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441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
of West African nationalism and Pan-Africanism
- Callix Crabbe − Major League Baseball player
- Midre Cummings − Major League Baseball player
- Vanessa Daou − singer-songwriter, dancer, writer, poet
- Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville − a French geologist
- Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville − a French chemist
- Gabriel Milan - Governor from 7 May 1684 to 27 February 1686
- Jeffrey Epstein − American financier, sex offender
- Jeff Faulkner − National Football League player
- Kelsey Grammer − actor, director, and producer born in Saint Thomas
- Emile Griffith − former boxer who won world championships in both the Welterweight and Middleweight divisions.
- Elrod Hendricks − Major | 6,129,400 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
League Baseball player
- Abdul Hodge − National Football League player
- Daryl Homer, Olympic fencer
- Roy Innis − civil rights leader
- Julian Jackson − boxer born in Saint Thomas
- Hannah Jeter - Sports Illustrated Swimsuit cover model and wife of Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees
- J. Raymond Jones − political activist
- Christine Jowers − choreographer, producer, and dance critic
- Al McBean − Major League Baseball player
- Ralph Moses Paiewonsky − governor
- John Patrick − American screenwriter and Tony Award & Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright
- Calvin Pickering − Major League Baseball player
- Camille Pissarro − a key member of the French Impressionist group of painters
- | 6,129,401 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Rashawn Ross − trumpeter who tours with Dave Matthews Band
- Roy Lester Schneider − governor and physician
- Karrine Steffans − former hip-hop music video performer and actress and the author of "Confessions of A Video Vixen".
- Morris Simmonds − German physician, pathologist, described a syndrome of pituitary failure with emaciation (Simmonds syndrome)
- Edward Teach, pirate and privateer; may have been given a letter of marque from St. Thomas after being pardoned for pirating
- Terence Todman − ambassador
- Jean Toussaint - jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist
- Peter von Scholten − governor general
- Denmark Vesey − leader of planned slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina
- Tiphanie | 6,129,402 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Yanique – award-winning writer
- David Levy Yulee − an American politician and the first member of the United States Senate to have been, at one time, a practicing Jew.
# Points of interest.
- Blackbeard's Castle
- Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge
- Cathedral Church of All Saints
- Fort Christian
- Magens Bay Arboretum
- Magens Bay
- Red Hook
- Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral
- St. Thomas Synagogue
- Coral World Ocean Park
# External links.
- Official sites
- United States Virgin Islands – Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
- Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau
- Map
- St. Thomas USVI Google | 6,129,403 |
441496 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Thomas,%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Levy Yulee − an American politician and the first member of the United States Senate to have been, at one time, a practicing Jew.
# Points of interest.
- Blackbeard's Castle
- Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge
- Cathedral Church of All Saints
- Fort Christian
- Magens Bay Arboretum
- Magens Bay
- Red Hook
- Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral
- St. Thomas Synagogue
- Coral World Ocean Park
# External links.
- Official sites
- United States Virgin Islands – Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
- Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau
- Map
- St. Thomas USVI Google Map – Satellite Map of St. Thomas, USVI | 6,129,404 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
John Haigh
John George Haigh (; 24 July 1909 – 10 August 1949), commonly known as the Acid Bath Murderer, was an English serial killer. He was convicted for the murders of six people, although he claimed to have killed nine. He battered to death or shot his victims and disposed of their bodies using sulphuric acid before forging their signatures so he could sell their possessions and collect large sums of money.
# Early life.
John George Haigh was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, and grew up in the village of Outwood, West Riding of Yorkshire. His parents were engineer John Robert Haigh and his wife Emily (née Hudson), members of the Plymouth Brethren, a conservative Protestant sect.
Haigh | 6,129,405 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
later claimed that he suffered from recurring religious nightmares in his childhood. Despite these limitations, he developed great proficiency at the piano, which he learned at home. Haigh was fond of classical music and often went to concerts featuring music by Felix Mendelssohn, Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Tchaikovsky and many others.
Haigh won a scholarship to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. He then won another scholarship to Wakefield Cathedral, where he became a choirboy. After school, he was apprenticed to a firm of motor engineers. After a year, he left that job, and took jobs in insurance and advertising. At age 21, he was fired after being suspected of stealing | 6,129,406 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
from a cash box.
# Marriage and imprisonment.
On 6 July 1934, Haigh married 23-year-old Beatrice 'Betty' Hamer. The marriage soon disintegrated. The same year that Haigh was jailed for fraud, Betty gave birth while he was in prison, although she gave the baby girl up for adoption and left Haigh. His conservative family ostracised him from then onwards.
