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441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
time employment and outsourcing. In some countries, including Brazil, there is a wage gap between temporary and permanent workers, but this is due to violations of legislation that specify equal wage determination. In other countries, prohibitions are placed on temporary employment in fields such as agriculture, construction, and non-core employment. In Mexico, a temporary employee is, "prohibited to perform the same work as regular employee", making temporary work illegal.
Gig economy-based temporary work is prevalent around the world. Uber, for example, operates in North, Central, and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, East, South, and Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. | 6,129,200 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
Airbnb advertises listings in 191 countries around the world with the most in Europe.
The desire to market flexible, adaptable temporary workers has become a driving, monetary oriented objective of the temporary work industry. This has caused individual agencies to adopt practices that focus on competition with other firms, that promote "try before you buy" practices and that maximize their ability to produce a product: the temporary worker. Through this process, the ideal temporary worker has today become largely imagined, produced and marketed by temporary agencies.
# Agencies.
The role of a temp agency is as a third party between client employer and client employee. This third party handles | 6,129,201 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
remuneration, work scheduling, complaints, taxes, etc. created by the relationship between a client employer and a client employee. Client firms request the type of job that is to be done, and the skills required to do it. Client firms can also terminate an assignment and are able to file a complaint about the temp. Work schedules are determined by assignment, which is determined by the agency and can last for an indeterminate period of time, extended to any point and cut short. Because the assignments are temporary, there is little incentive to provide benefits and the pay is low in situations where there is a lot of labor flexibility. (Nurses are an exception to this as there is currently | 6,129,202 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
a shortage). Workers can refuse assignment but risk going through an indeterminate period of downtime since work is based on availability of assignments, which the agency cannot "create" only fill.
Whether the work comes through an independent gig economy source or a temp agency, when a temporary employee agrees to an assignment, they receive instructions pertaining to the job. The agency also provides information on correct work attire, work hours, wages, and whom to report to. If a temporary employee arrives at a job assignment and is asked to perform duties not described when they accepted the job, they may call an agency representative for clarification. If they choose not to continue on | 6,129,203 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
the assignment based on these discrepancies, they will most likely lose pay and may undermine chances at other job opportunities. However, some agencies guarantee an employee a certain number of hours pay if, once the temporary employee arrives, there is no work or the work isn't as described. Most agencies do not require an employee to continue work if the discrepancies are enough to make it difficult for the employee to actually do the work.
A "temporary work agency" may have a standard set of tests to judge the competence of the secretarial or clerical skills of an applicant. An applicant is hired based on their scores on these tests, and is placed into a database. Companies or individuals | 6,129,204 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
looking to hire someone temporarily contact the agency and describe the skill set they are seeking. A temporary employee is then found in the database and is contacted to see if they would be interested in taking the assignment.
It is up to the temporary employee to keep in constant contact with the agency when not currently working on an assignment; by letting the agency know that they are available to work they are given priority over those who may be in the agency database who have not made it clear that they are ready and willing to take an assignment. A temp agency employee is the exclusive employee of the agency, not of the company in which they are placed (although subject to legal dispute). | 6,129,205 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
The temporary employee is bound by the rules and regulations of the temp agency, even if they contrast with those of the company in which they are placed.
## Benefits for client firms.
There are a number of reasons as to why a firm utilizes temp agencies. They provide employers a way to add more workers for a short term increase in the workforce. Using temps allows firms to replace a missing regular employee. A temp worker's competency and value can be determined without the inflexibility of hiring a new person and seeing how they work out. Utilizing temp workers can also be a way of not having to pay benefits and the increased salaries of a regular employees. A firm can also use temp workers | 6,129,206 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
to vary compensation in what would normally be an illegal or impossible manner. The role of temp workers in the work space can also have the effects of coercing regular employees into taking more work for less pay. Additionally, temp workers are less likely to sue over mistreatment, which allows firms to reduce the costs of employment in high-stress, regulated jobs.
## Growth of temporary staffing.
Temp agencies are a growing part of industrial economies. From 1961-1971 the number of employees sent out by temporary staffing agencies increased by 16 percent. Temporary staffing industry payrolls increased by 166 percent from 1971 to 1981, and 206 percent from 1981 to 1991, and 278 percent from | 6,129,207 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
1991 to 1999. The temporary staffing sector accounted for 1 out of 12 new jobs in the 90's. In 1996, $105 billion, worldwide, in staffing agency revenues. By 2008, $300 billion was generated, worldwide, in revenues for staffing agencies. The Temporary Staffing Industry accounts for 16% of job growth in the U.S. since the great recession ended, even though it only accounts for 2% of all-farm jobs.
This growth has occurred for a number of reasons. Demand in temporary employment can be primarily attributed to demand by employers and not employees A large driver of demand was in European labor market. Previously, temporary employment agencies were considered quasi-legal entities. This reputation | 6,129,208 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
shied potential client employers away. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, there would be shift predominated by legal protections and closer relationships with primary employers. This combined with the tendency for growth of the TSI in countries where there are strict regulations on dismissal of hired employees but loose regulations on temporary work, growth is much faster compared to industrialized nations without these labor conditions.
## Abuse in the temporary staffing industry.
Staffing agencies are prone to improper behavior just like any other employer. There have been cases of some temp agencies that have created and reinforced an ethnic hierarchy that determines who gets | 6,129,209 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
what jobs.
Temps have been told to be a "guest" and not a worker, which can lead to worker exploitation. One ramification is that temps have to deal with sexual harassment and are sometimes encouraged not to report it, and in some rare cases encouraged to make themselves "sexually available".
An additional ramification of temp workers "guest" status is being at the bottom of the workplace hierarchy which is visually identifiable on ID cards, in different colored uniforms, as well as the encouragement of more "provocative dress". Their "guest" status often means temp workers are unable to access on-site workplace accommodations and aren't included in meetings despite the length of their time | 6,129,210 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
working at the client firm.
This is all compounded by a work system in which temps must file complaints about clients through the temp agencies which, often enough, not only disqualifies them from another assignment at that firm, it disqualifies them from receiving an assignment from that temporary agency upon review. Since a client firm is harder to replace than a client employee, and there is no disincentive to not giving a complaining employee an assignment, there is an incentive for agencies to find employees who are willing to go along with the conditions of client firms, as opposed to severing ties with firms that routinely violate the law.
# Occupational safety and health.
Temporary | 6,129,211 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
workers are at a high risk of being injured or killed on the job. In the US, 829 fatal injuries (17% of all occupational fatalities) occurred among contract workers in 2015. Studies have also shown a higher burden of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses among temporary workers compared to those in standard employment arrangements. There are many possible contributing factors to the high rates of injuries and illnesses among temporary workers. They are often inexperienced and assigned to hazardous jobs and tasks, may be reluctant to object to unsafe working conditions or to advocate for safety measures due to fear of job loss or other repercussions, and they may lack basic knowledge | 6,129,212 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
and skills to protect themselves from workplace hazards due to insufficient safety training. According to a joint guidance document released by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), both staffing agencies and host employers (i.e., the clients of staffing agencies) are responsible for providing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment for temporary workers. Collaborative and interdisciplinary (e.g., epidemiology, occupational psychology, organizational science, economics, law, management, sociology, labor health and safety) research and intervention efforts are needed to protect and promote the | 6,129,213 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
occupational safety and health of temporary workers.
