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441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
Mortimer was conveyed to the Tower. Accused of assuming royal power and of various other high misdemeanours, he was condemned without trial and ignominiously hanged at Tyburn on 29 November 1330, his vast estates forfeited to the crown. His body hung at the gallows for two days and nights in full view of the populace. Mortimer's widow Joan received a pardon in 1336 and survived until 1356. She was buried beside Mortimer at Wigmore, but the site was later destroyed.
In 2002, the actor John Challis, the owner of the remaining buildings of Wigmore Abbey, invited the BBC programme "House Detectives at Large" to investigate his property. During the investigation, a document was discovered in which | 6,128,600 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
Mortimer's widow Joan petitioned Edward III for the return of her husband's body so she could bury it at Wigmore Abbey. Mortimer's lover Isabella had buried his body at Greyfriars in Coventry following his hanging. Edward III replied, "Let his body rest in peace." The king later relented, and Mortimer's body was transferred to Wigmore Abbey, where Joan was later buried beside him.
# Children of Roger and Joan.
The marriages of Mortimer's children (three sons and eight daughters) cemented Mortimer's strengths in the West.
- Sir Edmund Mortimer knt (1302–1331), married Elizabeth de Badlesmere; they produced Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, who was restored to his grandfather's title.
- Margaret | 6,128,601 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
Mortimer (13045 May 1337), married Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
- Maud Mortimer (1307after 1345), married John de Charlton, Lord of Powys
- Geoffrey Mortimer (1309–1372/6), who inherited the French seigneurie of Couhé as the assigned heir of his grandmother Joan of Lusignan, and founded a branch of the family based in France.
- John Mortimer (1310–1328)
- Joan Mortimer (c. 13121337/51), married James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley
- Isabella Mortimer (c. 1313after 1327)
- Katherine Mortimer (c. 13141369), married Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
- Agnes Mortimer (c. 13171368), married Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke
- Beatrice Mortimer (died 16 October 1383), who | 6,128,602 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
married firstly, Edward of Norfolk (died before 9 August 1334), son and heir apparent of Thomas of Brotherton, by whom she had no issue, and secondly, before 13 September 1337, Thomas de Brewes (died 9 or 16 June 1361), by whom she had three sons and three daughters.
- Blanche Mortimer (c. 13211347), married Peter de Grandison, 2nd Baron Grandison
# Royal descendants.
Through his son Sir Edmund Mortimer, he is an ancestor of the last Plantagenet monarchs of England from King Edward IV to Richard III. By Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, the Earl of March is an ancestor to King Henry VIII of England and King James V of Scotland, and therefore to all subsequent Scottish, English, and | 6,128,603 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
British monarchs.
# In fiction.
Mortimer appears in Christopher Marlowe's play "Edward II" (c. 1592) as well as Bertolt Brecht's "The Life of Edward II of England" (1923). In Derek Jarman's film "Edward II" (1991), based on Marlowe's play, he is portrayed by Nigel Terry.
Mortimer is also a character in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by Claude Giraud in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Bruno Todeschini in the 2005 adaptation.
Mortimer is a character in "World Without End" played by Hannes Jaenicke.
# References.
- C. G. Crump, "The Arrest of Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabel" (EHR, | 6,128,604 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
XXVI, 1911), 331–2
- D. A. Harding, "The Regime of Isabella and Mortimer, 1326–1330", M Phil Thesis (University of Durham, 1985).
- "Calendar of the Gormanston Register" (ed. Mills/McEnery), Dublin, 1916.
- Ian Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle', English Historical Review, cxx, 489 (2005), 1175–1214.
- Derek Pratt, "The Marcher Lordship of Chirk, 1329–1330", ("Transactions of the Denbighshire Historical Society, XXXIX", 1990).
- J. H. Round, "The Landing of Queen Isabella" (EHR, XIV, 1899)
- G. W. Watson, "Geoffrey de Mortimer and his Descendants", (Genealogist, New series, XXII, 1906), pp. 1–16.
- A. Weir, "Isabella she-wolf of France, Queen of England", (Jonathan | 6,128,605 |
441235 | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger%20Mortimer,%201st%20Earl%20of%20March | Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
ctions of the Denbighshire Historical Society, XXXIX", 1990).
- J. H. Round, "The Landing of Queen Isabella" (EHR, XIV, 1899)
- G. W. Watson, "Geoffrey de Mortimer and his Descendants", (Genealogist, New series, XXII, 1906), pp. 1–16.
- A. Weir, "Isabella she-wolf of France, Queen of England", (Jonathan Cape, London, 2005).
- "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" By Frederick Lewis Weis; Lines: 10–31, 29–32, 29–33, 39–31, 47B-33, 71–33, 71A-32, 120–33, 176B-32, 263–31
- "Preston Genealogy", by Sir Thomas Wentworth, May 1636 (MS 10,208, National Library, Dublin)
# External links.
- Wigmore Castle
- BBC "House Detectives at Large" Press Release | 6,128,606 |
441268 | Adalbert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert | Adalbert
Adalbert
Adalbert is a German given name which means "noble bright" or "noble shining", derived from the words "adal" (meaning noble) and "berht" (shining or bright). Alternative spellings include Adelbart and Adalberto. Derivative names include Albert and Elbert. The name Adalbert may refer to:
# Given name.
- Adalbert (mystic) (8th century)
- Adalbert Begas (1836–1888), German painter
- Adalbert Czerny (1863–1941), Austrian pediatrician
- Adalbert Deșu (1909–1937), Romanian football player
- Adalbert Falk (1827–1900), German politician
- Adalbert Gyrowetz (1763–1850), Bohemian composer
- Adalbert Kraus (born 1937), German singer
- Adalbert Krüger (1832–1896), German astronomer
- | 6,128,607 |
441268 | Adalbert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert | Adalbert
Adalbert Pilch (1917–2004), Austrian artist
- Adalbert Schnizlein (1814–1868), German botanist
- Adalbert Stifter (1805–1868), Austrian writer
- Adalbert von Blanc (1907–1976), German admiral
- Adalbert von Ladenberg (1798–1855), Prussian politician
- Adalbert Zafirov (born 1969), Bulgarian football player
## Royal and religious leaders.
- Adalbert, Duke of Alsace (died 723)
- Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine (1000–1048)
- Adalbert, Margrave of Austria (985–1055)
- Adalbert I, Margrave of Tuscany (820–886)
- Adalbert I of Ostrevent (died 652), abbot of Marchiennes
- Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt (1030–1083)
- Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany (875–915)
- Adalbert III of Bohemia (1145–1200), | 6,128,608 |
441268 | Adalbert | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert | Adalbert
Archbishop of Salzburg
- Adalbert of Bavaria (1828–1875), German prince
- Adalbert of Egmond (died 710), Northumbrian missionary
- Adalbert of Hamburg (1000–1072), Archbishop of Hamburg
- Adalbert of Italy (936–971), Margrave of Ivrea
- Adalbert of Magdeburg (910–981), Archbishop of Magdeburg
- Adalbert of Mainz (died 1137), Archbishop of Mainz
- Adalbert of Pomerania (1124–1162), Pomeranian bishop
- Adalbert of Prague (956–997), Bohemian missionary; born Vojtěch Slavník (see Wojciech)
- Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873), German prince
- Adalbert of Saxony (1467–1484), Archbishop of Mainz
# Surname.
- Max Adalbert (1874–1933), German actor
# See also.
- Adelbert
- Saint-Adalbert | 6,128,609 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
10th Armored Division (United States)
The 10th Armored Division (nicknamed "Tiger Division") was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In the European Theater of Operations the 10th Armored Division was part of both the Twelfth United States Army Group and Sixth United States Army Group. Originally assigned to the Third United States Army under General George S. Patton, it saw action with the Seventh United States Army under General Alexander Patch near the conclusion of the war.
The 10th Armored Division was inactivated on 13 October 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia. On 25 February 1953, the division was allotted to the Regular Army but remained inactive.
# History.
The | 6,128,610 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
division was activated on 15 July 1942, at Fort Benning, Georgia, around a nucleus of the reorganized and redesignated 3rd and 11th Cavalry Regiments.
