wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
son Selbach, and grandsons Dúngal and Muiredach are found contesting for the kingship of Dál Riata. The long period of instability in Dál Riata was only ended by the conquest of the kingdom by Óengus mac Fergusa, king of the Picts, in the 730s. After a third campaign by Óengus in 741, Dál Riata then disappear... | 31,900 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
advanced to fill the missing generations, none of which are founded on any very solid evidence. A number of kings are named in the "Duan Albanach", and in royal genealogies, but these are rather less reliable than we might wish. The obvious conclusion is that whoever ruled the petty kingdoms of Dál Riata afte... | 31,901 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
king of Dál Riata from 811 to 835. He was apparently followed by the last named king of Dál Riata Áed mac Boanta, who was killed in the great Pictish defeat of 839 at the hands of the Vikings.
In the 9th century, the Picts were becoming Gaelicized, and it is suggested that there was a merger of the Dál Riata... | 31,902 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
on Pictland and in Ireland, in Dál Riata, as in Northumbria, they appear to have entirely replaced the existing kingdom with a new entity. In the case of Dál Riata, this was to be known as the kingdom of the Sudreys, traditionally founded by Ketil Flatnose ("Caitill Find" in Gaelic) in the middle of the 9th c... | 31,903 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
the Gaels controlling the Scottish coast and the more southerly islands. In turn, Woolf suggests that this gave rise to the terms "Airer Gaedel" and "Innse Gall", respectively "the coast of the Gaels" and the "Islands of the foreigners".
## Under the House of Alpin.
Woolf has further demonstrated that, by t... | 31,904 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
to Circinn as Angus, Cenel Comgaill occupying Strathearn, and another lesser known kindred, Cenel Conaing, probably moving to Mar.
# In fiction.
In Rosemary Sutcliff's 1965 novel "The Mark of the Horse Lord", the Dál Riada undergo an internal struggle for control of royal succession, and an external conflic... | 31,905 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
occupation. The novel was adapted by Jeremy Brock into the film "The Eagle" (2011).
In the Kushiel novels (a series, beginning with "Kushiel's Dart", 2001), by Jacqueline Carey, the Dalriada of the Kingdom of Alba figure prominently in a Royal marriage and subsequent alliance with France (known in the series... | 31,906 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
time of the Roman Invasion of Britain.
A feature length fantasy film previously named "Dalriata's King", later named "The Gaelic King" was made in Scotland, with a story based loosely on the first king of the Scots. It was released to home media in 2017.
Dál Riata is a playable nation in Paradox Interactive... | 31,907 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
List of Kings of Dál Riata
- Duan Albanach
- Senchus fer n-Alban
- Prehistoric Scotland
- Irish-Scots
- Early history of Ireland
- Dáirine
- Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
- Early Christian Ireland
- Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
- Scotland in the High Middle Ages
- Early Medieval Ireland 800-1... | 31,908 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) "Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland." T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999.
- Broun, Dauvit, "Aedán mac Gabráin" in Michael Lynch (ed.), "The Oxford Companion to Scottish History." Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001.
- Broun, Dauvit,... | 31,909 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Kingdom of the Scots." Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999.
- Charles-Edwards, T.M., "Early Christian Ireland." Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 2000.
- Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
- Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Church institutions: early medieval" in Lynch ... | 31,910 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Jenny Wormald (ed.), "Scotland: A History", Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005.
- Foster, Sally M., "Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland." Batsford, London, 2004.
- Laing, Lloyd & Jenny Lloyd, "The Picts and the Scots." Sutton, Stroud, 2001.
- Mackie, J.D., "A History of Scotland." London: Penguin, 1991.... | 31,911 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
Eoin, "Celtic Ireland." Dublin, 1921. Reprinted Academy Press, Dublin, 1981.
- Nicolaisen, W.F.H., "Scottish Place-names." B.T. Batsford, London, 1976. Reprinted, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2001.
- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century" in "Peritia" 12 (1998), pp. 296–339. Ete... | 31,912 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
"Scottish Place-names." Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2001.
- Sellar, W.D.H., "Gaelic laws and institutions" in Lynch (2001).
- Sharpe, Richard, "The thriving of Dalriada" in Simon Taylor (ed.), "Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297." Four Courts, Dublin, 2000.