# Pros and cons.
## Pros.
- Easy hire: Those meeting technical requirements for the type of work are often virtually guaranteed a job without a selection process. In this sense, it could be argued that it would be easier to find work as a temporary worker. Also, in some cases, agencies will hire temporary workers without submission of a résumé or an interview
- Potential for flexible hours which can lead to happier employees
- There is an opportunity to gain experience—companies are all unique, so the temporary worker will be exposed to a plethora of different situations and office procedures
- There are companies that do not hire internally | 6,129,214 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
and use these staffing services only. They are a good gateway to get employment with a certain company.
- Try Before You Buy-Temporary staff allowing a business to 'TRY' a worker as part of their team and to confirm that they are the perfect fit before taking them on board long-term, if needed.
- Temporary work can be extremely lucrative for those in less wealthy countries.
- Temporary work with internet of things-based companies offer a source of supplemental income.
- Temporary work may be a way in which someone who has retired can re-enter the workforce.
## Cons.
Workers, scholars, union organisers and activists have identified many cons associated with temporary work, and more recently | 6,129,215 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
the gig economy. These include:
- Lack of control over working hours and the potential for immediate termination for refusing an assigned schedule.
- Positions often are with high turnover rates. Research suggests that plants choose temporary workers over permanent ones when they expect output to fall, which allows them to avoid costs associated with laying off permanent employees
- "Lack of reference" as many employers of experienced job positions do not consider work done for a temporary agency as sufficient on a résumé.
- In the United States, the gradual replacement of workers by temporary workers resulted in millions of workers being employed in low-paid temporary jobs.
- In the US, | 6,129,216 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
the hourly wage paid to a temporary worker is 75% to 80% of what direct-hire employees are paid. Additionally, they often receive few or no employment benefits, such as health insurance, and seldom become full-time employees from their temporary positions.
- Unlike temporary workers hired through a staffing agency, many people in the gig economy don't report their income to the IRS, resulting in an estimated $214.6 billion in the United States alone of unreported income. This can result in fines or jail time.
- In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, temporary workers often suffer from overworking.
- The temporary workforce can become oversaturated, leading to other issues such as wage deflation.
- | 6,129,217 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
When a company hires internationally, there is no legal precedent for using the laws of either the hiring company's country of origin or the temporary worker's country of origin.
# Legal issues.
Scholars have argued that neoliberal policies have been a prominent component in the erosion of the standard employment relationship. This precarious new model of employment has greatly reduced the worker's ability to negotiate and, in particular, with the introduction of advanced technology (that can easily replace the worker), reduced the temp's bargaining power. Internet of Things-based companies such as Uber and Handy (company) have come into conflict with authorities and workers for circumventing | 6,129,218 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
labour and social security obligations. It has been suggested that labour regulations in North America do little in addressing labour market insecurities and the precarious nature of temporary labour. In many cases, legislation has done little to acknowledge or adapt to the growth of non-standard employment in Canada.
In the European Union, temporary work is regulated by the Temporary Agency Work Directive and the Member States' laws implementing that directive.
Lawsuits have addressed some of the controversies about the status of temporary workers in the sharing economy. For example, two class-action lawsuits settled in 2016 resulted in changes to Uber's employment policies, including clarification | 6,129,219 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
of drivers' rights and the company's disciplinary procedures. Some of these policies include Uber agreeing to issue warnings to drivers before cutting them from the company's service, no longer deactivating drivers who commonly refuse rides, informing customers that tips for drivers are not included in the fare, and allowing drivers to create an association to contest terminations. However, the legal settlement did not establish whether these workers are employees or independent contractors.
# See also.
- Contingent work
- Contingent workforce
- Day labor
- "Denham v Midland Employers' Mutual Assurance Ltd"
- Employment agency
- Labour hire
- Labour market flexibility
- Outsourcing
- | 6,129,220 |
441390 | Temporary work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary%20work | Temporary work
Some of these policies include Uber agreeing to issue warnings to drivers before cutting them from the company's service, no longer deactivating drivers who commonly refuse rides, informing customers that tips for drivers are not included in the fare, and allowing drivers to create an association to contest terminations. However, the legal settlement did not establish whether these workers are employees or independent contractors.
# See also.
- Contingent work
- Contingent workforce
- Day labor
- "Denham v Midland Employers' Mutual Assurance Ltd"
- Employment agency
- Labour hire
- Labour market flexibility
- Outsourcing
- Permatemp
- Recruitment
- Up or out
- Zero-hour contract | 6,129,221 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
The Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. is a Holiness body of Christians headquartered in Jackson, Mississippi. In 2010, there were 14,000 members in 154 churches.
# History.
The Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. shares a common early history with the Church of God in Christ. Charles Price Jones, a Missionary Baptist preacher in Alabama and later Mississippi, accepted the doctrine of Holiness around 1896. During this time C.P. Jones became associated with W. S. Pleasant, J. A. Jeter, Charles Harrison Mason, along with other Holiness leaders. In 1897, C.P. Jones conducted a Holiness convention from June 6-15 at the church he pastored, Mt. Helm Baptist Church, | 6,129,222 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1898, the name Mt. Helm Baptist Church was changed to Church of Christ. This new group of Holiness leaders was expelled from the Jackson Baptist Association. From that expulsion, they adopted the name Christ Association of Mississippi of Baptized Believers in Christ in 1900, and the national Holiness movement accepted the name by C. H. Mason—"Church of God in Christ"—in 1906. In that same year, an annual convocation selected J. A. Jeter, C. H. Mason, and D. J. Young to investigate the Azusa Street Revival conducted by William J. Seymour. C.H. Mason and D. J. Young accepted William Seymour's teaching concerning the baptism of the Holy Spirit and returned with such | 6,129,223 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
doctrinal message with great enthusiasm. After an extended discussion on the issue of the baptism of the Holy Spirit, at the 1907 convention, a "right hand of fellowship," a separation occurred, with C. H. Mason, D. J. Young and others leading a Holiness, Pentecostal group. C. P. Jones retained its Holiness emphasis when other early African-American leaders such as C. H. Mason embraced Pentecostalism.
The name "Church of God in Christ" was widely held by both groups until 1907, when Bishop C. H. Mason had the name COGIC, incorporated. Churches of the Holiness division began to use the name "Church of Christ Holiness", and in October 1920 was chartered in the state of Mississippi as the Church | 6,129,224 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A..
# Theology.
The "Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A." is trinitarian with a Holiness emphasis. Water baptism of believers by immersion and the Lord's supper as a memorial are held to be ordinances of the church. Foot washing is also practiced, but it is not regarded as an ordinance. The church does not reject speaking in tongues (glossolalia). The church emphasizes that the Holy Spirit is an indispensable gift to every believer, but places no emphasis on an "initial evidence" as speaking in tongues to be the results of such gift.
# Leadership.
The church is episcopal in structure with a Senior Bishop as the highest official and spiritual leader. The church in | 6,129,225 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
the United States is divided into eight dioceses - Eastern, North Central, Northern, Pacific North West, South Central, South Eastern, South Western, and Western. In 2008 the "Church of Christ (Holiness)" had 15,000 members in 167 congregations in the United States, the Dominican Republic and Africa.
Board of Bishops
• Bishop Vernon Kennebrew – Senior Bishop and Presiding Bishop of the Southwestern Diocese.
• Bishop Lindsay E. Jones – National President and Presiding Bishop of the North Central Diocese
• Bishop Emery Lindsay – Presiding Bishop of the Western Diocese & Pacific Northwest Diocese
• Bishop Dale Cudjoe - First Vice President and Presiding Bishop of the Northern Diocese
• Bishop | 6,129,226 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
H.Vonzell Castilla- Second Vice President,(newly elected and consecrated) Bishop of the Southeastern Diocese (July 2016)
• Bishop Maurice Nicholson – Presiding Bishop of the Eastern Diocese
• Bishop Robert Winn – Retired and Chairman of the COCHUSA World Mission Board
• Bishop Victor Smith - Retired
• Bishop Carl Austin - Retired
Its annual "National Convention" is held during the month of July. The church will celebrate its 121st National Convention in July 2017, at denominational headquarters in Jackson, Miss.