## Nickname.
The "Tiger" nickname of the 10th originates from a division-wide contest held while it was training in the United States, symbolizing the division "clawing and mauling" its way through the enemy. Major General Paul Newgarden, the division's first commander selected "Tiger" as the winner because a tiger has soldierly qualities, including being clean and neat and the ability to maneuver and surprise his prey.
## Combat chronicle.
The 10th Armored Division entered France through the port of Cherbourg, 23 September 1944, and put in | 6,128,611 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
a month of training at Teurtheville, France, before entering combat, as part of the Third Army under General George S. Patton. Leaving Teurtheville, 25 October, the Division moved to Mars-la-Tour, where it entered combat, 2 November, in support of the XX Corps, containing enemy troops in the area. Later that month, the 10th participated in the capture of Metz. It was the first time in 1500 years that the ancient fortress at Metz fell. After fierce fighting, the 10th moved to the Siegfried Line and led the Third Army into Germany on 19 November 1944.
## Bastogne.
Combat Command-B’s lead Sherman tanks, tank destroyers and half-tracks entered Bastogne 18 December 1944. These were the first combat | 6,128,612 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
troops to reach the threatened town. CCB’s commander, Col. William L. Roberts, split his command to form a crescent-shaped arc facing eastward five miles from the city. A task force commanded by Maj. William R. Desobry went north to Noville, while a similar group under Lt. Col. Henry T. Cherry wheeled east to Longvilly. Lt. Col. James O'Hara’s group shifted southeast to Bras.
At the same time, German forces moved westward with increasing momentum. Bastogne, a hub from which seven main roads diverged, was essential to the swift movement of Rundstedt’s panzers. Before dawn of 19 December five German divisions attacked CCB. Bazooka-armed American soldiers and a single platoon of tank destroyers | 6,128,613 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
fought a column of German Panzer IV tanks on the Houffalize-Noville highway, turning them back. More enemy armor followed and with the road blocked, the battle spilled into the snow-covered fields and woods. For eight hours, CCB alone withstood multiple German attacks before reinforcements arrived from the 101st Airborne Division, which had moved into Bastogne under the screen of the 10th’s actions.
The Germans still maintained an advantage and the outnumbered Americans withdrew closer to Bastogne. The Germans sent pincers to the north and south. The night of 21 December, the pincers met and closed west of the city. In the surrounded city, the 10th assembled a mobile reserve force to strike | 6,128,614 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
in any direction.
CCB endured the cold, artillery barrages and bombing while their supplies and ammunition dwindled. Fourth Armored Division tanks finally broke through on 26 December, but CCB continued to fight until 18 January.
After the battle, the 10th Armored Division's 21st Tank Battalion and Combat Command B were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions from 17 to 27 December 1944 Battle of the Bulge. The 101 Airborne Division was also honored with the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions at Bastogne. Years after the war, General Anthony McAuliffe said "In my opinion, Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division was never properly credited with their important | 6,128,615 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
role in the Bastogne battle."
## Across the Saar.
In early February 1945, the 10th reassembled at Metz and was able to rest briefly after rejoining the XX Corps. On 20 February 1945, the 10th again attacked the German defenses. In one day, they broke the German lines, and after 48 hours, the division advanced 85 miles, overran the Saar-Moselle Triangle, and reached the Saar River. The 10th then crossed the Saar and captured Trier and a bridge across the Moselle River. The loss of this heavily defended city caused German defenses to collapse. Generals Dwight Eisenhower and Patton visited the 10th Armored Division to congratulate them.
The division raced through Kaiserslautern, crossed the | 6,128,616 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
Rhine River on 28 March 1945, and continued east. The division helped to seize Heilbronn, defended the Crailsheim Salient, and moved south to isolate Stuttgart. As part of the VI Corps the 10th crossed the Danube River on 23 April 1945. By 27 April 1945 it was one of several Seventh Army corps headed towards the Alps to seal off passes out of Germany, reaching Innsbruck, Austria by early May. By 9 May 1945, elements of the 10th had reached Mittenwald, Bavaria, where they halted. The 10th occupied southern Bavaria until September 1945. On 3 October 1945, the division sailed from Marseilles, France. It arrived at Newport News, Virginia on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, | 6,128,617 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
Virginia on the same day. The 10th Armored Division had captured 650 towns and cities along with 56,000 German prisoners.
In one week, the 10th advanced 100 miles and captured 8,000 prisoners from 26 different enemy divisions. After a four-day respite, the 10th was one of several divisions of spearheading the Seventh Army drive under General Alexander Patch into Bavaria. With rapid night movements, the "Tigers" continually surprised the Germans. German dispatches referred to the 10th as the "Ghost Division." As it drove into Bavaria, the division overran one of the many subcamps of Dachau concentration camp in the Landsberg area on 27 April 1945, earning it recognition as a liberating unit.
## | 6,128,618 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
Assignments.
The 10th Armored Division served under the following commands in the ETO:
- 5 September 1944: III Corps, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
- 10 October 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 23 October 1944: XX Corps.
- 7 December 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to VIII Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
- 16 December 1944: XX Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to First Army, 12th Army Group.
- 20 December 1944: III Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 21 December 1944: XII Corps.
- 26 December 1944: XX Corps.
- 17 January 1945: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to the XXI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 25 January 1945: XV Corps.
- | 6,128,619 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
10 February 1945: XX Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 23 March 1945: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to the XXI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 1 April 1945: VI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 8 April 1945: VI Corps.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 4,031
- Killed in action: 642
- Wounded in action: 3,109
- Missing in action: 64
- Prisoner of war: 216
# In film.
In the 2001 HBO show, "Band of Brothers", a 10th Armored Division officer, George C. Rice, played by comedian/actor Jimmy Fallon, is depicted handing out ammunition and supplies to paratroopers of Easy Company, part of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne | 6,128,620 |
441247 | 10th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 10th Armored Division (United States)
506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge.
The 10th Armored Division is also represented in the epic 1970 Academy Award-winning film "Patton". General George Patton was played by George C. Scott.
# See also.
- Kenneth Althaus
- SS "Sea Owl" – 55th AEB
# References.
- Patton's Unsung Armor of the Ardennes-The Tenth Armored Division's Secret Dash to Bastogne, Patterson, Eugene
# External links.
- 10th Armored.com home page
- "The Tigers of Bastogne"
- 10th Armored at 419th.com
- Old Tiger Cub.com
- history.army.mil 10th Armored at history.army.mil)
- 10th Armored at Lone Sentry.com
- 10th Armored at Center of Military History | 6,128,621 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
11th Armored Division (United States)
The 11th Armored Division (11 AD) was a division of the United States Army in World War II. It was activated on 15 August 1942 at Camp Polk, Louisiana and moved on 24 June 1943 for the Louisiana Maneuvers. Transferred then to Camp Barkeley, Texas on 5 September 1943, the division participated, beginning 29 October 1943, in the California Maneuvers and arrived at Camp Cooke California on 11 February 1944. The division staged at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey from 16 to 29 September 1944 until departing New York Port of Embarkation on 29 September 1944, arriving in England on 11 October 1944.
The 11 AD landed in France on 16 December 1944, crossed into Belgium on | 6,128,622 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
29 December, and entered Germany on 5 March 1945. The 11th Armored Division was disbanded in August 1945.
# Combat chronicle.
The division was activated on 15 August 1942. It arrived in England 11 October 1944 and prepared for combat with two months' training on the Salisbury Plain. The division landed in Normandy on 16 December 1944, assigned to contain the enemy in the Lorient Pocket, but the Von Rundstedt offensive resulted in a forced march to the Meuse and the defense of a 30-mile sector from Givet to Sedan, 23 December. Launching an attack from Neufchâteau, Belgium, 30 December, the 11th defended the highway to Bastogne against fierce assault.
An eyewitness account by John Fague of | 6,128,623 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
B Company, 21st Armored Infantry Battalion of the 11th Armored Division, describes the killing of Waffen-SS prisoners by American soldiers at the Chenogne massacre "Machine guns were being set up. These boys were to be machine gunned and murdered. We were committing the same crimes we were now accusing the Japanese and Germans of doing".