- Smyth, Alfred P., "Warlords and Holy Me... | 31,913 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
"From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070", The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
# External links.
- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
- The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the "Annals of Ulster", "Tigernach", "the Four Masters" and "Innis... | 31,914 |
43782 | Dál Riata | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dál%20Riata | Dál Riata
ic Texts at University College Cork
- The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the "Annals of Ulster", "Tigernach", "the Four Masters" and "Innisfallen", the "Chronicon Scotorum", the "Lebor Bretnach", Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
-... | 31,915 |
43835 | 172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=172 | 172
172
Year 172 (CLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 925 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 172 for this year has been used since the early m... | 31,916 |
43835 | 172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=172 | 172
been depopulated by the plague.
- The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier.
- Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.
- Avidius Cassius, governor o... | 31,917 |
43835 | 172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=172 | 172
d, and refreshes the parched legionaries.
- Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.
### Asia.
- Last (5th) year of "Jianning" era and start of "Xiping" era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Battle of Jwa-won: Goguryeo Pr... | 31,918 |
43836 | 171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=171 | 171
171
Year 171 (CLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Herennianus (or, less frequently, year 924 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 171 for this year has been used since the ea... | 31,919 |
43836 | 171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=171 | 171
cus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.
- Armenia and Mesopotamia become protectorates of the Roman Empire.
- The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. Th... | 31,920 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were condu... | 31,921 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
did not participate in the Second Partition. The Third Partition of Poland took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kościuszko Uprising the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth ceased to exist.
In English, the term "Partitions of Poland" is sometimes u... | 31,922 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
annexed in 1772–95 becoming part of Imperial Russia, Prussia, or Austria.
In Polish historiography, the term "Fourth Partition of Poland" has also been used, in reference to any subsequent annexation of Polish lands by foreign invaders. Depending on source and historical period, this could mean th... | 31,923 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
"gentleman", with the corollary that unanimous consent was needed for all measures. A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had been approved, became enough to strike the act. Thus it became incr... | 31,924 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.
In 1730 the neighbors of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ('), namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement to ... | 31,925 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Prussia, which demanded a slice of the northwest in order to unite its Western and Eastern portions; this would leave the Commonwealth with a Baltic coast only in Latvia and Lithuania. Catherine had to use diplomacy to win Austria to her side.
The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Yea... | 31,926 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Empress Catherine the Great forced a constitution on the Commonwealth at the so-called Repnin Sejm of 1767, named after ambassador Repnin, who effectively dictated the terms of that Sejm (and ordered the capture and exile to Kaluga of some vocal opponents of his policies, including bishop Józef And... | 31,927 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar of 1768–1772, formed in Bar, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory. The irregular and poorly commanded Polish forc... | 31,928 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Sącz and Nowy Targ. These territories had been a bone of contention between Poland and Hungary, which was a part of the Austrian crown lands.
## First Partition.
In February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. Early in August, Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneousl... | 31,929 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Częstochowa and Kraków).
The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772. Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success; Prussia took most of Royal Prussia (without Danzig) that stood between its possessions in the Kingdom of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenb... | 31,930 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
To Austria fell Zator and Auschwitz (Oświęcim), part of Lesser Poland embracing parts of the counties of Kraków and Sandomir and the whole of Galicia, less the city of Kraków. Catherine of Russia was also very satisfied. By this "diplomatic document" Russia came into possession of that section of L... | 31,931 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
total foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties, Prussia accelerated the collapse of the Commonwealth.
After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanisław and the Sejm approve their action. When no help was forthcoming and the... | 31,932 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
1790 the First Polish Republic had been weakened to such a degree that it was forced into an unnatural and terminal alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The Polish–Prussian Pact of 1790 was signed. The conditions of the Pact contributed to the subsequent final two partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
The ... | 31,933 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
the Commonwealth in 1792.
In the War in Defense of the Constitution, pro-Russian conservative Polish magnates, the Confederation of Targowica, fought against Polish forces supporting the constitution, believing that Russians would help them restore the Golden Liberty. Abandoned by their Prussian a... | 31,934 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
In the Second Partition, Russia and Prussia helped themselves to enough land so that only one-third of the 1772 population remained in Poland. Prussia named its newly gained province South Prussia, with Posen (and later Warsaw) as the capital of the new province.