# External links.
- Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. - official Web Site
- Adherents.com
- Profile of Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. on the Association of Religion Data | 6,129,227 |
441426 | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church%20of%20Christ%20(Holiness)%20U.S.A. | Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
icholson – Presiding Bishop of the Eastern Diocese
• Bishop Robert Winn – Retired and Chairman of the COCHUSA World Mission Board
• Bishop Victor Smith - Retired
• Bishop Carl Austin - Retired
Its annual "National Convention" is held during the month of July. The church will celebrate its 121st National Convention in July 2017, at denominational headquarters in Jackson, Miss.
# External links.
- Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. - official Web Site
- Adherents.com
- Profile of Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. on the Association of Religion Data Archives website
# References.
- "Handbook of Denominations in the United States", by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood | 6,129,228 |
441438 | Giza Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giza%20Governorate | Giza Governorate
Giza Governorate
Giza Governorate ( "") is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the center of the country, situated on the west bank of the Nile River opposite Cairo. Its capital is the city of Giza. It includes a stretch of the left bank of the Nile Valley around Giza, and acquired a large stretch of Egypt's Western Desert, including Bahariya Oasis when the 6th of October Governorate was merged into it on 14 April 2011. The Giza Governorate is also home to the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza.
# Overview.
The rate of poverty is more than 60% in this governorate but recently some social safety networks have been provided in the form of financial assistance and job opportunities. | 6,129,229 |
441438 | Giza Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giza%20Governorate | Giza Governorate
The funding has been coordinated by the country's Ministry of Finance and with assistance from international organizations.
# Municipal divisions.
The governorate is divided into municipal divisions, with a total estimated population as of July 2017 of 8,666,090. In the case of Giza governorate, there are a number of aqsam and marakiz, with fully urban and rural parts. Sometimes a markaz and a kism share a name.
# Population.
According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate lived in urban areas, with an urbanization rate of 58.6%. Out of an estimated 7,585,115 people residing in the governorate, 4,446,805 people lived in urban areas as opposed to only | 6,129,230 |
441438 | Giza Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giza%20Governorate | Giza Governorate
3,138,310 in rural areas.
According to population estimates from 2018 the majority of residents in the governorate live in urban areas, with an urbanization rate of 60.9%. Out of an estimated 8,759,000 people residing in the governorate, 5,332,000 people live in urban areas as opposed to only 3,428,000 in rural areas.
# Industrial zones.
According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), and the Ministry of Investment, the following industrial zones are located in this governorate:
- Abo Rwash Industrial Zone
- 6 October Industrial Zone
- Al Wahat (Heavy) Industrial zone
# Important sites.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient | 6,129,231 |
441438 | Giza Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giza%20Governorate | Giza Governorate
Zone
- 6 October Industrial Zone
- Al Wahat (Heavy) Industrial zone
# Important sites.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and people come from all over the world each year to see it. It is located in the Giza pyramid complex.
- Abusir
- Bahariya Oasis
- Giza Necropolis - Giza pyramid complex
# Projects.
In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program (BVS), under the auspices of USAID, had several water, and road projects, going on in several markazes in the Giza Governorate.
In a program that began on August 28, 2012 (through 2018), the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Giza Governorate. | 6,129,232 |
441446 | Ordeal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordeal | Ordeal
Ordeal
Ordeal may refer to:
- Trial by ordeal, a religious-judicial practice to determine "the will of God"
- "Ordeal" (autobiography), a 1980 autobiography of Linda Lovelace
- Ordeal (horse) (born 1957), New Zealand Standardbred racemare
- "Ordeal" (Skepticism album)
- "Ordeal" ("UFO"), a 1971 episode of the TV series "UFO"
- Ordeal (level of OA membership), the first degree of membership in the Order of the Arrow, an organization within the Boy Scouts of America
- The American title of "What Happened to the Corbetts", a 1939 novel by Nevil Shute
- "The Ordeal" (film), a 1922 American silent drama
- "Calvaire" (film), also known as "The Ordeal", a 2004 psychological horror film
- | 6,129,233 |
441446 | Ordeal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordeal | Ordeal
hy of Linda Lovelace
- Ordeal (horse) (born 1957), New Zealand Standardbred racemare
- "Ordeal" (Skepticism album)
- "Ordeal" ("UFO"), a 1971 episode of the TV series "UFO"
- Ordeal (level of OA membership), the first degree of membership in the Order of the Arrow, an organization within the Boy Scouts of America
- The American title of "What Happened to the Corbetts", a 1939 novel by Nevil Shute
- "The Ordeal" (film), a 1922 American silent drama
- "Calvaire" (film), also known as "The Ordeal", a 2004 psychological horror film
- "The Ordeal", an episode of "Doctor Who", see "The Daleks"
# See also.
- "Erythrophleum suaveolens" or Ordeal tree, named for its use in a trial by ordeal | 6,129,234 |
441445 | Calculation (card game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculation%20(card%20game) | Calculation (card game)
Calculation (card game)
Calculation (also known as Broken Intervals, Hopscotch and Four Kings Solitaire) is a solitaire card game played with a standard pack of 52 cards. It offers more scope for skill than many similar games; a skilled player can win Calculation more than 80% of the time when "normal play" can allow winning 1 in 5 times.
At the start of play, an ace, two, three, and four of any suit are removed from a standard deck of cards and laid out as the foundations. The ace foundation is to be built up in sequence until the king is reached, regardless of suit. The other foundations are similarly built up, but by twos, threes, and fours, respectively, until they each reach a king, as | 6,129,235 |
441445 | Calculation (card game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculation%20(card%20game) | Calculation (card game)
in the following table:
The tableau, initially empty, consists of four piles of cards, usually arranged immediately below the four foundations.
Play in Calculation is simple. A single card is turned up from the stock and played either to the top of any of the four tableau piles, or onto one of the foundations if desired. The top card of any tableau pile may also be played onto one of the foundation piles if it is the next number in the appropriate sequence for that foundation. The game is won when all cards have been played onto the foundations, and lost when no further play is possible.
As a variation, cards may be played from the stock to a waste pile which holds one card, and played from | 6,129,236 |
441445 | Calculation (card game) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculation%20(card%20game) | Calculation (card game)
o further play is possible.
As a variation, cards may be played from the stock to a waste pile which holds one card, and played from there to a foundation or tableau, instead of being played from the stock to a foundation or tableau as soon as they are turned over.
Variations which make the game more difficult are to play all 52 cards (that is, do not lay out ace, deuce, trey, quarter initially) and to use only three tableau piles instead of four. Although playing with both these variations makes the solitaire quite difficult, a very skilled player will still be able to win at least two games out of three.
# See also.
- Strategy
- Sir Tommy
- List of solitaires
- Glossary of solitaire | 6,129,237 |
441452 | Saarloos wolfdog | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saarloos%20wolfdog | Saarloos wolfdog
Saarloos wolfdog
The Saarloos wolfdog () is a dog breed originating from the crossing of a German Shepherd male to a female Eurasian wolf. The offspring were then crossed with German Shepherds. It is now a recognized breed, and is recognized as a wolf dog due to the original cross it came from.
