is received in the form of snow which accumulates in higher elevations from October through April. The rain and snow melt drain into the McKenzie, Santiam, and Willamette rivers, which flow from the forest and provide high-quality drinking water to Eugene, Salem, Corvallis, and Albany. There are over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of rivers and streams in the forest and over 375 lakes.
# Flora and fauna.
The forest's dominant tree species | 26,635 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
is the Douglas-fir, the state tree of Oregon. Douglas-fir is a valuable timber species in the United States. The forest contains some stands of old-growth forest, some of which are over tall, among the tallest trees in the world, with tree diameters ranging from .. A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was .
Over one dozen other conifer species are common on the forest, including western redcedar, incense-cedar, western white pine, ponderosa pine, Pacific yew, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and several species of fir. The Willamette National Forest is home to over 300 species of fish and wildlife, including the northern spotted owl, mule deer, | 26,636 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
bald eagle, Chinook salmon, black-tailed deer, bull trout, black bear, cougar, southern red-backed vole, elk, wolverine, and several other sensitive and threatened species.
# History.
The Cascade Forest Reserve was created in September 1893 by proclamation of President Grover Cleveland. This proclamation was in response to numerous petitions from local citizens requesting protection of the Cascade mountain range. The Cascade Forest Reserve stretched from the Columbia River almost to the California border. From 1893 to 1897, the Cascade Forest Reserve was largely managed as a preserve.
The Sundry Civil Appropriations Act of June 1897 (Organic Act) appropriated funds for management of the national | 26,637 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
forest reserves and mandated management goals. Those management goals included: "…securing favorable conditions of water flows, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States", protection of the forests from destruction by fire and depredations, and development of mineral resources, among other provisions. The Organic Act led to establishment of forest reserve boundaries, forest supervisors, and forest ranger patrol districts. Addie Morris and Cy Bingham were noteworthy early rangers in areas that would become the Willamette National Forest.
In 1908, the Cascade Forest Reserve was divided into the Oregon National Forest, the Cascade | 26,638 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
National Forest, the Umpqua National Forest and the Crater National Forest. In 1911, the Santiam National Forest was created from parts of the Oregon National Forest and the Cascade NF. The Deschutes National Forest was created from the portions that drain into the Deschutes River. In 1933, the Santiam National Forest and the Cascade National Forest were combined to form the Willamette National Forest.
The period of 1905 to 1933 featured decentralized administration for the forests of the western Cascades. Forest and district administrative boundaries were further refined. The Forest Service made efforts to establish relationships with local communities and with the forest users. This was a | 26,639 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
time of extensive recreation planning in the western Cascades. A fire control organization was built. Mining claims were established, and the first large timber sales were sold near Detroit and Oakridge.
During the Great Depression and World War II, the Willamette National Forest became a representative of the federal government in the communities of the western Cascades. Efforts were made to improve employment and economic conditions through the Civilian Conservation Corps and through the use of sustained yield forestry. During World War II, the Willamette stepped up timber sales to provide resources for the war effort. Between 1942 and 1945, the Willamette sold of timber.
The years 1945 | 26,640 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
to 1970 mark an era of intensive forestry and forest management. This era included dramatic increases in recreation use, timber sales, dam construction, campground construction, and wildlife management. Mining claims were looked at much more critically. Grazing on the national forest was reduced and then virtually discontinued during this era. In 1962, the Columbus Day Storm downed an estimated of timber and created many log jams on the rivers. Two years later, in 1964, the Christmas week flood hit the Willamette hard. Six campgrounds were fully destroyed, and seven more were damaged. Roads, bridges, and culverts were also lost. The passage of the Wilderness Act earlier that year created new | 26,641 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
wilderness areas and controversy over the management for the new areas. This era also marked the establishment and growth of an activist environmental movement. The movement is best known for the controversy surrounding the French Pete addition to the Three Sisters Wilderness.
The history of the Forest Service and the Willamette National Forest after 1970 is one of dramatic change and heated controversies. The Willamette's timber sales continued at about per year through the 1970s; however, the price bid per thousand increased dramatically. This price speculation led to timber sale defaults and sale buy-backs in the early 1980s. The volume not cut in the early 1980s was resold in the latter | 26,642 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
half of the decade. The "section 318" bill passed by the U.S. Congress increased the volume sold on the Willamette in 1990 to nearly of timber. After that, timber sale volumes declined rapidly. The Willamette National Forest Land Management Plan was approved in 1990. The plan was amended in 1993 by the Northwest Forest Plan (also called the President's Plan). In 1997, the Willamette's planned sale volume was .