Targowica confederates, who did no... | 31,935 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Empire. The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from the map. On 24 October 1795 their representatives signed a treaty, dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between th... | 31,936 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
before the partitions). Only about 4 million people remained in Poland after the Second Partition which makes for a loss of another third of its original population, about a half of the remaining population. By the Third Partition, Prussia ended up with about 23% of the Commonwealth's population, A... | 31,937 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
(this includes its puppet state of Congress Poland), Austria 11%, and Prussia 7%.
# Aftermath.
The King of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski, under Russian military escort left for Grodno where he abdicated on November 25, 1795; next he left for Saint Petersburg, Russia, where he would spend h... | 31,938 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
one of the defining parts of Polish romanticism. Polish revolutionaries participated in uprisings in Prussia, the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia. Polish legions fought alongside Napoleon and, under the slogan of "For our freedom and yours", participated widely in the Spring of Nations (particu... | 31,939 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
an insurrection in 1831, the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. After the uprising of 1863, Russification of Polish secondary schools was imposed and the literacy rate d... | 31,940 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
In 1915 a client state of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary was proposed and accepted by the Central Powers of World War I: the Regency Kingdom of Poland. After the end of World War I, the Central Powers' surrender to the Western Allies, the chaos of the Russian Revolution and the Treaty of Ver... | 31,941 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
partition, Austrian partition, and Russian partition). The term "Fourth Partition" has also been used in both a temporal and a spatial sense.
The term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands, including:
- after the Napoleonic era, the 1815 division of the... | 31,942 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
partitions, fifth, sixth, and even seventh partitions can be counted, but these terms are very rare. (For example, Norman Davies in "God's Playground" refers to the 1807 creation of the Duchy of Warsaw as the fourth partition, the 1815 Treaty of Vienna as the fifth, the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk... | 31,943 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
of regaining the Polish nation-state. Diaspora politics were deeply affected by developments in and around the homeland, and vice versa, for many decades.
# Historiography.
More recent studies claim that partitions happened when the Commonwealth had been showing the beginning signs of a slow reco... | 31,944 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
that carried out the partitions, such as 19th-century Russian scholar Sergey Solovyov, and their 20th century followers, argued that partitions were justified, as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because the counterproductive principle of "" made ... | 31,945 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
as former parts of the medieval old Russian state where dynasty of Rurikids reigned (Kievan Rus'). Thus, Nikolay Karamzin wrote: "Let the foreigners denounce the partition of Poland: we took what was ours." Russian historians often stressed that Russia annexed primarily Ukrainian and Belorussian pr... | 31,946 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
and the need to "civilize" it by its neighbors.
Nonetheless other 19th century contemporaries were much more skeptical; for example, British jurist Sir Robert Phillimore discussed the partition as a violation of international law; German jurist Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim presented similar views. ... | 31,947 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
from Russia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in significant enough numbers to become a major concern for the Russian Government sufficient to play a role in its decision to partition the Commonwealth. Increasingly in the 18th century until the partitions solved this problem, Russian armies rai... | 31,948 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
as far back as the first days of Poland's statehood.
# Other countries.
The Ottoman Empire was one of only two countries in the world that refused to accept the partitions and reserved a place in its diplomatic corps for an Ambassador of Lehistan (Poland).
"", the Italian National Anthem, contai... | 31,949 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the course of partitions
- Administrative division of Polish–Lithuanian territories after partitions
- Three Emperors' Corner at the border of the Russian, Austrian and the German Empire
- Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Pola... | 31,950 |
43794 | Partitions of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partitions%20of%20Poland | Partitions of Poland
Three Emperors' Corner at the border of the Russian, Austrian and the German Empire
- Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)
# Further reading.
- Lord, Robert. "The second partition of Poland; a study in diplomatic history" (1915) online
- Lukowski, Jerzy. "The Partitions of P... | 31,951 |
43850 | More | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More | More
More
More or Mores may refer to:
