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441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
five years as its producer and head writer, developed the first "in-the-lens" prompter and was awarded U.S. patents for its creation. This system uses a mirror to reflect a script onto a piece of glass placed in front of the camera lens, thus allowing the reader to look directly into the camera. First used by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz in 1953 to read commercials on-camera, it soon became a staple of television news and is the primary system used with prompters today.
The first personal computer-based teleprompter, Compu=Prompt appeared in 1982. It was invented and marketed by Courtney M. Goodin and Laurence B. Abrams in Los Angeles, California. The custom software and specially-redesigned | 6,129,300 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
camera hardware ran on the Atari 800 Personal Computer, which featured smooth hardware-assisted scrolling. Their company later became ProPrompt, Inc., which is still providing teleprompting services over 32 years later. Other paper-based teleprompting companies Electronic Script Prompting, QTV and Telescript followed suit and developed their own software several years later, when computers with enough graphics power to provide the smooth scrolling text became available. In January 2010 Compu=Prompt received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for "Pioneering Development in Electronic Prompting".
# Etymology.
The word "TelePrompTer", with internal capitalization, originated as a trade name | 6,129,301 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
used by the TelePrompTer Company, which first developed the device in the 1950s. The word "teleprompter", with no capitalization, has become a genericized trademark, because it is used to refer to similar systems manufactured by many different companies. The United States Patent Office does not have any live trademarks registered for the word "teleprompter", but this does not rule out the possibility of a company enforcing the trademark without registering it. Some other common terms for this type of device are:
- Autocue (the trademark of Autocue Group Ltd, most commonly used in Commonwealth countries)
- electronic speech notes
- cueing device
- idiot board (slang)
# Modern design.
## | 6,129,302 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
Television.
Modern teleprompters for news programs consist of a personal computer, connected to video monitors on each professional video camera. In certain systems, the PC connects to a separate display device to offer greater flexibility in setup, distances and cabling. The monitors are often black-and-white and have the scanning reversed to compensate for the reflection of the mirror. A peripheral device attached has a knob that can be turned to speed up, slow down, or even reverse the scrolling of the text. The text is usually displayed in white letters on a black background for the best readability, while cues are in inverse video (black on white). Difficult words (mainly international | 6,129,303 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
names) are spelled out phonetically, as are other particulars like "Nine-eleven" (to specify that the event 9/11 should not be pronounced "nine-one-one", for example).
With the development of inexpensive teleprompter software applications as well as free Web-based teleprompter applets, many different disciplines are now using teleprompters to help them deliver sermons, deliver speeches, and to create quality audio recordings. Unlike their more advanced counterparts, these entry level products work on desktop computers, laptop computers, and even tablet computers to enable the speaker to control the rate and flow of their speech. They are also used by many different organizations and schools | 6,129,304 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
to deliver prewritten information by relative novices. They are usually called "personal teleprompters."
## Presidential (or glass) teleprompters.
In 1964, glass teleprompters appearing on either side of the lectern were used at both the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention, and by Robert F. Kennedy, at the time the U.S. Attorney General, who served in both the Kennedy and early Johnson Administrations (1961-1964), to deliver his convention speech.
Glass teleprompters function in a similar way to those used on television. Typically, a screen on either side of the speaker shows mirrored text from upward-facing floor monitors at the base of a stand supporting | 6,129,305 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
a one-way mirror at the top, angled down towards the screen. The speaker sees the text on the screen reflected in the mirror, while the audience sees what looks like a sheet of tinted glass on each side of the speaker.
## Confidence monitors.
In 1996, speakers at the "Democratic National Convention", held at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois, used three teleprompters, to the left, right and center of the speaker's lectern (as well as a fourth prompter monitor next to the paper script and embedded in the lectern itself), rather than the traditional two-prompter system, a modification subsequently adopted by both the Democratic and Republican parties for future conventions: the two glass | 6,129,306 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
teleprompters on either side of the speaker, which create the illusion that the speaker is looking directly at the audience in the hall, are joined by a third, much larger teleprompter screen, known as a 'confidence monitor', which is placed immediately below the broadcast TV cameras which are located some distance away from the convention stage on a specially-constructed broadcasting gantry. This placement of the center prompter creates the illusion that the speaker is periodically looking straight into the camera lens, and thereby appearing to directly address the audience watching the televised Convention coverage.
In 2006, speakers at the "Liberal Democrat Federal Conference", held at the | 6,129,307 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
Brighton Centre in Brighton, UK, also used a three-screen system (but this time consisting entirely of large off-stage confidence monitors mounted on poles — which are often described outside North America, together with glass teleprompters, as "autocues"), where the skill required for those using it, according to the Liberal Democrats' former leader, Menzies Campbell (2006—2008), is to move their gaze seamlessly from one screen to the other: left, centre (near the broadcast TV cameras), right and then back again. As well as helping the speaker to appear to sometimes directly address the TV audience during his/her speech, this system also allows the speaker — in another case cited, the party's | 6,129,308 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
then-new leader, Nick Clegg (2008—2015) — to abandon the podium lectern and roam the stage, speaking with apparent spontaneity but in fact constantly assisted by three large autocue screens placed throughout the conference hall. Ironically, this use of the system was adopted by Clegg to counter the oratorical success of another party leader, David Cameron (later to become British Prime Minister), who bestrode stages while speaking seemingly off-the-cuff, having memorized key parts of his speech. This multiple use of off-stage confidence monitors also dispenses with the need for glass teleprompters to be present on the conference stage, thereby reducing "stage clutter", and removes the inevitable | 6,129,309 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
restrictions on the speaker's movement and field of vision imposed by on-stage glass prompters. The disadvantage of such a system is that the provision of "giant teleprompters" becomes essential to maintaining the illusion of speaking with apparent spontaneity.
Teleprompters in India
Harish Bhimani a National Awardee in Voiceovers pioneered the age of teleprompters in India.
In his own words...
Quote
The Teleprompter has been on my wish list since way back in 1978 when I went to the US on a holiday. During this visit, a trip to the news-room of a TV channel was my top priority - certainly more than a visit to the Statue of Liberty! Being an established newscaster on TV back in India, I | 6,129,310 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
was very keen to see how the broadcasting fraternity functioned in the most advanced country in the world.
The first thing that struck him was the level of professionalism in their approach.
In a nut-shell, if you are expected to give a top-notch performance, you also received the best facilities to make such a performance possible. That is when I first saw a TELEPROMPTER!
It was a dream! No shuffling of haphazardly scribbled news items on sheets of paper! A visibly relaxed expression, with an added ease in impromptu asides! I came back to Mumbai and the daily grind, resigned to the fact that our TV was not yet ready to pamper us 'over-paid' newscasters with a teleprompter.
Unquote
But | 6,129,311 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
the teleprompter stayed with him and he managed to get the first privately owned teleprompter to India in 1992. As a performing broadcaster, he understood the requirements from the performers' perspective. With his pulse on the market, he selected components & made appropriate innovations, in order to assemble the most suitable model for the then prevailing Indian conditions - including the multi-lingual milieu, thus pioneering tele prompting in India.
Soon it was his goal to provide quality teleprompting service in order to help make any production or event run as smoothly as possible. After procuring equipment from a variety of sources, the components were selected for their unique capabilities | 6,129,312 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
n or event run as smoothly as possible. After procuring equipment from a variety of sources, the components were selected for their unique capabilities with military grade flat-panel technology and a software that meets the demands of all production environments set-up by tech savvy teleprompter operators, who easily tune in to the individual needs of clients.