Haigh then moved to London in 1936, and became chauffeur to William McSwan, a wealthy owner of amusement arcades. He maintained McSwan's amusement machines. Thereafter he pretended to be a solicitor named William Cato Adamson with offices in Chancery Lane, London; Guildford, Surrey; and Hastings, Sussex. He sold fraudulent stock shares, purportedly | 6,129,407 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
from the estates of his deceased clients, at below-market rates. His scam was uncovered by someone who noticed he had misspelled Guildford as "Guilford" on his letterhead, an unlikely mistake from an educated solicitor. Haigh received a four-year prison sentence for fraud. Haigh was released just after the start of the Second World War; he continued as a fraudster, and was sentenced to several further terms of imprisonment.
Haigh realised that his repeated arrests stemmed from leaving victims alive to report the crime, and he became intrigued by the crimes of French murderer Georges-Alexandre Sarret, who in 1925 had disposed of his victims' bodies via sulphuric acid. While in prison, Haigh | 6,129,408 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
devised a method of destruction of the body of a murder victim by dissolving it in the acid. He experimented with field mice and found that it took only 30 minutes for the body to dissolve.
# "Acid Bath" murders.
Haigh was freed from prison in 1943 and became an accountant with an engineering firm. Soon after, by chance, he bumped into his former employer McSwan in The Goat pub in Kensington. McSwan introduced Haigh to his parents, Donald and Amy. McSwan worked for them by collecting rents on their London properties, and Haigh became envious of his lifestyle. On 6 September 1944, McSwan disappeared. Haigh later admitted hitting him over the head after luring him into a basement at 79 Gloucester | 6,129,409 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
Road, London SW7. He then put McSwan's body into a 40-gallon drum and tipped concentrated sulphuric acid onto it. Two days later he returned to find that the body had become sludge, which he poured down a manhole.
He told McSwan's parents that their son had gone into hiding in Scotland to avoid being called up for military service. Haigh then took over McSwan's house and began collecting the rents for his parents, but he wanted the money from the properties. Donald and Amy became curious as to why their son had not returned as the war was coming to an end. On 2 July 1945, he lured them to Gloucester Road by telling them their son was back from Scotland for a surprise visit. He murdered them | 6,129,410 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
in his basement with blows to the head and disposed of them.
Haigh stole William McSwan's pension cheques and sold their properties, stealing about £8,000, then moved into the Onslow Court Hotel in Kensington. Haigh was a gambler and was running short of money by the summer of 1947. To solve his financial troubles, he found another couple to kill and rob: Dr Archibald Henderson and his wife Rose, whom he murdered after feigning interest in a house that they were selling. He was invited to the Hendersons' flat by Rose to play the piano for their housewarming party. While at the flat Haigh stole Archibald Henderson's revolver, planning to use it in his next crime.
He rented a small workshop | 6,129,411 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
at 2 Leopold Road, Crawley, Sussex, and moved acid and drums there from Gloucester Road. Haigh was also known to have stayed at Crawley's George Hotel on several occasions. On 12 February 1948, he drove Henderson to Crawley on the pretext of showing him an invention. When they arrived, Haigh shot Henderson in the head with the stolen revolver. He then lured Mrs Henderson to the workshop, claiming that her husband had fallen ill, and shot her also.
After disposing of the Hendersons' bodies in oil drums filled with acid, he forged a letter from them and sold all of their possessions for £8,000, except for their car and dog, which he kept.
# Last victim and capture.
Haigh's next and last victim | 6,129,412 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
was Olive Durand-Deacon, 69, the wealthy widow of solicitor John Durand-Deacon and a fellow resident at the Onslow Court Hotel. Haigh by then was calling himself an engineer, and Olive mentioned an idea to him that she had for artificial fingernails. He invited her down to the Leopold Road workshop on 18 February 1949 and, once inside, he shot her in the back of the neck with the .38 calibre Webley revolver that he had stolen from Archibald Henderson, stripped her of her valuables, including a Persian lamb coat, and put her into the acid bath. Two days later, Durand-Deacon’s friend Constance Lane reported her missing.