The division acted as spearhead of a wedge into the enemy line, and its junction with the First Army at Houffalize, 16 January 1945, created a huge trap. After the liquidation of the Bulge, the Siegfried Line was pierced, Lützkampen falling 7 February, Grosskampenberg on the 17th, and the key point, Roscheid, 20 February.
After a brief rest, the division crossed | 6,128,624 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
the Prum and Kyll Rivers, taking Gerolstein and Nieder Bettingen against violent opposition. Andernach and Brohl fell 9 March, in the sweep to the Rhine. In the swing southward to clear the Saar-Moselle-Rhine pocket, the Moselle River was crossed at Bullay and the Worms Airport captured, 21 March.
After rest and maintenance, the division drove across the Rhine at Oppenheim, took Hanau and Fulda, and headed for the Thuringian Forest, reaching Oberhof, 3 April. The offensive raced through Bavaria, Coburg falling on the 10th, Bayreuth on the 14th.
In the final drive, the division crossed the Regen river, 24 April, overran Grafenau and Freyung, and plunged toward the Danube, seizing Rohrbach, | 6,128,625 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
Neufelden, and Zwettl. The enemy put up its last fanatical resistance along the approaches to Linz, Austria, but the 11th entered that city, 5 May. Pushing onward, elements contacted Soviet forces, 8 May, the first unit of the Third Army, to meet the Soviet Red Army.
On 5 May 1945, elements of the US 11th Armored Division liberated the Mauthausen concentration camp.
The war in Europe officially ended 9 May, and the division was placed on occupational duty until it was disbanded on 31 August 1945.
# Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 2,877
- Killed in action: 432
- Wounded in action: 2,394
- Missing in action: 11
- Prisoner of war: 40
# External links.
- European Center of Military | 6,128,626 |
441250 | 11th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 11th Armored Division (United States)
y ended 9 May, and the division was placed on occupational duty until it was disbanded on 31 August 1945.
# Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 2,877
- Killed in action: 432
- Wounded in action: 2,394
- Missing in action: 11
- Prisoner of war: 40
# External links.
- European Center of Military History Order of Battle 11th Armd Division
- Thunderbolt: The Story of the 11th Armored Division (World War II unit history booklet)
- The 11th Armored Division Association
- Fact Sheet of the 11th Armored Division from http://www.battleofthebulge.org
- Hartman, J. Ted. Tank Driver: With the 11th Armored from the Battle of the Bulge to VE Day. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014. | 6,128,627 |
441269 | Teri (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teri%20(disambiguation) | Teri (disambiguation)
Teri (disambiguation)
Teri is a given name.
Teri may also refer to:
- Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a village and Union Council in Karak District, Pakistan
- Teri, Leh, a village in India
- Teries, people from Hawick, Scotland
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), an Indian research institute
- TERI University, India
- Teri (geology), a coastal dune complex in southeastern India
# See also.
- Terri
- Terry (disambiguation)
- Teresa (disambiguation) | 6,128,628 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
13th Armored Division (United States)
The 13th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II.
# History and combat chronicle.
The division was activated on 15 October 1942 at Camp Beale, east of Marysville, California.
The 13th Armored, known as the Black Cats, landed at Le Havre, France, 29 January 1945. After performing occupation duties, the Division moved to Homberg near Kassel to prepare for combat under the Third Army, 5 April. At Altenkirchen, it was attached to the XVIII Airborne Corps and prepared for the Ruhr Pocket operation. The attack jumped off at Honnef, 10 April. After crossing the river Sieg at Siegburg, the 13th pushed north to Bergisch | 6,128,629 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
Gladbach, then toward Duisburg and Mettmann by 18 April.
Shifting south to Eschenau, the Division prepared for Bavarian operations. Starting from Parsberg, 26 April, the 13th crossed the Regen river, then the Danube at Matting and secured the area near Dünzling. On the 28th, elements closed in at Plattling and crossed the Isar River. Moderate to heavy resistance was met during this drive through southern Germany. The Division smashed into Braunau am Inn, Austria, 2 May, and the command post was set up in the house where Hitler was born. A bridgehead across the Inn was established at Marktl, but the river was not crossed as orders came to reassemble north of Inn River, 2 May.
Preparations were | 6,128,630 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
made for further advances when the war in Europe ended. The 13th remained in Germany until 25 June and left Le Havre, France, for home, 14 July 1945.
The division moved to Camp Cook, California after returning to the United States. It was training in amphibious operations at the time of the Japanese surrender. The men were aware that it was an open secret that they were likely to participate in the invasion of Japan. It was inactivated on 15 November 1945.
The division was reactivated in 1947, reflagged from the 19th Armored Division, which had been 'placed on rolls,' but not actually activated, during World War II. The 19th Armored Division was eventually activated just after the war, and | 6,128,631 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
allotted to the Sixth Army area of the Organized Reserves (specifically California, Oregon, and Arizona). In 1947, the 19th Armored Division was reflagged as the 13th Armored Division at California's request. In 1952, the division was reflagged as the 63rd Infantry Division in Los Angeles, California, and thus the 13th Armored Division was finally inactivated.
# Order of battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 13th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 24th Tank Battalion
- 45th Tank Battalion
- 46th Tank Battalion
- 16th Armored Infantry Battalion
- | 6,128,632 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
59th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 67th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 13th Armored Division Artillery
- 497th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 496th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 498th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 93rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 124th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 153rd Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company. 13th Armored Division Trains
- 135th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 83rd Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
# Statistics.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 1,176
- Killed in action: 214
- Wounded in action: 912
- Missing | 6,128,633 |
441257 | 13th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 13th Armored Division (United States)
)
- 124th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 153rd Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company. 13th Armored Division Trains
- 135th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 83rd Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
# Statistics.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 1,176
- Killed in action: 214
- Wounded in action: 912
- Missing in action: 16
- Prisoner of war: 34
## Awards.
Campaigns
- Rhineland
- Central Europe
Individual Awards
- Distinguished Service Cross: 2
- Silver Star: 6
- Bronze Star: 102
# External links.
- 13th Armored Division Association
- US Army Historical Site
- 13th Armored Division Association Facebook Page | 6,128,634 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Fitzcarraldo
Fitzcarraldo is a 1982 West German adventure-drama film written and directed by Werner Herzog and starring Klaus Kinski as the title character. It portrays would-be rubber baron Brian Sweeney Fitzgerald, an Irishman known in Peru as Fitzcarraldo, who is determined to transport a steamship over a steep hill in order to access a rich rubber territory in the Amazon Basin. The film is derived from the historic events of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fitzcarrald and his real-life feat of transporting a disassembled steamboat over the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald.
The film had a troubled production. Werner Herzog forced his crew to manually haul the 320-ton steamship up a steep hill, leading | 6,128,635 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
to three injuries. The film’s original star Jason Robards got sick halfway through filming, so Herzog hired Klaus Kinski, an actor with whom he had previously clashed violently during production of “Aguirre: The Wrath of God.” Their second partnership fared no better and an extra even offered to kill Kinski. Herzog reluctantly declined.
# Plot.
Brian Sweeney "Fitzcarraldo" Fitzgerald is an Irishman living in Iquitos, a small city east of the Andes in the Amazon Basin in Peru in the early part of the 20th century, when the city grew exponentially during the rubber boom. He has an indomitable spirit, but is little more than a dreamer with one major failure already behind him – the bankrupted | 6,128,636 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
and incomplete Trans-Andean railways. A lover of opera and a great fan of the internationally known Italian tenor Enrico Caruso, he dreams of building an opera house in Iquitos. Numerous Europeans and North African Sephardic Jewish immigrants have settled in the city at this time, bringing their cultures with them. The opera house will require considerable amounts of money, which the booming rubber industry in Peru should yield in profits. The areas in the Amazon Basin known to contain rubber trees have been parceled up by the Peruvian government and are leased to private companies for exploitation.
Fitzcarraldo explores entering the rubber business. A helpful rubber baron points out on a map | 6,128,637 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
the only remaining unclaimed parcel in the area. He explains that while it is located on the Ucayali River, a major tributary of the Amazon, it is cut off from the Amazon (and access to Atlantic ports) by a lengthy section of rapids. Fitzcarraldo sees that the Pachitea River, another Amazon tributary, comes within several hundred meters of the Ucayali upstream of the parcel. He plans to investigate that.