# History.
Leendert Saarloos (1884–1969) was a Dutch dog breeder who believed that the German Shepherd had become too domesticated and wanted to breed back the more natural properties in order to derive a better working dog. In 1935, he bred a German Shepherd male to a female Eurasian wolf from Siberia. He then bred the offspring back with German Shepherds to derive a dog with one quarter wolf blood. | 6,129,238 |
441452 | Saarloos wolfdog | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saarloos%20wolfdog | Saarloos wolfdog
The result was a dog that was not useful as a working dog but as companion that is close to nature. The Dutch Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1975. To honour its creator, they named this dog the "Saarloos Wolfdog". In 1981, the breed was recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI).
## Genetic evidence.
In 2015, a study found that the Saarloos wolfdog showed more genetic association with the gray wolf than any other breed, which is in agreement with the documented historical crossbreeding with gray wolves in this breed. In 2016, a major DNA study of domestic dogs found a deep division between the Saarloos wolfdog and all other dogs, highlighting its descent from the crossing | 6,129,239 |
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of German Shepherds with captive wolves in the 1930s, then followed by a further split between dogs of Eastern Eurasian and Western Eurasian origin.
# Description.
The Saarloos wolfdog is a strongly built dog whose build, coat and movement is wolf-like. The height is between in males and in females. It weighs up to . It is an athletic dog in build, with medium bone, and a strong and muscular body. They move lightly on their feet and have an elegant march. Its coat is short and dense, providing good protection from the weather. There are three colours: wolf-grey, red and white. Because the wolf-grey genes are dominant, this is the most common colour. Genes for white colour are recessive, making | 6,129,240 |
441452 | Saarloos wolfdog | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saarloos%20wolfdog | Saarloos wolfdog
this uncommon although this colour is accepted. The Saarloos has wolf-like expressions, as well as a wolf-like head.
# Training.
This breed needs thorough socialization before the twelfth week of age to ensure prosocial behavior.
# Outcross program.
The Dutch parent club for Saarloos wolfdogs researched possibilities to improve the breed's health by increasing genetic diversity. The first meetings with the Dutch kennel club were held in 2010. Following these meetings, Wageningen University and Research was asked to investigate the degree of interrelatedness of the population. The research was conducted by quantitative geneticist dr J.J. Windig and dr ir M. Spies-Stoop. This study revealed | 6,129,241 |
441452 | Saarloos wolfdog | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saarloos%20wolfdog | Saarloos wolfdog
that the population of Saarloos wolfdogs was very closely related. Without intervention, the degree of inbreeding would threaten the breed's survival. The scientists advised a controlled and extensive outcross program, to increase the breed's vitality, fertility and genetic variation. The Dutch kennel club approved the outcross program in 2012.
Two types of outcrosses are used in the outcross program. The first type is the use of so called 'look-alikes', which are dogs that resemble a Saarloos wolfdog, but that don't have a pedigree or that belong to a breed that isn't recognized by the FCI. The second type is the use of several FCI-recognized breeds. The breeds to be used are chosen by breed | 6,129,242 |
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club members and agreed upon by majority vote. The procedure for both types of outcrosses is the same. The outcross is performed and the F1 generation is produced. The F1 is evaluated and fully health screened, and the best individuals are chosen to contribute to the next generation. This is done by breeding them back to purebred Saarloos wolfdogs, which produces the F2 generation. The F2 is again evaluated and health tested, and the best individuals are bred back to Saarloos wolfdogs to produce the F3 generation. The offspring of an F3 with a purebred Saarloos wolfdog (F4) will get an official pedigree and be recognized as a purebred. In order to maintain proper breed type, purebred breeding | 6,129,243 |
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health tested, and the best individuals are bred back to Saarloos wolfdogs to produce the F3 generation. The offspring of an F3 with a purebred Saarloos wolfdog (F4) will get an official pedigree and be recognized as a purebred. In order to maintain proper breed type, purebred breeding of Saarloos wolfdogs must continue alongside the outcross program.
As of January 2019, the following outcrosses have been performed:
- White Swiss Shepherd (currently in the F2)
- Siberian husky (currently in the F1)
- Ibizan hound (currently in the F1)
- Norwegian elkhound (currently in the F1)
- Look-alike Northern Inuit dog (currently in the F1)
# See also.
- Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
- Tamaskan Dog | 6,129,244 |
441466 | MPRP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MPRP | MPRP
MPRP
MPRP may refer to:
- Muslim People's Republic Party
- Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (disambiguation)
- Maine Power Reliability Program | 6,129,245 |
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USS Darter (SS-576)
USS "Darter" (SS-576), a unique submarine based on the , but incorporating many improvements, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the darter, a type of small American fresh-water fish.
The contract to build "Darter" was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 30 June 1954 and her keel was laid down on 10 November 1954. She was launched on 28 May 1956 sponsored by Mrs. G.L. Russell, and commissioned on 20 October 1956, with Lieutenant Commander Ralph R. Blaine in command.
Designed with sophisticated acoustic, electronic and fire control gear, "Darter" was intended to serve as a new generation | 6,129,246 |
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of post-war ASW submarines, similar to . "Darter" was used to experiment with numerous innovations including a three-man helmsman-planesman station using aircraft-style stick controls.
# Service history.
Upon commissioning "Darter" operated on various training exercises in the Atlantic, both locally from her homeport of Newport, Rhode Island, and on cruises to the West Indies, to Canada and Europe on NATO operations. Following an overhaul at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard she changed homeport to Charleston, South Carolina on 1 August 1959 and began training missions in support of the newly commissioned fleet ballistic missile submarines, providing anti-submarine warfare (ASW) services for surface | 6,129,247 |
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units in the West Indies and off Key West, Florida, and serving as a platform for various Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) projects. In between these operations, Darter deployed to the Mediterranean for cruises in 1963 and 1967. She also received a major modernization overhaul at Charleston Naval Shipyard in 1965, receiving a 16-foot hull extension (the "plug", just forward of the engine room), new engines, new safety gear (SUBSAFE), better electronic gear (including the AN/BQG-4 Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System (PUFFS) passive sonar with three shark-fin domes added topside) and other upgrades.
Shifting homeports again in 1971, she moved to San Diego, California, "Darter" made | 6,129,248 |
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four Western Pacific (WestPac) deployments in support of 7th Fleet operations. While on one of these in 1978, the head valve failed to close while snorkeling, and the ship had to emergency surface among U.S. surface units participating in an ASW exercise. On 8 May 1979, "Darter" changed homeport again to Sasebo, Japan, where she operated as a forward-deployed submarine. She spent a decade there: conducting numerous joint operations with the Japanese, South Korean, Thai, Malaysian, British and Australian navies; special operations; and other operations and exercises throughout the Western Pacific. Darter served as a submarine platform for U.S. Navy SEALS, USMC Recon Marines and the U.S. Army | 6,129,249 |
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Special Forces. She won a Battle Efficiency Award (Battle "E") in 1980 and again in 1982.
In mid-1982 she underwent an overhaul at the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. In September 1985, "Darter" was submerged when the submarine collided with the merchant ship (tanker) "Kansas Getty" and its anchor chain near Pusan, Korea. "Darter" suffered some damage and was repaired at Sasebo, Japan. Nobody was injured in the accident and the tanker was undamaged.
"Darter" was decommissioned in Pearl Harbor on 1 December 1989 after serving over 33 years in the US Navy. Her career was one of the longest for a US Navy submarine, during which Darter earned seven Battle “E” Awards and numerous departmental excellence | 6,129,250 |
441442 | USS Darter (SS-576) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Darter%20(SS-576) | USS Darter (SS-576)
submarine collided with the merchant ship (tanker) "Kansas Getty" and its anchor chain near Pusan, Korea. "Darter" suffered some damage and was repaired at Sasebo, Japan. Nobody was injured in the accident and the tanker was undamaged.
