wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Growing more alarmed, on 31 December 1794, Wilberforce moved that the government seek a peaceful resolution with France, a stance that created a temporary breach in his long friendship with Pitt.
Abolition continued to be associated in the public consciousness with the French Revolution and with Br... | 6,119,000 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
interest in abolition. Since Napoleon had reintroduced slavery in the French colonies, support of abolition was no longer perceived as being pro-French.
In 1804, Clarkson resumed his work and the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade began meeting again, strengthened with prominent... | 6,119,001 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Pitt failing to support it. On this occasion and throughout the campaign, abolition was held back by Wilberforce's trusting, even credulous nature, and his deferential attitude towards those in power. He found it difficult to believe that men of rank would not do what he perceived to be the right th... | 6,119,002 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Lord Grenville advocated the cause in the House of Lords.
A radical change of tactics, which involved the introduction of a bill to ban British subjects from aiding or participating in the slave trade to the French colonies, was suggested by maritime lawyer James Stephen. It was a shrewd move, sinc... | 6,119,003 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
passed, and received royal assent on 23 May 1806. Wilberforce and Clarkson had collected a large volume of evidence against the slave trade over the previous two decades, and Wilberforce spent the latter part of 1806 writing "A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade", which was a comprehensive r... | 6,119,004 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
after which he returned to finishing and publishing his "Letter", in reality a 400-page book which formed the basis for the final phase of the campaign.
Lord Grenville, the Prime Minister, was determined to introduce an Abolition Bill in the House of Lords, rather than in the House of Commons, taki... | 6,119,005 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
taking advantage of the large majority to seek the abolition of slavery itself, but Wilberforce made it clear that total emancipation was not the immediate goal: "They had for the present no object immediately before them, but that of putting stop directly to the carrying of men in British ships to ... | 6,119,006 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
an eight-day whirlwind romance, he proposed. Despite the urgings of friends to slow down, the couple married at the Church of St Swithin in Bath, Somerset, on 30 May 1797. They were devoted to each other, and Barbara was very attentive and supportive to Wilberforce in his increasing ill health, thou... | 6,119,007 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Political and social reform.
Wilberforce was deeply conservative when it came to challenges to the existing political and social order. He advocated change in society through Christianity and improvement in morals, education and religion, fearing and opposing radical causes and revolution. The radi... | 6,119,008 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
for Pitt's "Gagging Bills", which banned meetings of more than 50 people, allowing speakers to be arrested and imposing harsh penalties on those who attacked the constitution. Wilberforce was opposed to giving workers' rights to organise into unions, in 1799 speaking in favour of the Combination Act... | 6,119,009 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
and seditious writings. Wilberforce's actions led the essayist William Hazlitt to condemn him as one "who preaches vital Christianity to untutored savages, and tolerates its worst abuses in civilised states."
Wilberforce's views of women and religion were also conservative. He disapproved of women ... | 6,119,010 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
to become MPs, hold public office and serve in the army, although by 1813, he had changed his views and spoke in favour of a similar bill.
More progressively, Wilberforce advocated legislation to improve the working conditions for chimney-sweeps and textile workers, engaged in prison reform, and su... | 6,119,011 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
onward, Wilberforce campaigned for limited parliamentary reform, such as the abolition of rotten boroughs and the redistribution of Commons seats to growing towns and cities, though by 1832, he feared that such measures went too far. With others, Wilberforce founded the world's first animal welfare ... | 6,119,012 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
to duelling, which he described as the "disgrace of a Christian society" and was appalled when his friend Pitt engaged in a duel with George Tierney in 1798, particularly as it occurred on a Sunday, the Christian day of rest.
