wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343490 | The O'Reilly Factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20O'Reilly%20Factor | The O'Reilly Factor
takes a vacation around Easter.
On April 19, 2017, O'Reilly's employment was terminated amidst these allegations. Online, references to O'Reilly on FoxNews.com were immediately removed, with the main show website redirecting to the FoxNews.com homepage and its content removed. The program continued... | 49,800 |
343490 | The O'Reilly Factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20O'Reilly%20Factor | The O'Reilly Factor
and the sexual harassment allegations were not mentioned in the program itself. The termination of employment of the former host was a major feature of news coverage on both MSNBC and CNN; outside of the prepared statements, it was not mentioned on-air during the program and other regular topics wer... | 49,801 |
343490 | The O'Reilly Factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20O'Reilly%20Factor | The O'Reilly Factor
o sign-off on-air, instead releasing a statement through his agency about the matter, while continuing to deny the sexual harassment allegations against him. During the final episode Gutfield spoke about the program's legacy and the loyalty of the show's staff after a segment with Tucker Carlson, fo... | 49,802 |
343498 | Liaodong Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaodong%20Peninsula | Liaodong Peninsula
Liaodong Peninsula
The Liaodong Peninsula () is a peninsula in Liaoning Province of Northeast China, historically known in the West as Southeastern Manchuria. Liaodong (formerly spelled Liaotung) means "East of the Liao River"; referring to the Liao River which divided the Yan commanderies of Liaoxi... | 49,803 |
343498 | Liaodong Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaodong%20Peninsula | Liaodong Peninsula
Qian Mountain in Anshan, which includes Dahei Mountain in Dalian.
# History.
Liaodong came under the rule of the Gojoseon kingdom which emerged in the region. In the late 4th century BC, the Chinese State of Yan invaded and conquered this region from Gojoseon. Later on various states and dynasties ... | 49,804 |
343498 | Liaodong Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaodong%20Peninsula | Liaodong Peninsula
during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), which the Japanese won. Defeat precipitated decline in the Chinese Qing dynasty which was exploited by colonial powers who extracted numerous concessions. The peninsula was ceded to Japan, along with Taiwan and Penghu, by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 17... | 49,805 |
343498 | Liaodong Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaodong%20Peninsula | Liaodong Peninsula
the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
As in the First Sino-Japanese War the Liaodong peninsula was the scene of major fighting in the Russo-Japanese ... | 49,806 |
343527 | Medea: Harlan's World | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medea:%20Harlan's%20World | Medea: Harlan's World
Medea: Harlan's World
Medea: Harlan's World (1985; ) is a 1985 collection of science fiction short stories by different authors, all taking place on the same fictional moon. It was an experiment in collaborative science fictional world-building, featuring contributions by Hal Clement, Frank Herbe... | 49,807 |
343527 | Medea: Harlan's World | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medea:%20Harlan's%20World | Medea: Harlan's World
- Biology, Ecology, Xenology (by Larry Niven)
- Xenology, Sociology, Politics, Theology, Mathematics (by Frederik Pohl)
- Part II: The Concept Seminar
- Part III: The Extrapolations, the Questions
- Part IV: Second Thoughts
- Part V: The Stories
- "Farside Station" by Jack Williamson
- "Fla... | 49,808 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
Wear leveling
Wear leveling (also written as wear levelling) is a technique for prolonging the service life of some kinds of erasable computer storage media, such as flash memory, which is used in solid-state drives (SSDs) and USB flash drives, and phase-change memory. There are several wear leveling mec... | 49,809 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
media have individually erasable segments, each of which can be put through a limited number of erase cycles before becoming unreliable. This is usually around 3,000/5,000 cycles but many flash devices have one block with a specially extended life of 100,000+ cycles that can be used by the Flash memory co... | 49,810 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
of write cycles. In flash memory, a single block on the chip is designed for longer life than the others so that the memory controller can store operational data with less chance of its corruption.