"Darter" was decommissioned in Pearl Harbor on 1 December 1989 after serving over 33 years in the US Navy. Her career was one of the longest for a US Navy submarine, during which Darter earned seven Battle “E” Awards and numerous departmental excellence awards.
She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 17 January 1990. On 7 January 1992, ex-"Darter" was sunk as a target by off Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
# References.
- History of the USS Darter (SS 576) | 6,129,251 |
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Bleak House
Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a 20 episode serial between March 1852 and September 1853. The novel has many characters and several sub-plots, and is told partly by the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and partly by an omniscient narrator. At the centre of "Bleak House" is a long-running legal case in the Court of Chancery, "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", which came about because a testator wrote several conflicting wills. In a preface to the 1853 first edition, Dickens claimed there were many actual precedents for his fictional case. One such was probably the "Thellusson v Woodford" case in which a will read in 1797 was contested and not determined until | 6,129,252 |
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1859. Though the legal profession criticised Dickens's satire as exaggerated, this novel helped support a judicial reform movement which culminated in the enactment of legal reform in the 1870s.
There is some debate among scholars as to when "Bleak House" is set. The English legal historian Sir William Holdsworth sets the action in 1827; however, reference to preparation for the building of a railway in Chapter LV suggests the 1830s.
# Synopsis.
Sir Leicester Dedlock and his wife Honoria live on his estate at Chesney Wold. Unknown to Sir Leicester, before she married, Lady Dedlock had a lover, Captain Hawdon, and had a daughter by him. Lady Dedlock believes her daughter is dead.
The daughter, | 6,129,253 |
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Esther, is in fact alive and being raised by Miss Barbary, Lady Dedlock's sister. Esther does not know Miss Barbary is her aunt. After Miss Barbary dies, John Jarndyce becomes Esther's guardian and assigns the Chancery lawyer "Conversation" Kenge to take charge of her future. After attending school for six years, Esther moves in with him at Bleak House.
Jarndyce simultaneously assumes custody of two other wards, Richard Carstone and Ada Clare (who are both his and one another's distant cousins). They are beneficiaries in one of the wills at issue in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce"; their guardian is a beneficiary under another will, and the two wills conflict. Richard and Ada soon fall in love, but | 6,129,254 |
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though Mr Jarndyce does not oppose the match, he stipulates that Richard must first choose a profession. Richard first tries a career in medicine, and Esther meets Allan Woodcourt, a physician, at the house of Richard's tutor. When Richard mentions the prospect of gaining from the resolution of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", John Jarndyce beseeches him never to put faith in what he calls "the family curse".
Meanwhile, Lady Dedlock is also a beneficiary under one of the wills. Early in the book, while listening to the reading of an affidavit by the family solicitor, Mr Tulkinghorn, she recognises the handwriting on the copy. The sight affects her so much she almost faints, which Tulkinghorn notices | 6,129,255 |
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and investigates. He traces the copyist, a pauper known only as "Nemo", in London. Nemo has recently died, and the only person to identify him is a street-sweeper, a poor homeless boy named Jo, who lives in a particularly grim and poverty-stricken part of the city known as Tom-All-Alone's ("Nemo" is Latin for "nobody").
Lady Dedlock is also investigating, disguised as her maid, Mademoiselle Hortense. Lady Dedlock pays Jo to take her to Nemo's grave. Meanwhile, Tulkinghorn is concerned Lady Dedlock's secret could threaten the interests of Sir Leicester and watches her constantly, even enlisting her maid to spy on her. He also enlists Inspector Bucket to run Jo out of town, to eliminate any loose | 6,129,256 |
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ends that might connect Nemo to the Dedlocks.
Esther sees Lady Dedlock at church and talks with her later at Chesney Wold – though neither woman recognises their connection. Later, Lady Dedlock does discover that Esther is her child. However, Esther has become sick (possibly with smallpox, since it severely disfigures her) after nursing the homeless boy Jo. Lady Dedlock waits until Esther has recovered before telling her the truth. Though Esther and Lady Dedlock are happy to be reunited, Lady Dedlock tells Esther they must never acknowledge their connection again.
Upon her recovery, Esther finds that Richard, having failed at several professions, has disobeyed his guardian and is trying to | 6,129,257 |
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push "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" to conclusion in his and Ada's favour. In the process, Richard loses all his money and declines in health. He and Ada have secretly married, and Ada is pregnant. Esther has her own romance when Mr Woodcourt returns to England, having survived a shipwreck, and continues to seek her company despite her disfigurement. Unfortunately, Esther has already agreed to marry her guardian, John Jarndyce.
Hortense and Tulkinghorn discover the truth about Lady Dedlock's past. After a confrontation with Tulkinghorn, Lady Dedlock flees her home, leaving a note apologising for her conduct. Tulkinghorn dismisses Hortense, who is no longer of any use to him. Feeling abandoned and | 6,129,258 |
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betrayed, Hortense kills Tulkinghorn and seeks to frame Lady Dedlock for his murder. Sir Leicester, discovering his lawyer's death and his wife's flight, suffers a catastrophic stroke, but he manages to communicate that he forgives his wife and wants her to return.
Inspector Bucket, who has previously investigated several matters related to "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", accepts Sir Leicester's commission to find Lady Dedlock. At first he suspects Lady Dedlock of the murder but is able to clear her of suspicion after discovering Hortense's guilt, and he requests Esther's help to find her. Lady Dedlock has no way to know of her husband's forgiveness or that she has been cleared of suspicion, and she | 6,129,259 |
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wanders the country in cold weather before dying at the cemetery of her former lover, Captain Hawdon (Nemo). Esther and Bucket find her there.
Progress in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" seems to take a turn for the better when a later will is found, which revokes all previous wills and leaves the bulk of the estate to Richard and Ada. Meanwhile, John Jarndyce cancels his engagement to Esther, who becomes engaged to Mr Woodcourt. They go to Chancery to find Richard. On their arrival, they learn that the case of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" is finally over, but the costs of litigation have entirely consumed the estate. Richard collapses, and Mr Woodcourt diagnoses him as being in the last stages of tuberculosis. | 6,129,260 |
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Richard apologises to John Jarndyce and dies. John Jarndyce takes in Ada and her child, a boy whom she names Richard. Esther and Woodcourt marry and live in a Yorkshire house which Jarndyce gives to them. The couple later raise two daughters.
Many of the novel's subplots focus on minor characters. One such subplot is the hard life and happy, though difficult, marriage of Caddy Jellyby and Prince Turveydrop. Another plot focuses on George Rouncewell's rediscovery of his family, and his reunion with his mother and brother.
# Characters.
As usual, Dickens drew upon many real people and places but imaginatively transformed them in his novel (see character list below for the supposed inspiration | 6,129,261 |
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of individual characters).
Although not a character, the "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" case is a vital part of the novel. It is believed to have been inspired by a number of real-life Chancery cases involving wills, including those of Charles Day and William Jennens, and of Charlotte Smith's father-in-law Richard Smith.
## Major characters.
- Esther Summerson is the heroine. She is Dickens's only female narrator. Esther is raised as an orphan by Miss Barbary (who is in fact her aunt). She does not know her parents' identity. Miss Barbary holds macabre vigils on Esther's birthday each year, telling her that her birth is no cause for celebration, because the girl is her mother's "disgrace." Because | 6,129,262 |
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of her cruel upbringing she is self-effacing, self-deprecating and grateful for every trifle. The discovery of her true identity provides much of the drama in the book. Finally it is revealed that she is the illegitimate daughter of Lady Dedlock and Nemo (Captain Hawdon).
