wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
shot down another three, but not before one "kamikaze" attack penetrated the CAP and screen to crash on the flight deck of the fleet carrier . On 11 April, the Japanese renewed their "kamikaze" attacks; and only drastic maneuvers and heavy barrages of gunfire saved the task force. Combat air patro... | 4,900 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
4 June, a typhoon was swirling through the Fleet. "Wisconsin" rode out the storm unscathed, but three cruisers, two carriers, and a destroyer suffered serious damage. Offensive operations were resumed on 8 June with a final aerial assault on Kyūshū. Japanese aerial response was virtually nonexiste... | 4,901 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
on the enemy's heartland. Nine days later, carrier planes from TF 38 destroyed 72 enemy aircraft on the ground and smashed industrial sites in the Tokyo area. "Wisconsin" and the other ships made no attempt whatsoever to conceal the location of their armada, due in large part to a weak Japanese re... | 4,902 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
such as "Wisconsin" were able to shell the Japanese homeland almost at will.
TF 38's planes subsequently blasted the Japanese naval base at Yokosuka, and put the former fleet flagship "Nagato" out of action, one of the two remaining Japanese battleships. Throughout July and into August, Admiral H... | 4,903 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
had shot down three enemy planes; had claimed assists on four occasions; and had fueled her screening destroyers on some 250 occasions.
## Post World War II (1945–1950).
Shifting subsequently to Okinawa, the battleship embarked homeward-bound GIs on 22 September 1945, as part of Operation Magic ... | 4,904 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
after the start of the new year, 1946, "Wisconsin" transited the Panama Canal from 11–13 January and reached Hampton Roads, Virginia on 18 January. Following a cruise south to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, the battleship entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for overhaul. After repairs and alterations that c... | 4,905 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
reservists on two-week cruises throughout the year. Those voyages commenced at Bayonne, New Jersey, and saw visits conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and the Panama Canal Zone. While underway at sea, the ship would perform various drills and exercises before the cruise would end where it had start... | 4,906 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
in "mothballs", however, was comparatively brief, due to the North Korean invasion of South Korea in late June 1950. "Wisconsin" was recommissioned on 3 March 1951 with Captain Thomas Burrowes in command. After shakedown training, the revitalized battleship conducted two midshipmen training cruise... | 4,907 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
the Panama Canal on 29 October and reached Yokosuka, Japan, on 21 November. There, she relieved as flagship for Vice Admiral H. M. Martin, Commander, 7th Fleet.
On 26 November, with Vice Admiral Martin and Rear Admiral F.P. Denebrink, Commander, Service Force, Pacific, embarked, "Wisconsin" depar... | 4,908 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
for the American 1st Marine Division. "Wisconsin"s shelling accounted for a tank, two gun emplacements, and a building. She continued her gunfire support task for the 1st Marine Division and 1st ROK Corps through 6 December, accounting for enemy bunkers, artillery positions, and troop concentratio... | 4,909 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
the Kasong-Kosong area on 11 December screened by the destroyer . The following day, 12 December, saw the helicopter embarkation on "Wisconsin" of Rear Admiral H. R. Thurber, Commander, Battleship Division 2 (BatDiv 2), as part of his inspection trip in the Far East.
"Wisconsin" continued her nav... | 4,910 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Admiral Thurber by helicopter. The next day, "Wisconsin" departed Korean waters, heading for Sasebo to rearm.
Returning to the combat zone on 17 December, "Wisconsin" embarked United States Senator Homer Ferguson of Michigan on 18 December. That day, the battleship supported the 11th ROK invasion... | 4,911 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
station to the western end of Wonsan harbor, hitting boats and small craft in the inner swept channel with her 5-inch (127mm) guns during the afternoon and helping forestall attempts to assault the friendly-held islands nearby. "Wisconsin" then made an anti-boat sweep to the north, firing her 5-in... | 4,912 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Eve day "Wisconsin" put into Yokosuka.
"Wisconsin" departed that port on 8 January 1952 and returned to Korean waters. She reached Pusan the following day and entertained the President of South Korea, Syngman Rhee, and his wife, on 10 January. The couple received full military honors as they came... | 4,913 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
ready to deliver call-fire support as needed, shelling enemy troops in the open on 14 January at the request of the ROK 1st Corps.