Conventional file systems such as FAT, UFS, HFS, ext2, and NTFS were originally designed for magnetic disks... | 49,811 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
mechanisms used in flash memory storage devices:
## No wear leveling.
A flash memory storage system with "no wear leveling" will not last very long if data is written to the flash. Without wear leveling, the underlying flash controller must permanently assign the logical addresses from the operating sys... | 49,812 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
inoperable.
## Dynamic wear leveling.
The first type of wear leveling is called "dynamic wear leveling" and it uses a map to link logical block addresses (LBAs) from the OS to the physical flash memory. Each time the OS writes replacement data, the map is updated so the original physical block is marked... | 49,813 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
still remaining as active even though the device is no longer operable.
## Static wear leveling.
The other type of wear leveling is called "static wear leveling" which also uses a map to link the LBA to physical memory addresses. Static wear leveling works the same as dynamic wear leveling except the st... | 49,814 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
leveling:
# Techniques.
There are several techniques for extending the media life:
- A checksum or error-correcting code can be kept for each block or sector in order to detect errors or correct errors.
- A pool of reserve space can also be kept. When a block or sector does fail, future reads and writ... | 49,815 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
algorithms are designed to manage the data flow into and out of RAM-based caches, making them not directly suitable for flash-based storage devices as they have an asymmetrical nature reads are usually much faster than writes, and erase operations can be performed only one "block" at a time.
On some spec... | 49,816 |
343505 | Wear leveling | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wear%20leveling | Wear leveling
devices, wear leveling is transparent, and most conventional file systems can be used on them as-is.
Wear leveling can also be implemented in software by special-purpose file systems such as JFFS2 and YAFFS on flash media or UDF on optical media. All three are log-structured file systems in that they tre... | 49,817 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
Maternal effect
A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from t... | 49,818 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
the concept of phenotypic plasticity, an important evolutionary concept. It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity.
# Maternal effects in genetics.
In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organ... | 49,819 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
maternal genome determines whether the molecule is functional. Maternal supply of mRNAs to the early embryo is important, as in many organisms the embryo is initially transcriptionally inactive. Because of the inheritance pattern of maternal effect mutations, special genetic screens are required to iden... | 49,820 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
the oocyte and the nurse cells are descended from a single germline stem cell, however cytokinesis is incomplete in these cell divisions, and the cytoplasm of the nurse cells and the oocyte is connected by structures known as ring canals. Only the oocyte undergoes meiosis and contributes DNA to the next... | 49,821 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
transcribed in the nurse cells and then relocalized to the oocyte. Other maternal effect mutants either affect products that are similarly produced in the nurse cells and act in the oocyte, or parts of the transportation machinery that are required for this relocalization. Since these genes are expresse... | 49,822 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
Similar variation in yolk androgen levels has been seen in bird species like the American coot, though the mechanism of effect has yet to be established.
## In humans.
In 2015, obesity theorist Edward Archer published "The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Re... | 49,823 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
beta cell, adipocyte (fat cell) and myocyte (muscle cell) development thereby inducing an enduring competitive advantage of adipocytes in the acquisition and sequestering on nutrient energy.
# Environmental maternal effects.
The environment or condition of the mother can also in some situations influe... | 49,824 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
is the ms(3)sneaky in "Drosophila". Males with a mutant allele of this gene produce sperm that are able to fertilize an egg, but the sneaky-inseminated eggs do not develop normally. However, females with this mutation produce eggs that undergo normal development when fertilized.
# Adaptive maternal eff... | 49,825 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
plasticity gives organisms the ability to respond to different environments by altering their phenotype. With these “altered” phenotypes increasing fitness it becomes important to look at the likelihood that adaptive maternal effects will evolve and become a significant phenotypic adaptation to an envir... | 49,826 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
of the offspring. In general, adaptive maternal effects are a mechanism to cope with factors that work to reduce offspring fitness; they are also environment specific.