# See also.
- Cue card
- A similar device called an interrotron is often used by filmmaker Errol Morris. Instead of text, a live image of the interviewer (or the interviewee) is displayed, allowing both conversation partners to look straight at the camera.
# External links.
- 2010 Engineering & Technology Emmy Awards for Prompting | 6,129,313 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
John Bell Hood
John Bell Hood (June 1 or June 29, 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood had a reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness. Arguably one of the best brigade and division commanders in the CSA, Hood gradually became increasingly ineffective as he was promoted to lead larger, independent commands late in the war; his career and reputation were marred by his decisive defeats leading an army in the Atlanta Campaign and the Franklin–Nashville Campaign.
Hood's education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in both the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U.S. | 6,129,314 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his adopted state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for aggressive leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862, after which he was promoted to division command. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm useless for the rest of his life. Transferred with many of Longstreet's troops to the Western Theater, Hood led a massive assault into a gap in the Union line at the Battle of Chickamauga, but was wounded again, requiring the amputation of his | 6,129,315 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
right leg.
Hood returned to field service during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864, and at the age of 33 was promoted to temporary full general and command of the Army of Tennessee at the outskirts of Atlanta, making him the youngest soldier on either side of the war to be given command of an army. There, he dissipated his army in a series of bold, calculated, but unfortunate assaults, and was forced to evacuate the besieged city. Leading his men through Alabama and into Tennessee, his army was severely damaged in a massive frontal assault at the Battle of Franklin and he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Nashville by his former West Point instructor, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, after which | 6,129,316 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
he was relieved of command.
After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and worked as a cotton broker and in the insurance business. His business was ruined by a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79 and he succumbed to the disease himself, dying just days after his wife and oldest child, leaving ten destitute orphans.
# Early life.
John Bell Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky, the son of John Wills Hood (1798–1852), a doctor, and Theodosia French Hood (1801–1886). He was a cousin of future Confederate general G. W. Smith and the nephew of U.S. Representative Richard French. French obtained an appointment for Hood at the United States Military Academy, despite his | 6,129,317 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
father's reluctance to support a military career for his son. Hood graduated in 1853, ranked 44th in a class of 52 that originally numbered 96, after a near-expulsion in his final year for excessive demerits (196 of a permissible 200). At West Point and in later Army years, he was known to friends as "Sam". His classmates included James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield; he received instruction in artillery from George H. Thomas. These three men became Union Army generals who would oppose Hood in battle. The superintendent in 1852–1855 was Col. Robert E. Lee, who would become Hood's commanding general in the Eastern Theater. Notwithstanding his modest record at the Academy, in 1860, Hood was | 6,129,318 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
appointed chief instructor of cavalry at West Point, a position he declined, citing his desire to remain with his active field regiment and to retain all of his options in light of the impending war.
Hood was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry, served at Fort Jones, California, and later transferred to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry in Texas, where he was commanded by Col. Albert Sidney Johnston and Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee. While commanding a reconnaissance patrol from Fort Mason on July 20, 1857, Hood sustained the first of many wounds that marked his lifetime in military service— an arrow through his left hand during action against the Comanches at Devil's River, Texas. | 6,129,319 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
He was later promoted to first lieutenant in August 1858.
# Civil War.
## Brigade and division command.
Hood resigned from the United States Army immediately after the Battle of Fort Sumter and, dissatisfied with the neutrality of his native Kentucky, decided to serve his adopted state of Texas. He joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, then was promoted to major and sent to command Brigadier General John B. Magruder's cavalry in the lower Virginia Peninsula. Hood and his horsemen took part in a "brilliant" July 12 skirmish at Newport News, capturing 12 men of the 7th New York Regiment of Volunteers as well as two deserters from Fort Monroe. They received high praise from Generals | 6,129,320 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Lee and Magruder. By September 30, the Texan was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry Regiment.
On February 20, 1862, Hood was assigned to command a new brigade of mainly Texas regiments that would soon become known as the Texas Brigade. The brigade had been initially formed the previous fall and had initially been led by ex-US Senator Louis T. Wigfall, but he resigned his command to take a seat in the Confederate Congress. On March 26, Hood was promoted to brigadier general. Leading the Texas Brigade as part of the Army of Northern Virginia in the Peninsula Campaign, he established his reputation as an aggressive commander, eager to lead his troops personally into battle, and the | 6,129,321 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Texans quickly gained a reputation as one of the army's elite combat units. At the Battle of Eltham's Landing, his men were instrumental in nullifying an amphibious landing by a Union division. When commanding general Joseph E. Johnston reflected upon the success Hood's men enjoyed in executing his order "to feel the enemy gently and fall back," he humorously asked, "What would your Texans have done, sir, if I had ordered them to charge and drive back the enemy?" Hood replied, "I suppose, General, they would have driven them into the river, and tried to swim out and capture the gunboats." The Texas Brigade was held in reserve at Seven Pines.
At the Battle of Gaines's Mill on June 27, Hood distinguished | 6,129,322 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
himself by leading his brigade in a charge that broke the Union line, which was the most successful Confederate performance in the Seven Days Battles. Hood himself survived unscathed, but over 400 men and most of the officers in the Texas Brigade were killed or wounded. He broke down and wept at the sight of the dead and dying men on the field. After inspecting the Union entrenchments, Maj. Gen Stonewall Jackson remarked "The men who carried this position were truly soldiers indeed."
When Maj. Gen. William H.C. Whiting left the army on medical furlough July 26, Hood became permanent division commander, and his command was reassigned to Maj. Gen James Longstreet's corps. While the division had | 6,129,323 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
numbered five brigades at Seven Pines, a couple of army reorganizations since then reduced it to just two—the Texas Brigade and a brigade of Mississippians commanded by Col. Evander M. Law. Also accompanying them during the Northern Virginia Campaign was the independent South Carolina brigade of Brig. Gen Nathan G. Evans, who technically had authority over Hood, his junior in rank, for the campaign. At Second Bull Run, Hood spearheaded the assault on the Union left flank that forced them to retreat from the field. Hood's two brigades lost over 1000 men in the battle, and if Evans's brigade is also counted in, the total would be near 1500 casualties.
In the pursuit of Union forces, Hood was | 6,129,324 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
involved in a dispute over captured ambulances with a superior officer, Brig. Gen. Nathan "Shanks" Evans. Evans arrested Hood, but Gen. Lee intervened and retained him in service. During the Maryland Campaign, just before the Battle of South Mountain, Hood was in the rear, still in virtual arrest. His Texas troops shouted to General Lee, "Give us Hood!" Lee restored Hood to command, despite Hood's refusal to apologize for his conduct.
During the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division came to the relief of Stonewall Jackson's corps on the Confederate left flank, fighting in the infamous cornfield, and turning back an assault by the Union I Corps in the West Woods. Afterward, they became engaged | 6,129,325 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
with the Union XII Corps. In the evening after the battle, Gen. Lee asked Hood where his division was. He responded, "They are lying on the field where you sent them. My division has been almost wiped out." Of his 2,000 men, almost 1,000 were casualties. Jackson was impressed with Hood's performance and recommended his promotion to major general, which occurred effective October 10, 1862.