Rearming once more at Sasebo, she shortly joined TF 77 off the coast of Korea and resumed support at the "bombline" on 23 January. Three days later, she shifted again... | 4,914 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
battleship rejoined TF 77 on 2 February, and the next day blasted railway buildings and marshaling yards at Hodo Pando and Kojo before rejoining TF 77. After replenishment at Yokosuka a few days later, she returned to the Kosong area and resumed gunfire support. During that time, she destroyed rai... | 4,915 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
(TG 95.12), visited the battleship. Departing that South Korean port the following day, "Wisconsin" reached Yokosuka on 2 March, and a week later she shifted to Sasebo to prepare to return to Korean waters.
"Wisconsin" arrived off Songjin, Korea on 15 March and concentrated her gunfire on enemy r... | 4,916 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
a full 16-inch (406 mm) salvo before continuing her mission. After lending a hand to support once more the 1st Marine Division with her heavy rifles, the battleship returned to Japan on 19 March.
Relieved as flagship of the 7th Fleet on 1 April by sister ship , "Wisconsin" departed Yokosuka, boun... | 4,917 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
her role as a training ship, taking midshipmen to Greenock, Scotland; Brest, France; and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, before returning to Norfolk. She departed Hampton Roads on 25 August and participated in the NATO exercise Operation Mainbrace, which was held out of Greenock, Scotland. After her return ... | 4,918 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
During the months that followed, "Wisconsin" visited the Japanese ports of Kobe, Sasebo Navy Yard, Yokosuka, Otaru, and Nagasaki. She spent Christmas at Hong Kong and was ultimately relieved of flagship duties on 1 April 1954 and returned to the United States soon thereafter, reaching Norfolk, via... | 4,919 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Second Fleet. Departing Norfolk in January 1955, "Wisconsin" took part in Operation Springboard, during which time she visited Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Then, upon returning to Norfolk, the battleship conducted another midshipman's cruise that summer, visiting Edinburgh; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Guan... | 4,920 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
the last day of March 1955 for local operations. On 19 October, while operating in the East River in New York Harbor, "Wisconsin" was accidentally grounded. However, the ship was freed in about an hour without any serious damage.
Throughout April 1956 and into May, "Wisconsin" operated locally of... | 4,921 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
incomplete sister ship was transported by barge, in one section, from Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Corporation of Newport News, Virginia, across Hampton Roads to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Working around the clock, "Wisconsin"s ship's force and shipyard personnel completed the operation ... | 4,922 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
January 1957.
After local operations off the Virginia capes on 3–4 January 1957 and from 9–11 January, "Wisconsin" departed Norfolk on 16 January, reporting to Commander, Fleet Training Group, at Naval Station Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. "Wisconsin" served as Admiral Henry Crommelin's flagship during t... | 4,923 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Aegean Sea before reporting to Turkey for the NATO Exercise Red Pivot.
Departing Xeros Bay on 14 April, she arrived at Naples four days later, "Wisconsin" conducted exercises in the eastern Mediterranean. In the course of those operational training evolutions, she rescued a pilot and crewman who ... | 4,924 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
(343.8 mls) SE of the Azores Islands following a double engine failure, and subsequently floated for ten days.
On 27 May, Rear Admiral L.S. Parks relieved Rear Admiral Crommelin as Commander, BatDiv 2. Departing Norfolk on 19 June, the battleship, over the ensuing weeks, conducted a midshipman tr... | 4,925 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Atlantic to the British Isles.
"Wisconsin"s days as an active fleet unit were numbered, and she prepared to make her last cruise. On 4 November, she departed Norfolk with a large group of prominent guests on board. Reaching New York City on 6 November, the battleship disembarked her guests and, o... | 4,926 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
there with her sister ship "Iowa" into the 1980s. While berthed in the Philadelphia Naval Yard, an electrical fire damaged the ship and left her as the "Iowa"-class battleship in the worst material condition prior to her 1980s reactivation.
# Reactivation (1986–1990).
As part of President Ronald... | 4,927 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
on 2 January 1987 to receive weapons system upgrades for her modernization. During the modernization, "Wisconsin" had all of her remaining 20 mm Oerlikon and 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern jet fighters and enemy anti-ship missiles; additionally... | 4,928 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
and a quartet of the United States Navy's Phalanx Close in Weapon System (CIWS) 20mm Gatling guns for defense against enemy anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft. "Wisconsin" also received eight RQ-2 Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, which are remotely controlled drones that replaced the helicopte... | 4,929 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
was subsequently homeported at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, where she became the centerpiece of her own surface action group (SAG), also referred to as a battleship battle group (BBBG).
During the renovation, pieces of the teak deck were removed and made into commemorative pieces, but they we... | 4,930 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
the year. In mid-1990 the battleship participated in a fleet exercise.