# Computing.
- MORE (application), outline software for Mac OS
- more (command), a shell command
- MORE protocol, a routing protocol
- Missouri Research and Education Network
# Music.
## Albums.
- "More!" (album), by Booka Shade, 2010
- "More" (soundtrack), by Pink Floyd ... | 31,952 |
43850 | More | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More | More
"More" (Jeremy Riddle album), or the title song, 2017
- "More" (Symphony Number One album), 2016
- "More" (Tamia album), or the title song, 2004
- "More" (Vitamin C album), 2001
- "More", by Mylon LeFevre, 1983
- "More", by Resin Dogs, 2007
## Songs.
- "More" (Trace Adkins song), 2000
- "More" (Alex Alston... | 31,953 |
43850 | More | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More | More
the Black Blue & You Tour
- "More", by Doctor and the Medics from "I Keep Thinking It's Tuesday"
- "More", by Selena Gomez & the Scene from "Kiss & Tell"
- "More", by Grupa More, featuring Meri Cetinić
- "More", by Junkie XL from "More More"
- "More", by Madonna from "I'm Breathless"
## Bands.
- More (Briti... | 31,954 |
43850 | More | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More | More
1969 film directed by Barbet Schroeder
- "More" (1998 film), a short film by Mark Osborne
- More FM, a New Zealand radio network
- More Radio, an FM station in Swindon, North Wiltshire, UK
# Other uses.
- More (surname), a family name, including a list of people with the surname
- "More!", a British women's ... | 31,955 |
43850 | More | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More | More
a family name, including a list of people with the surname
- "More!", a British women's fashion magazine
- "More" (magazine), an American women's lifestyle magazine
- More (cigarette), a cigarette brand marketed to women
- More (store), a chain of supermarkets in India
- Morè (clan), a Maratha clan of India
... | 31,956 |
43852 | Autonomous system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous%20system | Autonomous system
Autonomous system
Autonomous system may refer to:
- Autonomous system (Internet), a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of one entity
- Autonomous system (mathematics), a system of ordinary differential equations which does not depend on the independent variable
- Autonomous ro... | 31,957 |
43857 | C64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C64 | C64
C64
C64 or C-64 may refer to :
- Commodore 64, one of the most successful home computers of the 1980s
- C-64 (Michigan county highway), a road in the United States of America
- C-64 Norseman, an aircraft
- C64 (field gun), a late 19th-century field gun by Krupp
- Ruy Lopez, chess openings ECO code
- Renal ce... | 31,958 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
Santorum Amendment
The Santorum Amendment was a failed proposed amendment to the 2001 education funding bill (which became known as the No Child Left Behind Act), proposed by Republican Rick Santorum (then a United States Senator for Pennsylvania), which promoted the teaching of intelligent design w... | 31,959 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
in the scientific community, and thus weakens science curricula. The words of the amendment survive in modified form in the Bill's Conference Report and do not carry the weight of law. As one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns it became a cornerstone in the intelligent design mov... | 31,960 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
intelligent design's most vocal supporters on Capitol Hill.
One result of this briefing was that in 2001 Senator Santorum proposed incorporating pro-intelligent design language, crafted in part by the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, into the No Child Left Behind bill. It portra... | 31,961 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
E. Johnson, retired UC Berkeley law professor, leading proponent of intelligent design, founding advisor of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, and "father" of the intelligent design movement, assisted Santorum in phrasing the amendment. Johnson says that he is the author of the... | 31,962 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
intelligent design in America ... It also seems that the Darwinian monopoly on public science education, and perhaps the biological sciences in general, is ending." Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas cited the amendment as vindicating the 1999 Kansas school board decision (since overturned) to eliminate... | 31,963 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
lessening of academic rigor in science curricula. A coalition of 96 scientific and educational organizations signed a letter to this effect to the conference committee, urging that the amendment be stricken from the final bill, which it was, but intelligent design supporters on the conference committ... | 31,964 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
report is constantly cited by the Discovery Institute and other ID supporters as providing federal sanction for intelligent design. In response to criticisms of the Institute stating that the amendment was a federal education policy requiring inclusion of alternatives to evolution be taught, which it... | 31,965 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
of Education and the Texas Board of Education, both of which were subject to Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns at the time.
# Scientific community's response.
The position of scientists and science educators has been that although evolution has generated a great deal of political and... | 31,966 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
bill.