- Honoria, Lady Dedlock is the haughty mistress of Chesney Wold. The revelation of her past drives much of the plot. Before her marriage, Lady Dedlock had an affair with another man and bore his child. Lady Dedlock discovers the child's identity (Esther Summerson), and because she has revealed that she had a secret predating her marriage, she has attracted the noxious curiosity of Mr Tulkinghorn, who feels bound by his ties | 6,129,263 |
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to his client, Sir Leicester, to pry out her secret. At the end of the novel, Lady Dedlock dies, disgraced in her own mind and convinced that her husband can never forgive her moral failings.
- John Jarndyce is an unwilling party in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", guardian of Richard, Ada, and Esther, and owner of Bleak House. Vladimir Nabokov called him "one of the best and kindest human beings ever described in a novel". A wealthy man, he helps most of the other characters, motivated by a combination of goodness and guilt at the mischief and human misery caused by "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", which he calls "the family curse." At first, it seems possible that he is Esther's father, but he disavows this | 6,129,264 |
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shortly after she comes to live under his roof. He falls in love with Esther and wishes to marry her, but gives her up because she is in love with Mr Woodcourt.
- Richard Carstone is a ward of Chancery in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce". Straightforward and likeable but irresponsible and inconstant, Richard falls under the spell of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce". At the end of the book, just after "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" is finally settled, he dies, tormented by his imprudence in trusting to the outcome of a Chancery suit.
- Ada Clare is another young ward of Chancery in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce". She falls in love with Richard Carstone, a distant cousin. They later marry in secret and she has Richard's child.
- | 6,129,265 |
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Harold Skimpole is a friend of Jarndyce "in the habit of sponging his friends" (Nuttall). He is irresponsible, selfish, amoral, and without remorse. He often refers to himself as "a child" and claims not to understand human relationships, circumstances, and society – but actually understands them very well, as he demonstrates when he enlists Richard and Esther to pay off the bailiff who has arrested him on a writ of debt. He believes that Richard and Ada will be able to acquire credit based on their expectations in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" and declares his intention to start "honoring" them by letting them pay some of his debts. This character is commonly regarded as a portrait of Leigh Hunt. | 6,129,266 |
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"Dickens wrote in a letter of 25 September 1853, 'I suppose he is the most exact portrait that was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man.' A contemporary critic commented, 'I recognised Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance.'" G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens "may never once have had the unfriendly thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had the fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'".
- Lawrence Boythorn is an old friend of John Jarndyce's; a former soldier who always speaks in superlatives; very loud and harsh, but goodhearted. | 6,129,267 |
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Boythorn was once engaged to (and very much in love with) a woman who later left him without giving him any reason. That woman was in fact, Miss Barbary, who abandoned her former life (including Boythorn) when she took Esther from her sister. Boythorn is also a neighbour of Sir Leicester Dedlock's, with whom he is engaged in an epic tangle of lawsuits over a right-of-way across Boythorn's property that Sir Leicester asserts the legal right to close. He is thought to be based on the writer Walter Savage Landor.
- Sir Leicester Dedlock is a crusty baronet, very much older than his wife. Dedlock is an unthinking conservative who regards the "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" lawsuit as a mark of distinction | 6,129,268 |
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worthy of a man of his family lineage. On the other hand, he is shown as a loving and devoted husband towards Lady Dedlock, even after he learns about her secret.
- Mr Tulkinghorn is Sir Leicester's lawyer. Scheming and manipulative, he seems to defer to his clients but relishes the power his control of their secrets gives him. He learns of Lady Dedlock's past and tries to control her conduct, to preserve the reputation and good name of Sir Leicester. He is murdered, and his murder gives Dickens the chance to weave a detective plot into the closing chapters of the book.
- Mr Snagsby is the timid and hen-pecked proprietor of a law-stationery business who gets involved with Tulkinghorn and Bucket's | 6,129,269 |
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secrets. He is Jo's only friend. He tends to give half-crowns to those he feels sorry for.
- Miss Flite is an elderly eccentric. Her family has been destroyed by a long-running Chancery case similar to "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", and her obsessive fascination with Chancery veers between comedy and tragedy. She owns a large number of little birds which she says will be released "on the day of judgement."
- William Guppy is a law clerk at Kenge and Carboy. He becomes smitten with Esther and makes an offer of marriage (which she refuses). Later, after Esther learns that Lady Dedlock is her mother, she asks to meet Mr Guppy to tell him to stop investigating her past. He fears the meeting is to accept | 6,129,270 |
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his offer of marriage (which he does not want to pursue now she is disfigured). He is so overcome with relief when she explains her true purpose that he agrees to do everything in his power to protect her privacy in the future.
- Inspector Bucket is a detective who undertakes several investigations throughout the novel, most notably the investigation of the murder of Mr Tulkinghorn. He is notable in being one of the first detectives in English fiction. This character is probably based on Inspector Charles Frederick Field of the then recently formed Detective Department at Scotland Yard. Dickens wrote several journalistic pieces about the Inspector and the work of the detectives in "Household | 6,129,271 |
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Words". It has also been argued that the character was based on Jack Whicher, one of the 'original' eight detectives set up by Scotland Yard in the middle 19th century.
- Mr George is a former soldier (having served under Nemo) who owns a London shooting-gallery and is a trainer in sword and pistol. The prime suspect in the murder of Mr Tulkinghorn, he is exonerated and his true identity is revealed, against his wishes. He is George Rouncewell, son of the Dedlocks' housekeeper, Mrs Rouncewell, who welcomes him back to Chesney Wold. He ends the book as body-servant to the stricken Sir Leicester Dedlock.
- Caddy Jellyby is a friend of Esther's, secretary to her mother. Caddy feels ashamed of | 6,129,272 |
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her own "lack of manners," but Esther's friendship heartens her. Caddy falls in love with Prince Turveydrop, marries him, and has a baby.
- Krook is a rag and bottle merchant and collector of papers. He is the landlord of the house where Nemo and Miss Flite live and where Nemo dies. He seems to subsist on a diet of gin. Krook dies from a case of spontaneous combustion, something that Dickens believed could happen, but which some critics (such as the English essayist George Henry Lewes) denounced as outlandish. Amongst the stacks of papers obsessively hoarded by the illiterate Krook is the key to resolving the case of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce".
- Jo is a young boy who lives on the streets and | 6,129,273 |
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tries to make a living as a crossing sweeper. Jo was the only person with whom Nemo had any real connection. Nemo expressed a paternal sort of interest in Jo (something that no human had ever done). Nemo would share his meagre money with Jo, and would sometimes remark, "Well, Jo, today I am as poor as you," when he had nothing to share. Jo is called to testify at the inquiry into Nemo's death, but knows nothing of value. Despite this, Mr Tulkinghorn pays Mr Bucket to harry Jo and force him to keep "moving along" [leave town] because Tulkinghorn fears Jo might have some knowledge of the connection between Nemo and the Dedlocks. Jo ultimately dies from a disease (pneumonia, a complication from | 6,129,274 |
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an earlier bout with smallpox which Esther also catches and from which she almost dies).
- Allan Woodcourt is a surgeon and a kind, caring man who loves Esther deeply. She in turn loves him but feels unable to respond, not only because of her prior commitment to John Jarndyce, but also because she fears her illegitimacy will cause his mother to object to their connection.
- Grandfather Smallweed is a moneylender, a mean, bad-tempered man who shows no mercy to people who owe him money and who enjoys inflicting emotional pain on others. He lays claim to the deceased Krook's possessions because Smallweed's wife is Krook's only living relation, and he also drives Mr George into bankruptcy by calling | 6,129,275 |
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in debts. It has been suggested that his description (together with his grandchildren) fits that of a person with progeria, although people with progeria only have a life expectancy of 14 years, while Grandfather Smallweed is very old.