Detectives soon discovered Haigh’s record of theft and fraud and searched | 6,129,413 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
the workshop. Police found Haigh’s attaché case containing a dry cleaner’s receipt for Mrs Durand-Deacon’s coat, and also papers referring to the Hendersons and McSwans. The workshop in Sussex rented by Haigh did not contain a floor drain, unlike the workshop he had rented at Gloucester Road in London. He therefore disposed of the remains by pouring out the container on a rubble pile at the back of the property. Investigation of the area by pathologist Keith Simpson revealed 28 pounds of human body fat, part of a human foot, human gallstones and part of a denture which was later identified by Mrs Durand-Deacon's dentist during the trial.
Haigh asked Detective Inspector Albert Webb during questioning, | 6,129,414 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
"Tell me, frankly, what are the chances of anybody being released from Broadmoor?" (a high-security psychiatric hospital). The inspector said that he could not discuss that sort of thing, so Haigh replied, "Well, if I told you the truth, you would not believe me. It sounds too fantastic to believe."
Haigh then confessed that he had killed Durand-Deacon, the McSwans and the Hendersons—as well as three other people: a young man called Max, a girl from Eastbourne, and a woman from Hammersmith. These claims could not be substantiated.
# Trial and execution.
After arrest, Haigh remained in custody in Cell 2 of Horsham Police Station in Barttelot Road. The cell door from his incarceration is now | 6,129,415 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
preserved in Horsham Museum. He was charged with murder at the nearby courthouse in what is now known as the Old Town Hall. Haigh pleaded insanity, claiming that he had drunk the blood of his victims.
He confessed to having dreams dominated by blood as a young boy. When he was involved in a car accident in March 1944, his dream returned to him: "I saw before me a forest of crucifixes which gradually turned into trees. At first, there appeared to be dew or rain, dripping from the branches, but as I approached I realized it was blood. The whole forest began to writhe and the trees, dark and erect, to ooze blood...A man went from each tree catching the blood...When the cup was full, he approached | 6,129,416 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
me. 'Drink,' he said, but I was unable to move."
The Attorney-General, Sir Hartley Shawcross KC (later Lord Shawcross), led for the prosecution at Lewes Assizes, and urged the jury to reject Haigh’s defence of insanity because he had acted with malice aforethought.
Sir David Maxwell Fyfe KC, defending, called many witnesses to attest to Haigh’s mental state, including Dr Henry Yellowlees, who claimed Haigh had a paranoid constitution, adding: "The absolute callous, cheerful, bland and almost friendly indifference of the accused to the crimes which he freely admits having committed is unique in my experience."
It became apparent that Haigh had been using the acid to destroy victims' bodies | 6,129,417 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
because he misunderstood the meaning of the term "corpus delicti", and mistakenly believed that, if the bodies could not be found, a murder conviction would not be possible. Despite the absence of his victims' bodies, there was sufficient forensic evidence for him to be convicted for the murders and subsequently executed.
It took only minutes for the jury to find Haigh guilty. Mr Justice Travers Humphreys sentenced him to death.
It was reported that Haigh, in the condemned cell at Wandsworth Prison, asked one of his prison guards, Jack Morwood, whether it would be possible to have a trial run of his hanging so everything would run smoothly. It is likely that his request went no further, or, | 6,129,418 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
if it did, the request was denied. Just prior to his execution, Haigh was asked if he wanted a brandy. He replied, "Make it a large one, old boy". Haigh was led to the gallows and hanged by executioner Albert Pierrepoint on 10 August 1949.
The case of John George Haigh was one of the post-1945 cases which gained considerable coverage in the newspapers even though Haigh's guilt was not questioned. The editor of the "Daily Mirror", Silvester Bolam, was sentenced to a prison term for contempt of court for describing Haigh as a "murderer" while the trial was still under way.
# Haigh's confirmed victims.
- McSwan family:
- William Donald McSwan (9 September 1944)
- Donald and Amy McSwan (2 July | 6,129,419 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
1945)
- Henderson family:
- Archibald and Rosalie Henderson (12 February 1948)
- Henrietta Helen Olivia Robarts Durand-Deacon, (18 February 1949)
# In popular culture.
- The Haigh case was dramatised in the episode "The Jar of Acid" on the 1951 radio series "The Black Museum".
- "Hide My Eyes" by Margery Allingham written in 1958 mirrors the Haigh case though indirectly.
- The mid-1960s unproduced Hitchcock project "Kaleidoscope" had been inspired by Haigh and serial killer Neville Heath.
- The role of Haigh was played by Martin Clunes in the ITV drama "A Is for Acid".
- Nigel Fairs played Haigh in the Big Finish audio drama "In Conversation with an Acid Bath Murderer" (2011), which | 6,129,420 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
he also wrote. The cast included Richard Franklin as "Archie Henderson", Mandi Symonds as "Olive Durand-Deacon" and Louise Jameson (who also directed) as "Rose Henderson".