Wilberforce was generous with his time and money, believing that those wi... | 6,119,013 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
servants. As a result, his home was full of old and incompetent servants kept on in charity. Although he was often months behind in his correspondence, Wilberforce responded to numerous requests for advice or for help in obtaining professorships, military promotions and livings for clergymen, or for... | 6,119,014 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
of society. To this end, in April 1797, Wilberforce published "A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes of This Country Contrasted With Real Christianity", on which he had been working since 1793. This was an exposition of New Testa... | 6,119,015 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
activity in Britain and abroad. He was a founding member of the Church Missionary Society (since renamed the Church Mission Society) and was involved, with other members of the Clapham Sect, in numerous other evangelical and charitable organisations. Horrified by the lack of Christian evangelism in ... | 6,119,016 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
when the charter next came up for renewal. Using petitions, meetings, lobbying and letter writing, he successfully campaigned for changes to the charter. Speaking in favour of the Charter Act 1813, he criticised the British in India for their hypocrisy and racial prejudice, while also condemning asp... | 6,119,017 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Wilberforce was also active in matters of moral reform, lobbying against "the torrent of profaneness that every day makes more rapid advances", and considered this issue and the abolition of the slave trade as equally important goals. At the suggestion of Wilberforce and Bishop Porteus, King George ... | 6,119,018 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
with public indifference, Wilberforce sought to increase its impact by mobilising public figures to the cause, and by founding the Society for the Suppression of Vice. This and other societies in which Wilberforce was a prime mover, such as the Proclamation Society, mustered support for the prosecut... | 6,119,019 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
vices of persons whose income does not exceed £500 per annum". The societies were not highly successful in terms of membership and support, although their activities did lead to the imprisonment of Thomas Williams, the London printer of Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason". Wilberforce's attempts to l... | 6,119,020 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Africans.
The hopes of the abolitionists notwithstanding, slavery did not wither with the end of the slave trade in the British Empire, nor did the living conditions of the enslaved improve. The trade continued, with few countries following suit by abolishing the trade, and with some British ships ... | 6,119,021 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Clapham to a sizeable mansion with a large garden in Kensington Gore, closer to the Houses of Parliament. Never strong, and by 1812 in worsening health, Wilberforce resigned his Yorkshire seat, and became MP for the rotten borough of Bramber in Sussex, a seat with little or no constituency obligatio... | 6,119,022 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
immediate emancipation, as "They had always thought the slaves incapable of liberty at present, but hoped that by degrees a change might take place as the natural result of the abolition."
In 1820, after a period of poor health, and with his eyesight failing, Wilberforce took the decision to furthe... | 6,119,023 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
would need younger men to continue the work, in 1821 he asked fellow MP Thomas Fowell Buxton to take over leadership of the campaign in the Commons. As the 1820s wore on, Wilberforce increasingly became a figurehead for the abolitionist movement, although he continued to appear at anti-slavery meeti... | 6,119,024 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
treatise, Wilberforce urged that total emancipation was morally and ethically required, and that slavery was a national crime that must be ended by parliamentary legislation to gradually abolish slavery. Members of Parliament did not quickly agree, and government opposition in March 1823 stymied Wil... | 6,119,025 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
in 1824 and 1825. With his family concerned that his life was endangered, he declined a peerage and resigned his seat in Parliament, leaving the campaign in the hands of others. Thomas Clarkson continued to travel, visiting anti-slavery groups throughout Britain, motivating activists and acting as a... | 6,119,026 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Hill, a more modest property in the countryside of Mill Hill, north of London, where he was soon joined by his son William and family. William had attempted a series of educational and career paths, and a venture into farming in 1830 led to huge losses, which his father repaid in full, despite offer... | 6,119,027 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
about the implications of their Reform Bill which proposed the redistribution of parliamentary seats towards newer towns and cities and an extension of the franchise. In the event, the Reform Act 1832 was to bring more abolitionist MPs into Parliament as a result of intense and increasing public agi... | 6,119,028 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
Whig government introduced the Bill for the Abolition of Slavery, formally saluting Wilberforce in the process. On 26 July 1833, Wilberforce heard of government concessions that guaranteed the passing of the Bill for the Abolition of Slavery. The following day he grew much weaker, and he died early ... | 6,119,029 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
to work for their former masters for four to six years in the British West Indies, South Africa, Mauritius, British Honduras and Canada. Nearly 800,000 African slaves were freed, the vast majority in the Caribbean.