# Wilderness.
About one fifth, or , of the Willamette National Forest is designated as wilderness area, some of which conserve its old-growth forests:
- Diamond Peak Wilderness at is mostly located within the Deschutes National Forest
- Middle Santiam Wilderness at
- Menagerie Wilderness | 26,643 |
1055741 | Willamette National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette%20National%20Forest | Willamette National Forest
National Forest is designated as wilderness area, some of which conserve its old-growth forests:
- Diamond Peak Wilderness at is mostly located within the Deschutes National Forest
- Middle Santiam Wilderness at
- Menagerie Wilderness at
- Mount Jefferson Wilderness at is partially located within the Mount Hood and Deschutes National Forests
- Mount Washington Wilderness at is partially located within the Deschutes National Forest
- Opal Creek Wilderness at
- Three Sisters Wilderness at is partially located within the Deschutes National Forest
- Waldo Lake Wilderness at
# See also.
- Camp Pioneer
# External links.
- Official website
- "History of the Willamette National Forest" | 26,644 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
Rob Fleming
Rob Fleming is a Canadian politician who represents the riding of Victoria-Swan Lake in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Fleming was elected the British Columbia New Democratic Party Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the district of Victoria-Hillside in the 2005 British Columbia general election, defeating incumbent British Columbia Liberal Party MLA Sheila Orr. He was re-elected on May 12, 2009 in the renamed constituency of Victoria-Swan Lake. In the 38th Parliament Fleming was the New Democrat critic for Advanced Education, sat on the Select Standing Committee on Education, and introduced two education-related private member bills: the "Private Post-Secondary | 26,645 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
Accountability and Student Protection Act, 2007" and the "Restoring Credibility to Universities Act, 2008". He was also assigned to the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts and introduced the "Payday Lending Act, 2006" which sought to regulate the conditions of payday loans and led to the government adopting the "Business Practices and Consumer Protection (Payday Loans) Amendment Act" a year later.
In the 39th Parliament Fleming became the NDP's environment critic. He introduced the "Cosmetic Pesticide and Carcinogen Control Act" and sat on the subsequent Special Committee on Cosmetic Pesticides which investigated potential bans or regulations on pesticides used for cosmetic purposes. | 26,646 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
Fleming also introduced the "Species at Risk Protection Act", after the government delayed a promise to review its species-at-risk legislation, and the "Sustainable Development Indicators and Reporting Act, 2011" which sought to create a Sustainable Development Board to report on provincial sustainability-related indicators. Fleming sat on the Select Standing Committee on Legislative Initiatives which considered the petition seeking the repeal of the Harmonized Sales Tax.
In the 40th Parliament Fleming was appointed to be the NDP's education critic. He introduced the private member bill "Youth Voter Registration Act" that would have allowed provisional voter registration of people between the | 26,647 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
ages of 16 and 18.
# Background.
Before attending the University of Victoria, Fleming spent two years (1993–95) at Camosun College which later awarded him the 2008 Distinguished Alumni Award. At the University of Victoria he was elected the president of the UVic Students' Society. He was active in acquiring a universal access to BC Transit for students through a U-Pass system. Fleming graduated with a bachelor of arts with a major in history. Following graduation, he started work with a communication consulting business. He stood as a candidate for Victoria City Council in the 1999 municipal elections as a member of the Victoria Civic Electors which ran a joint slate of seven candidates with | 26,648 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
the Green Party. Fleming finished third in voting, securing him a seat on the eight-member council. Fleming was re-elected to the council in 2002 election. He traveled to El Salvador, in 2004, as part of a 13-member delegation of election observers to monitor the presidential election.
While on Victoria City Council, Fleming gained a reputation for being a "fiscally prudent democratic socialist". He supported the legalization of secondary suites, the construction of the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre (but voted against the option to have it privately operated), and amendments to bylaws to target aggressive panhandling. As a director on the board of the Capital Regional District, Fleming was | 26,649 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
vice-chair of the CRD Housing Corporation where he advocated for an Affordable Housing Trust Fund. He sat on the Victoria Regional Transit Commission and has advocated for transit service expansion and light rail in the Capital Region. He was a member of the Provincial Capital Commission and was the only member to vote against, due to concerns with the long-term lease agreement and risks involved, replacing the plant and animal conservatory Crystal Gardens with the multi-media tourist attraction, The B.C. Experience, which filed for bankruptcy protection three months after opening.
# Provincial politics.
With the 2005 BC general election still a year away, Fleming declared his interest in | 26,650 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
seeking the NDP nomination in the Victoria-Hillside riding. Within a few months, former-MLA Steve Orcherton, who had won the riding in 1996 but lost in 2001, declared his candidacy for the NDP nomination. The primary was billed as a contest between the hard line "old-school union man" Orcherton versus the "new wave" moderate Fleming which was seen as the symbolic struggle that was occurring throughout the party. Fleming won the NDP nomination in January and began campaigning in April for the general election. Fleming was one of five candidates across the province who were endorsed by the Conservation Voters of British Columbia. In the May general election Fleming defeated the incumbent BC Liberal | 26,651 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
Sheila Orr and Green Party candidate and small business owner Steve Filipovic. Fleming resigned from his position as Victoria city councillor to become a New Democrat Member of the Legislative Assembly, as part of the Official Opposition.