- For some years his waxwork was exhibited in the "Chamber of Horrors" at Madame Tussauds in London.
- Haigh was referenced in the episode "The Final Chapter: The New Tricks in the Old Dogs" of the U.S. television series "Bones".
- The stage play "Under a Red Moon", by Michael Slade, is a fictional account of Haigh's examination by a psychiatrist before his trial.
- Stage play WAX by Micheal Punter is based upon a fictional meeting between Haigh and a woman (Anna), an artist from Madame Tussauds, who models his wax work | 6,129,421 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
for exhibition in the 'Chamber of Horrors' while he is in the condemned cell.
- The video game Clocktower 3 references Haigh and his crimes directly with the in-game stalker, Corroder.
# In music.
- American thrash/death metal/grindcore band Macabre recorded a song about Haigh (from their Murder Metal album) called "Acid Bath Vampire".
- Japanese stoner/doom metal band Church of Misery recorded a song about Haigh entitled "Make Them Die Slowly (John George Haigh)". The track was released on the album "And Then There Were None...".
# See also.
- Teodoro García Simental, Mexican murderer and drug lord who drowned bodies (perhaps as many as 300) in sodium hydroxide.
- Murder conviction without | 6,129,422 |
441492 | John Haigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Haigh | John Haigh
stalker, Corroder.
# In music.
- American thrash/death metal/grindcore band Macabre recorded a song about Haigh (from their Murder Metal album) called "Acid Bath Vampire".
- Japanese stoner/doom metal band Church of Misery recorded a song about Haigh entitled "Make Them Die Slowly (John George Haigh)". The track was released on the album "And Then There Were None...".
# See also.
- Teodoro García Simental, Mexican murderer and drug lord who drowned bodies (perhaps as many as 300) in sodium hydroxide.
- Murder conviction without a body
- John Christie
# Bibliography.
- "The Times", court reports, 9 and 26 March 1949; 29 July 1949; 19 January 1951.
# External links.
- Bigfinish.com | 6,129,423 |
441510 | Instar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instar | Instar
Instar
An instar (, from the Latin "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult ("ecdysis"), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or assume a new form. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After moulting, i.e. shedding their exoskeleton, the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again. The instar period of growth is fixed; however, in some insects, like the salvinia stem-borer moth, the number of instars depends on early larval nutrition. | 6,129,424 |
441510 | Instar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instar | Instar
Some arthropods can continue to moult after sexual maturity, but the stages between these subsequent moults are generally not called instars.
For most insect species, an "instar" is the developmental stage of the larval forms of holometabolous (complete metamorphism) or nymphal forms of hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphism) insects, but an instar can be any developmental stage including pupa or imago (the adult, which does not moult in insects).
The number of instars an insect undergoes often depends on the species and the environmental conditions, as described for a number of species of Lepidoptera. However it is believed that the number of instars can be physiologically constant per species | 6,129,425 |
441510 | Instar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instar | Instar
in some insect orders, as for example Diptera and Hymenoptera. It should be minded that the number of larval instars is not directly related to speed of development. For instance, environmental conditions may dramatically affect the developmental rates of species and still have no impact on the number of larval instars. As examples, lower temperatures and lower humidity often slow the rate of development- an example is seen in the lepidopteran tobacco budworm and that may have an effect on how many molts will caterpillars undergo. On the other hand, temperature is demonstrated to affect the development rates of a number of hymenopterans without affecting numbers of instars or larval morphology, | 6,129,426 |
441510 | Instar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instar | Instar
still have no impact on the number of larval instars. As examples, lower temperatures and lower humidity often slow the rate of development- an example is seen in the lepidopteran tobacco budworm and that may have an effect on how many molts will caterpillars undergo. On the other hand, temperature is demonstrated to affect the development rates of a number of hymenopterans without affecting numbers of instars or larval morphology, as observed in the ensign wasp and in the red imported fire ant. In fact the number of larval instars in ants has been the subject of a number of recent investigations, and no instances of temperature-related variation in numbers of instars have yet been recorded. | 6,129,427 |
441515 | Baia Sprie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baia%20Sprie | Baia Sprie
Baia Sprie
Baia Sprie (; , ) is a town in the Maramureş County, northern Romania. The Hungarian version of the town's name means "Upper Mine". Baia Sprie is situated at a distance of 9 km from Baia Mare.