## Funeral.
Wilberforce had requested that he was to be buried with his sister and ... | 6,119,030 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
pallbearers included the Duke of Gloucester, the Lord Chancellor Henry Brougham and the Speaker of the House of Commons Charles Manners-Sutton.
While tributes were paid and Wilberforce was laid to rest, both Houses of Parliament suspended their business as a mark of respect.
# Legacy.
Five years ... | 6,119,031 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
of events, and the sons eventually made a half-hearted private apology to him and removed the offending passages in a revision of their biography. However, for more than a century, Wilberforce's role in the campaign dominated the history books. Later historians have noted the warm and highly product... | 6,119,032 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce... | 6,119,033 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.
# Memorials.
Wilberforce's life and work have been widely commemo... | 6,119,034 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
of Hull College near Queen's Gardens. Wilberforce's birthplace was acquired by the city corporation in 1903 and, following renovation, Wilberforce House in Hull was opened as Britain's first slavery museum. Wilberforce Memorial School for the Blind in York was established in 1833 in his honour, and ... | 6,119,035 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
by African-American people, and is a historically black college. In Ontario, Canada, Wilberforce Colony was founded by black reformers, and inhabited by free slaves from the United States. The Wilberforce Society is a student think tank at the University of Cambridge. The town of Wilberforce, New So... | 6,119,036 |
50226 | William Wilberforce | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wilberforce | William Wilberforce
ts leaders
- The Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation
- The Wilberforce Society
# References.
- Coupland, Reginald. "Wilberforce: A Narrative" (1923) online
- online free to borrow
- online free
- Wolffe, John. "Wilberforce, William (1759–1833)" "Oxford Dictionary o... | 6,119,037 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Carswell Air Force Base
Carswell Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force (USAF) base, located northwest of Fort Worth, Texas. For most of its operational lifetime, the base's mission was to train and support heavy strategic bombing groups and wings.
Carswell was a major Strategic Ai... | 6,119,038 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
the Air Force Convair B-36, B-58 Hustler, F-111 Aardvark, EF-111 Raven and F-16 Fighting Falcon fleets were built there.
With the end of the Cold War, and the subsequent downsizing of the American military, the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission recommended that Carswell AFB be... | 6,119,039 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Carswell was returning from an attack on Japanese shipping in the South China Sea on 26 October 1944. He attempted to save a crewmember whose parachute had been destroyed by flak. He remained at the controls of his crippled bomber and died while crash-landing the B-24 Liberator near Tungchen, Ch... | 6,119,040 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
In June, the War Department inspected 6 sites around Fort Worth, Texas which had been offered by the Chamber of Commerce. In August the War Department signed leases with the RFC on 3 sites around Fort Worth. Knows as the Flying Triangle, these sites were Hicks Field (#1), Barron Field (#2), and ... | 6,119,041 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
application with the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), asking for a primary pilot training airfield for the Army Air Corps. In May, General Jacob E. Fickel visited Fort Worth on an inspection visit. Fickel had learned to fly at Carruthers Field in 1918. At the same time, the Fort Worth Cha... | 6,119,042 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
the Consolidated manufacturing plant. The Army wanted to have the airfield ready quickly before the plant was put into production and construction of the "Lake Worth Bomber Plant Airport" began almost immediately.
## World War II.
However, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Army changed its... | 6,119,043 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
29 July, the base was again renamed as "Fort Worth Army Airfield".
The Army Air Forces Combat Crew School (later re-designated Army Air Forces Pilot School, Specialized 4-Engine) took graduates of Training Command's advanced pilot training schools and experienced 2-engine pilots and trained the... | 6,119,044 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Fort Worth plant for final modifications.