It can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between maternal and adaptive maternal effects. Consider the following: Gypsy moths rear... | 49,827 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
specific. The phenotypes that arise are in response to the mother sensing an environment that would reduce the fitness of her offspring. By accounting for this environment she is then able to alter the phenotypes to actually increase the offspring’s fitness. "Maternal" effects are not in response to an ... | 49,828 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
a mother can influence her offspring’s phenotype, thereby increasing their fitness. The summation of all of these factors can then lead to these “altered” traits becoming favorable for evolution.
The phenotypic changes that arise from adaptive maternal effects are a result of the mother sensing that a ... | 49,829 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
habitat, high population density, and food availability
The increase in size of Northern American red squirrels is a great example of an adaptive maternal effect producing a phenotype that resulted in an increased fitness. The adaptive maternal effect was induced by the mothers sensing the high populat... | 49,830 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
that can occur to a phenotype, we can see changes that are behavioral, morphological, or physiological. A characteristic of the phenotype that arises through adaptive maternal effects, is the plasticity of this phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adjust their phenotype to various enviro... | 49,831 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
the more common ones being "Cercidium floridum" and "Acacia greggii". When "C. floridum" is the host plant, there is selection for a large egg size; when "A. greggii" is the host plant, there is a selection for a smaller egg size. In an experiment it was seen that when a beetle who usually laid eggs on ... | 49,832 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
of adaptive maternal effects.
In many insects:
- Cues such as rapidly cooling temperatures or decreasing daylight can result in offspring that enter into a dormant state. They therefore will better survive the cooling temperatures and preserve energy.
- When parents are forced to lay eggs on environm... | 49,833 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
maternal effects are epigenetic effects. Epigenetics is the study of long lasting changes in gene expression that are produced by modifications to chromatin instead of changes in DNA sequence, as is seen in DNA mutation. This "change" refers to DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or the interaction of... | 49,834 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
The fact that methylation can be influenced by the maternal environment, makes it similar to adaptive maternal effects. Further similarities are seen by the fact that methylation can often increase the fitness of the offspring. Additionally, epigenetics can refer to histone modifications or non-coding R... | 49,835 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
can be passed down to future generations, while others are reversible within a particular individual's lifetime. This can explain why individuals with identical DNA can differ in their susceptibility to certain chronic diseases.
Currently, researchers are examining the correlations between maternal die... | 49,836 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
to be due to epigenetic mechanisms brought on by maternal environment such as stress, diet, gestational diabetes, and exposure to tobacco and alcohol. These factors are thought to be contributing factors to obesity and cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, cancer, diabetes, etc. Studies to determ... | 49,837 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
In the United States and worldwide, many non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and heart disease, have reached epidemic proportions. The medical field is working on methods to detect these diseases, some of which have been discovered to be heavily driven by epigenetic alterations due to ma... | 49,838 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
alterations. The creation of drugs to cure these non-communicable diseases could be used to treat individuals who already have these illnesses. General knowledge of the mechanisms behind maternal dietary epigenetic effects is also beneficial in terms of awareness. The general public can be aware of the ... | 49,839 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
Knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms can help scientists better predict the impacts of changing community structures on species which are ecologically, economically, and/or culturally important around the world. Since many ecosystems will see changes in species structures, the nutrient availability will a... | 49,840 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
for adult diseases.
## Hyperglycemia during gestation correlated with obesity and heart disease in adulthood.
Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is thought to cause epigenetic changes in the leptin gene of newborns leading to a potential increased risk for obesity and heart disease. Leptin is sometimes kn... | 49,841 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
locus has been examined to determine if there was a correlation between maternal glycemia and neonatal leptin levels. Results showed that glycemia was inversely associated with the methylation states of LEP gene, which controls the production of the leptin hormone. Therefore, higher glycemic levels in m... | 49,842 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
is a large contributor to heart disease, this leptin surge is not only correlated with obesity but also heart disease.