The town administers three villages: Chiuzbaia ("Kisbánya"), Satu Nou de Sus ("Felsőújfalu") and Tăuții de Sus ("Giródtótfalu"). Neighbouring communities are the city of Baia Mare and the villages of Groși, Dumbrăvița, Șisești and Desești.
The town was one of the most important mining centers in north-western Romania, exploitation of gold and silver being mentioned in documents written around 1411, the time when the Saxons colonized the region. However, recent administrative changes and restructuring | 6,129,428 |
441515 | Baia Sprie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baia%20Sprie | Baia Sprie
of the Romanian mining industry brought this activity to an almost complete halt.
# History.
The first written mention of the settlement dates back to 1329 as ""Civitas in medio monte"". The town was in Szatmár County, in the Kingdom of Hungary. King Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, as part of treat with Serbian ruler Despotus Stefan Lazarević, gave him Baia Sprie as a gift, at 1411., until Depotus' death in 1426. A year after, lord of Baia Sprie became Stefan's successor Despotus Đurađ Branković of Serbia. In 1567, it was annexed by Prince János Zsigmond, prince of Transylvania. In 1605 - 1606, 1621–1629 and 1645 - 1648 the town and the county were part of the Principality of Transylvania.
In | 6,129,429 |
441515 | Baia Sprie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baia%20Sprie | Baia Sprie
the 1910 census, the following languages were spoken in the township: Hungarian language 93.8%, Romanian language 5.2% and others 1.0%. At the same census the following religions were represented: Roman Catholic 52.1%, Greek Catholic 28.1%, Calvinist 13.3%, Judaism 6.1% and others 0.5%.
From the 1919 to 1940 the town was part of the Kingdom of Romania. Between 1940 and 1944 it was part of Hungary and since 1944 the town has been in Romania. The township belonged alternately to the Baia Mare Region (in 1952–1960), Maramureş Region (1960–1968) and, as of 1968, Maramureş County.
# Population.
At the 2011 census, 77.9% of inhabitants were Romanians, 17.3% Hungarians and 4.2% Roma.
The main religious | 6,129,430 |
441515 | Baia Sprie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baia%20Sprie | Baia Sprie
holic 52.1%, Greek Catholic 28.1%, Calvinist 13.3%, Judaism 6.1% and others 0.5%.
From the 1919 to 1940 the town was part of the Kingdom of Romania. Between 1940 and 1944 it was part of Hungary and since 1944 the town has been in Romania. The township belonged alternately to the Baia Mare Region (in 1952–1960), Maramureş Region (1960–1968) and, as of 1968, Maramureş County.
# Population.
At the 2011 census, 77.9% of inhabitants were Romanians, 17.3% Hungarians and 4.2% Roma.
The main religious groups in 2002 were 11,344 Romanian Orthodox, 2,739 Roman Catholic, 886 Calvinist and 636 Greek Catholic.
# External links.
- Photos of the town and its surroundings in the dedicated Flickr group | 6,129,431 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Paul Sweezy
Paul Marlor Sweezy (April 10, 1910 – February 27, 2004) was a Marxian economist, political activist, publisher, and founding editor of the long-running magazine "Monthly Review". He is best remembered for his contributions to economic theory as one of the leading Marxian economists of the second half of the 20th century.
# Biography.
## Early years and education.
Paul Sweezy was born on April 10, 1910 in New York City, the youngest of three sons of Everett B. Sweezy, a vice-president of First National Bank of New York. His mother, Caroline Wilson Sweezy, was a graduate of Goucher College in Baltimore.
Sweezy attended Phillips Exeter Academy and went on to Harvard and was editor | 6,129,432 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
of "The Harvard Crimson", graduating "magna cum laude" in 1932. Having completed his undergraduate coursework, his interests shifted from journalism to economics. Sweezy spent the 1931–32 academic year taking courses at the London School of Economics, traveling to Vienna to study on breaks. It was at this time that Sweezy was first exposed to Marxian economic ideas. He made the acquaintance of Harold Laski, Joan Robinson and other young left-wing British thinkers of the day.
Upon his return to the United States, Sweezy again enrolled at Harvard, from which he received his doctorate degree in 1937. During his studies, Sweezy had become the ""ersatz" son" ("ersatz" meaning "replacement" in German) | 6,129,433 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
of the renowned, Austrian-born economist Joseph Schumpeter, although on an intellectual level, their views were diametrically opposed. Later, as colleagues, their debates on the "Laws of Capitalism" were of legendary status for a generation of Harvard economists.