During training, nine-member crews were assigned to each plane, and the crews ate, slept and trained together 24-hours a day. This allowed the crew to learn both the technical skills needed for aircraft operation as well as the other crew members minds ... | 6,119,045 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
late 1944, the B-24 training was phased out at Fort Worth AAF, being replaced with a B-32 Dominator Flight Crew Conversion Training School. Training Command instructor pilots were flown to the Consolidated manufacturing plant in San Diego to learn about the Dominator, which was planned as a stab... | 6,119,046 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
six months. The Army was quite unhappy about the Dominator and the production problems it was experiencing.
Eventually 40 TB-32 trainers were produced for the training program to get underway. Prospective B-32 pilots underwent 50 hours training in the TB-32s and co-pilots received 25 hours of f... | 6,119,047 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Wing at the base, equipped with B-29A Superfotresses. The Air Force had decided to keep Fort Worth as a permanent airfield and in 1946, constructed an 8,200 ft North-South extra heavy-duty runway for future use. The number of completed B-32s at the Consolidated plant had reached 74 production ai... | 6,119,048 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
on 1 October 1946, the 7th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy was activated. With its activation, the 7th became part of the Fifteenth Air Force (15 AF), headquartered at Colorado Springs, Colorado. Personnel and aircraft of the new group, consisting of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, were transferred... | 6,119,049 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
from Fort Worth AAF to Yokota AB, Japan. Shortly after this the detachment received orders to redeploy to Fort Worth AAF via Washington, D.C. The aircraft left Yokota AB on 2 August, flew over the Aleutian Islands, then into Anchorage, Alaska. From Anchorage the flight flew over Edmonton, Albert... | 6,119,050 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
This flight was the largest bomber formation flown from Fort Worth AAF overseas to date, landing in Germany on 13 September. During their ten-day stay, the group bombers participated in training operations over Europe, as well as a show-of-force display by the United States in the early part of ... | 6,119,051 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Peacemaker had been under development by Consolidated, and work on it was shifted from its San Diego, California plant to its government-leased plant in Fort Worth. By 1947 the initial production version B-36A was ready and in June 1948 the first Convair B-36A Peacekeeper was delivered.
The fir... | 6,119,052 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
major deterrent weapons system.
In January 1951, the 7th took part in a special training mission to the United Kingdom. The purpose of the mission was to evaluate the B-36D under simulated war plan conditions. Also, further evaluate the equivalent airspeed and compression tactics for heavy bomb... | 6,119,053 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
four days the flight flew sorties out of England. The aircraft redeployed to the states on 20 January arriving at Carswell on 21 January.
On 16 February 1951 became a paper organization. With all assigned flying squadrons reassigned directly to the 7 Bombardment Wing as part of the Tri-Deputate... | 6,119,054 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Air Force was established as a separate branch of the United States military, the Hobson Wing-Base Organization Plan was implemented. The 7th was selected as one of the "Test Wings" to evaluate the new organization T/O and on 17 November 1947 the 7th Bombardment Wing was established. The test wa... | 6,119,055 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Wings at Carswell.
#### 7th Bombardment Wing.
##### B-36 Peacemaker Era.
The wing's mission was to prepare for global strategic bombardment in the event of hostilities. Under various designations, the 7th Bomb Wing flew a wide variety of aircraft at the base until its inactivation in 1993.
A... | 6,119,056 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
unit in the 1950s as a reserve commander.
On 13 June 1955, the Strategic Air Command realigned its three numbered air forces resulting in Headquarters, 8 AF moving from Carswell to Westover AFB, Massachusetts. With that move, Carswell was reassigned under Second Air Force (2 AF), headquartered ... | 6,119,057 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
have been considered a lucky combination, because the two wings continued to share Carswell Air Force base until 13 December 1957, when the 11th moved to Altus AFB, Oklahoma and began receiving B-52 Stratofortresses.