- Mr Vholes is a Chancery lawyer who takes on Richard Carstone as a client, squeezes out of him all the litigation fees he can manage to pay, and then abandons him when Jarndyce and Jarndyce comes to an end.
- Conversation Kenge is a Chancery lawyer who represents John Jarndyce. His chief foible is his love of grand, portentous, and empty rhetoric.
## Minor characters.
- Mr Gridley is an involuntary party to a suit in Chancery (based on a real case, according | 6,129,276 |
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to Dickens's preface), who repeatedly seeks in vain to gain the attention of the Lord Chancellor. He threatens Mr Tulkinghorn and then is put under arrest by Inspector Bucket, but dies, his health broken by his Chancery ordeal. The character is based on the true case of Thomas Cook of Onecote, Leek which was brought to Dicken's attention in 1849 by his solicitor Mr W. Challinor of Leek.
- Nemo (Latin for "nobody") is the alias of Captain James Hawdon, a former officer in the British Army under whom Mr George once served. Nemo is a law-writer who makes fair copies of legal documents for Snagsby and lodges at Krook's rag and bottle shop, eventually dying of an opium overdose. He is later found | 6,129,277 |
441425 | Bleak House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleak%20House | Bleak House
to be Lady Dedlock's former lover, and the father of Esther Summerson.
- Mrs Snagsby is Mr Snagsby's highly suspicious and curious wife, who has a "vinegary" personality and incorrectly suspects Mr Snagsby of keeping many secrets from her: she suspects he is Jo's father.
- Guster is the Snagsbys' maidservant, prone to fits.
- Neckett is a debt collector – called "Coavinses" by debtor Harold Skimpole because he works for that business firm.
- Charley is Coavinses' daughter, hired by John Jarndyce to be a maid to Esther. Called "Little Coavinses" by Skimpole.
- Tom is Coavinses' young son.
- Emma is Coavinses' baby daughter.
- Mrs Jellyby is Caddy's mother, a "telescopic philanthropist" | 6,129,278 |
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obsessed with an obscure African tribe but having little regard for the notion of charity beginning at home. It's thought Dickens wrote this character as a criticism of female activists like Caroline Chisholm.
- Mr Jellyby is Mrs Jellyby's long-suffering husband.
- Peepy Jellyby is the Jellybys' young son.
- Prince Turveydrop is a dancing master and proprietor of a dance studio.
- Old Mr Turveydrop is a master of deportment who lives off his son's industry.
- Jenny is a brickmaker's wife. She is mistreated by her husband and her baby dies. She then helps her friend look after her own child.
- Rosa is a favourite lady's maid of Lady Dedlock whom Watt Rouncewell wishes to marry. The proposal | 6,129,279 |
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is initially refused when Mr Rouncewell's father asks that Rosa be sent to school to become a lady worthy of his son's station. Lady Dedlock questions the girl closely regarding her wish to leave, and promises to look after her instead. In some way, Rosa is a stand-in for Esther in Lady Dedlock's life.
- Hortense is lady's maid to Lady Dedlock. Her character is based on the Swiss maid and murderer Maria Manning.
- Mrs Rouncewell is housekeeper to the Dedlocks at Chesney Wold.
- Mr Robert Rouncewell, the adult son of Mrs Rouncewell, is a prosperous ironmaster.
- Watt Rouncewell is Robert Rouncewell's son.
- Volumnia is a cousin of the Dedlocks, given to screaming.
- Miss Barbary is Esther's | 6,129,280 |
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godmother and severe childhood guardian.
- Mrs Rachael Chadband is a former servant of Miss Barbary's.
- Mr Chadband is an oleaginous preacher, husband of Mrs Chadband.
- Mrs Smallweed is the wife of Mr Smallweed senior and sister to Krook. She is suffering from dementia.
- Young Mr (Bartholemew) Smallweed is the grandson of the senior Smallweeds and friend of Mr Guppy.
- Judy Smallweed is the granddaughter of the senior Smallweeds.
- Tony Jobling, who adopts the alias Mr Weevle, is a friend of William Guppy.
- Mrs Guppy is Mr Guppy's aged mother.
- Phil Squod is Mr George's assistant.
- Matthew Bagnet is a military friend of Mr George's and a dealer in musical instruments.
- Mrs Bagnet | 6,129,281 |
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is the wife of Matthew Bagnet.
- Woolwich is the Bagnets' son.
- Quebec is the Bagnets' elder daughter.
- Malta is the Bagnets' younger daughter.
- Mrs Woodcourt is Allan Woodcourt's widowed mother.
- Mrs Pardiggle is a woman who does "good works" for the poor, but cannot see that her efforts are rude and arrogant, and do nothing at all to help. She inflicts her activities on her five small sons, who are clearly rebellious.
- Arethusa Skimpole is Mr Skimpole's "Beauty" daughter.
- Laura Skimpole is Mr Skimpole's "Sentiment" daughter.
- Kitty Skimpole is Mr Skimpole's "Comedy" daughter.
- Mrs Skimpole is Mr Skimpole's ailing wife, who is weary of her husband and his way of life.
# Analysis | 6,129,282 |
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and criticism.
## Narrative structure.
Much criticism of "Bleak House" focuses on its unique narrative structure: it is told both by a third-person omniscient narrator and a first-person narrator (Esther Summerson). The omniscient narrator speaks in the present tense and is a dispassionate observer. Esther Summerson tells her own story in the past tense (like David in "David Copperfield" or Pip in "Great Expectations"), and her narrative voice is characterised by modesty, consciousness of her own limits, and willingness to disclose to us her own thoughts and feelings. These two narrative strands never quite intersect, though they do run in parallel. Nabokov felt that letting Esther tell part | 6,129,283 |
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of the story was Dickens's "main mistake" in planning the novel Alex Zwerdling, a scholar from Berkeley, after observing that "critics have not been kind to Esther," nevertheless thought Dickens's use of Esther's narrative "one of the triumphs of his art".
## Feminine modesty.
Esther's portion of the narrative is an interesting case study of the Victorian ideal of feminine modesty. She introduces herself thus: "I have a great deal of difficulty in beginning to write my portion of these pages, for I know I am not clever" (chap. 3). This claim is almost immediately belied by the astute moral judgement and satiric observation that characterise her pages. In the same introductory chapter, she | 6,129,284 |
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writes: "It seems so curious to me to be obliged to write all this about myself! As if this narrative were the narrative of life! But my little body will soon fall into the background now" (chap. 3). This does not turn out to be true.
## Satire.
For most readers and scholars, the central concern of "Bleak House" is its indictment of the English Chancery court system. Chancery or equity courts were one half of the English civil justice system, existing side-by-side with law courts. Chancery courts heard actions having to do with wills and estates, or with the uses of private property. By the mid-nineteenth century, English law reformers had long criticised the delays of Chancery litigation, | 6,129,285 |
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and Dickens found the subject a tempting target. (He already had taken a shot at law-courts and that side of the legal profession in his 1837 novel "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club" or "The Pickwick Papers"). Scholars – such as the English legal historian Sir William Searle Holdsworth, in his 1928 series of lectures "Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian" published by Yale University Press – have made a plausible case for treating Dickens's novels, and "Bleak House" in particular, as primary sources illuminating the history of English law.