In the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, Hood's division saw little action, placed in the center, between Longstreet's lines on Marye's Heights, and Jackson's lines. And in the spring of 1863, he missed the great victory of the Battle of Chancellorsville because most of Longstreet's First Corps was on | 6,129,326 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
detached duty in Suffolk, Virginia, involving Longstreet himself and Hood's and George Pickett's divisions. When he heard news of Stonewall Jackson's death after Chancellorsville, he expressed grief for the man he most deeply admired, personally and militarily.
## Gettysburg.
It was to Hood that Lee wrote on May 21, 1863 prior to the Gettysburg Campaign on their growing confidence in the Army of Northern Virginia:
At the Battle of Gettysburg, Longstreet's Corps arrived late on the first day, July 1, 1863. General Lee planned an assault for the second day that would feature Longstreet's Corps attacking northeast up the Emmitsburg Road into the Union left flank. Hood was dissatisfied with his | 6,129,327 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
assignment in the assault because it would face difficult terrain in the boulder-strewn area known as the Devil's Den. He requested permission from Longstreet to move around the left flank of the Union army, beyond the mountain known as [Big] Round Top, to strike the Union in their rear area. Longstreet refused permission, citing Lee's orders, despite repeated protests from Hood. Yielding to the inevitable, Hood finally gave in and his division stepped off around 4 p.m. on July 2, but a variety of factors caused it to veer to the east, away from its intended direction, where it would eventually meet with Union forces at Little Round Top. Just as the attack started, however, Hood was the victim | 6,129,328 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
of an artillery shell exploding overhead, severely damaging his left arm, which incapacitated him. (Although the arm was not amputated, he was unable to make use of it for the rest of his life.) His ranking brigade commander, Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law, assumed command of the division, but confusion as to orders and command status dissipated the direction and strength of the Confederate attack, significantly affecting the outcome of the battle.
Hood recuperated in Richmond, Virginia, where he made a social impression on the ladies of the Confederacy. In August 1863, famous diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote of Hood:
As he recuperated, Hood began a campaign to win the heart of the young, prominent | 6,129,329 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
South Carolina socialite, Sally Buchanan Preston, known as "Buck" to her friends, whom he had first met while traveling through Richmond in March 1863. Hood later confessed that the flirtatious Southern belle had caused him to "surrender at first sight." As he prepared to return to duty in September, Hood proposed marriage to Buck, but received only a noncommittal response.
## Chickamauga.
Meanwhile, in the Western Theater, the Confederate army under General Braxton Bragg was faring poorly. Lee dispatched two divisions of Longstreet's Corps to Tennessee, and Hood was able to rejoin his men at Chickamauga Creek on September 18. Bragg ordered him to form a "mini-corps," merging one of the brigades | 6,129,330 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
he had with him on the field with Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's division. It was then that Hood participated in the Battle of Chickamauga, driving Col. Robert Minty's Union brigade from Reed's Bridge and stopping only at Alexander's Bridge, where John T. Wilder's men fired their Spencer repeating rifles on the Confederates. As darkness set in, he chanced to have met Gen. John C. Breckinridge, former Vice-President of the United States, presidential candidate and Senator of Kentucky as well as a cousin of Buck Preston. The remaining two units of Hood's division regrouped with their commander to prepare for the next day's battle.
On the afternoon of the 19th, Hood repulsed an attack by Jefferson | 6,129,331 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
C. Davis's Union division. He then advanced to assist Brig. Gen Henry D. Clayton's outnumbered men near the Lafayette Road. Around this time, Longstreet had arrived; Hood was to be in temporarily command of the I Corps, which would serve as part of the Confederate left wing under Longstreet.
On the 20th, Hood led Longstreet's assault that exploited a gap in the Federal line, which led to the defeat of Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans's Union Army of the Cumberland. However, Hood was once again wounded severely; his right femur was fractured and his leg was amputated four inches (100 mm) below the hip. Hood's condition was so grave that the surgeon sent the severed leg along with him in the ambulance, | 6,129,332 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
assuming that they would be buried together. Because of Hood's bravery at Chickamauga, Longstreet recommended that he be promoted to lieutenant general as of that date, September 20, 1863; the confirmation by the Confederate Senate occurred on February 11, 1864, as Hood was preparing to return to duty.
During Hood's second recuperation in Richmond that fall, he befriended Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who would subsequently promote him to a more important role. He also resumed his courtship of Buck Preston—a cousin of Breckinridge's—who, despite giving him some ambiguously positive signals, dashed his hopes on Christmas Eve. Hood confided to Mary Chesnut that the courtship "was the | 6,129,333 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
hardest battle he had ever fought in his life." In February, Hood proposed again to Buck and this time demanded a specific response, which was a reluctant, embarrassed agreement. However, the Preston family did not approve of Hood, who left for the field unmarried.
## Atlanta Campaign and the Army of Tennessee.
In the spring of 1864, the Confederate Army of Tennessee, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, was engaged in a campaign of maneuver against William T. Sherman, who was driving from Chattanooga toward Atlanta. Despite his two damaged limbs, Hood performed well in the field, riding as much as 20 miles a day without apparent difficulty, strapped to his horse with his artificial leg hanging | 6,129,334 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
stiffly, and an orderly following closely behind with crutches. The leg, made of cork, was donated (along with a couple of spares) by members of his Texas Brigade, who had collected $3,100 in a single day for that purpose; it had been imported from Europe through the Union blockade. On May 12, Hood was baptized by Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk, the former Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. Colonel Walter H. Rodgers, a witness to the baptism, stated that Hood "looked happy and as though a great burden had been lifted."
During the Atlanta Campaign, Hood urged the normally cautious Johnston to act aggressively, but Johnston usually reacted to flanking maneuvers by Sherman with timely withdrawals, | 6,129,335 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
rather similar to his strategy in the Peninsula Campaign. One attempt by Johnston to act decisively in the offensive, during the Battle of Cassville, ironically was foiled by Hood, who had been ordered to attack the flank of one column of Sherman's army, but instead pulled back and entrenched when confronted by the unexpected arrival of a small detachment of that column.
The Army of Tennessee continued withdrawing until it had crossed the last major water barrier before Atlanta, the Chattahoochee River. During this time, Hood had been sending the government in Richmond letters very critical of Johnston's conduct, bypassing official communication channels. The issue came to a head when Gen. | 6,129,336 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Braxton Bragg was ordered by President Davis to travel to Atlanta to personally interview Johnston. After meeting with Johnston, he interviewed Hood and another subordinate, Joseph Wheeler, who told him that they had repeatedly urged Johnston to attack. Hood presented a letter that branded Johnston as being both ineffective and weak-willed. He told Bragg, "I have, General, so often urged that we should force the enemy to give us battle as to almost be regarded reckless by the officers high in rank in this army [meaning Johnston and senior corps commander William J. Hardee], since their views have been so directly opposite." Johnston's biographer, Craig L. Symonds, judges that Hood's letter "stepped | 6,129,337 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
over the line from unprofessional to outright subversive." Civil War historian Steven E. Woodworth wrote that Hood was "letting his ambition get the better of his honesty" because "the truth was that Hood, more often than Hardee, had counseled Johnston to retreat." However, Hood was not alone in his criticism of Johnston's timidity. In William Hardee's June 22, 1864, letter to General Bragg, he stated, "If the present system continues we may find ourselves at Atlanta before a serious battle is fought." Other generals in the Army agreed with that assessment.