He leases the inaccessible parcel from the government. His paramour, Molly, a successful brothel owner, funds his purchase of an old steamship (which he christens the SS "Molly Aida"). After recruiting a crew, he takes off up the Pachitea, the parallel river. This river has dangerous interior | 6,128,638 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
areas because of its indigenous people hostile to outsiders. Fitzcarraldo plans to go to the closest point between the two rivers and, with the manpower of impressed natives (who are nearly enslaved by many rubber companies), physically pull his three-story, 320-ton steamer over the muddy 40° hillside across a portage from one river to the next. Using the steamer, he will collect rubber produced on the upper Ucayali and bring it down the Pachitea and the Amazon to market at Atlantic ports.
The majority of the ship's crew, at first unaware of Fitzcarraldo's plan, abandon the expedition soon after entering indigenous territory, leaving only the captain, engineer, and cook. Impressed by Fitzcarraldo | 6,128,639 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
and his ship, the natives start working for him without fully understanding his goals. After great struggles, they successfully pull the ship over the mountain with a complex system of pulleys, worked by the natives and aided by the ship's anchor windlass. When the crew falls asleep after a drunken celebration, the chief of the natives severs the rope securing the ship to the shore. It floats down the river. The chief wanted to appease the river gods, who would otherwise be angered that Fitzcarraldo defied nature by circumventing them.
Though the ship traverses the Ucayali rapids without major damage, Fitzcarraldo and his crew are forced to return to Iquitos without any rubber. Despondent, | 6,128,640 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Fitzcarraldo sells the ship back to the rubber baron, but first sends the captain on a last voyage. He returns with the entire cast for the first opera production, including Caruso. The entire city of Iquitos comes to the shore as Fitzcarraldo, standing atop the ship, proudly displays the cast.
# Cast.
- Klaus Kinski as Brian Sweeney Fitzgerald (Fitzcarraldo)
- Claudia Cardinale as Molly
- José Lewgoy as Don Aquilino
- Miguel Ángel Fuentes as Cholo
- Paul Hittscher as Captain (Orinoco Paul)
- Huerequeque Enrique Bohórquez as Huerequeque (The Cook)
- Grande Otelo as Station master (as Grande Othelo)
- Peter Berling as Opera Manager
- David Pérez Espinosa as Chief of Campa Indians
- | 6,128,641 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Milton Nascimento as Black Man at Opera House
- Ruy Polanah as Rubber Baron
- Salvador Godínez as Old Missionary
- Dieter Milz as Young Missionary
- William "Bill" Rose as Notary
- Leôncio Bueno
- Jean-Claude Dreyfus as one of the Opera Singers (uncredited)
# Production.
The story was inspired by the historical figure of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald. In the 1890s, Fitzcarrald arranged for the transport of a steamship across an isthmus from one river into another, but it weighed only 30 tons (rather than over 300), and was carried over in pieces to be reassembled at its destination.
In his autobiographical film "Portrait Werner Herzog", Herzog said that he concentrated | 6,128,642 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
in "Fitzcarraldo" on the physical effort of transporting the ship, partly inspired by the engineering feats of ancient standing stones. The film production was an incredible ordeal, and famously involved moving a 320-ton steamship over a hill. This was filmed without the use of special effects. Herzog believed that no one had ever performed a similar feat in history, and likely never will again, calling himself "Conquistador of the Useless". Three similar-looking ships were bought for the production and used in different scenes and locations, including scenes that were shot aboard the ship while it crashed through rapids. The most violent scenes in the rapids were shot with a model of the ship. | 6,128,643 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Three of the six people involved in the filming were injured during this passage.
Casting of the film was difficult. Jason Robards was originally cast in the title role, but he became ill with dysentery during early filming. After leaving for treatment, he was forbidden by his doctors to return. Herzog considered casting Jack Nicholson, or playing the role of Fitzcarraldo himself, before Klaus Kinski accepted the role. Herzog had done considerable film work with Kinski. By that point, forty percent of shooting with Robards was complete. For continuity, Herzog had to begin a total reshoot with Kinski. Mick Jagger as Fitzcarraldo's assistant Wilbur and Mario Adorf as the Ship's captain were originally | 6,128,644 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
cast, but due to the delays, their shooting schedule expired. Jagger parted to tour with the Rolling Stones. Herzog dropped Jagger's character from the script altogether as he reshot the film from the beginning. Brazilian actor Grande Otelo and singer Milton Nascimento play minor parts.
Kinski provoked crises in the production, as he fought virulently with Herzog and other members of the crew. A scene from Herzog's documentary of the actor, "My Best Fiend", shows Kinski raging at production manager Walter Saxer over trivial matters, such as the quality of the food. Herzog notes that the native extras were greatly upset by the actor's behavior. Kinski claimed to feel close to them. In "My Best | 6,128,645 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Fiend", Herzog says that one of the native chiefs offered in all seriousness to kill Kinski for him, but that he declined because he needed the actor to complete filming. According to Herzog, he exploited these tensions: in a scene in which the ship's crew is eating dinner while surrounded by the natives, the clamor the chief incites over Fitzcarraldo was inspired by their hatred of Kinski.
Locations used for the film include: Manaus, Brazil; Iquitos, Peru; Pongo de Mainique, Peru; an isthmus between the Urubamba and the Camisea rivers, Peru at -11.737294,-72.934542, 36 miles west of the actual historical fiction, the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald.
Herzog's first version of the story was published | 6,128,646 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
as "Fitzcarraldo: The Original Story" (1982) from Fjord Press (). He made alterations while writing the screenplay.
## Deaths, injuries, and accusations of exploitation.
The production was also affected by the numerous injuries and deaths of several indigenous extras who were hired to work on the film as laborers, and two small plane crashes that occurred during the films' production which resulted in a number of injuries, including one case of paralysis. Another incident during the production included a local Peruvian logger who was bitten by a venomous snake, who made the dramatic decision to cut off his own foot with a chainsaw to prevent the spread of the venom, thus saving his own life.
Herzog | 6,128,647 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
has been accused of exploiting indigenous people in the making of the film, with some drawing similarities between Herzog and Fitzcarraldo. Michael F. Brown, a professor of anthropology at Williams College, notes that initially Herzog was on good terms with the Aguaruna people, some of whom were hired as extras for the film and for construction. Relations deteriorated, however, when Herzog began to build a village on Aguaruna land, failed to consult the tribal council, and tried to obtain protection from a local militia. In December 1979, Aguaruna men burned down the film set.
# Music.
The soundtrack album (released in 1982) contains music by Popol Vuh, taken from the albums "Die Nacht der | 6,128,648 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Seele" (1979) and "Sei still, wisse ich bin" (1981), performances by Enrico Caruso, and others. The film uses excerpts from the operas: Verdi's "Ernani", Leoncavallo's "Pagliacci" ("Ridi, Pagliaccio"), Puccini's "La bohème", Bellini's "I puritani", and from Richard Strauss' orchestral work "Death and Transfiguration".
# Reception.
The film holds an 80% Fresh rating on the movie aggregate Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7. The movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four stars in his original 1982 review; he added it to his "Great Movie" collection in 2005.
In which he compared it to films like "Apocalypse Now" and "", noting that "we are always aware both | 6,128,649 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
of the film, and of the making of the film" and concluding that "[t]he movie is imperfect, but transcendent".
# Awards.
The film won the German Film Prize in Silver for Best Feature Film. The film was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film, the Palme d'Or award of the Cannes Film Festival, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Herzog won the award for Best Director at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the West German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 55th Academy Awards, but did not make the shortlist of nominees.
# Related works.
Les Blank's documentary "Burden of Dreams" (1982), filmed during the production of this drama, | 6,128,650 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
documents its many hardships. Blank's work contains some of the only surviving footage of Robards' and Jagger's performances in the early filming of "Fitzcarraldo." Herzog later used portions of this work in his documentaries: "Portrait Werner Herzog" (1986) and "My Best Fiend" (1999). "Burden of Dreams" has many scenes documenting the arduous transport of the ship over the mountain.