## High fat diets during gestation correlated with metabolic syndrome.
High fat diets in utero are believed to cause metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a set of symptoms includ... | 49,843 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
glucose metabolism as well as fatty acid breakdown; however, the exact mechanisms are not entirely understood. In both human and mice models, adiponectin has been shown to add insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties to different types of tissue, specifically muscle and liver tissue. Adipone... | 49,844 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
and decreases in acetylation usually repress transcription. Additionally, there was an increase in methylation of the leptin promoter, which turns down the production of the leptin gene. Therefore, there was less adiponectin to help cells take up glucose and break down fat, as well as less leptin to cau... | 49,845 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
and can even be completely eliminated over time. This study highlighted the connection between high fat diets to the adiponectin and leptin in mice. In contrast, few studies have been done in humans to show the specific effects of high fat diets in utero on humans. However, it has been shown that decrea... | 49,846 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
the placenta, adipose, liver, brain, and vascular system. Inflammation is an important aspect of the bodies’ natural defense system after injury, trauma, or disease. During an inflammatory response, a series of physiological reactions, such as increased blood flow, increased cellular metabolism, and vas... | 49,847 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
Cytokines aid in cell signaling during immune responses, specifically sending cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, or trauma. The mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines was induced in the placenta of mothers on high fat diets. The high fat diets also caused changes in microbiotic composition, whic... | 49,848 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
is closely associated with inflammation because the addition of histone deacetylase inhibitors has been shown to reduce the expression of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells. This reduction in inflammation resulted in improved neural cell function and survival. This inflammation is also often assoc... | 49,849 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
study done after the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 showed that undernutrition during the early stages of pregnancy are associated with hypomethylation of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene even after six decades. These individuals had significantly lower methylation rates as compared to th... | 49,850 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
maternally imprinted meaning that the mother’s gene is silenced. The mother’s gene is typically methylated at the differentially methylated region (DMR); however, when hypomethylated, the gene is bi-allelically expressed. Thus, individuals with lower methylation states likely lost some of the imprinting... | 49,851 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
way to determine nutritional status during gestation. This study stressed that epigenetic effects vary depending on the timing of exposure and that early stages of mammalian development are crucial periods for establishing epigenetic marks. Those exposed earlier in gestation had decreased methylation wh... | 49,852 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
other words, the epigenetic changes that occur earlier are more likely to persist in more cells.
## Nutrient restriction during gestation correlated with diabetes mellitus type 2.
In another study, researchers discovered that perinatal nutrient restriction resulting in intrauterine growth restriction ... | 49,853 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
In skeletal muscle, IUGR caused a decrease in expression of the Glut-4 gene. The Glut-4 gene controls the production of the Glut-4 transporter; this transporter is specifically sensitive to insulin. Thus, when insulin levels rise, more glut-4 transporters are brought to the cell membrane to increase the... | 49,854 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
High protein diet during gestation correlated with higher blood pressure and adiposity.
Further studies have examined the epigenetic changes resulting from a high protein/low carbohydrate diet during pregnancy. This diet caused epigenetic changes that were associated with higher blood pressure, higher ... | 49,855 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
Glucocorticoids’ access to GR is regulated by HSD1 and HSD2. H19 is an imprinted gene for a long coding RNA (lncRNA), which has limiting effects on body weight and cell proliferation. Therefore, higher methylation rates in H19 ICR repress transcription and prevent the lncRNA from regulating body weight.... | 49,856 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
may not represent the epigenetic patterns of the tissue involved in a particular disease.
## Neonatal estrogen exposure correlated with prostate cancer.
Strong evidence in rats supports the conclusion that neonatal estrogen exposure plays a role in the development of prostate cancer. Using a human fet... | 49,857 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
proliferation, and serum hormone levels were measured at various time-points after xenografting. At day 200, the xenograft that had been exposed to two treatments of estrogen showed the most severe changes. Additionally, researchers looked at key genes involved in prostatic glandular and stromal growth,... | 49,858 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
cell cycle progression that contribute to the development of cancer.