On July 17, 1864, Jefferson Davis relieved Johnston. He considered replacing him with the more senior Hardee, but Bragg strongly recommended | 6,129,338 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Hood. Bragg had not only been impressed by his interview with Hood, but he retained lingering resentments against Hardee from bitter disagreements in previous campaigns. Hood was promoted to the temporary rank of full general on July 18, and given command of the army just outside the gates of Atlanta. (Hood's temporary appointment as a full general was never confirmed by the Senate. His commission as a lieutenant general resumed on January 23, 1865.) At 33, Hood was the youngest man on either side to be given command of an army. Robert E. Lee gave an ambiguous reply to Davis's request for his opinion about the promotion, calling Hood "a bold fighter, very industrious on the battlefield, careless | 6,129,339 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
off," but he could not say whether Hood possessed all of the qualities necessary to command an army in the field. Lee also stated in the same letter to Jefferson Davis that he had a high opinion of Hood's gallantry, earnestness, and zeal.
The change of command in the Army of Tennessee did not go unnoticed by Sherman. His subordinates, James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield, shared their knowledge of Hood from their time together at West Point. Upon learning of his new adversary's perceived reckless and gambling tendencies, Sherman planned to use that to his advantage.
Hood conducted the remainder of the Atlanta Campaign with the strong aggressive actions for which he had become famous. He | 6,129,340 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
launched four major attacks that summer in an attempt to break Sherman's siege of Atlanta, starting almost immediately with an attack along Peachtree Creek. After hearing that McPherson was mortally wounded in the Battle of Atlanta, Hood deeply regretted his loss. All of the offensives failed, particularly at the Battle of Ezra Church, with significant Confederate casualties. Finally, on September 2, 1864, Hood evacuated the city of Atlanta, burning as many military supplies and installations as possible.
## Franklin–Nashville Campaign.
As Sherman regrouped in Atlanta, preparing for his March to the Sea, Hood and Jefferson Davis met to devise a strategy to defeat him. Their plan was to attack | 6,129,341 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Sherman's lines of communications between Chattanooga and Atlanta, and to move north through Alabama and into central Tennessee, assuming that Sherman would be threatened and follow. Hood's ambitious hope was that he could maneuver Sherman into a decisive battle, defeat him, recruit additional forces in Tennessee and Kentucky, and pass through the Cumberland Gap to come to the aid of Robert E. Lee, who was besieged at Petersburg. However, the plan proved a failure since Sherman felt this development furthered his current objective by removing opposing forces in his path, noting "If he [Hood] will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations. ...my business is down south." Instead of pursuing | 6,129,342 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Hood with his army, he sent Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to take control of the Union forces in Tennessee and coordinate the defense against Hood, while the bulk of Sherman's forces prepared to march toward Savannah.
During their conference, Davis expressed his disappointment in Hood's performance in defending Atlanta, losing almost 20,000 men in ill-advised frontal assaults for no significant gains, and implied that he was considering replacing Hood in command of the army. After the president's departure for Montgomery, Alabama, he telegraphed Hood that he had decided to retain him in command and, acceding to Hood's request, transferred Hardee out of the Army of Tennessee. He also established | 6,129,343 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
a new theater commander to supervise Hood and the department of Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, although the officer selected for the assignment, Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, was not expected to exert any real operational control of the armies in the field.
Hood's Tennessee Campaign lasted from September to December 1864, comprising seven battles and hundreds of miles of marching. He attempted to trap a large part of the Union Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield at Spring Hill, Tennessee, before it could link up with Thomas in Nashville, but command failures and misunderstandings allowed Schofield's men to safely pass by Hood's army in the night. The next day at the Battle of Franklin, Hood | 6,129,344 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
sent his men across nearly two miles of open ground without the support of artillery in a last gasp effort to destroy Schofield's forces before they could withdraw across the Harpeth River and reach the safety of Nashville, which was only a night's march from Franklin. His troops were unsuccessful in their attempt to breach the Union breastworks, suffering severe casualties in an assault that is sometimes called the "Pickett's Charge of the West." Hood's exhausted army was unable to interfere as the Union force withdrew into Nashville. He later wrote that "Never did troops fight more gallantly" than at Franklin. Some popular histories assert that Hood acted rashly in a fit of rage, resentful | 6,129,345 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
that the Federal army had slipped past his troops the night before at Spring Hill and that he wanted to discipline his army by ordering his men to assault against strong odds. Recent scholarship by Eric Jacobson and Stephen M. Hood discounts this as unlikely, as it was not only militarily foolish, but Hood was observed to be determined, not angry, by the time he arrived in Franklin.
Unwilling to abandon his original plan, Hood stumbled toward the heavily fortified capital of Tennessee, and laid siege with inferior forces, which endured the beginning of a severe winter. Two weeks later, George Thomas attacked and completely routed Hood at the Battle of Nashville. During the battle and the subsequent | 6,129,346 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
relentless pursuit to the south, the Army of Tennessee ceased to be an effective fighting force, as the campaign cost the army about 23,500 of its initial strength of 38,000. Hood and the remnants of the army retreated as far as Tupelo, Mississippi. Some of the survivors eventually joined Joseph E. Johnston for the Carolinas Campaign against Sherman. P.G.T. Beauregard sought permission to replace Hood with Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, and the change of command occurred January 23, 1865. In a speech to his men, Hood expressed the hope that they would give their support to Taylor and avenge their comrades "whose bones lay bleaching upon the fields of Middle Tennessee." He returned to Richmond on February | 6,129,347 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
8.
## Final days of the war.
In March 1865, Hood requested assignment to the Trans-Mississippi Theater to report on the situation there and to assess the possibility of moving troops across the Mississippi River to reinforce the East. He met with Richard Taylor in Mississippi in late April and agreed with Taylor's proposal that his force should surrender. He departed to take this recommendation to the commanders remaining in the field, but before he arrived in Texas, General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered his forces, and Hood surrendered himself in Natchez, Mississippi, where he was paroled on May 31, 1865.
# Postbellum career.
After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and became a cotton broker | 6,129,348 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
and worked as president of the Life Association of America, an insurance business. In 1868, he married New Orleans native Anna Marie Hennen, with whom he had 11 children over 10 years, including three pairs of twins. He also served the community in numerous philanthropic endeavors, assisting in fund-raising for orphans, widows, and wounded soldiers.
During the postwar period, he began a memoir, "Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies". Though rough, incomplete and not published until after his death, this work served to justify his actions, particularly in response to what he considered misleading or false accusations made by Joseph E. Johnston, | 6,129,349 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
and to unfavorable portrayals in William Tecumseh Sherman's memoirs.
His insurance business collapsed during a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79. Soon after, in a single week, the epidemic killed Hood himself, Hood's wife, and his eldest daughter Lydia. His other ten children were left orphaned and penniless. The Texas Brigade Association provided support for the children for more than 20 years and all ten were eventually adopted by seven different families in Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Kentucky, and New York.
# In memoriam.
John Bell Hood is interred in the Hennen family tomb at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. He is memorialized by Hood County in Texas | 6,129,350 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
and the U.S. Army installation, Fort Hood in central Texas.
There was a John B. Hood Junior High School at 7625 Hume Dr in Dallas, TX, but it was renamed in 2016.
There was a John B. Hood Junior High School at 601 E. 38th St. in Odessa, Texas, but it was renamed in 2015.
Hood County in Texas was named after him.