During January 1958, the wing began transferring its B-36 bombers to various S... | 6,119,058 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
base, and civilians from surrounding communities were on hand to bid the "Peacemaker" a fond farewell. This last flight of a B-36 phased out completely the B-36 program in the wing.
##### B-52 Stratofortress Era.
On 10 December 1957, the 98th Bomb Squadron was detached from the wing and assign... | 6,119,059 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
ceremony on base the bomber was named "The City of Fort Worth". It was subsequently assigned to the 98th Bombardment Squadron of the wing. Shortly following the arrival of B-52 bombers to the 4123rd Strategic Wing, the unit was moved to new facilities at Clinton-Sherman AFB, Oklahoma. With the a... | 6,119,060 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
flying to Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
On 13 April 1965, the 7 BW deployed its forces to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam to support SAC combat operations in Southeast Asia. Most of the wing's bombers and tankers, along with aircrews and some support personnel, were deployed. At Andersen AFB, t... | 6,119,061 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
The USAF serial number was painted in black on the fin over a horizontal red stripe across the length of the fin.
The B-52 effort was concentrated primarily against suspected Viet Cong targets in South Vietnam, but the Ho Chi Min Trail and targets in Laos were also hit. During the relief of Khe... | 6,119,062 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
In 1983, B-52 crews began training with a new weapon system, the SRAM (Short Range Attack Missile) and later, in 1985, the ALCM (Air Launched Cruise Missile). Also, the wing flew numerous atmospheric sampling missions during 1986 and 1987 in response to the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident; fo... | 6,119,063 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
victory in the Persian Gulf, the wing returned to Carswell. In September 1991 with the end of the Cold War, President Bush ordered a stand down of all nuclear alert duties.
#### 43d Bombardment Wing.
In January 1960, the USAF announced its intention to activate the first Convair B-58 Hustler W... | 6,119,064 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
testing. 59–2436, the first fully operational Hustler equipped with all tactical systems, was delivered to the 43rd. Two weeks later, the first TB-58A was delivered to Carswell.
After July 1961, the wing continued further B-58 evaluations until June 1962. One of its first duties of the 43d was ... | 6,119,065 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
course with a 2000 kilogram (kg), 1000 kg, and 0 kg payload—averaging 1,200.194 miles per hour (mph) in each category. The crew managed an average speed of in each of the same payload categories over the 2000 km course. This flight set the pace for the 43rd with the B-58.
From then until the cl... | 6,119,066 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
film, and then delivered the pictures to Washington DC 14.5 hours after the wing received the request. Six months later the 43rd Bomb Wing moved to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas.
## Air Force Reserve.
In addition to the SAC units, the United States Air Force Reserve 916th Troop Carrier Group, flew... | 6,119,067 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
301st Fighter Wing (under various designations) has trained at Carswell as an Air Force Reserve Command unit, training for tactical air missions, including counter-air, interdiction, and close air support. Originally gained by the former Tactical Air Command (TAC), the unit is now operationally ... | 6,119,068 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
It deployed a security police flight to southwest Asia during Operation Desert Storm, January–March 1991, and supported Operation Deny Flight in the Balkans in the mid-1990s. The tail code carried by the present day 457th Fighter Squadron is "TX".
## Inactivation.
Carswell AFB was selected for... | 6,119,069 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
(ACC), and the B-52Hs assigned to the wing were given the ACC tail code "CW".
First-stage closure activities were initiated in 1992 and B-52H aircraft were relocated to Barksdale AFB, Louisiana by January 1993. The 7 BW was released of all operational capabilities on 1 January 1993, and was tra... | 6,119,070 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
and reuse.