## Supplementation may reverse epigenetic changes.
In utero or neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastic, is correlated with higher body weight, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and... | 49,859 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
donors like folic acid or phytoestrogen abolished the hypomethylating effect. This demonstrates that the epigenetic changes can be reversed through diet and supplementation.
# Maternal diet effects and ecology.
Maternal dietary effects are not just seen in humans, but throughout many taxa in the anima... | 49,860 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
the offspring to be better adapted for the environment in which they will first encounter. The epigenetic effects of maternal diet can be seen in many species, utilizing different ecological cues and epigenetic mechanisms to provide an adaptive advantage to future generations.
Within the field of ecolo... | 49,861 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
producing phenotypic diversity.
## Parental diet affects offspring immunity.
A pyralid moth species, "Plodia interpunctella", commonly found in food storage areas, exhibits maternal dietary effects, as well as paternal dietary effects, on its offspring. Epigenetic changes in moth offspring affect the ... | 49,862 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
who reproduced in food rich environments. This is believed to be adaptive because the offspring develop while receiving cues of scarce nutritional opportunities. These cues allow the moth to allocate energy differentially, decreasing energy allocated for the immune system and devoting more energy toward... | 49,863 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
more susceptible to an environmental disturbance, such as the introduction of a pathogen. Therefore, these transgenerational epigenetic effects can influence the population dynamics by decreasing the stability of populations who inhabit environments different from the parental environment that offspring... | 49,864 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
fish larvae body size at hatching: smaller larvae hatch from smaller eggs. In the case of the cichlid, small larvae grow at a faster rate than their larger egg counterparts. This is due to the increased expression of GHR, the growth hormone receptor. Increased transcription levels of GHR genes increase ... | 49,865 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
just by the yolk quantity itself. This may lead to DNA methylation or histone modifications which control genic transcription levels.
Ecologically, this is an example of the mother utilizing her environment and determining the best method to maximize offspring survival, without actually making a consci... | 49,866 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
will be larger in hopes that their large size will help insure survival into sexual maturation. Unlike the moth example, the maternal effects provided to the cichlid offspring do not prepare the cichlids for the environment that they will be born into; this is because mouth brooding cichlids provide par... | 49,867 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
in nutrient rich environments produce a large number of small eggs. Offspring from these small eggs grow at a faster rate than their large egg counterparts from nutrient poor mothers. Again, it is beneficial for sea urchin larvae, known as planula, to grow quickly to decrease the duration of their larva... | 49,868 |
343457 | Maternal effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maternal%20effect | Maternal effect
ore of their energy towards development into the juvenile phenotype. Larvae who grow at a slower rate with low nutrition, devote more energy towards growing spine-like appendages to protect themselves from predators in an attempt to increase survival into the juvenile phase. The determination of these p... | 49,869 |
343529 | Carlea, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlea,%20Saskatchewan | Carlea, Saskatchewan
Carlea, Saskatchewan
Carlea is a former Canadian National Railway railway station and hamlet in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada.
The name Carlea was created from the first few letters of the names of two rivers that meet nearby, the Carrot and the Leather. | 49,870 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
Totonac
The Totonac are an indigenous people of Mexico who reside in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo. They are one of the possible builders of the pre-Columbian city of El Tajín, and further maintained quarters in Teotihuacán (a city which they claim to have built). Until the mid-19th century they ... | 49,871 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
their three cities or cultural centers: Cempoala, Tajin and Teayo. Evidence, however, is inconclusive.
# Geography and lifestyle.
In the 15th century, the Aztecs labeled the region of the Totonac "Totonacapan"; which then extended roughly from Papantla in the north to Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was la... | 49,872 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
slaves to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize.
## Diet.
There is a total absence of comals, metates and manos meaning the Totonacs did not eat tortillas; however, even though corn was grown it did not form a large part of their diet. The Totonacs ate fruit, most notably zapotes, guavas, papayas, pla... | 49,873 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
liquor.