Stephen Vincent Benét's poem "Army of Northern Virginia" included a poignant passage about Hood:
Private Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee Infantry "Maury Greys" wrote the following epitaph to Hood, published in various editions of his memoirs "Company Aytch":
Watkins was also sympathetic with the Texas general, and in several passages recounts the private Tennessean soldiers' honor | 6,129,351 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
of having to serve under him. While previously critical of Hood after Nashville, he later changed his opinion. In one of the "Other Sketches" of his aforementioned memoir, he offers the following appraisal of Hood:
In Bell I. Wiley's 1943 book, "The Life of Johnny Reb, the Common Soldier of the Confederacy", he recounts that after the defeats in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Hood's troops sang with wry humor a verse about him as part of the song "The Yellow Rose of Texas".
# In popular media.
In the movies "Gettysburg" and its prequel "Gods and Generals", Hood was portrayed by actor Patrick Gorman.
The basic premise of the 1988 alternate history novel "Gray Victory" by Robert Skimin is | 6,129,352 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
that Hood's decision to leave the defenses of Atlanta and make a disastrous attack upon the Union forces had cost the South its last chance to win the war.
The 2009 novel "A Separate Country", by Robert Hicks, focuses on Hood's life after the Civil War.
# See also.
- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
# References.
- Bonds, Russell S. "War Like the Thunderbolt: The Battle and Burning of Atlanta". Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2009. .
- Castel, Albert. "Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864". Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. .
- Chesnut, Mary, "Diary of Mary Chesnut". Fairfax, VA: D. Appleton and Company, 1905. .
- Davis, Stephen. 2019. "Texas | 6,129,353 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
brigadier to the fal of Atlanta: John Bell Hood." Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
- Dyer, John P. "The Gallant Hood". New York: Smithmark, 1995. . First published 1950 by Bobbs-Merrill.
- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, "Civil War High Commands." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
- Freeman, Douglas S. "Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command". 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .
- Hood, John Bell. "Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. . First published 1880 for the Hood Orphan Memorial Fund by G. T. Beauregard.
- Hood, Stephen M. "John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and | 6,129,354 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Resurrection of a Confederate General". El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. .
- Hood, Stephen M. "The Lost Papers of Confederate General John Bell Hood". El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2015. .
- Jacobson, Eric A., and Richard A. Rupp. "For Cause & for Country: A Study of the Affair at Spring Hill and the Battle of Franklin". Franklin, TN: O'More Publishing, 2007. .
- Jones, Wilmer L. "Generals in Blue and Gray: Davis's Generals". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006. .
- McMurry, Richard M. "John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. .
- Pfanz, Harry W. "Gettysburg – The Second Day". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina | 6,129,355 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Press, 1987. .
- Sears, Stephen W. "To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign". Ticknor and Fields, 1992. .
- Sword, Wiley. "The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville". Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993. . First published with the title "Embrace an Angry Wind" in 1992 by HarperCollins.
- Symonds, Craig L. "Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography". New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. .
- Tagg, Larry. "The Generals of Gettysburg". Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
- Warner, Ezra J. "Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders." Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
- Watkins, Sam, "Co. Aytch". Chattanooga, Tenn.: Times | 6,129,356 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
Printing Company, 1900.
- Watkins, Sam, "Co. Aytch or, A Side Show of the Big Show and Other Sketches". Plume, 1999. .
- Woodworth, Steven E. "Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West". Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. .
- Hood's biography in "About North Georgia"
- Hood's biography in "Handbook of Texas Online"
- JohnBellHood.org website
# Further reading.
- McMurry, Richard M. "John Bell Hood." In "The Confederate General", vol. 3, edited by William C. Davis and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991. .
- "The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies" at Making of America, | 6,129,357 |
441372 | John Bell Hood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Bell%20Hood | John Bell Hood
rth Georgia"
- Hood's biography in "Handbook of Texas Online"
- JohnBellHood.org website
# Further reading.
- McMurry, Richard M. "John Bell Hood." In "The Confederate General", vol. 3, edited by William C. Davis and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991. .
- "The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies" at Making of America, Cornell University
# External links.
- Entry for General John B. Hood from the "Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas" published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- Charging into Battle with Hood's Texas Brigade a Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History
\ | 6,129,358 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
The Senate of the Republic, () constitutionally Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union (), is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress. It currently consists of 128 members, who serve six-year terms.
# Composition.
After a series of reforms during the 1990s, the Senate is made up of 128 senators:
- Two for each of the 32 states "elected" under the principle of relative majority;
- One for each of the 32 states "assigned" under the principle of first minority (i.e. awarded to the party who had won the second highest number of votes within the state or Federal District);
- Thirty-two national senators-at-large, divided among the parties | 6,129,359 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
in proportion to their share of the national vote.
In a senatorial race, each party nominates two candidates who run and are elected "together" by direct vote. The party of the two candidates that won the second highest vote within the state or the Federal District then assigns a senator to occupy the third seat (first minority seat), according to the list of candidates that the party registered with the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE).
Senators serve six-year terms, running concurrently with the President of Mexico's "Sexenio". Special elections are rare, as substitutes are chosen at every election. Until 2018, the Senate was completely renewed every six years since senators were barred | 6,129,360 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
from immediate reelection, but Senators can now serve a second term.
# Term.
In Spanish, it is conventional to refer to each Legislature of the Senate by the Roman numeral of its term. The current session (whose term lasts from 2018 to 2021) is known as the LXIV Legislatura ("64th Legislature").
Senators are elected to serve during two legislatures of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies. Thus, current senators (who were elected in the general election of July 1, 2018) will serve during the 64th and 65th Legislatures of the Chamber of Deputies.
## Legislatures.
A senator holds office for a period of six years. for which he was elected (from September 1 of the year of its election to the 31 August | 6,129,361 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
six years later), divided into two legislatures of three years each.
From 1 September 2015 is installed LXIII Legislature, which will end its term on 31 August 2018. Senators were elected to office in the 2012 elections for a period of six years and are at their posts from 1 September of that year, therefore they will hold office from the LXII Legislature to LXIII Legislature.
# Election of senators.
## Eligibility requirements.
According to the Constitution, senators are the representatives of the nation. To be a senator, for any of the two principles of choice, you must meet the following requirements:
- Being a Mexican citizen by birth, in the exercise of their rights.
- Be twenty-five | 6,129,362 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
years old on election day
- Being from the state in the election, or neighbor of him with an effective residence of more than six months prior to the date of the election, or in the case of candidates is made by proportional representation of any of the states that as the constituency, with the same details.
- Not being active duty in the military or have control of police or rural gendarmerie at least ninety days before the election.
- Not be a secretary or undersecretary of state unless it is definitively separated from office at least ninety days before the election.
- Not be Minister of the Supreme Court unless definitively separated from office three years before the election.
- Not | 6,129,363 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
a minister of some religious cult.
## Election process.
Senators are elected for a period of six years, corresponding to two legislatures and cannot be reelected for the immediate period, although alternately.
They are elected by direct popular suffrage and secret ballot in every state of the republic. Each political party registers a list with two formulas of candidates, consisting of two owners and their alternates: the number 1 of the formula First Formula is denominated to him, and 2, Second Formula. The formula of candidates obtaining the highest number of votes is elected complete, becoming the first two senators of the entity; the third Senate seat is awarded to the candidate of First | 6,129,364 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Formula of the political party that won second place of votes or first minority.