# Gulf War (January/February 1991).
On 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. In the middle of the month, President George H. W. Bush, in keeping with the Carter Doctrine, sent the first of several hundred thousand troops, along... | 4,931 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
"Wisconsin" found herself serving alongside her sister "Missouri", just as she had done in Korea forty years previously. Both "Wisconsin" and "Missouri" launched Tomahawk Missile attacks against Iraq; they were among the first ships to fire cruise missiles during the 1991 Gulf War. "Wisconsin" ser... | 4,932 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
escorted by , relieved "Missouri" on 6 February, then answered her first combat call for gunfire support since March 1952. The most recently recommissioned battleship sent 11 shells across of space to destroy an Iraqi artillery battery in southern Kuwait during a mission called in by USMC OV-10 Br... | 4,933 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
and destroyed several piers at the Khawr al-Mufattah marina. In response to calls for fire support from US and coalition forces, "Wisconsin"s turrets boomed again on 9 February, blasting bunkers and artillery sites, and shelling Iraqi troop positions near Khafji after the Iraqis were ousted from t... | 4,934 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
possible amphibious assault.
On the night of 23 February, "Missouri" and "Wisconsin" turned their big guns on Kuwait's Faylaka Island to support the US-led coalition ground offensive to free Kuwait from the Iraqi occupation forces. The two ships were to conduct a diversionary assault aimed at con... | 4,935 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
the Iraqi forces) launched her RQ-2 Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to spot for her guns. As "Wisconsin"s drone approached Faylaka Island, the pilot of the drone was instructed to fly the vehicle low over Iraqi positions so that the soldiers would know that they were once again being targeted by a... | 4,936 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
commanding officer, Captain David S. Bill III, and asked, "Sir, they want to surrender, what should I do with them?" This surrender to "Wisconsin"s Pioneer has since become one of the most remembered moments of the Gulf War; the incident was also the first-ever surrender of enemy troops to an unma... | 4,937 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
an elated Saudi marine commander commented over the radio, "I wish we had a battleship in our navy."
Both "Wisconsin" and "Missouri" passed the million-pound mark of ordnance delivered on Iraqi targets by the time president George H. W. Bush ended hostilities on 28 February. With one last salvo f... | 4,938 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
, fired 319 rounds, 881 rounds, 5,200 20 mm Phalanx CIWS rounds., and launched 24 Tomahawk cruise missiles. Since all four remaining battleships were decommissioned and stricken following the Gulf War, this was the last time that United States battleships actively participated in a war.
# Museum ... | 4,939 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
and joined the Reserve Fleet at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register (NVR) on 12 January 1995, then on 15 October 1996, she was moved to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and on 12 February 1998, she was restored to the Naval Vessel Register. On 7 December 200... | 4,940 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
was named (along with ) as one of two US Navy battleships to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996 as shore bombardment vessels. However, "Wisconsin" was then over 60 years old and would have required extensive mode... | 4,941 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
carried out by US s and their guns. In addition, the cost of modernizing the battleships was estimated to be around $500 million for reactivation and $1.5 billion for a full modernization program.
On 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy exercised his authority to strike "Iowa" and "Wisconsin"... | 4,942 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again. Congress had ordered that the following measures be implemented to ensure that "Wisconsin" could be returned to active duty if needed:
- 1. She must not ... | 4,943 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
4. The Navy must prepare plans for the rapid reactivation of "Wisconsin" should she be returned to the Navy in the event of a national emergency.
These four conditions closely mirror the original three conditions that the Nation Defense Authorization Act of 1996 laid out for the maintenance of "W... | 4,944 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
between 2000 and 2009 to maintain the ship. A formal ceremony transferring the ship to the city of Norfolk took place on 16 April 2010. "Wisconsin" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 28 March 2012.
# Awards.
"Wisconsin" earned five battle stars for her World War II service... | 4,945 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
other battleship museums)
# References.
## Further reading.
- Paul Chan, Ian and McAuley, Rob. "The Battleships". Channel 4 Books, London
- Naval Historical Foundation. "The Navy". Hugh Lauter Levin Associates.
- The Floating Drydock. "United States Naval Vessels", ONI 222-US, Kresgeville, PA... | 4,946 |
206552 | USS Wisconsin (BB-64) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Wisconsin%20(BB-64) | USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
val Institute Press. .