## Clothing.
Totonac women were expert weavers and embroiderers; they dressed grandly and braided their hair with feathers. The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún stated that, in all aspects of their appearance, the women were "quite elegant", women wore skirts (embroidered for the nobles) and a s... | 49,874 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
the prized quetzal feathers. Hair was kept long with a thick tuft of hair on the top tied up with a ribbon.
## Housing.
Houses were generally thatched and had an overhang. They were rectangular in shape.
# History.
The region of Totonacapan was subject to Aztec military incursions from the mid-15th century ... | 49,875 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
Totonacs of Cempoala joined forces with Cortés, and along with the Tlaxcalan Indians, contributed significantly to the Spanish conquest. Totonacapan became incorporated into the Spanish regime with comparatively little violence, but the region was ravaged by epidemic diseases during the 16th century. Today, app... | 49,876 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
accessible to Europeans (now lost) were by Fray Andrés de Olmos, who also wrote the first such descriptions of Nahuatl and Huastec (Teenek).
The main varieties of Totonac are:
- Papantla Totonac: spoken by some 80,000 speakers in El Escolín, Papantla, Cazones, Tajín, Espinal, and other towns along the Gulf Co... | 49,877 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
the city of Misantla, Veracruz.
# Religion.
Most present-day Totonacs are Roman Catholic. However, their Christian practice is often mixed with vestiges of their traditional religion, a notable instance being "la Costumbre", a survival of an old rite of sacrifice in which various seeds are mixed with earth an... | 49,878 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
the place of the dead, but to the east with the Mothers". Ichon has also preserved for posterity an important myth regarding a maize deity, a culture hero with counterparts among most other cultures of the Gulf Coast and possibly also represented by the Classic Maya maize god. As to traditional curers, it is be... | 49,879 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
Dávalos, "Huastecos y Totonacos", 1953.
- H.R. Harvey and Isabel Kelly, "The Totonac," in "Handbook of Middle American Indians", 1969.
- Isabel Kelly and Ángel Palerm, "The Tajín Totonac", 1952.
- Ichon, A. : "La religión de los totonacas de la sierra". México : Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1973.
- ELLIS... | 49,880 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
de México, 2002.
- LOZADA VÁZQUEZ, Luz María: « Chaleur et odeurs pour nos morts. La cuisine cérémonielle de la Fête des Morts dans une communauté Totonaque de Puebla, Mexique », in Food and History 6 (2) 2008 : 133-154.
- Ellison, N : « Symbolisme sylvestre et rapports d’altérité dans une danse rituelle toto... | 49,881 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
totonaque », in Cahiers des Amériques Latines, N°52, (Novembre-Décembre), 2006 ; pp. 5.
- Ellison N. : « Une écologie symbolique totonaque, le municipe de Huehuetla (Mexique) », Journal de la Société des Américanistes, pp. 35-62, Tome 90-2, 2004.
- Ellison N. : « Cambio ecológico y percepción ambiental en la ... | 49,882 |
343500 | Totonac | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totonac | Totonac
u colloque international «Territoires et Migrations » (Zacatecas, Mexique), Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico. Version publiée dans la revue électronique Nuevo Mundo, Mundos Nuevos (CNRS/EHESS), 2003, n°3.
# External links.
- Catholic encyclopedia entry
- Ellison, N. : Semé sans compter. Appréhension... | 49,883 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
Emperor Shun of Han
Emperor Shun of Han (; 115 – 20 September 144) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the seventh emperor of the Eastern Han. He reigned from 125 to 144 AD.
Emperor Shun (Prince Bao) was the only son of Emperor An of Han. After Emperor An died in 125, the Empress Dowager... | 49,884 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
declared emperor at age 10.
The people had great expectations for Emperor Shun, whose reign followed his incompetent and violent father. However, while Emperor Shun's personality was mild, he was just as incompetent as his father in general, and corruption continued without abatement among eunuchs ... | 49,885 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
Shun died at the age of 29 after reigning for 19 years. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Chong.