There are also 32 senators elected by proportional representation. For this election, each political party registers a list of 32 candidates, and these are allocated by proportional representation according to the number of votes obtained by each political party in the national election.
# Governing bodies.
For their internal government has two main instances, namely:
- Board: Composed of a Chairman, three Vice-Chairpersons and four Secretaries, elected for each regular session of the House, the chairman is the President of the Senate and is the head and representative of the Chamber.
- Political Coordination | 6,129,365 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Board: Considered the true governing body of the Chamber consists of a chairman and six members, which always include the Coordinators of the different parliamentary factions of political parties represented in the Senate.
# Commissions.
For the office of legislative affairs, senators integrate into Commissions that are dedicated to a particular issue. The most important committees are those of Interior, Constitutional Issues, Defense, Finance, Justice, among others. Each senator belongs to at least three different commissions, and each committee shall elect a Chairman and two Secretaries 5 (according to the Commission) to coordinate their work.
# Sessions.
The two chambers of the General | 6,129,366 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Congress divided its exercise into two ordinary sessions, the first from September 1 to December 15 and the second from February 1 to April 30, it should be required may convene special sessions to dispatch urgent or pertinent matters.
The time between the regular sessions known as Recesses. There are two recesses that run from December 16 to January 31 and May 1 to August 31. During breaks, the Permanent Commission of the Congress is installed and serves as the depository of the legislature; It is composed of 37 members, of which 19 deputies and 18 senators are appointed by their respective chambers the day before the closing of the regular sessions.
The sessions of the Standing Committee | 6,129,367 |
441453 | Senate of the Republic (Mexico) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate%20of%20the%20Republic%20(Mexico) | Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
ure; It is composed of 37 members, of which 19 deputies and 18 senators are appointed by their respective chambers the day before the closing of the regular sessions.
The sessions of the Standing Committee are held in the Senate during the first recess and the House of Representatives in the second recess.
# Functions.
Among the most important functions of the Senate it is to ratify or reject the president's proposals regarding:
- Ministers of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
- Attorney General of the Republic
- Heads of Autonomous Bodies
- Diplomatic Representatives (Ambassadors and Consuls)
- International deals
# External links.
- Official Website of the Mexican Senate | 6,129,368 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
Legend tripping
Legend tripping is a name bestowed by folklorists and anthropologists on an adolescent practice (containing elements of a rite of passage) in which a usually furtive nocturnal pilgrimage is made to a site which is alleged to have been the scene of some tragic, horrific, and possibly supernatural event or haunting. The practice has been documented most thoroughly to date in the United States.
# Sites for legend trips.
While the stories that attach to the sites of legend tripping vary from place to place, and sometimes contain a kernel of historical truth, there are a number of motifs and recurring themes in the legends and the sites. Abandoned buildings, remote bridges, tunnels, | 6,129,369 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
caves, rural roads, specific woods or other uninhabited (or semi-uninhabited) areas, and especially cemeteries are frequent sites of legend-tripping pilgrimages.
# Reactions and controversies.
Legend-tripping is a mostly harmless, perhaps even beneficial, youth recreation. It allows young people to demonstrate their courage in a place where the actual physical risk is likely slight. However, in what Ellis calls "ostensive abuse," the rituals enacted at the legend-tripping sites sometimes involve trespassing, vandalism, and other misdemeanors, and sometimes acts of animal sacrifice or other blood ritual. These transgressions then sometimes lead to local moral panics that involve adults in the | 6,129,370 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
community, and sometimes even the mass media. These panics often further embellish the prestige of the legend trip to the adolescent mind. In at least one notorious case, years of destructive legend-tripping, amounting to an "ostensive frenzy," led to the fatal shooting of a legend-tripper near Lincoln, Nebraska followed by the wounding of the woman whose house had become the focus of the ostension. The panic over youth Satanism in the 1980s was fueled in part by graffiti and other ritual activities engaged in by legend-tripping youths.
# Associated places in the United States.
- The Black Agnes statue, formerly in Pikesville, Maryland and now in Washington, DC
- The Black Angel monument | 6,129,371 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
at Oakland Cemetery in Iowa City, Iowa.
- The grave of Captain Frances McHarry in Harrison County, Indiana
- Goat Man's Grave near Rolla, Missouri.
- The Lake View Public School, also known as the Gore Orphanage, near Cleveland, Ohio
- Our Lady of the Angels School in Chicago, Illinois and its Fire Memorial in nearby Queen of Heaven Cemetery.
- Ong's Hat
- The Myrtle Hill Cemetery in Medina County, Ohio
- The Pope Lick Trestle in Louisville, Kentucky, home to the satyr-like Pope Lick Monster
- Hexenkopf Rock in Williams Township, Pennsylvania
- Rehmeyer's Hollow in Shrewsbury, Pennsylvania
- The Waverly Hills Sanatorium, an abandoned hospital for tuberculosis victims, in Louisville, | 6,129,372 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
Kentucky
- Old Louisville, reported to be the most haunted neighborhood in the United States
- Sweet Hollow Road and Mount Misery Road in Huntington, New York
- The New Jersey Pine Barrens, said to be home to the Jersey Devil
- Mudhouse Mansion in Fairfield County, Ohio
- The Baird Chair monument in Kirksville, Missouri
- The Hornet Spook Light twelve miles southwest of Joplin, Missouri
- Stull Cemetery in Stull, Kansas, claimed to be a "gateway to Hell"
- Old Alton Bridge south of Denton, Texas
- Bunny Man Bridge in Clifton, Virginia
- Manteno State Hospital in Manteno, Illinois
- Devil's Tramping Ground south of Siler City, North Carolina, near Harper's Crossroads.
# See also.
- | 6,129,373 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
Bloody Mary (folklore)
- Ghost hunting
- Haunted house
- La Llorona
- Siguanaba (Salvadoran Folklore)
- "Stand by Me" (film)
- The Devil's Chair (urban legend)
- "Picnic at Hanging Rock"
- Urban legend
# References.
- "Aliens, Ghosts, and Cults: Legends We Live", by Bill Ellis (2001)
- "Legend trip", entry in "American Folklore: An Encyclopedia", ed. Jan Harold Brunvand (1996)
- "Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture", by Bill Ellis (2004)
- "Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media", by Bill Ellis (2000)
- "What's in a coin?: Reading the Material Culture of Legend Tripping and Other Activities (2007), by Donald H. Holly and Casey E. Cordy. | 6,129,374 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
The Journal of American Folklore 120 (477):335-354.
- "What is Legend Tripping?": Robinson, Robert C. "Legend Tripping: The Ultimate Family Experience 2014. IBN 978-1-889137-60-
# Further reading.
- Bill Ellis. "Aliens Ghosts and Cults, Legends we Live." 2001.
- Bill Ellis. "Raising the Devil, Satanism, New Religions and the Media." 2000.
- Michael Kinsella. "Legend-Tripping Online: Supernatural Folklore and the Search for Ong's Hat." (2011)
- Kobrowski, Nicole "Encyclopedia of Haunted Indiana" 2008.
- Robinson, Robert C. "Legend Tripping: The Ultimate Family Experience 2014.
# External links.
- "The Legend Trippers Journal"
- "Legend Tripping in Ohio: The Gore Orphanage"
- "The Mill: | 6,129,375 |
441464 | Legend tripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend%20tripping | Legend tripping
1.
- Bill Ellis. "Raising the Devil, Satanism, New Religions and the Media." 2000.