In addition, opponents of the amendment cite the stated agenda of the Discovery Institute's Phillip Johnson use of the "Wedge strategy" to "affirm the reality of God by challenging the domination of materialism and naturalism in the world of the mind" and thereby return Christian creationism i... | 31,967 |
43839 | Santorum Amendment | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santorum%20Amendment | Santorum Amendment
lic school classrooms. Along with the Academic Bill of Rights, the Santorum Amendment and its "Teach the Controversy" approach is viewed by some academics as a threat to academic freedom.
# See also.
- Intelligent design in politics
- Natural science
# Further reading.
- Washington Post article ... | 31,968 |
43860 | Odense University | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odense%20University | Odense University
Odense University
Odense University was a university in Odense, Denmark. It was established in 1966. In 1998, the university was merged with two other institutions to form the University of Southern Denmark. Its campus is now known as University of Southern Denmark Odense ("Syddansk Universitet Odens... | 31,969 |
43860 | Odense University | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odense%20University | Odense University
is now known as SDU Odense, and is considered the main campus of the University of Southern Denmark, both because of its relative size and because the central administration of the university is situated there.
# Campus.
Being an epitome of Danish functionalist architecture, the campus has been nick... | 31,970 |
43860 | Odense University | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odense%20University | Odense University
l, in an early architectural use of that material. Its architecture has also given rise to other nicknames and slang expressions among students and staff. For instance, the administrative block goes by the name of "Førerbunkeren" (""Führerbunker""), referring to the architectural similarities between ... | 31,971 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
Social norm
Social norms are regarded as collective representations of acceptable group conduct as well as individual perceptions of particular group conduct. They can be viewed as cultural products (including values, customs, and traditions) which represent individuals' basic knowledge of what others do a... | 31,972 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
can guide behavior in a certain situation or environment as "mental representations of appropriate behavior". It has been shown that normative messages can promote pro-social behavior, including decreasing alcohol use and increasing voter turnout. According to the psychological definition of social norms' b... | 31,973 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
on the observed behavior of others (how much behavior is exhibited).
Social norms can be thought of as: "rules that prescribe what people should and should not do given their social surroundings" (known as milieu, sociocultural context) and circumstances. Examination of norms is "scattered across disciplin... | 31,974 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
that come eye to eye about how the world works. These rules, once accepted by an individual or a group after trial and error, then become a norm.
Groups may adopt norms through a variety of ways. Norms can arise formally, where groups explicitly outline and implement behavioral expectations. Laws or club r... | 31,975 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
use of discretionary stimuli to control behavior. Not necessarily laws set in writing, informal norms represent generally accepted and widely sanctioned routines that people follow in everyday life. These informal norms, if broken, may not invite formal legal punishments or sanctions, but instead encourage ... | 31,976 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
to determine the best course forward; what was successful before may serve them well again. In a group, individuals may all import different histories or scripts about appropriate behaviors; common experience over time will lead the group to define as a whole its take on the right action, usually with the i... | 31,977 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
difficult to change. While possible for newcomers to a group to change its norms, it is much more likely that the new individual will adopt the group's norms, values, and perspectives, rather than the other way around.
# Deviance from social norms.
Deviance is defined as "nonconformity to a set of norms t... | 31,978 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
the social tolerance given in the example of the child is quickly withdrawn against the criminal. Crime is considered one of the most extreme forms of deviancy according to scholar Clifford R. Shaw.
What is considered "normal" is relative to the location of the culture in which the social interaction is ta... | 31,979 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
or explicate why he or she should follow their behavioral expectations. The role in which one decides on whether or not to behave is largely determined on how their actions will affect others. Especially with new members who perhaps do not know any better, groups may use discretionary stimuli to bring an in... | 31,980 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
arrive and pull him aside later to ask what happened. If the behavior continues, eventually the group may begin meetings without him since the individual "is always late." The group generalizes the individual's disobedience and promptly dismisses it, thereby reducing the member's influence and footing in fu... | 31,981 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
for example, may more easily forgive a straight-A student for misbehaving—who has past "good credit" saved up—than a repeatedly disruptive student. While past performance can help build idiosyncrasy credits, some group members have a higher balance to start with. Individuals can import idiosyncrasy credits ... | 31,982 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
than the average member, leaders may still face group rejection if their disobedience becomes too extreme.