## 38th Parliament.
In the 38th Parliament, Fleming and chaired the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts and part way through the 2nd session he was assigned to the Select Standing Committee on Education which focused on adult literacy. He introduced several pieces of legislation, including the "Payday Lending Act, 2006", which sought to license payday lenders and regulate the conditions of payday loans, including plain language rules, rights to cancellation, | 26,652 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
signage requirements. While Solicitor General John Les stated he was in favour of many of the regulations, he felt the bill was premature and that changes to the federal Criminal Code were required before proceeding with such regulations, despite other provinces already having passed similar legislation. The bill was granted first reading on May 8, 2006 but without the government support the bill was not adopted. However, a year later, a similar bill, introduced by Les, the "Business Practices and Consumer Protection (Payday Loans) Amendment Act, 2007" was introduced and adopted concurrent with federal amendments to the Criminal Code.
Fleming was assigned the role of critic for advanced education. | 26,653 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
He introduced the "Private Post-Secondary Accountability and Student Protection Act, 2007" which was intended to increase the accountability of private career training institutions and increasing the enforcement abilities of the Degree Quality Assessment Board. He spoke out against deregulation that allowed diploma mills like Rutherford University and Kingston College which advertised to foreign students. He introduced the "Restoring Credibility to Universities Act, 2008" which sought to repeal the "World Trade University Canada Establishment Act" and portions of the 2007 "Education Statutes Amendment Act" concerning private post-secondary institutions. Fleming also took on the role as the NDP | 26,654 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
tourism critic and objected to Tourism Minister Bill Bennett's decision not to participate in the National Vigil Project (a light display honouring Canadians killed World War One) due to costs and, in response to funding cuts to Tourism BC, he criticized government self-promotional advertising.
## 39th Parliament.
While his riding was re-aligned to create Victoria-Swan Lake, Fleming easily won re-election facing no opposition for the NDP nomination and receiving 61% of the votes in the May 2009 general election. In the 39th Parliament, his party once again formed the Official Opposition to a BC Liberal majority government. Party leader Carole James assigned him the role of environment critic | 26,655 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
with the intent of re-casting the party's image on environmental issues following the party's negatively received campaign plank of repealing the carbon tax. Fleming, and the party, stopped calling for a repeal of the carbon tax and instead emphasized a more nuanced position in providing alternatives which would improve the tax. He linked planned increases in transit fares to global warming and spoke out against fee increases at provincial park campsites.
In November 2009, and again in April 2010, he introduced the "Cosmetic Pesticide and Carcinogen Control Act" (Bill M-203) which would have prohibited the sale or use of cosmetic pesticides, other than those deemed low-risk. The Special Committee | 26,656 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
on Cosmetic Pesticides was struck, with Fleming as deputy chair, to investigate the potential for regulating or banning the use or sale of pesticides used for cosmetic purposes. They first convened in July 2011 and reported in 2012.
In the August 2009 Throne Speech the BC government committed to striking a task force on the topic of species-at-risk, but with no action since then, Fleming introduced his own "Species at Risk Protection Act" (Bill M-207) in May 2010, based on similar legislation in Ontario. The Minister of Environment Barry Penner responded in June by striking a ten member species-at-risk task force consisting of academics and representatives of industry and non-profit organizations, | 26,657 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
who were told to make recommendations to directly cabinet. The task force report was submitted in January 2011 but, with the government not making the report public, Fleming re-introduced his legislation (Bill M-211) in June 2011 (the report was made public less than a month later).
In addition, Fleming participated in two committees. In the first two sessions he was deputy chair of the Select Standing Committee on Parliamentary Reform, Ethical Conduct, Standing Orders and Private Bills, which met once in each session to review private bills. He was member of the Select Standing Committee on Legislative Initiatives, the committee that only met twice, both times in September 2010, to deal with | 26,658 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
a petition seeking the repeal of the Harmonized Sales Tax; Fleming and the three other New Democratic Party members voted to recommend introducing the draft "HST Extinguishment Act" into the Legislative Assembly, while the five BC Liberal members voted to initiate the 2011 British Columbia sales tax referendum. During the BC NDP leadership election to replace Carole James, Fleming supported Mike Farnworth, though Adrian Dix eventually won. Dix kept Fleming as the critic for Environment. When Parliament re-convened for a fourth session Fleming introduced another private member bill, the "Sustainable Development Indicators and Reporting Act, 2011" (Bill M-207) which sought to create a Sustainable | 26,659 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
Development Board to measure and report on indicators of BC's economic, environmental and social sustainability.
## 40th Parliament.
With the May 2013 election approaching, the 41 year old Fleming sought re-election in the Victoria-Swan Lake riding. He defeated the BC Liberal candidate, small-business owner Christina Bates, and the BC Green candidate Spencer Malthouse.