- Michael Kinsella. "Legend-Tripping Online: Supernatural Folklore and the Search for Ong's Hat." (2011)
- Kobrowski, Nicole "Encyclopedia of Haunted Indiana" 2008.
- Robinson, Robert C. "Legend Tripping: The Ultimate Family Experience 2014.
# External links.
- "The Legend Trippers Journal"
- "Legend Tripping in Ohio: The Gore Orphanage"
- "The Mill: Trip to a Ghost Site in Manassas, Virginia"
- "Plains Folk: Legend Tripping"
- The Waverly Hills Sanatorium
- Weird New Jersey
- Weird US
- Ohio Trespassers - Ohio legends & Waverly Hills
- Ghosts of Old Louisville
- The Journal of Folklore Research | 6,129,376 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
Second Cup
Second Cup Coffee Co., also known as "Les cafés Second Cup'′ is a Canadian coffee roaster and retailer which operates more than 300 cafes nationwide. Its headquarters are in Mississauga, Ontario. Its stores sell hot and cold beverages, pastries, snacks, pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers. It competes with Starbucks, Tim Hortons and McDonald's, which also feature espresso-based specialty drinks.
Second Cup has expanded its franchises to the United States, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Finland, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Angola, Ghana, Lithuania, | 6,129,377 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
Romania, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Philippines, Bangladesh and Poland.
Tassimo Second Cup beverages were launched in September 2012. Tassimo T65 are now sold at every Second Cup location.
# History.
Second Cup was founded in 1975 by Tom Culligan and Frank O'Dea in Toronto, Canada. Culligan eventually purchased O'Dea's shares. After building it to a 150-store chain, he sold it in 1988 to Michael Bregman.
As chairman and CEO, Khalil Al Gawad took Second Cup public in 1993 and in 2002, sold the company to Cara Operations Limited.
In November 2006, Cara sold it to Dinecorp Hospitality, which was controlled by former Cara CEO Gabe Tsampalieros, who became chairman of Second Cup. Tsampalieros | 6,129,378 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
died on March 11, 2009. The trademark rights were subsequently split between Canada (The Second Cup Ltd.) and international (The Second Cup Coffee Company Inc.). Stacey Mowbray was head of the Canadian company and Jim Ragas leads the international company. Stacey Mowbrey, Second Cup CEO from 2008-2014, claimed that Second Cup was in “growth mode.” One of her goals was to obtain environmental and fair trade certifications for every coffee blend on the Second Cup menu.
Second Cup was featured in an episode of Undercover Boss (Canadian TV series) which aired in March 2012 on the W Network. The episode is under CEO Stacey Mowbray's direction. She demonstrates her effort to inspire change from the | 6,129,379 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
perspective of her frontline employees, and promote Second Cup's image as a company that cares and provides the best café experience. In April 2015, Second Cup launched Rewards program, which allow its users to earn points using a mobile app.
Alix Box was the CEO and president at The Second Cup Ltd. from 2014 until suddenly leaving in May 2017. She was temporarily replaced by Garry MacDonald.
On April 12, 2018, The Second Cup Ltd.(TSX:SCU) board chairman Michael Bregman announced an agreement with National Access Cannabis Corp. to develop and convert a network of recreational pot stores. This would mean turning Second Cup locations into Recreational Cannabis dispensaries in western Canada, | 6,129,380 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
there will be no cannabis related products sold at any Second Cup Cafes. This strategic alliance is an opportunity for Second Cup to leverage its valuable real estate assets to drive value for the franchisees, and does not change plans to grow the Second
Cup brand and sales through new product innovation, and by opening new cafés across Canada.
In August 2018, the company was already considering which of its locations in Ontario might be suitable as cannabis retail stores as an alternative to their current use, in conjunction with National Access Cannabis. (Recreational use of Cannabis in Canada was to be legal as of 17 October 2018 and Ontario planned to allow retailers to sell the product | 6,129,381 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
starting 1 April 2019.) The plan was conditional on Second Cup receiving the necessary licence from the province and approval from franchisees and landlords.
# Second Cup coffee.
## Coffee bean production.
During the harvesting process, Second Cup accepts two methods of coffee cherry processing to separate the coffee bean from the cherry. The first process is called dry or unwashed. The cherries are sun dried and then milled to remove the outside layers. The resulting coffee has greater body and less acidity. The second process is called wet or washed whereby the seeds are squished out from the skin of the cherry. The seeds are then soaked in a fermentation tank to remove the outside layers. | 6,129,382 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
The resulting coffee is consistent and more acidic.
In the coffee roasting process, Second Cup uses batch roasting, small batches of 100–200 kg of seeds being placed in individual roasters. This method ensures greater quality control compared to other methods such as continuous roasting.
## Coffee bean regions.
Second Cup's coffee portfolio consists of five different categories organized by region and whether there is added flavor. The categories are called: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Multi-Region, and Flavored. Second Cup receives coffee blends from a wide range of countries.
Panama is Central America's smallest coffee-growing country, and Second Cup's El Toucan blend is harvested | 6,129,383 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
from the volcanic mountain of Panama. Colombia has 12% of the world's coffee supply and is where Second Cup gets its San Agustin blend from. Second Cup's Fazenda Vista Alegre blend is from Brazil.
# Rainforest Alliance.
The Rainforest Alliance is an international non-profit organization that works to conserve biodiversity and promote the fair treatment of workers. Rainforest Alliance Certified coffee farms must meet standards that include the protection of farms, soils, waterways, and wildlife; the workers are in safe working conditions; and the workers enjoy good housing, medical care, and access to schools for their children. 80% of Second Cup coffees are Rainforest Alliance Certified. CEO | 6,129,384 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
Stacey Mowbrey's goal is to obtain environmental and fair trade certifications for every blend on Second Cup's menu. The following certifications will allow this goal to be reached.
As of fall 2011, Second Cup offers 10 Whole Leaf Tea Blends and Herbal Tisanes that are Fair Trade Certified. These include: Earl Grey tea, English breakfast tea, English Breakfast Decaffeinated, green tea, Jasmine tea, Chai tea, Wildberry, Chamomile tea, Mint tea, and Holiday Blend.
# Second Cup firebombing incident.
In 2001, Rhéal Mathieu, a member of Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) who in 1967 was sentenced to nine years in prison for terrorist activities including murder, was convicted of firebombing three | 6,129,385 |
441474 | Second Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20Cup | Second Cup
prison for terrorist activities including murder, was convicted of firebombing three Second Cup locations in Montreal. The responsibility for the bombings was claimed by the "Brigade d'autodéfense du français" (BAF) (translated as Self Defence Brigade of French). BAF claimed it had targeted the stores because of the company's use of its incorporated English name "Second Cup" demanding inclusion of French in the name of the business. After the media coverage of the fire bombings, many Second Cup locations in Quebec changed their signs to "Les cafés Second Cup".
# See also.
- Van Houtte
- List of coffeehouse chains
# External links.
- Second Cup (Canada)
- MySecondCup.com (International) | 6,129,386 |
441493 | IIM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IIM | IIM
IIM
IIM may refer to:
- Indian Institutes of Management, a group of 20 schools of management in India
- Alternative name for Mexican pop group Flans for 2002 revival, from initials of names Ivonne, Ilse and Mimí
- IPTC Information Interchange Model, a standard for embedding metadata in images
- IC Identification Module, a unit in some NXP (formerly Freescale) microprocessors
- Indian Institute of Metals, Indian professional body
- Institute of Interim Management, UK professional body
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Institute of Investigation in Materials, Mexican professional body
- Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy
# See also.
- Iim, a biblical city | 6,129,387 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Thomas () is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and, together with Saint John, Water Island, Hassel Island, and Saint Croix, a former Danish colony, form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie. As of the 2010 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634, about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of .