# Family background.
Then-Prince Bao was born to Emperor An and his concubine Consort Li in 115, apparently shortly after Emperor An had created his favorite Yan Ji empress. Empress Yan herself was s... | 49,886 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
(樊豐) and his wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖), for reasons no longer known, falsely accused Crown Prince Bao's wet nurse Wang Nan (王男) and chef Bing Ji (邴吉, not to be confused with Emperor Xuan's prime minister of the same name) of unspecified crimes. Emperor An executed Wang and Bing and exiled their fami... | 49,887 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
to Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). Empress Yan, although Prince Bao was Emperor An's only son and therefore logical heir, resolved to make someone younger to be the emperor so that she could better control him. She therefore made Liu Yi (劉懿), the Marquess of Beixiang, emperor. The 10-year-o... | 49,888 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
young emperor died, Sun and 18 of his fellow eunuchs made a surprise attack on the palace, killing Jiang and forcing Jiang's colleague Li Run (李閏) to join them. They then welcomed Prince Bao to the palace and declared him emperor. For several days, the eunuchs' forces battled with the empress dowage... | 49,889 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
however, and while he trusted certain honest officials, he also trusted many corrupt eunuchs, who quickly grabbed power. In 126, Sun tried to encourage the young emperor to carry out extensive reforms, but was instead removed from the capital for his audacity, although Sun was recalled to the capita... | 49,890 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
was able to effectively restore Han suzerainty over Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdoms, but in 127, Ban Yong was falsely accused of being late in a military action and removed from his office. After Ban Yong's removal, the situation in Xiyu gradually deteriorated.
Other ... | 49,891 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
before gods to determine who should be the empress. After his officials discouraged him from this action, he finally selected one of his consorts, Liang Na, as the one he considered most virtuous and most rational, and he created her empress in 132. She was 16 and he was 19. Her father Liang Shang (... | 49,892 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
at the time to be major, but had great implications; the former demonstrated that the power of the eunuchs was becoming systemic, and the latter led to the start of the Liangs controlling the imperial government for several administrations.
Liang Shang was, much like his son-in-law, a kind man who ... | 49,893 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
his father, was corrupt and violent.
In 136 to 138, there were a number of native rebellions in various parts of southern China. While these were generally put down with relative ease (in particular, the rebels generally surrendered willingly if the corrupt officials they were protesting against we... | 49,894 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
of Western han emperors in the Chang'an region. Further, eventually, the agrarian rebellions started again in Jing (荊州, modern Hunan, Hubei, and southern Henan) and Yang (揚州, modern Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and central and southern Jiangsu, Anhui) Provinces and would not be pacified for the rest of Empero... | 49,895 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
his only son Liu Bing (劉炳), born of his concubine Consort Yu in 143, crown prince. Later that year, Emperor Shun died, and Crown Prince Bing succeeded him as Emperor Chong. Empress Dowager Liang served as regent, and while she personally appeared capable, her trust in her brother Liang Ji would lead... | 49,896 |
343523 | Emperor Shun of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shun%20of%20Han | Emperor Shun of Han
–132
- "Yangjia" (陽嘉 py. yáng jiā) 132–135
- "Yonghe" (永和 py. yŏng hé) 136–141
- "Hanan" (漢安 py. hàn ān) 142–144
- "Jiankang" (建康 py. jiàn kāng) 144
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Hu, Emperor Xiao'an (; 94–125)
- Empress Gongmin, of the Li clan (; d. 115)
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Shunli... | 49,897 |
343445 | Qian Xuesen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qian%20Xuesen | Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese aerodynamicist, cyberneticist and politician who contributed to rocket science and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Karman's group at Caltech. Later, he returned ... | 49,898 |
343445 | Qian Xuesen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qian%20Xuesen | Qian Xuesen
house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS "President Cleveland", arriving in China via Hong Kong.
Upon his return, he h... | 49,899 |
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