Despite his win and favourable polling, Fleming's party lost the general election and, again, formed the official opposition. Fleming was critical of party leader Adrian Dix's positive-only campaigning during the election, partly blamed for the upset loss, saying that it allowed their opponents to define who they were and then | 26,660 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
attack that without response. Dix appointed Fleming to the role of education critic, moving his previous role of environment critic to Spencer Chandra Herbert. Upon Dix, resignation as leader of the BC NDP, Fleming was considered as a potential candidate and actively considered seeking the role. However, after both John Horgan and Mike Farnworth announced their intention run, Fleming decided he would not. Fleming later endorsed Horgan's candidacy. Horgan went on to become the leader and kept Fleming in his education critic role. In December 2015, Fleming fired his constituency assistant who was subsequently arrested, in July 2016, for defrauding the Victoria-Swan Lake constituency office of | 26,661 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
$120,420 since March 2009.
Fleming sponsored the private member bill "Youth Voter Registration Act, 2015" (Bill M-205) which sought allow provisional voter registration of people between the ages or 16 and 18, one of the recommendations of a 2011 report by the Chief Electoral Officer. The bill was not advanced and he re-introduced it in February 2017 as the "Election (Increasing Youth Participation) Amendment Act, 2017" (Bill M-218).
## 41st Parliament.
For the 2017 general election Fleming was challenged by digital media management consultant Stacey Piercey for the BC Liberal Party, Vancouver medical researcher Chris Maxwell for the Green Party, and David Costigane for the Vancouver Island | 26,662 |
1055764 | Rob Fleming | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob%20Fleming | Rob Fleming
eople between the ages or 16 and 18, one of the recommendations of a 2011 report by the Chief Electoral Officer. The bill was not advanced and he re-introduced it in February 2017 as the "Election (Increasing Youth Participation) Amendment Act, 2017" (Bill M-218).
## 41st Parliament.
For the 2017 general election Fleming was challenged by digital media management consultant Stacey Piercey for the BC Liberal Party, Vancouver medical researcher Chris Maxwell for the Green Party, and David Costigane for the Vancouver Island Party.
# External links.
- Victoria-Swan Lake MLA - Rob Fleming's blog
- BC New Democratic Party - Rob Fleming
- Legislative Assembly of British Columbia - Rob Fleming | 26,663 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
The Cornell Review
The Cornell Review is an independent newspaper published by students of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. With the motto, "We Do Not Apologize," the "Review" has a history in conservative journalism and is one of the leading college conservative publications in the United States. It adheres to a fortnightly tabloid format, publishing six issues per semester. While the ideological makeup of its staff shifts over the years, the paper has consistently accused Cornell of adhering to left-wing politics and political correctness, delivered with a signature anti-establishment tone.
# History.
## Founding.
"The Cornell Review" was founded on Cornell's Ithaca campus in 1984. | 26,664 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
Jim Keller, a government major, founded "The Cornell Review" during his senior year in the spring of 1984. The paper drew immediate and critical attention for its discordant rhetoric and "shock journalism." Ann Coulter, then an undergraduate in the history department of the College of Arts and Sciences, served as its editor during the fall of 1984.
Much of the paper's structure in the early years was influenced by the unanticipated success of the "Dartmouth Review" at Dartmouth College, which inspired conservative students at other institutions to found similar newspapers. The Institute for Educational Affairs, founded in 1978 to assist conservative academics, created The Collegiate Network | 26,665 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
in 1984 to offer these groups technical and financial assistance.
During the 1980s the "Review" targeted affirmative action, gay rights, communist sympathizers, abortion, and anti-apartheid activists, while defending the Reagan Administration, the Greek system, and the university administration (against striking workers). It notably criticized university-sponsored ethnicity-oriented residential communities, known as "program houses," as segregationist.
In 1986, some students voiced their opposition to the paper by seeking out and shredding nearly every copy of one issue at a multitude of locations on campus during the early morning hours after delivery.
## Merger with "Cornell American".
In | 26,666 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
1992, before the "Review" had backed down from its more controversial positions, a deliberately unsensational rival publication began printing called "The Cornell American". It became the "demesne" of social conservatives until it ceased publishing in 1996.
In 2003 and 2004, successive editors began a controversial revamp of the "Review", swinging it toward a more libertarian conservatism and a more neutral editorial position. In response, former "Review" writer and activist Ryan Horn resurrected a new "Cornell American" to take up the social conservatism from which the "Review" had distanced itself. The "Cornell Review" and the "Cornell American" had switched roles: the "Review" had become | 26,667 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
the calmer and lower profile paper, and the "American" the more traditional.
Rivalry between the "Review" and the "American" began to die down during the ensuing years as the staffs of the respective papers changed and the editorial positions of both papers began to converge. In April 2007, students from the "Review" and the "American" agreed to merge the two papers in the interest of preserving a conservative voice on campus. The "Review" assumed the "American"'s slogan: "Limited Government, Traditional Values, America First." It then reverted to the original "Review" slogan, "The Conservative Voice on Campus," until it changed to "We Do Not Apologize" in late 2014. The change was made due | 26,668 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
to the growing libertarian nature of the newspaper's staff and editorial stance.
## Turn of the 21st Century.
The "Review" was embroiled in several controversies in the 1990s. In 1993, its funding was threatened after it printed a cartoon critical of President Bill Clinton's move to permit homosexuals in the U.S. military which was widely called homophobic.