Herzog's personal diaries from the production were published in 2009 as the book "Conquest of the Useless" by Ecco Press. The book includes an epilogue with Herzog's views on the Peruvian jungle 20 years later.
# Representation in other media.
The "Metalocalypse" season-two episode "Dethcarraldo" parodies elements | 6,128,651 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
of the film, including a scene where a massive ship is pulled over a mountain.
In her 1983 parody "From the Diary of Werner Herzog" in "The Boston Phoenix", Cathleen Schine describes the history of a fictitious film, "Fritz: Commuter", as "a nightmarish tale of a German businessman obsessed with bringing professional hockey to Westport, Connecticut".
Glen Hansard wrote a song entitled "Fitzcarraldo", which appears on The Frames' 1995 album of the same name. On their live album "Set List", Hansard says that Herzog's film inspired this song.
The film was referred to in the "Simpsons" episode "On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister", in which the students are forced to pull the bus up a mountain. | 6,128,652 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
Üter complains, "I feel like I'm 'Fitzcarraldo'!" Nelson replies "That movie was flawed!", punching Üter in the stomach. A later episode's title – "Fatzcarraldo" – referenced the title of the film and parodied aspects of it as well.
The Dutch artist Legowelt released the three-track "Klaus Kinski EP" in 2002, featuring a track called "Fizzcaraldo".
Canadian singer-songwriter Dan Bejar on Destroyer's 2001 album "" references the movie in the song "Virgin with a Memory".
The film was referenced in "The Venture Bros." episode "Arrears in Science", in which it was revealed visually that The Monarch's real name is Malcom Fitzcarraldo. It is also implied that his father's real name is Don Fitzcarraldo, | 6,128,653 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
a reference to Fitzcarraldo's title.
In the mockumentary Incident at Loch Ness, which represents itself as a documentary on the making of a Werner Herzog movie Enigma of Loch Ness, during an argument between Herzog and the purported producer, Zak Penn, Herzog remarks the movie is stupid, ridiculous and impossible to which Penn mutters under his breath "At least we're not trying to haul a steamship over a mountain," to which Herzog demands "What did you say?" to Penn's silence.
# See also.
- List of submissions to the 55th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
- List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
- Carlos Fitzcarrald
- Isthmus of Fitzcarrald
# | 6,128,654 |
441249 | Fitzcarraldo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzcarraldo | Fitzcarraldo
nt at Loch Ness, which represents itself as a documentary on the making of a Werner Herzog movie Enigma of Loch Ness, during an argument between Herzog and the purported producer, Zak Penn, Herzog remarks the movie is stupid, ridiculous and impossible to which Penn mutters under his breath "At least we're not trying to haul a steamship over a mountain," to which Herzog demands "What did you say?" to Penn's silence.
# See also.
- List of submissions to the 55th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
- List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
- Carlos Fitzcarrald
- Isthmus of Fitzcarrald
# External links.
- "Fitzcarraldo" at filmportal.de/en | 6,128,655 |
441299 | List of Zeppelins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Zeppelins | List of Zeppelins
List of Zeppelins
This is a complete list of Zeppelins constructed by the German Zeppelin companies from 1900 until 1938. Other types of rigid airships that are also sometimes referred to as zeppelins are not included.
The Zeppelin companies based in Friedrichshafen, Germany, numbered their aircraft "LZ 1/2/ ...", with "LZ" standing for "Luftschiff [airship] Zeppelin". Additionally, craft used for civilian purposes were usually given a name, whereas military airships were given "tactical numbering":
- The "Deutsches Heer" called its first Zeppelins "Z I/II/ ... /XI/XII". During World War I they switched to using the "LZ" numbers, later adding 30 to obscure the total production.
- The "Kaiserliche | 6,128,656 |
441299 | List of Zeppelins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Zeppelins | List of Zeppelins
Marine"'s Zeppelins were labelled "L 1/2/ ...".
Since 1997, airships of the new type Zeppelin NT have been flying. They are not included here, as they are not Zeppelins in the traditional sense.
# Zeppelins constructed during World War I.
Usage: military
This September 1917 group photograph shows these Navy Zeppelin captains: Manger (L 41), von Freudenreich (L 47), Schwonder (L 50), Prölss (L 53), Bockholt (L 57), Peter Strasser (FdL – "Führer der Luftschiffe"), Gayer (L 49), Stabbert (L 44), Ehrlich (L 35), Dietrich (L 42), Hollender (L 46), Dose (L 51) and Friemel (L 52).
# See also.
- List of Parseval airships
- List of Schütte-Lanz airships
- List of airships of the United States | 6,128,657 |
441299 | List of Zeppelins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Zeppelins | List of Zeppelins
Navy
- Rigid airship
# References.
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith Pup: Historic Military Aircraft No 6". "Flight". 1 January 1954. p. 8-12.
- (Word document) from The Last Flight of the L48, linked from Theberton and Eastbridge Parish Council History.
- Robinson, Douglas H. "Giants in the Sky". Henley-on-Thames: Foulis, 1973.
- Robinson, Douglas H. "The Zeppelin in Combat" (3rd ed). Henley-on-Thames: Foulis, 1971.
# External links.
- Airships.net Detailed information and photographs (interior and exterior), primarily about commercial Zeppelins
- eZEP.de — The webportal for Zeppelin mail and airship memorabilia
- silhoeuttes of important Zeppelins from 1900 to 1919, Lueger 1904–1920, shows | 6,128,658 |
441299 | List of Zeppelins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Zeppelins | List of Zeppelins
LZ: 1,3,5,6,8,10,13,14,18,21,23,25,26,36,40,59,62,91,94,95,100,104,113,120
- Important airship types, Lueger 1904–1920, Table 1 lists data on selected Zeppelins
- fengatesroad.com story of L21's last flight
- Luftschiffe in Tondern – illustrated list of Zeppelins stationed at Tønder
- LZ 3 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: perspective; cross-section and front elevation; exiting the hangar
- LZ 4 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: Z4 climbing; view of empennage over the water
- LZ 10 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: over the Havel river
- Z IV crew showing their Iron Crosses
- This photograph on 19 March 1918 shows 32 crew with Kapitänleutnant Friemel. Selected L 52 crew photographs: , , , | 6,128,659 |
441299 | List of Zeppelins | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Zeppelins | List of Zeppelins
airship types, Lueger 1904–1920, Table 1 lists data on selected Zeppelins
- fengatesroad.com story of L21's last flight
- Luftschiffe in Tondern – illustrated list of Zeppelins stationed at Tønder
- LZ 3 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: perspective; cross-section and front elevation; exiting the hangar
- LZ 4 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: Z4 climbing; view of empennage over the water
- LZ 10 Photographs by Franz Stoedtner: over the Havel river
- Z IV crew showing their Iron Crosses
- This photograph on 19 March 1918 shows 32 crew with Kapitänleutnant Friemel. Selected L 52 crew photographs: , , , and .
- (Luftschifferalltag Christmas celebration table under the LZ 81 in its hangar) | 6,128,660 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
Tata Steel Chess Tournament
The Tata Steel Chess Tournament is an annual chess tournament held in January in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. It was called the Hoogovens tournament from its creation in 1938 until the sponsor Koninklijke Hoogovens merged with British Steel to form the Corus Group in 1999, after which the tournament was called the Corus chess tournament. Corus Group became Tata Steel Europe in 2007. Despite the name changes, the series is numbered sequentially from its Hoogovens beginnings; for example, the 2011 event was referred to as the 73rd Tata Steel Chess Tournament.
Top grandmasters compete in the tournament, but regular club players are welcome to play as well. The Masters | 6,128,661 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
group pits fourteen of the world's best against each other in a round-robin tournament, and has sometimes been described as the "Wimbledon of Chess". Since 1938, there has been a long list of famous winners, including: Max Euwe, Bent Larsen, Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres, Lajos Portisch, Boris Spassky, Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Tal, Viktor Korchnoi, Jan Timman, Anatoly Karpov, Vladimir Kramnik, Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, Veselin Topalov, Levon Aronian, Sergey Karjakin, and Magnus Carlsen. Of the eight World Chess Champions since 1946, only the names of Vasily Smyslov and Bobby Fischer are missing. In 2001, nine of the top ten players in the world participated.