# History.
## Pre-colonial history.
The island was originally settled around 1500 BC by the Ciboney people. They were later replaced by the | 6,129,388 |
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Arawaks and then the Caribs. Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1493 on his second voyage to the New World.
## Danish and German colonial period.
The Dutch West India Company established a post on Saint Thomas in 1657. The first congregation was the St. Thomas Reformed Church, which was established in 1660 and was associated with the Dutch Reformed Church.
Denmark-Norway's first attempt to settle the island in 1665 failed. However, the Danes did resettle St. Thomas in 1671, under the sponsorship of the Glueckstadt Co., later the Danish West India Company. The first slave ships arrived in 1673, and St. Thomas became a slave market. The island became a Danish crown colony in 1754, and | 6,129,389 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
was granted free port status in 1764.
The land was divided into plantations and sugarcane production became the primary economic activity. As a result, the economies of Saint Thomas and the neighboring islands of Saint John and Saint Croix became highly dependent on slave labor and the slave trade. In 1685, the "Brandenburgisch-Africanische Compagnie" took control of the slave trade on Saint Thomas, and for some time the largest slave auctions in the world were held there.
Saint Thomas's fine natural harbor became known as "Taphus" for the drinking establishments located nearby. ("Tap Hus" translates as "rum shop" or "tap house" referring to the drinking establishments.) In 1691, the primary | 6,129,390 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
settlement there was renamed Charlotte Amalie in honor of the wife of Denmark's King Christian V. It was later declared a free port by Frederick V. In December 1732, the first two of many Moravian Brethren missionaries came from Herrnhut Saxony in present-day Germany to minister to them. Distrusted at first by the white masters, they lived among the slaves and soon won their confidence.
From 1796 a small Jewish community developed in Charlotte Amalie. It established a historic synagogue, Beracha Veshalom Vegmiluth Hasidim, the oldest synagogue in continuous use anywhere in the United States or its external territories.
The first British invasion and occupation of the island occurred in 1801. | 6,129,391 |
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The islands were returned to Denmark in 1802, under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens. Fire destroyed hundreds of homes in Charlotte Amalie in 1804.
The second British occupation of the island occurred from 1807-1815, after the Invasion of the Danish West Indies (1807), during which they built Fort Cowell on Hassel Island.
While the sugar trade had brought prosperity to the island's free citizens, by the early 19th century Saint Thomas was in decline. The continued export of sugar was threatened by hurricanes, drought, and American competition. Following the Danish Revolution of 1848, slavery was abolished and the resulting rise in labor costs further weakened the position of Saint Thomas's | 6,129,392 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
sugar producers.
Given its harbors and fortifications, Saint Thomas still retained a strategic importance, and thus, in the 1860s, during the American Civil War and its aftermath, the United States government considered buying the island and its neighbors from Denmark for $7.5 million. However, the proponents of the purchase failed to gain legislative support for the bid.
## Freedom of the press.
As the islands were poorly managed by the Danes, a local islander, David Hamilton Jackson, was instrumental in persuading the Danish to allow the US to purchase the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix. In 1915, he traveled to Denmark and convinced the King of Denmark to allow freedom | 6,129,393 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
of the press in the islands. He began the first newspaper in the islands, known as "The Herald". After this, he organized labor unions among the islanders for better working conditions. The islands now have an annual celebration in November to honor the legacy of David Hamilton Jackson.
## United States acquisition.
In 1917, Saint Thomas was purchased (along with Saint John and Saint Croix) by the United States for $25 million in gold ($ million today), as part of a defensive strategy to maintain control over the Caribbean and the Panama Canal during the First World War. The transfer occurred on March 31, 1917, behind Fort Christian before the barracks that now house the Legislature of the | 6,129,394 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S Virgin Islands. The baccalaureate service for the transfer was held at the St. Thomas Reformed Church as it was identified as the American church in the Danish West Indies.
The United States granted citizenship to the residents in 1927. The U.S. Department of the Interior took over administrative duties in 1931. American forces were based on the island during the Second World War. In 1954, passage of the U.S. Virgin Islands Organic Act officially granted territorial status to the three islands, and allowed for the formation of a local senate with politics dominated by the American Republican and Democratic parties. Full home rule was achieved in 1970.
The post-war era also saw the rise | 6,129,395 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
of tourism on the island. With relatively cheap air travel and the American embargo on Cuba, the numbers of visitors greatly increased. Despite natural disasters such as Hurricane Hugo (1989) and Hurricanes Luis and Marilyn (1995), the island's infrastructure continues to improve as the flow of visitors continues. Hotels have been built from the West End to the East End.
# Geography.
The island has a number of natural bays and harbors including Magens Bay, Great Bay, Jersey Bay, Long Bay, Fortuna Bay, and Hendrik Bay. Passenger ships dock and anchor in Long Bay, near Charlotte Amalie. Ships dock at Havensight Pier. Red Hook is an unofficial "town" located on the East End subdistrict.
# Demographics.
Saint | 6,129,396 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Thomas is divided into the following subdistricts (with population as per the 2010 U.S. Census):
- 1. Charlotte Amalie (pop. 18,481) Charlotte Amalie town (pop. 10,354)
- 2. East End (pop. 8,403)
- 3. Northside (pop. 10,049)
- 4. Southside (pop. 5,411)
- 5. Tutu (pop. 6,867)
- 6. Water Island (pop. 182)
- 7. West End (pop. 2,241)
# Transportation.
The island is serviced by the Cyril E. King International Airport.
Passenger and limited car-ferry services to neighboring islands such as Water Island, Saint John, Saint Croix, and the British Virgin Islands run regularly out of the Red Hook Terminal, Charlotte Amalie, and Crown Bay Marina.
The United States Virgin Islands is the only place | 6,129,397 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
under United States jurisdiction where the rule of the road is to drive on the left. This was inherited from what was the then-current Danish practice at the time of the American acquisition in 1917. However, because Saint Thomas is a U.S. territory, most cars are imported from the mainland United States and therefore the steering column is located on the left side of the vehicle.
The island has many regular taxis from compact size to large vans, as well as open-air, covered trucks called "safaris" with bench seats. The latter usually operate only between high-traffic points, e.g., cruise-ship terminals at Havensight and Crown Bay and downtown Charlotte Amalie.
# Education.
St. Thomas-St. | 6,129,398 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
John School District operates public schools on Saint Thomas.
Private schools:
- Antilles School (www.antilles.vi)
- Virgin Islands Montessori School & International Academy
- Calvary Christian Academy
Parochial schools:
- All Saints Cathedral School
- Saints Peter & Paul Catholic School
- Weslyan Academy Bible School
Colleges and universities:
- University of the Virgin Islands
# Notable people.
- Alton Augustus Adams − first African-American band master for the United States Navy
- Jabari Blash - Baseball player, outfielder for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
- Edward Wilmot Blyden − ambassador, an Igbo in Diaspora, is credited in some history books as having laid the foundation | 6,129,399 |
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