In 1997, the "Review" printed an anonymous editorial lampooning the Oakland, California school district's move to teach in African-American English (AAE). Entitled "So U Be Wantin' to Take Dis Class," it presented a mock catalogue of courses taught in a pastiche of AAE, for instance "Da white man be evil an he tryin' to keep da brotherman | 26,669 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
down. We's got Sharpton and Farrakhan so who da...man now, white boy." A student protest followed in which a number of copies of the "Review" were burned. The editors defended the editorial as satire and criticized the burning as suppression of free speech.
The "Review" historically prints pieces that bring great debate and controversy. In the autumn of 2002, "Cornell Review Online" published a column by Elliott Reed whose "Good Vibrations" piece exposed a coverup of vibrators to be sold at the campus health center. Reed discovered an email to a listserv which claimed the health center had agreed to sell vibrators and solicited comments from female students. The university claimed the email | 26,670 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
"jumped the gun," as no decision had been made at that time. The "Review" was awarded a "Campus Outrage" nod from the conservative organization, Accuracy in Academia, for the piece.
## Obama Administration.
The "Review" found itself in uncharted territory in 2008, with the election of 2008 and a national trend toward more liberal thinking. It marked the first time since 2001 that a Democratic president had been in office, but for the Review, the election of Barack Obama marked a greater shift on Cornell's campus. The "Review" conducted a poll in 2012 that found that 60% of Cornell students that were registered to vote would be voting for Obama, compared to 14% for Mitt Romney.
# Cornell Insider.
In | 26,671 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
December 2008, "The Cornell Review" started its blog, Cornell Insider. It is primarily focused on breaking campus events.
The Insider has been linked by blogs of all sizes, including IvyGate, Legal Insurrection, Campus Reform, and The Daily Caller. The website also broke stories that were followed by media outlets such as The Hill, RealClearPolitics and The O'Reilly Factor.
# Management and Operations.
The "Review" was incorporated in 1986 as The Ithaca Review, Inc. The editorial staff is headed by an undergraduate editor-in-chief, while the business staff is headed by an undergraduate president.
Funding for the "Review" comes primarily from the Collegiate Network, a syndicate of conservative | 26,672 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
campus newspapers funded by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute.
## Notable Alumni.
- Ann Coulter - conservative social and political commentators
- Jamie Weinstein - Senior Editor on "The Daily Caller"
- Ying Ma - Author, deputy director of the Committee for American Sovereignty SuperPAC
- Kenneth K. Lee - Lawyer
# See also.
- Collegiate Network
- Cornell University
- Cornell Daily Sun
# External links.
- "The Cornell Review Official Website"
- "Cornell Insider blog"
- "Cornell American, Cornell Review Merge"
- Hentoff, Nat. "Setting Fire to Offensive Ideas," "The Village Voice", September 24, 1997
- Ruby-Sachs, Emma and Waligore, Timothy. "A Once-Bright Star Dims," "The Nation", | 26,673 |
1055800 | The Cornell Review | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Cornell%20Review | The Cornell Review
- Senior Editor on "The Daily Caller"
- Ying Ma - Author, deputy director of the Committee for American Sovereignty SuperPAC
- Kenneth K. Lee - Lawyer
# See also.
- Collegiate Network
- Cornell University
- Cornell Daily Sun
# External links.
- "The Cornell Review Official Website"
- "Cornell Insider blog"
- "Cornell American, Cornell Review Merge"
- Hentoff, Nat. "Setting Fire to Offensive Ideas," "The Village Voice", September 24, 1997
- Ruby-Sachs, Emma and Waligore, Timothy. "A Once-Bright Star Dims," "The Nation", February 17, 2003.
- "The Cornell American: Taking a positive course"
- "To Do a New Review"
- "Cornell Review's Decline"
- "Chalkings Offend Ujamaa Residents" | 26,674 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
Solomon Grundy (comics)
Solomon Grundy is a fictional character, usually depicted as a supervillain in DC Comics and an antihero in the DC animated series. He was originally depicted as a murder victim brought back to life as a corporeal revenant or zombie, though subsequent versions of the character have occasionally depicted a different origin. He is named after the 19th century nursery rhyme "Solomon Grundy".
Grundy was introduced as an enemy of comic book hero Alan Scott (the original Green Lantern), but has since become a prominent enemy for a number of superheroes such as Superman, Batman, the Green Lantern, and The Flash. He also has ties to Swamp Thing.
# Publication history.
Created | 26,675 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
by Alfred Bester, he first appeared in "All-American Comics" #61 (October 1944).
Grundy is the focus of one of the four "Faces of Evil" one-shots that explore the aftermath of "Final Crisis", written by Scott Kolins and Geoff Johns, with art by Shane Davis. It is the introduction to a seven part mini-series featuring the character
# Fictional character biography.
## Pre-Crisis.
### Earth-Two version's history.
In the late 19th century, a wealthy merchant named Cyrus Gold is murdered and his body is disposed of in Slaughter Swamp, near Gotham City. Fifty years later, the corpse is reanimated as a huge shambling figure (composed partly of the swamp matter that has accumulated around the body | 26,676 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
over the decades) with almost no memory of its past life. Gold murders two escaped criminals who are hiding out in the marsh and steals their clothes. He shows up in a hobo camp and, when asked about his name, one of the few things he can recall is that he was "born on a Monday". One of the men at the camp mentions the nursery rhyme character Solomon Grundy (who was born on a Monday), and Gold adopts the moniker.