Magnus Carlsen holds the | 6,128,662 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
record for most wins at the tournament, with seven titles to his name. Viswanathan Anand is the only other player to have won the event five or more times, and also holds the record of most consecutive games played at the tournament without a loss (70 – from 1998 to 2004).
# Tournament history.
## Hoogovens Beverwijk.
The early tournaments were very small, starting with groups of four in 1938, and entry restricted to Dutch players. The first five tournaments continued this way, with the contest held annually early in January. In 1943 and 1944 the tournament field was doubled in size to eight players. No tournament was held in 1945 due to World War II. The first international tournament was | 6,128,663 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
held in 1946. The main tournament field was expanded to ten, with invitations to Alberic O'Kelly de Galway (Belgium) and Gösta Stoltz (Sweden) along with a Dutch contingent of eight.
The tournament field remained at ten until 1953 when it was increased to twelve, and an international women's tournament was also held. In 1954 the tournament field was returned to ten players, but the strength of the competitions increased. The field was greatly enlarged to 18 in 1963, and although it reduced to 16 in 1964, the event had become the strongest international chess tournament in the world .
As the tournament grew in stature, the ancillary women's tournament became a regular feature, as did a 'Masters' | 6,128,664 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
event and 'Masters Reserves' events. There also began a tradition to operate a year on year invitation policy that resembled the system used in football 'league tables'; the winner of a lesser category event would receive an invitation to the next higher event the following year.
The 1946 tournament was one of the first European international chess tournaments after World War II. Food shortages were still a problem in Europe, so the post-tournament banquet featured pea soup, inexpensive fare of the common people. In subsequent years pea soup has been served as the first course of the concluding banquet, a tradition continued when the tournament was moved from Beverwijk to Wijk aan Zee .
Winners | 6,128,665 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
of the top group:
- 1938 – Philip Bakker
- 1939 – Nicolaas Cortlever
- 1940 – Max Euwe
- 1941 – Arthur Wijnans
- 1942 – Max Euwe
- 1943 – Arnold van den Hoek
- 1944 – Theo van Scheltinga
- 1945 – no tournament
- 1946 – Alberic O'Kelly de Galway
- 1947 – Theo van Scheltinga
- 1948 – Lodewijk Prins
- 1949 – Savielly Tartakower
- 1950 – Jan Hein Donner
- 1951 – Herman Pilnik
- 1952 – Max Euwe
- 1953 – Nicolas Rossolimo
- 1954 – Hans Bouwmeester and Vasja Pirc
- 1955 – Borislav Milić
- 1956 – Gideon Ståhlberg
- 1957 – Aleksandar Matanović
- 1958 – Max Euwe and Jan Hein Donner
- 1959 – Friðrik Ólafsson
- 1960 – Bent Larsen and Tigran Petrosian
- 1961 – Bent Larsen and Borislav | 6,128,666 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
Ivkov
- 1962 – Petar Trifunović
- 1963 – Jan Hein Donner
- 1964 – Paul Keres and Iivo Nei
- 1965 – Lajos Portisch and Efim Geller
- 1966 – Lev Polugaevsky
- 1967 – Boris Spassky
## Hoogovens Wijk aan Zee.
The tournament was moved to the Dutch seaside town Wijk aan Zee in 1968.
In this period, the tournament was popularly called both "Hoogovens" and "Wijk aan Zee".
Winners of the Grandmaster A group since 1968 have been:
- 1968 – Viktor Korchnoi
- 1969 – Mikhail Botvinnik and Efim Geller
- 1970 – Mark Taimanov
- 1971 – Viktor Korchnoi
- 1972 – Lajos Portisch
- 1973 – Mikhail Tal
- 1974 – Walter Browne
- 1975 – Lajos Portisch
- 1976 – Ljubomir Ljubojević and Friðrik Ólafsson
- | 6,128,667 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
1977 – Genna Sosonko and Efim Geller
- 1978 – Lajos Portisch
- 1979 – Lev Polugaevsky
- 1980 – Walter Browne and Yasser Seirawan
- 1981 – Genna Sosonko and Jan Timman
- 1982 – John Nunn and Yuri Balashov
- 1983 – Ulf Andersson
- 1984 – Alexander Beliavsky and Viktor Korchnoi
- 1985 – Jan Timman
- 1986 – Nigel Short
- 1987 – Nigel Short and Viktor Korchnoi
- 1988 – Anatoly Karpov
- 1989 – Viswanathan Anand, Predrag Nikolić, Zoltán Ribli and Gyula Sax
- 1990 – John Nunn
- 1991 – John Nunn
- 1992 – Valery Salov and Boris Gelfand
- 1993 – Anatoly Karpov
- 1994 – Predrag Nikolić
- 1995 – Alexey Dreev
- 1996 – Vassily Ivanchuk
- 1997 – Valery Salov
- 1998 – Vladimir Kramnik and | 6,128,668 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
Viswanathan Anand
- 1999 – Garry Kasparov
## Corus tournament.
From 2000, the popular name for the tournament was more or less equally shared between "Wijk aan Zee" and "Corus".
- 2000 – Garry Kasparov
- 2001 – Garry Kasparov
- 2002 – Evgeny Bareev
- 2003 – Viswanathan Anand
- 2004 – Viswanathan Anand
- 2005 – Peter Leko
- 2006 – Viswanathan Anand and Veselin Topalov
- 2007 – Levon Aronian, Veselin Topalov and Teimour Radjabov
- 2008 – Levon Aronian and Magnus Carlsen
- 2009 – Sergey Karjakin
- 2010 – Magnus Carlsen
## Tata Steel tournament.
From 2011, the popular name for the tournament was changed from 'Corus' to 'Tata Steel'.
- 2011 – Hikaru Nakamura
- 2012 – Levon Aronian
- | 6,128,669 |
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2013 – Magnus Carlsen
- 2014 – Levon Aronian
- 2015 – Magnus Carlsen
- 2016 – Magnus Carlsen
- 2017 – Wesley So
- 2018 – Magnus Carlsen
- 2019 – Magnus Carlsen
# Event crosstables.
## 1990s.
### 1994.
The tournament was held in Wijk aan Zee along with the first round of 1994 FIDE Candidates Tournament.
## 2000s.
### 2000.
IM (2461) won Reserve Group Swiss-system tournament with the score 7/9 and performance rating 2595.
### 2001.
WGM Viktorija Čmilytė (2433) won Reserve Group Swiss-system tournament with the score 7/9 and performance rating 2616.
### 2008.
The 2008 Corus Chess Tournament took place in the De Moriaan Community Centre in Wijk aan Zee. The format of each of the | 6,128,670 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
three Grandmaster groups remained a 14 player single round robin. The participants in group A included eight of the world's top ten players (country, October 2007 rating and rank in brackets): Viswanathan Anand (India, 2801, 1), Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine, 2787, 2), Vladimir Kramnik (Russia, 2785, 3), Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria, 2769, 4), Peter Leko (Hungary, 2755, 5=), Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (Azerbaijan, 2752, 7), Teimour Radjabov (Azerbaijan, 2742, 8) and Levon Aronian (Armenia, 2741, 9). The remaining players were Boris Gelfand (Israel, 2736, 11), Michael Adams (England, 2729, 13), Magnus Carlsen (Norway, 2714, 16=), Judit Polgár (Hungary, 2708, 20), Pavel Eljanov (Ukraine, 2691, 26) and Loek | 6,128,671 |
441263 | Tata Steel Chess Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata%20Steel%20Chess%20Tournament | Tata Steel Chess Tournament
van Wely (Netherlands, 2679, 31). The average rating of 2742 made it a Category 20 tournament. The only top ten players not participating were Alexander Morozevich (Russia, 2755, 5=) and Alexei Shirov (Spain, 2739, 10).
The tournament was won by Levon Aronian and Magnus Carlsen (both scoring 8 out of 13).
Grandmaster group B was won by Sergei Movsesian of Slovakia with 9½ points, and group C by Italy's Fabiano Caruana with 10, two points ahead of his nearest rival. The Honorary group, a new category consisting of four former A group champions playing a double round robin, was won by Ljubomir Ljubojević with 4 points out of 6, ahead of Jan Timman, Viktor Korchnoi and Lajos Portisch.