On 1 October 1993, the Air Force Reserve's 301st Fighter Wing assumed base responsibilities, establishing Carswell as Carswell Air Reserve Station. The Air Force Reserve's Headquarters, 10th Air Force (10 AF), also relocated to Carswell from Bergstrom AFB, Texas as a result of the BR... | 6,119,071 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
Base, 29 January 1948 – 30 September 1994
## Major Commands to Which Assigned.
- Second Air Force, c. 26 June 1942
- Army Air Forces Flying Training Command, 30 June 1942
- Second Air Force, 21 November 1944
- Continental Air Forces, 15 April 1945
- Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 30 Sep... | 6,119,072 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
– 9 April 1946
- 31st Flying Training Wing, 31 May 1945 – 30 December 1945
- 233d AAF (later AF) Base Unit, 18 November 1945 – 17 November 1947
- 7th Bombardment Group, 1 October 1946 – 10 June 1952
- 7th Bombardment Wing, 17 November 1947 – 1 October 1993
- 58th Bombardment Wing, 9 May 194... | 6,119,073 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
1972 – 30 September 1994
# Popular culture.
- The base was one of the sites for the filming of James Stewart's 1955 film, "Strategic Air Command".
- Air Force One (VC-137C 62-6000) landed at Carswell AFB shortly after 11:00 pm on 21 November 1963 carrying President Kennedy and his entourage t... | 6,119,074 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
World War II Army Airfields
# References.
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
- Mueller, Robert (1989). Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982. USAF Reference Series, Max... | 6,119,075 |
2313329 | Carswell Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carswell%20Air%20Force%20Base | Carswell Air Force Base
of America on 17 September 1982. USAF Reference Series, Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
- Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating ... | 6,119,076 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Houses of the Holy
Houses of the Holy is the fifth studio album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on 28 March 1973 by Atlantic Records.
The album benefited from several band members installing studios at home, which allowed them to develop more sophisticated songs and arrangeme... | 6,119,077 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Jimmy Page (guitar), John Paul Jones (musician) (bass, keyboards), and John Bonham (drums). The album was produced by Jimmy Page, and it was mixed by Eddie Kramer.
The cover was the first by the band to be designed by Hipgnosis and was based on a photograph taken at Giant's Causeway in Northern Irel... | 6,119,078 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
critical success from both their studio albums and live shows. They were keen to record on location using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio as it had been an enjoyable experience for their untitled fourth album, released the previous year. After touring Australia, in April 1972 the group decided to ta... | 6,119,079 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
John Paul Jones had installed home studios, which allowed them to arrive at Stargroves with complete compositions and arrangements.
Page's home studio used some of the equipment from Pye Mobile Studios, which had been used to record The Who's 1970 live album "Live at Leeds". Because of his home stud... | 6,119,080 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
at Olympic Studios in May, and during the band's 1972 North American tour additional recording sessions were conducted at Electric Lady Studios in New York. Some songs which were recorded from these various sessions did not make it onto "Houses of the Holy". Some of them were released on later albums... | 6,119,081 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
biographer Dave Lewis, "while the barnstorming effect of the early era was now levelling off, and though devoid of the electricity of "Zeppelin I" and "II", the sheer diversity of the third album, and lacking the classic status of the fourth, "Houses of the Holy" nevertheless found its rightful niche... | 6,119,082 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
music on "D'Yer Mak'er" and "No Quarter", respectively. Pete Prown and HP Newquist have called it "a diverse collection of rockers, ballads, reggae, funk, and fifties-style rock 'n' roll".
## Side one.
The album's opening track, "The Song Remains The Same" was originally a Page-composed instrumenta... | 6,119,083 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
to Heaven" in concert.
"The Rain Song" was composed at Page's home studio, including the entire arrangement and the vocal melody. He was inspired to write the song after George Harrison complained that Led Zeppelin "never did any ballads". The opening chords are the same as Harrison's song “Somethin... | 6,119,084 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Page and Plant revived the track for their 1994–95 tour.