Strong, vicious, and nearly mindless, Solomon Grundy falls into a life of crime—or perhaps returns to one, as his scattered residual memories may indicate—attracting the attention of the Green Lantern, Alan Scott. Grundy proves to be a difficult opponent, unkillable (since he is already | 26,677 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
dead) and with an inherent resistance to Scott's powers (which cannot affect wood, a substance of which Grundy's reassembled body is now largely composed). He apparently kills Green Lantern, who gives off a green flash. Liking this flash, Grundy commits murders hoping to see the flash again. However the first fight ends when, engaging in fisticuffs with the monster because of the ineffectiveness of his ring, Grundy is hurled under a train by Green Lantern.
Grundy is revived when a criminal scientist, known as the Professor, injects Grundy with concentrated chlorophyll.
After this second encounter, Grundy is trapped in a green plasma bubble for a time, until a freak weather occurrence releases | 26,678 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
him from his prison. Making his way across country, Grundy heads for the headquarters of the Justice Society of America. Green Lantern arrives early for the meeting and when the other members arrive, they find their headquarters smashed to pieces and Green Lantern missing from the ranks. Johnny turns on the radio, which blares the warning that Solomon Grundy is on the loose; the members believe, based on a large, muddy footprint on the floor, that Grundy got to HQ and took Green Lantern. The radio continues its report, listing cities where Grundy was seen, so each member picks a city and heads for it (Wonder Woman staying behind) to try to find Green Lantern. The scene now shifts back to the | 26,679 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
moment at JSA HQ where Green Lantern had opened the door. To his surprise, Doiby Dickles walks in, and informs him that Grundy has freed himself and is on the loose. Green Lantern leaves immediately, hoping to find Grundy before any of the JSA members are hurt going after him. Minutes later, Grundy arrives at JSA HQ, and, not finding the Lantern there, he smashes the place up, then leaves. Green Lantern and Doiby use a special radio-like device Alan Scott had developed that is attuned to the mental wavelengths of Grundy himself; Green Lantern calculates the path of Grundy and announces over the radio in JSA HQ where Grundy will strike. When Green Lantern and Grundy meet, Grundy rips a tree out | 26,680 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
by its roots and smashes it into the Lantern. Green Lantern fights back with his power ring and fists until both men fall into a nearby stream and over a small waterfall. The Lantern is severely dazed and tries to ward off Grundy with his ring, but he is much too weak. Grundy grabs Green Lantern by the throat and begins to squeeze the life out of him, holding his head underwater. However, Hawkman strikes Grundy with his mace, and Mid-Nite is able to revive the Lantern. A combined attack brings down Grundy, and Green Lantern deposits Grundy on a distant, lifeless planet.
A battle soon commences when Grundy's body gravitates towards young astronomer Dick Cashmere as he learns to ride light waves, | 26,681 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
resulting in his assuming Cashmere's identity for a time while leaving the real one bound and gagged, though the Society finds him soon after. In this incarnation he gains intelligence, which he subsequently loses when Green Lantern defeats and buries Grundy in 1947.
At this point, Grundy is freed and enlisted along with several other supervillains by the time-traveling criminal Per Degaton in his second appearance, who has traveled to 1941 to capture the Justice Society of America on the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, hoping to change history and take over the world. Grundy encounters Green Lantern, the Flash, and Wonder Woman in Echo Park, whom Grundy knows from 1947. Grundy bests the | 26,682 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
costumed trio, and is summoned by a mysterious voice to deliver them or "pay the penalty". The All-Star Squadron comes to their rescue, Sir Justin faces off against Solomon Grundy and Grundy is the last villain to be transported back, he is thrust back to the moon where he remains for over two decades, as this timeline is erased once Degaton is defeated.
After many years, Grundy is knocked loose from his planet prison and returns to Earth to battle Green Lantern, Hourman, and Doctor Fate. At this point, he has temporary mastery over all wooden objects. He is imprisoned orbiting the Earth in a stronger bubble created by the combined powers of Green Lantern and Doctor Fate.
Grundy was once pulled | 26,683 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
to Earth-1 and substituted for the superstrong Blockbuster due to a machine that was accidentally pulling the Earths together in warp-space and substituting people. During this event he had absorbed some of Dr Fate's magic, is stronger than before, and is even able to telekinetically lift the Flash into the air. He hates Green Lantern so much he thinks everyone he sees is Green Lantern. He is imprisoned inside a mountain by Earth-1 Green Lantern after being lifted up by Earth-1 Hawkman and dazed by blows from all the heroes, but when the machine is turned off he is substituted for Blockbuster on Earth-2 and renews the attack, defeating numerous heroes. However the JSA and JLA went to battle | 26,684 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
an Anti-Matter being that was threatening both Earths in Warp-Space after being summoned by Doctor Fate, who had sensed the threat due to the Spectre. As the heroes return they find Green Lantern had placed Grundy and Blockbuster together to occupy them, and the two have knocked the hate out of each other. Grundy is then taken back to his Earth by the Justice Society.