## 2010s.
### | 6,128,672 |
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(Russia, 2755, 5=) and Alexei Shirov (Spain, 2739, 10).
The tournament was won by Levon Aronian and Magnus Carlsen (both scoring 8 out of 13).
Grandmaster group B was won by Sergei Movsesian of Slovakia with 9½ points, and group C by Italy's Fabiano Caruana with 10, two points ahead of his nearest rival. The Honorary group, a new category consisting of four former A group champions playing a double round robin, was won by Ljubomir Ljubojević with 4 points out of 6, ahead of Jan Timman, Viktor Korchnoi and Lajos Portisch.
## 2010s.
### 2018.
- Final blitz tie-break: Magnus Carlsen def. Anish Giri, 1½–½.
# See also.
- List of strong chess tournaments
# References.
Notes
Bibliography | 6,128,673 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
14th Armored Division (United States)
The 14th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army assigned to the Seventh Army of the Sixth Army Group during World War II. It remains on the permanent roll of the Regular Army as an inactive division, and is eligible for reactivation. The division is officially nicknamed the "Liberators".
# History.
The 14th Armored Division was constituted and added to the roll of the US Army on 28 August 1942; it was activated on 15 November in a ceremony at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas. It was organized initially as a heavy division with two armored regiments (the 47th and 48th) and one armored infantry regiment, the 62nd Infantry Regiment. It was | 6,128,674 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
reorganized from a heavy division to a light division on 20 September 1943. The reorganization saw the loss of two tank battalions from the Armored regiments, one battalion each. The 1st Battalion of the 47th Armor was redesignated as the 786th Tank Battalion and the 3rd Battalion of the 48th Armor was redesignated as the 716th Tank Battalion.
The division departed Camp Chaffee in November to participate in the 2nd Army maneuvers in Tennessee from 17 November 1943 until 10 January 1944. At the conclusion of the exercise, the division was assigned to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. The division remained at Camp Campbell until late September when it was alerted for movement to the ETO (European Theater | 6,128,675 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
of Operations) via Camp Shanks, New York where it went for final processing. Units departed Camp Campbell on 1 October and completed their arrival at Camp Shanks on the 6th of that month. After completing their processing, the division boarded four transport ships for deployment on 13 October 1944.
## France and the Alsatian Plain.
The 14th Armored Division landed at Marseille in southern France, on 29 October 1944. Within two weeks some of its elements were in combat, maintaining defensive positions along the Franco-Italian frontier. The division was assigned to US 6th Army Group on 1 November. On 10 November, the division was assigned to US Seventh Army. On 12 November the Combat Command | 6,128,676 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Reserve (CCR) was detached, and ordered to the Maritime Alps by 6th Army Group to relieve units in defensive positions there. On 15 November, Combat Command A moved north from the area of Marseille to Epinal to take part in the VI Corps drive through the Vosges Mountains, and was followed by Combat Command B five days later. Hard fighting at Gertwiller, Benfeld, and Barr helped VI Corps to crack the German defenses, the division was on the Alsatian Plain in early December. On 17 December the division attacked across the Lauter River into Germany itself, along with the other units of VI Corps, it fought its way into a heavily defended portion of the German Westwall. Due to the growing crisis | 6,128,677 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
in the Ardennes, General Eisenhower, the supreme commander, ordered the Seventh Army to stop its attack and withdraw from the Westwall, where its units assumed positions south of the Lauter River. The order was poorly timed as elements of the 14th Armored Division had penetrated deep into the German defenses, and were poised to break out into the enemy's rear.
## Operation Nordwind.
### Task Force Hudelson.
On 25 December 1944 VI Corps ordered the division's Combat Command R, commanded by Colonel Daniel Hudelson, to assemble a regimental-sized task force (TF Hudelson), to establish defensive positions along a 10-mile section of the Seventh Army line linking XV and VI Corps. It was located | 6,128,678 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
in the rugged Vosges Mountains in the area of Bannstein in France, southeast of Saarbrücken. The balance of the division was placed in Corps Reserve to protect against a Saar Valley penetration by the Germans. Additionally, it was ordered to be prepared to move to the vicinity of Phalsbourg as a counter-attacking force to stop and prevent a break-through in the XV Corps area.
TF Hudelson consisted of the division's 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, the 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and Company A of the 125th Armored Engineer Battalion. TF Hudelson was further reinforced by two VI Corps units, the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and the 1st Battalion, 540th Combat Engineers. Just | 6,128,679 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
before midnight on New Year's Eve 1944, the German Army Group G launched Operation Nordwind, the last major German counter-offensive of the war. The advancing German units were from the XC and LXXXIX Corps, attacking through the Low Vosges. TF Hudleson held only a thin line of strong points and screens. During the night and day of 1 January 1945, TF Hudelson found itself engaged by elements of five enemy divisions, the 256th, 257th, 361st and 559th Volksgrenadier. Just after midnight on the 1st, the 62nd Armored Infantry reported "enemy attack across the entire front of our battalion zone. The main effort by enemy being made on battalion left flank in the sector of C Co, by estimated 2000 Infantry | 6,128,680 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
supported by five (5) Mark IV tanks". The troops of TF Hudelson took the brunt of the German advance which had penetrated to Bannstein by day-break. The Task Force was soon overrun or bypassed by the German divisions but it managed to delay and slow the German advance until substantial reinforcements could arrive and stem the German advance. By the fourth day of the German counter-offensive it had advanced 10 miles. With pressure building during the first day of the attack, aerial observation reported a strong regimental size element moving towards Bannstein. Reinforcements were sent to Baerenthal to reinforce the VI Corps left flank and the 14th Armored Division was ordered to establish blocking | 6,128,681 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
positions. On 2 January, the 45th Division along with the attached Task Force, occupied positions to block any further penetration by the Germans. This allowed for the relief of Task Force Hudelson and its return to division control.
The major fighting between 1 and 8 January occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts. With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to Hagenau and threaten Strasbourg and the Saverne Gap by attacks at Hatten and Rittershoffen, two small villages located side by side on the Alsatian Plain. However, this, the strongest attack of Operation | 6,128,682 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten-Rittershoffen which ranged from 9 to 21 January 1945.
### Hatten and Rittershoffen.
As the fighting in the VI Corps sector intensified, the Germans committed the 21st Panzer and the 25th Panzer Grenadier Divisions to the attack with a breakthrough to Hagenau. On 9 January, German armor was able to penetrate the center of the VI Corps sector. This caused Brooks, the Corps commander, to commit his final reserve force, the 14th Armored, in an effort to stop the German XXXIX Panzer Corps advance. Ordered to take up positions in the vicinity of Hatten and Rittershoffen, the 14th assumed command and control of units | 6,128,683 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
from the 242nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 315th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division . With heavy fighting in and around the towns, success was measured in how many buildings were controlled by each side as the Americans controlled the western half of the villages and the Germans the eastern half. On 15 January, the Germans strengthened the forces in both villages with elements of the 20th Parachute Regiment from the 7th Parachute Division, and the 104th Infantry Regiment from the 47th Volksgrenadier Division. As the fighting raged, the 14th Armored found itself increasingly on the defensive with Combat Command A holding Rittershoffen and Combat Command Reserve | 6,128,684 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
defending positions in and around Hatten. Combat Command B took up defensive positions behind the Rittershoffen to Leiterswiller road.
The resupply of the division was becoming very difficult due to the constant reorganizing of forces, the evacuation of the wounded and the shrinking perimeter. Gasoline, of which almost 200,000 gallons was consumed in seven days, had to come from near Saverne 35 miles away along icy roads in blackout conditions. Mortar ammunition had run out by 15 January and the Division's G-4 notified the advanced command post that no more might be available for two weeks. Instructions were given for all abandoned German 8 cm mortar ammunition to be picked up and a method | 6,128,685 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
was devised by the Division ammunition officer to use this in American 81mm mortars. Artillery ammunition was strictly rationed after 15 January when 6,247 rounds of ammunition were expended out of a total of nearly 40,000 rounds for the entire seven days. In order to alleviate the shortage a convoy of twenty 2 1/2 ton trucks were sent to Marseilles and returned loaded with ammunition dug out of the surf and the landing sites for the invasion of Southern France. Artillery was further handicapped by the shortage of telephone wire. Poor visibility hampered air operations on both sides for most days. On 15 January the first German jet propelled aircraft was seen in the area bombing a battery of | 6,128,686 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
the 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion.