# External links.
- Nauticus, Norfolk, VA
- NAVSOURCE Photo Gallery: Numerous photographs of USS "Wisconsin"
- Hampton Roads Naval Museum
- Operation Desert Storm Timeline
- Maritimequest USS Wisconsin BB-64 Photo Gallery
- USS Wisconsin Photo Gallery and Facts
- USS... | 4,947 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
Suffering
Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of affective phenomena. The opposite of suffering is pleasure or happ... | 4,948 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
occurs in the lives of sentient beings in numerous manners, often dramatically. As a result, many fields of human activity are concerned with some aspects of suffering. These aspects may include the nature of suffering, its processes, its origin and causes, its meaning and significance, its related personal, ... | 4,949 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
of "suffering". The words "pain" and "suffering" are often used both together in different ways. For instance, they may be used as interchangeable synonyms. Or they may be used in 'contradistinction' to one another, as in "pain is physical, suffering is mental", or "pain is inevitable, suffering is optional".... | 4,950 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
between two wide categories of pain or suffering. A first caveat concerning such a distinction is that it uses "physical pain" in a sense that normally includes not only the 'typical sensory experience of physical pain' but also other unpleasant bodily experiences including air hunger, hunger, vestibular suff... | 4,951 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
"unpleasantness", which some people use as a synonym of "suffering" or "pain" in the broad sense, may be used to refer to the basic affective dimension of pain (its suffering aspect), usually in contrast with the sensory dimension, as for instance in this sentence: "Pain-unpleasantness is often, though not al... | 4,952 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
Many hedonists, in accordance with Epicurus and contrarily to popular perception of his doctrine, advocate that we should first seek to avoid suffering and that the greatest pleasure lies in a robust state of profound tranquility (ataraxia) that is free from the worrisome pursuit or the unwelcome consequences... | 4,953 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". He suggested a procedure called hedonic or felicific calculus, for determining how much pleasure and pain would result from any action. John Stuart Mill improved and promoted the doctrine of hedonis... | 4,954 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
for help, while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway." David Pearce, for his part, advocates a utilitarianism that aims straightforwardly at the abolition of suffering through the use of biotechnology (see more details below in section Biology, neurology, psycho... | 4,955 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
writings, especially the book "Animal Liberation", represent the leading edge of this kind of utilitarianism for animals as well as for people.
Another doctrine related to the relief of suffering is humanitarianism (see also humanitarian principles, humanitarian aid, and humane society). "Where humanitarian ... | 4,956 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
plagued with, among other things, unbearable and unstoppable suffering. Some identify suffering as the nature of the world, and conclude that it would be better if life did not exist at all. Arthur Schopenhauer recommends us to take refuge in things like art, philosophy, loss of the will to live, and toleranc... | 4,957 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
on physical pain and is, through that, relevant to suffering in general.
# Religion.
Suffering plays an important role in a number of religions, regarding matters such as the following: consolation or relief; moral conduct (do no harm, help the afflicted, show compassion); spiritual advancement through life... | 4,958 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
or in creatures destined to an eternity of torments (see problem of hell).
The 'Four Noble Truths' of Buddhism are about dukkha, a term often translated as suffering. They state the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the way leading to its cessation, the Noble Eightfold Path. Buddhism conside... | 4,959 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
which is eternally free of any suffering, may come to manifest itself in the person, who then achieves liberation (moksha). Abstinence from causing pain or harm to other beings, called ahimsa, is a central tenet of Hinduism, and even more so of another Indian religion, Jainism (see ahimsa in Jainism).
In Jud... | 4,960 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
suffering with hope and faith, not resist or ask why, accept it as Allah's will and submit to it as a test of faith. Allah never asks more than can be endured. One must also work to alleviate the suffering of others, as well as one's own. Suffering is also seen as a blessing. Through that gift, the sufferer r... | 4,961 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
the spiritual worlds.
# Arts and literature.
[[Image:Bruegel, Pieter de Oude - De val van icarus - hi res.jpg|thumb|340px|right|"[[Landscape with the Fall of Icarus]]"by [[Pieter Brueghel the Elder]]]]
Artistic and literary works often engage with suffering, sometimes at great cost to their creators or per... | 4,962 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
inspired W. H. Auden's poem [[Musée des Beaux Arts (poem)|Musée des Beaux Arts]]:
"About suffering they were never wrong," br
"The Old Masters; how well, they understood" br
"Its human position; how it takes place" br
"While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;"br
"(...... | 4,963 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
mass media analysis, and Holocaust studies, says Iain Wilkinson, who is developing a sociology of suffering.