In his next appearance, Solomon Grundy battles the combined might of both the Justice Society, and later their counterparts the Justice League, nearly to a standstill at Slaughter Swamp, when he develops an affection for a lost alien child who has accidentally been sent to Earth-2 and is dying due to separation from his pet. Having | 26,685 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
absorbed magic from Doctor Fate and Green Lantern, Grundy is easily able to defeat the combined might of Kal-El, Jay Garrick, Hawkman, Hawkman, and Hal Jordan, until he is defeated by both Green Lanterns and sealed in Slaughter Swamp. The alien child is finally reunited with his pet and sent back to his own dimension.
While imprisoned, Grundy incorrectly deduces that the second Green Lantern's Earth must contain a second Solomon Grundy, and crosses over from his Slaughter Swamp prison on Earth-2 to Earth-1 where he overpowers that Earth's Superman before being tricked and stranded on the moon.
Solomon Grundy briefly works with the Injustice Society when the Fiddler retrieves Grundy from the | 26,686 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
moon of Earth-One in order to attack the JSA. The two defeat Hawkman and Wildcat before Grundy is thrown into a cooling volcano by Power Girl and Kal-L.
Grundy goes on to afflict Green Lantern and his teammates, including the Huntress who is the first female for whom he develops an affection. After Solomon Grundy is rescued from a glacier by Alan Scott's daughter, Jade, Grundy becomes loyal to her and, for a while, is an ally of Infinity, Inc. Eventually, this affectionate relationship turns tragic as the villainous Marcie Cooper, a.k.a. Harlequin of the Dummy's Injustice Unlimited, uses her illusion powers to disguise herself as Jade. Harlequin manipulates Grundy to attack the members of Infinity | 26,687 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
Inc., one by one. She convinces him to press the unconscious Mister Bones' bare hand against Skyman; since Bones's skin constantly exudes a cyanide-based compound, this quickly leads to Skyman's death. Once Grundy found out that Marcie had duped him, he savagely beat her within an inch of her life. This is the beginning of the end for Infinity Inc., and for Grundy's quasi-heroic career.
### Earth-One version's history.
The Earth-One Grundy arises when the Parasite uses an enhanced crystal to metabolically hasten the growth of residual cells left over in the sewers from when the original version had crossed over from Earth-2, which becomes a new, much more bestial version. During a clash with | 26,688 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
Superman, it is determined that his might is too much for the Man of Steel, so Superman flies the monster to an alien world inhospitable to all save the hardiest life as the zombie propels himself through the air mimicking his one-time adversary.
This version repeatedly plagues Superman for years until, during an encounter wherein multiple Grundys are spawned, Superman and the Swamp Thing both encounter the clones. Soon, Superman obtains a compound from S.T.A.R. Labs which causes the Grundys to become inert, in effect killing the seemingly unkillable man-thing. Swamp Thing attempts to cry out for Superman to stop, as he believes Grundy to meet the definition of life, but Swamp Thing is unable | 26,689 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
to express this, due to physical difficulty in speaking. This version of Grundy returns one final time, without explanation, leading a gang in the Earth-One Gotham City. He is apparently destroyed yet again when Batman tricks the creature into a blast furnace, where it is apparently consumed by the flames.
This version of Grundy was retroactively erased from history after the revamping of Superman in "Crisis on Infinite Earths".
Post-Crisis, Grundy and a newly disfigured Harvey Dent strike up an odd friendship after Dent escapes the slaughterhouse to plot his revenge on Carmine Falcone. Grundy also appears early in the story while Batman pursues one of the suspects who bombed Dent's house | 26,690 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
into the sewers during Thanksgiving. Grundy attacks both of them, but Batman drives him off by blinding him with a shot of mace. Later, as a somewhat humorous twist in The Long Halloween, Batman provides Solomon Grundy with a Thanksgiving dinner.
After Infinity, Inc. disbands, Solomon Grundy loses his loyalty towards Jade. A clash with Alan Scott and Jade in the pages of "Green Lantern Corps Quarterly" ends with Grundy turning into a statue of petrified wood. The heroes believe the threat of Grundy to have ended once and for all, but they are mistaken. Shortly thereafter, Grundy reappears in Gotham in the pages of "", battling Batman once again and killing the female descendant of one of the | 26,691 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
killers of Cyrus Gold.
Grundy's next major appearance is in "Starman", lurking in Opal City's sewers. Jack Knight befriends Grundy, who has become innocent and childlike. Grundy also becomes friends with previous Starman Mikaal Tomas, and dies while sacrificing himself to save Jack Knight from being crushed by a collapsing building. When Grundy appears again, he has returned to his malicious persona; the joint efforts of Jack Knight, Batman, Alan Scott, and The Floronic Man are needed to stop him.