Approximately 39 American and 51 German tanks were destroyed, damaged or abandoned. Recovery of disabled vehicles was very difficult due to the complete lack of cover. Following the battle, the division's G-4 (staff officer) reported to the commanding officer that the division was still short of 62 medium tanks despite having received over 60 replacements during the month of January. The 136th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion's report for the month listed approximately 150 tanks that had been knocked out in combat, repaired and returned to the division's tank battalions. An example of this is seen in the operational reports of the 47th and 48th Tank | 6,128,687 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Battalions. At the height of the fighting the 47th reported that it had a total of 17 operational tanks out of an authorized strength of 50, all were committed to holding its portion of the line. The 48th Tank Battalion report for the same period included the comment that its tank companies were now of approximately squad strength.
The Division sustained battle casualties amounting to 104 killed, 899 wounded and 112 missing. German losses were estimated at in excess of 3,100 in total. The problem of obtaining infantry and armored replacement personnel, especially combat junior officers, was critical.
The Division's 11-day stand at Hatten and Rittershoffen allowed the VI Corps and Seventh Army | 6,128,688 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
to withdraw to prepared defensive positions. On 21 January, after the rest of Seventh Army had withdrawn to the south bank of the Moder River, the 14th and its supporting units withdrew from Hatten and Rittershoffen and moved south to join the rest of the army.
Lieutenant-General Jacob L. Devers, commanding general, 6th Army Group later commented that the Battle of Hatten-Rittershoffen "was one of the greatest defensive battles of the war." The 14th Armored Division was nominated for four Presidential Unit Citations for its actions at Hatten-Rittershofen. Of these, two were awarded. Col. Hans von Luck, who commanded the 21st Panzer Division at Hatten-Rittershoffen wrote in his memoirs "Panzer | 6,128,689 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Commander" that the battle "... was one of the hardest and most costly battles that had ever raged on the western front." These are strong, telling words from a professional German panzer officer who had fought with Rommel's famed Afrika Korps in North Africa, served two tours of duty on the Eastern Front, and led the only armored counter-attack to be attempted against the Allied beachhead in Normandy. A veteran officer who served on the staff of Army Group G during the battle wrote after the war that the American defense of the town against overwhelming odds was "heroic."
After rest, rehabilitation and defensive missions during February and early March, the division returned to the offensive | 6,128,690 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
on 15 March 1945; it drove across the Moder River, cracked through the Siegfried Line and by the end of the month, had captured Germersheim on the Rhine River. On Easter Sunday, 1 April, the 14th moved across the Rhine near Worms, protecting the long left flank of the Seventh Army and advanced against moderate to heavy opposition through Lohr, Gemunden, Neustadt, and Hammelburg where, on 6 April, Combat Command B (CCB) liberated Stalag XIII-C and the more famous Oflag XIII-B.
## Liberation of Oflag XIIIB and Stalag XIIIC.
After erecting a pontoon bridge near Worms across the Rhine on 1 April, the 14th attacked to the northeast with CCB in the lead. The initial task of CCB was to break through | 6,128,691 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
the Spessart Forest and into the rear of the German forces. The command advanced 75 miles on the first day with the lead elements reaching the town of Lohr. Approaching the town, the leading elements came under heavy small arms fire. As the infantry dismounted to clear the resistance, they and the tanks of the 47th Tank battalion experienced heavy antitank fire. The 47th lost three tanks due to the Panzerfaust.
Clearing the town, CCB continued its advance along the Main River through Sackenbach, Nantenbach (north east of Lohr) and Gemunden. As the columns continued along this route, they continued to receive heavy machine gun and mortar fire. On 6 April 1945, CCB's objective was the military | 6,128,692 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
layer south of Hammelburg and the POW camps to the south. The operational plan called for the 47th Tank battalion to advance from the north and the 19th Armored Infantry battalion to block and secure the roads to the south and east of the camps. As the units approached the camps, they came under sporadic fire from German machine guns. Entering the German lager, the infantrymen of the 19th found the prison gates and forced an opening into Oflag XIII-B where they found a large contingent of Serbian and American officer prisoners.
Elements of the 47th Tank battalion and the 94th Armored Reconnaissance battalion continued to the south and liberated Stalag XIII-C which held a large contingent of | 6,128,693 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Allied enlisted men - American, Australians, British and others.
## Liberation of Stalag VII-A.
Following the Battle of Nuremberg, the division raced to the Danube, crossing the river at Ingolstadt and passed through the 86th Infantry Division. Its mission was to secure crossings sites on the Isar River and to push on to Moosburg and Landshut. Advancing on a south easterly axis, CCA was on the division's right with CCR on the left and CCB in reserve. Facing the division were remnants of the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier and the 719th Infantry Divisions. After fighting their way across the Isar and into Moosburg, CCA entered the town on 29 April, approached Stalag VII-A and took the surrender of | 6,128,694 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
the camp garrison of over 200 men. Initial reports had listed the number of prisoners liberated as 27,000. This was wrong, there were over 130,000 Allied prisoners liberated from Stalag VII-A, the largest prisoner of war camp in Germany. The division rapidly moved eastward to the area of Mühldorf am Inn where it established two strong bridgeheads across the Inn River before being ordered to halt by III Corps. The division fired its last rounds on 2 May 1945. It was processing prisoners of war and patrolling its area when the war in Europe ended on 8 May.
## Liberation of forced labor and concentration camps.
During the divisions' advance into southern Germany, on 2 and 3 May, the 14th liberated | 6,128,695 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
several sub-camps of the Dachau concentration camp. Upon entering the towns of Mühldorf and Ampfing, units of the division discovered three large forced labor camps containing thousands of Polish and Soviet civilians. Units also liberated two additional camps nearby holding Jewish prisoners.
## CCR Rifle Company.
As a result of the shortage of infantry replacements which the European Theater was facing in late 1944, a call for volunteers was distributed throughout the communication zone for those willing to retrain as infantry replacements. This call was accepted by over 4,000 African American soldiers serving in support units. By 1 February 1945, 2,800 of these volunteers received orders | 6,128,696 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
to report to a retraining center where they received basic instruction in infantry skills and tactics. In March 1945, the first contingent of soldiers, organized into 12 platoons, were assigned to the 7th Army which organized them into three companies of four platoons each. They were organized as 7th Army Provisional Rifle Companies 1, 2 and 3 and then assigned to the 12th Armored Division. In late March, the last contingent of four additional platoons were assigned to 7th Army which organized them as the 7th Army Provisional Rifle Company 4 and then assigned them to the 14th Armored Division.
This 240 man company was assigned to the division without a command and control element, the division | 6,128,697 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
was also required to staff, arm and equip it. The division, with the assistance of Corps and Army support, was able to provide the company with its basic needs for future operations. Initially, the company was attached to the 19th Armored Infantry Battalion but it was then reassigned to CCR where it became known as the CCR Rifle Company. This outfit was mainly employed as an attachment to the 25th Tank Battalion. The company's first combat engagement took place near Lichtenfels, but it was near Bayreuth that the company received the accolade of approval from those that fought within the 14th Armored Division. In small platoon-size actions, CCR Rifle fought their way into Gottsfeld and Creussen | 6,128,698 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
helping to secure the towns. The company, when employed in less than company size, performed well. When employed as a company, the results were less satisfactory. This was a result of the way in which the companies were formed and trained, as platoons and not as a company. The unit remained with the division when it was reassigned to 3rd Army and ended the war with the 14th Armored. It was disbanded on 4 June 1945.
"Liberators" is the official nickname of the US 14th Armored Division. The division became known by its nickname during the last days of World War II when it liberated some 200,000 Allied prisoners of war from German prison camps. Among those liberated were approximately 20,000 American | 6,128,699 |
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