Deviance also causes multiple emotions one experiences when going against a norm. One of those emotions can be widely attributed to guilt. This emotion is connected to the ethics of duty which in turn... | 31,983 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
having to self cleanse away the filth. It is a form of reparation that confronts oneself as well as submitting to the possibility of anger and punishment from others. Guilt is a point in both action and feeling that acts as a stimulus for further "honorable" actions.
Some research indicates that changes in... | 31,984 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
publicly recognized life-threatening disease, that is much higher than society as a whole. Social norms have a way of maintaining order and organizing groups.
# Social control.
Although not considered to be formal laws within society, norms still work to promote a great deal of social control. They are st... | 31,985 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
be a world without consensus, common ground, or restrictions. Even though the law and a state's legislation is not intended to control social norms, society and the law are inherently linked and one dictates the other. This is why it has been said that the language used in some legislation is controlling an... | 31,986 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
actual victim in these consenting relationships.
Social norms can be enforced formally (e.g., through sanctions) or informally (e.g., through body language and non-verbal communication cues.) Because individuals often derive physical or psychological resources from group membership, groups are said to cont... | 31,987 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
more likely he is to conform. Social norms also allow an individual to assess what behaviors the group deems important to its existence or survival, since they represent a codification of belief; groups generally do not punish members or create norms over actions which they care little about. Norms in every... | 31,988 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
of their nonverbal behavior. One also comes to know through experience what types of people he/she can and cannot discuss certain topics with or wear certain types of dress around. Typically, this knowledge is derived through experience (i.e. social norms are learned through social interaction). Wearing a s... | 31,989 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
a small community or neighbourhood, many rules and disputes can be settled without a central governing body simply by the interactions within these communities.
# Sociology.
For Talcott Parsons of the functionalist school, norms dictate the interactions of people in all social encounters. On the other han... | 31,990 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
of contingency (Niklas Luhmann). In this way, ego can count on those actions as if they would already have been performed and does not have to wait for their actual execution; social interaction is thus accelerated. Important factors in the standardization of behavior are sanctions and social roles.
## Ope... | 31,991 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
of one's behavior, whether positive or negative, will determine the probability of reoccurrence as well as the push towards regulating one’s decisions in the future. Containing five sub categories, this conditioning treatment is an influence in the actions one commits and the feelings one experiences afterw... | 31,992 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
her in a "time out", she realizes that if she were to paint on the wall again, it will lead to punishment therefore causing her to notice her negative reinforcement. Therefore this makes the probability of her painting the wall again, decrease immensely. Skinner also states that humans are conditioned from ... | 31,993 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
multiple behavioral expectations at once; expanding on conflicting prior beliefs about whether cultural, situational or personal norms motivate action, the researchers suggested the focus of an individual’s attention will dictate what behavioral expectation they follow.
# Types.
## Descriptive versus inju... | 31,994 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
that most people there do not litter. An Injunctive norm, on the other hand, transmits group approval about a particular behavior; it dictates how an individual "should" behave. Watching another person pick up trash off the ground and throw it out, a group member may pick up on the injunctive norm that he o... | 31,995 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
society's unwritten rules about what one should not do. These norms can vary between cultures; while an acceptable greeting in some European countries, kissing a stranger on the cheek constitutes a proscriptive norm in the United States.
## Subjective.
Subjective norm is determined by beliefs about the ex... | 31,996 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
expectations graphically or attempting to plot the logic behind adherence, theorists hoped to be able to predict whether or not individuals would conform. The return potential model and game theory provide a slightly more economic conceptualization of norms, suggesting individuals can calculate the cost or ... | 31,997 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
(label "a" in Figure 1) while the amount of group acceptance or approval gets plotted on the Y-axis ("b" in Figure 1). The graph represents the potential return or positive outcome to an individual for a given behavioral norm. Theoretically, one could plot a point for each increment of behavior how much the... | 31,998 |
43851 | Social norm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social%20norm | Social norm
until someone hits four cups of coffee a day; the graduate students (as represented by the return curve) find it excessive to drink more than seven cups, however, as the approval again dips below zero. As exhibited by the coffee example, the return potential model displays for each increment of behavior how... | 31,999 |
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