The origins of Grundy's resurrection come from the fact that the Parliament of Trees, a high council of Plant Elementals, tried to turn him into the newest Plant Elemental. However, the process was | 26,692 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
missing one vital piece: fire, as a Plant Elemental cannot be fully created unless it died in flames. Since Grundy's death did not involve fire at all, the process is not complete, and he becomes a sort of half-functional Plant Elemental. Grundy has been seemingly destroyed on several occasions, only to rise from the swamp again in a new incarnation. Each version of Grundy has been somewhat different from the last, depending on the medium used to dispatch him (and the drawing style of the current artist. The original Grundy, for example, had prominent front teeth). Some have been truly evil; some much less so. Some versions are more mindless than others; some are actually moderately intelligent, | 26,693 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
recalling the literate, well-spoken monster of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".
Grundy hides out for a time in the Arrowcave, the long abandoned former headquarters of the Emerald Archer, Green Arrow. While searching for artifacts of his former life, Oliver and his former ward, Roy "Arsenal" Harper, stumble onto Grundy's new hideout. The story, "Grundy No Like Arrows in the Face!", is found in "Green Arrow" (vol. 3) #18. Green Arrow notes that this version seems much more violent, and manages to kill him by choking him with the string to his broken bow (despite the fact that Grundy does not have a heartbeat, functional veins, or need to breathe). In "Green Arrow" (vol. 3) #53, "Solomon's Revenge", | 26,694 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
Green Arrow helps Dr. Chrissie Cavendish, a S.T.A.R. Labs employee, who claims she is the great, great granddaughter of the man the monster spawned from, to find and cure him. Her cure warps her into a monster much worse than Grundy. Green Arrow subdues the new monster, and leaves Grundy be. It is not known if Grundy is still using this building.
## Seven Soldiers of Victory.
In the first issue of Grant Morrison's "Seven Soldiers of Victory", Issue #0 of the same name, one of the Seven Unknown Men of Slaughter Swamp recounts the death of the miserly pedophile, Cyrus Gold, killed at the hands of an enraged mob, but also mentions that Gold could just as easily have been the innocent victim of | 26,695 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
a misunderstanding, as Slaughter Swamp is a point in space where time means nothing. In the final issue – "Seven Soldiers #1" – the same Unknown Man punishes another of his group – the Eighth Man, Zor – by dressing him in Cyrus Gold's clothing and leaving him for the mob to find, implying that Zor – an extremely vain character, notable for attempting several times to overthrow the Universe and for having defeated The Spectre – would later become the first Solomon Grundy.
## Infinite Crisis.
Prior to "Infinite Crisis", Grundy is manipulated by Gorilla Grodd via mind control into attacking Batman and Superman for President Luthor for the bounty of one billion dollars in "Superman/Batman". Batman | 26,696 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
is able to stop Grundy. While no specifics are given, Solomon Grundy is also coerced into joining the Secret Society of Super Villains. He participates in the final strike against the Secret Six. Ragdoll II encounters Grundy in a doorway. Ragdoll's scarred face relates to Grundy, and Grundy goes on to turn against the Secret Society. The aftermath of that battle is inconclusive, but Grundy evidently survives, as he was last seen in a murky swamp in "JSA Classified". In it, he is convinced by Icicle to help Wizard, who is in trouble.
After helping Icicle free Johnny Sorrow from Prometheus' cosmic key, Grundy stays with the newly formed Injustice Society.
In "Infinite Crisis" #7, Solomon Grundy | 26,697 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
is seen fighting against the Blood Pack in the Battle of Metropolis, until he is vaporized by Superboy-Prime's heat vision, which apparently kills the Blood Pack and destroys Grundy's current incarnation.
## The Tornado's Path.
In Brad Meltzer's "Justice League of America", Grundy is reborn with intelligence after being killed in the Battle of Metropolis. He is revealed to be the mastermind behind the abduction of Red Tornado's robot body (it is revealed he gained this intelligence when he was reborn after being burned by Prime). Grundy expresses a desire to stop his cycle of dying and being reborn and so it appears he enlists the help of Professor Ivo to build him an Amazo body to live in | 26,698 |
1055660 | Solomon Grundy (comics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon%20Grundy%20(comics) | Solomon Grundy (comics)
forever. The Red Tornado kills Grundy with F5 tornado winds, ripping him apart.
He later appears in the "Salvation Run" mini-series in which he is killed during a battle with Parademons. His body, awaiting its inevitable resurrection, is left behind when the villains leave the Hell Planet. However, when the villains exit, Grundy's hand trembles, accompanied with a groaning sound.
## Blackest Night.
In the one-shot "Faces of Evil: Solomon Grundy" (March 2009) by Geoff Johns and Scott Kolins, Cyrus Gold returns to life in Slaughter Swamp, as he was prior to becoming Grundy. He returns to Gotham City, but is shot by police after attacking a charity worker. In the police morgue, he transforms | 26,699 |
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