The "[[Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential]]" is a work by the [[Union of International Associations]]. Its main databases are about world problems (56,564 profiles), global strategies ... | 4,964 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
a new and vigorous academic discipline, called panetics, to be devoted to the study of the infliction of suffering", The International Society for Panetics was founded in 1991 to study and develop ways to reduce the infliction of human suffering by individuals acting through professions, corporations, governm... | 4,965 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
that refers to the mental distress or physical pain endured by a plaintiff as a result of injury for which the plaintiff seeks redress. Assessments of pain and suffering are required to be made for attributing legal awards. In the Western world these are typical made by juries in a discretionary fashion and a... | 4,966 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
perceive a threat to any aspect of their continued existence, whether physical, psychological, or social. Other researchers have noted that suffering results from an inability to control actions that usually define one's view of one's self and that the characteristics of suffering include the loss of autonomy... | 4,967 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
identify as basic in our emotional lives. The evolutionary role of physical and mental suffering, through natural selection, is primordial: it [[warning system|warns]] of threats, motivates [[coping (psychology)|coping]] ([[fight-or-flight response|fight or flight]], [[escapism]]), and [[reinforce]]s negative... | 4,968 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
brain structures and physiological processes are involved in suffering. Various hypotheses try to account for the experience of suffering. One of these, the "pain overlap theory" takes note, thanks to neuroimaging studies, that the [[cingulate cortex]] fires up when the brain feels suffering from experimental... | 4,969 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
Pearce promotes replacing the pain/pleasure axis with a robot-like response to noxious stimuli or with gradients of bliss, through [[genetic engineering]] and other technical scientific advances.
Hedonistic psychology, [[affective science]], and [[affective neuroscience]] are some of the emerging scientific ... | 4,970 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
ways, in subfields such as [[medicine]], [[clinical psychology]], [[psychotherapy]], [[alternative medicine]], [[hygiene]], [[public health]], and through various [[health care provider]]s.
Health care approaches to suffering, however, remain problematic. Physician and author Eric Cassell, widely cited on th... | 4,971 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
medical education, research or practice." Mirroring the traditional body and mind dichotomy that underlies its teaching and practice, medicine strongly distinguishes [[pain]] from suffering, and most attention goes to the treatment of pain. Nevertheless, physical pain itself still lacks adequate attention fro... | 4,972 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
the whole set of physical and mental distress, discomfort, symptoms, problems, or needs that a patient may experience hurtfully.
# Relief and prevention in society.
Since suffering is such a universal motivating experience, people, when asked, can relate their activities to its relief and prevention. Farmer... | 4,973 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
[[philanthropy]], [[economic aid]], [[social services]], [[insurance]], and [[animal welfare]]. To these can be added the aspects of [[security]] and [[safety]], which relate to precautionary measures taken by individuals or families, to interventions by the military, the police, the firefighters, and to noti... | 4,974 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
as pleasure to get us to feed, water and protect our bodies and also in forging our social bonds."
People make use of suffering for specific social or personal purposes in many areas of human life, as can be seen in the following instances:
- In arts, literature, or entertainment, people may use suffering f... | 4,975 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
piercing]], [[scarification]], [[human branding]]. Another form of body art is a sub-category of [[performance art]], in which for instance the body is mutilated or pushed to its physical limits.
- In business and various organizations, suffering may be used for constraining humans or animals into required b... | 4,976 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
may use suffering more or less voluntarily to get [[Primary gain|primary, secondary, or tertiary gain]].
- In law, suffering is used for [[punishment]] (see [[penal law]] ); victims may refer to what legal texts call "[[pain and suffering]]" to get compensation; lawyers may use a victim's suffering as an arg... | 4,977 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
or spitefulness is avoided, to character-building, spiritual growth, or moral achievement; realizing the extent or gravity of suffering in the world may motivate one to relieve it and may give an inspiring direction to one's life. Alternatively, people may make self-detrimental use of suffering. Some may be c... | 4,978 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
relieving otherwise unbearable states of mind.
- In politics, there is purposeful infliction of suffering in [[war]], [[torture]], and [[terrorism]]; people may use nonphysical suffering against competitors in nonviolent power struggles; people who argue for a policy may put forward the need to relieve, prev... | 4,979 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
subjected on purpose to aversive experiences for the study of suffering or other phenomena.
- In sex, especially in a context of [[sadism and masochism]] or [[BDSM]], individuals may use a certain amount of physical or mental suffering (e.g. pain, humiliation).