"Over the Hills and Far Away" was written about the hippie lifestyle, including references to the "open road". The song was developed in two halves, with a quiet acoustic section leading into a livelier electric one. The song was one of the fi... | 6,119,085 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
the end of the track. To further show that the song was a tongue-in-cheek joke, the group considered putting "dance steps" to the song on the cover at one stage. The track was occasionally performed as an impromptu piece in concert, usually in the middle of another song such as the fast guitar solo s... | 6,119,086 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Mak'er" originated with Bonham trying to combine reggae with 1950s doo-wop by leaving a short off-beat. Jones later disapproved of the track, saying it was treated as a joke and not thought out well, but Plant thought it could be a hit and suggested it should be released as a single. Led Zeppelin's g... | 6,119,087 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
The track quickly became a live favourite, and was featured at every show from 1973 through 1979, providing Jones with an extended solo showcase in the middle, and a jam session with a variety of different styles. Plant revived the song for his 1990 tour, and it was performed by Page and Plant in 199... | 6,119,088 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
their devotion to the band. The middle of the track features an a cappella vocal break sung by Plant, Bonham and Jones, while the ending was another pastiche of the doo-wop style.
## Unreleased material.
The album's title track was recorded at Olympic and mixed at Electric Lady. It was ultimately l... | 6,119,089 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
"Houses of the Holy" was inspired by Arthur C. Clarke's novel "Childhood's End". The cover is a collage of several photographs which were taken at the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland, by Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis. This location was chosen ahead of an alternative one in Peru which had also been co... | 6,119,090 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
to create the effect of 11 individuals that can be seen on the album cover. The results were unsatisfactory, but some accidental tinting effects in post-production created a suitable cover. The inner sleeve photograph was taken at Dunluce Castle nearby the Causeway. In February 2010, Stefan Gates was... | 6,119,091 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
by the group to not have an eponymous title, but like the previous one, neither the band's name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve. However, manager Peter Grant did allow Atlantic Records to add a wrap-around paper title band to US copies of the sleeve that had to be broken or slid off to ... | 6,119,092 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
featured an electric green tennis court with a tennis racket on it. Furious that Thorgerson was implying, by means of a visual pun, that their music sounded like a "racket", the band fired him and hired Powell in his place.
# Release and reception.
This was Led Zeppelin's final studio release on At... | 6,119,093 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
heavily before the commencement of Led Zeppelin's subsequent North American Tour, ensuring that it had ascended the top of the American chart by the beginning of the tour. Because much of the album had been recorded almost a year previously, many of the songs which are featured on the album had alrea... | 6,119,094 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
I've heard this year", believing the band had digressed from "the epitome of everything good about rock" to a watered down heavy metal act. However, the album was a commercial success and topped the UK charts and spent 39 weeks on the Billboard 200 albums chart including two weeks at number one (thei... | 6,119,095 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Dayss "transmogrified shuffle" and the reggae of "D'yer Mak'er". "Throughout the record, the band's playing is excellent," wrote AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "making the eclecticism of Page and Robert Plant's songwriting sound coherent and natural." In 2012, the album was ranked number 148 on ... | 6,119,096 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
digital downloads. The deluxe and super deluxe editions feature bonus material. The reissue was released with an altered-colour version of the original album's artwork as its bonus disc's cover.
The reissue was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating ou... | 6,119,097 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
Mark Richardson, "and this particular remaster reinforces that notion." He was disappointed, however, by the bonus disc of alternate mixes, which merely provide "a chance to hear familiar performances in familiar songs in a way that sounds slightly unfamiliar".
# Track listing.
- Sides one and two ... | 6,119,098 |
50243 | Houses of the Holy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houses%20of%20the%20Holy | Houses of the Holy
thesized bass, backing vocals on "The Ocean"
- John Bonham – drums, backing vocals on "The Ocean"
Recording
- Eddie Kramer – engineering, mixing
- George Chkiantz – engineering
- Keith Harwood – engineering
Production and design
- Hipgnosis – sleeve design
- Aubrey Powell – cover photography
... | 6,119,099 |
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