## Spontaneous combustion.
Dickens claimed in the preface to the book edition of "Bleak House" that he had "purposely dwelt upon the romantic | 6,129,286 |
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side of familiar things". And some remarkable things do happen: One character, Krook, smells of brimstone and eventually dies of spontaneous human combustion. This was highly controversial. The nineteenth century saw the increasing triumph of the scientific worldview. Scientifically inclined writers, as well as doctors and scientists, rejected spontaneous human combustion as legend or superstition. When the instalment of "Bleak House" containing Krook's demise appeared, the literary critic George Henry Lewes accused Dickens of "giving currency to a vulgar error". Dickens vigorously defended the reality of spontaneous human combustion and cited many documented cases, as well as his own memories | 6,129,287 |
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of coroners' inquests that he had attended when he had been a reporter. In the preface of the book edition of "Bleak House", Dickens wrote: "I shall not abandon the facts until there shall have been a considerable Spontaneous Combustion of the testimony on which human occurrences are usually received."
## Critical reputation.
George Gissing and G. K. Chesterton are among those literary critics and writers who consider "Bleak House" to be the best novel that Charles Dickens wrote. As Chesterton put it: ""Bleak House" is not certainly Dickens's best book; but perhaps it is his best novel". Harold Bloom, in his book "The Western Canon", considers "Bleak House" to be Dickens's greatest novel. | 6,129,288 |
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Daniel Burt, in his book "The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels of All Time", ranks "Bleak House" number 12. Horror and supernatural fiction author Stephen King named it among his top 10 favourite books.
# Locations of Bleak House.
The house named Bleak House in Broadstairs, is not the original. Dickens stayed with his family at this house (then called Fort House), for at least one month every summer from 1839 until 1851. However, there is no evidence that it formed the basis of the fictional Bleak House, particularly as it is so far from the location of the fictional house.
The house is on top of the cliff on Fort Road, and was renamed Bleak House after his death, in his honour. | 6,129,289 |
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It is the only four storey grade II listed mansion in Broadstairs.
Dickens locates the fictional Bleak House in St Albans, Hertfordshire, where he wrote some of the book. An 18th-century house in Folly Lane, St Albans, has been identified as a possible inspiration for the titular house in the story since the time of the book's publication and was known as Bleak House for many years.
# Adaptations.
In the late nineteenth century, actress Fanny Janauschek acted in a stage version of "Bleak House" in which she played both Lady Dedlock and her maid Hortense. The two characters never appear on stage at the same time. In 1876 John Pringle Burnett's play, "Jo" found success in London with his wife, | 6,129,290 |
441425 | Bleak House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleak%20House | Bleak House
Jennie Lee playing Jo, the crossing-sweeper. In 1893, Jane Coombs acted in a version of "Bleak House".
A 1901 short film, "The Death of Poor Joe", is the oldest known surviving film featuring a Charles Dickens character (Jo in "Bleak House").
In the silent film era, "Bleak House" was filmed in 1920 and 1922. The latter version featured Sybil Thorndike as Lady Dedlock.
In 1928, a short film made in the UK in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process starred Bransby Williams as Grandfather Smallweed.
In 1998, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of five hour-long episodes, starring Michael Kitchen as John Jarndyce.
The BBC has produced three television adaptations of "Bleak House". The first | 6,129,291 |
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serial, "Bleak House", was broadcast in 1959 in eleven half-hour episodes. The second "Bleak House", starring Diana Rigg and Denholm Elliott, aired in 1985 as an eight-part series. In 2005, the third "Bleak House" was broadcast in fifteen episodes starring Anna Maxwell Martin, Gillian Anderson, Denis Lawson, Charles Dance, and Carey Mulligan. It won a Peabody Award that same year because it "created “appointment viewing,” soap-style, for a series that greatly rewarded its many extra viewers."
# Musical references.
Charles Jefferys wrote the words for and Charles William Glover wrote the music for songs called "Ada Clare" and "Farewell to the Old House", which are inspired by the novel.
Anthony | 6,129,292 |
441425 | Bleak House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleak%20House | Bleak House
Phillips included a piece entitled "Bleak House" on his 1979 progressive rock release, "Sides". The form of the lyrics roughly follows the narrative of Esther Summerson, and is written in her voice.
# Original publication.
Like most Dickens novels, "Bleak House" was published in 20 monthly instalments, each containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by Phiz (the last two being published together as a double issue). Each cost one shilling, except for the final double issue, which cost two shillings.
# Critical editions.
Charles Dickens, "Bleak House", ed. Nicola Bradbury (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996)
# Sources.
- Contains detailed information on the workings of the Court of Chancery.
- | 6,129,293 |
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containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by Phiz (the last two being published together as a double issue). Each cost one shilling, except for the final double issue, which cost two shillings.
# Critical editions.
Charles Dickens, "Bleak House", ed. Nicola Bradbury (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996)
# Sources.
- Contains detailed information on the workings of the Court of Chancery.
- "Bleak House" Map
# External links.
- "Bleak House" at Internet Archive.
- Dark Plates The ten "dark plates" executed by H.K. Browne for "Bleak House".
- "The Detective Police", "Three Detective Anecdotes", "On Duty with Inspector Field". Last piece first published in "Household Words", June 1841. | 6,129,294 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
Teleprompter
A teleprompter is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a teleprompter is similar to using cue cards. The screen is in front of, and usually below, the lens of a professional video camera, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the presenter using a sheet of clear glass or a specially prepared beam splitter. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents unwanted light from entering the lens. Mechanically this works in a very similar way to the "Pepper's Ghost" illusion from classic | 6,129,295 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
theatre - an image viewable from one angle but not another - and the concept may have similar origins.
Because the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, the teleprompter creates the illusion that the speaker has memorized the speech or is speaking spontaneously, looking directly into the camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, are always placed away from the lens axis, making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves an impression of distraction.
From the first mechanical paper roll teleprompters used by television presenters and speakers at U.S. political conventions in 1952, to dual glass teleprompters used by TV presenters and for U.S. conventions | 6,129,296 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
in 1964, to the computer-based rolls of 1982 and the four-prompter system for U.S. conventions which added a large off-stage confidence monitor and inset lectern monitor in 1996, to the replacement of glass teleprompters at U.K. political conferences by several large off-stage confidence monitors in 2006, the technology has continued to develop.
The word "TelePrompTer", with internal capitalization, originated as a trade name used by the TelePrompTer Company, which first developed the device in the 1950s; it is now a genericized trademark. Autocue, a United Kingdom manufacturer of teleprompters, also finds its trademark used in a generic fashion in Commonwealth countries and some European countries.
# | 6,129,297 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
History.
The TelePrompTer Corporation was founded in the 1950s by Fred Barton, Jr., Hubert Schlafly and Irving Berlin Kahn. Barton was an actor who suggested the concept of the teleprompter as a means of assisting television performers who had to memorize large amounts of material in a short time.
Schlafly built the first teleprompter in 1950. It was simply a mechanical device, operated by a hidden technician, located near the camera. The script, in inch-high letters, was printed by a special electric typewriter on a paper scroll, which was advanced as the performer read, and the machines rented for the then-considerable sum of $30 per hour. In 1952 former President Herbert Hoover used a Schlafly-designed | 6,129,298 |
441391 | Teleprompter | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleprompter | Teleprompter
speech teleprompter to address the 1952 Republican National Convention in Chicago. U.S. Governor Paul A. Dever spoke at the 1952 Democratic National Convention, also held in Chicago, using a mechanical-roll teleprompter on a long pole held by a TV technician in the convention audience, while the 1952 Republican National Convention used a smaller teleprompter placed in front of the speaker's rostrum. Mechanical prompters were still being used as late as 1992, as was the case with "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".
In 1954 Dwight Eisenhower was the first President to use a teleprompter for a State of the Union address.
Jess Oppenheimer, who created "I Love Lucy" and served for its first | 6,129,299 |
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