- In sports, suffering may be used to outperfo... | 4,980 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
London: Routledge
- Cynthia Halpern. "Suffering, Politics, Power: a Genealogy in Modern Political Theory." Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.
- Jamie Mayerfeld. "Suffering and Moral Responsibility." New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Thomas Metzinger. "Suffering."In Kurt Almqvist & A... | 4,981 |
206583 | Suffering | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffering | Suffering
In Kurt Almqvist & Anders Haag (2017)[eds.], The Return of Consciousness. Stockholm: Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation.
- David B. Morris. "The Culture of Pain." Berkeley: University of California, 2002.
- [[Elaine Scarry]]. "The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World." New York: Oxfor... | 4,982 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Technological convergence
Technological convergence is a tendency for technologies that were originally quite unrelated to become more closely integrated and even unified as they develop and advance. The concept is roughly analogous to convergent evolution in biological systems, such that (fo... | 4,983 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
and media industry underpinned by common elements of digital electronics and software.
# Definitions.
""Convergence is a deep integration of knowledge, tools, and all relevant activities of human activity for a common goal, to allow society to answer new questions to change the respective ph... | 4,984 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of transformation measure by the degree to which diverse media such as phone, data broadcast and information technology infrastructures are combined into a single seamless all purpose network architecture platform". Digitalization is not so much defined by its physical infrastructure, but by t... | 4,985 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Mueller stands against the statement that convergence is really a takeover of all forms of media by one technology: digital computers.
Media technological convergence is the tendency that as technology changes, different technological system sometimes evolve toward performing similar tasks. D... | 4,986 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
called "network convergence") describes emerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communications services into a single network. Specifically this involves the converging of previously distinct media such as telephony and data communications in... | 4,987 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
the digital media space. Closely linked to the multilevel process of media convergence are also several developments in different areas of the media and communication sector which are also summarized under the term of media deconvergence. Many experts view this as simply being the tip of the i... | 4,988 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
different protocols.
Convergent services, such as VoIP, IPTV, Smart TV, and others, tend to replace the older technologies and thus can disrupt markets. IP-based convergence is inevitable and will result in new service and new demand in the market. When the old technology converges into the p... | 4,989 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
smartphone, watch a streaming movie on the home theater connected to the Internet. Digital convergence simplifies our life into our living room. Formerly, each unit operated independently and networks were not interconnected. Today, information flows on the same network and are stored, read, v... | 4,990 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
of Technological Convergence which are:
[1] Technology,It is a common for technologies that are viewed as very different to develop similar features with time that blur differences. In 1995, a television and a mobile phone were completely different devices. In recent years, they may have simi... | 4,991 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
eventually converge to the point that they are no longer distinct formats. For example, future music may always come with an interactive music video that resembles a game.
[3] Services application, in the late 1990s, there was a large difference between business and consumer software and serv... | 4,992 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
digital entities such as games and information environments.
# History of media technological convergence.
Communication networks were designed to carry different types of information independently. The older media, such as television and radio, are broadcasting networks with passive audienc... | 4,993 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
mobile telephony and the Internet, although the term properly applies only from the point in marketing history when fixed and mobile telephony began to be offered by operators as joined products. Fixed and mobile operators were, for most of the 1990s, independent companies. Even when the same ... | 4,994 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
regulation can shatter the media conglomerate. "The monolithic empires of mass media are dissolving into an array of cottage industries... Media barons of today will be grasping to hold onto their centralized empires tomorrow... The combined forces of technology and human nature will ultimatel... | 4,995 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
nickelodeon, the word-processing program converged with the typewriter, the CAD program converged with the drafting board, and digital desktop publishing converged with the Linotype machine and the letterpress." Gilder believes that computers had come not to transform mass culture but to destr... | 4,996 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
was no longer sufficient." The rise of digital communication in the late 20th century has made it possible for media organizations (or individuals) to deliver text, audio, and video material over the same wired, wireless, or fiber-optic connections. At the same time, it inspired some media org... | 4,997 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
we create, consume, learn and interact with each other".
# Converging technological fields.
NBIC, an acronym for Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology and Cognitive science, was, in 2014, the most popular term for converging technologies. It was introduced into public discour... | 4,998 |
206586 | Technological convergence | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technological%20convergence | Technological convergence
Minds, Our Bodies — and What It Means to Be Human" uses "GRIN", for Genetic, Robotic, Information, and Nano processes, while science journalist Douglas Mulhall in "Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics and Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Our World" uses "GRAIN", f... | 4,999 |
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