While at Harvard, Sweezy founded the academic journal "The Review of Economic Studies" and published essays on imperfect competition, the role of expectations in the determination of supply and demand, and the problem of economic stagnation.
## Academic career and military service.
Sweezy became an instructor at Harvard in 1938. It was there that he helped establish a local branch of the American Federation of Teachers, the Harvard | 6,129,434 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Teachers' Union. In this interval also Sweezy wrote lectures that later became one of his most important works of economics, "The Theory of Capitalist Development" (1942), a book which summarized the labor theory of value of Marx and his followers. The book was the first in English to deal with such questions as the transformation problem thoroughly.
Sweezy worked for several New Deal agencies analyzing the concentration of economic power and the dynamics of monopoly and competition. This research included the influential study for the National Resources Committee, "Interest Groups in the American Economy" which identified the eight most powerful financial-industrial alliances in US business.
From | 6,129,435 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
1942 to 1945, Sweezy worked for the research and analysis division of the Office of Strategic Services. Sweezy was sent to London, where he worked at the Research and Analysis section of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) monitoring British economic policy for the US government. He went on to edit the OSS's monthly publication, European Political Report. Sweezy received the bronze star for his role in the war. He was the recipient of the Social Science Research Council Demobilization Award at war's end.
Sweezy wrote extensively for the liberal press during the post-war period, including such publications as "The Nation" and "The New Republic," among others. He also wrote a book, "Socialism," | 6,129,436 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
published in 1949, as well as a number of shorter pieces which were collected in book form as "The Present as History" in 1953. In 1947 Sweezy quit his teaching position at Harvard, with two years remaining on his contract, to dedicate himself to full-time writing and editing.
## "Monthly Review" magazine.
In 1949, Sweezy and Leo Huberman founded a new magazine called "Monthly Review," using money from historian and literary critic F. O. Matthiessen. The first issue appeared in May of that year, and included Albert Einstein's article "Why Socialism?". The magazine, established in the midst of the American Red Scare, describes itself as socialist "independent of any political organization".
"Monthly | 6,129,437 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Review" rapidly expanded into the production of books and pamphlets through its publishing arm, Monthly Review Press.
Over the years, "Monthly Review" published articles by a diverse array of voices, including material by Albert Einstein, W. E. B. Du Bois, Jean-Paul Sartre, Che Guevara and Joan Robinson.
## Activism.
In 1954, New Hampshire Attorney General Louis C. Wyman subpoenaed Sweezy and made inquiries into the contents of a guest lecture at the University of New Hampshire and his political beliefs and associations, demanding to know the names of his political associates. Sweezy refused to comply, citing his First Amendment right of freedom of expression. He was cited for contempt of | 6,129,438 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
court and briefly imprisoned, but the US Supreme Court overturned the conviction in a landmark case for academic freedom, in "Sweezy v. New Hampshire", .
Sweezy was active in a wide range of progressive causes, including the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, the National Lawyers Guild, the National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions, and the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. He was the chairman of the Committee in Defense of Carl Marzani and was particularly active fighting against the prosecution of members of the Communist Party under the Smith Act.
An outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War, Sweezy was a prominent supporter of Bertrand Russell's International War Crimes Tribunal.
## | 6,129,439 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Contributions to economics.
Sweezy's work in economics focused on applying Marxist analysis to what he identified as three dominant trends in modern capitalism: monopolization, stagnation, and financialization.
Sweezy's first formally published paper on economics was a 1934 article entitled "Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment," published in the "Journal of Political Economy" in 1934. Over the rest of the decade Sweezy wrote prolifically on economics-related topics, publishing some 25 articles and reviews. Sweezy did pioneering work in the fields of expectations and oligopoly in these years, introducing for the first time the concept of the kinked demand curve in the determination of | 6,129,440 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
oligopoly pricing.
Harvard published Sweezy's dissertation, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade, 1550–1850, in 1938. With the 1942 publication of The Theory of Capitalist Development, Sweezy established himself as the "dean of American Marxists" and laid foundations for later Marxist work on these themes. In addition to presenting the first major discussion of the "transformation problem" in English, the book also emphasized the "qualitative" as well as "quantitative" aspect of Marx's theory of value, distinguishing Marx's approach from those of his predecessors in political economy.
In 1966, Sweezy published "Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order" | 6,129,441 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
with Paul Baran. The book elaborated evidence for and implications of Sweezy's stagnation theory, also called secular stagnation. The main dilemma modern capitalism would face, they argued, would be how to find profitable investment outlets for the economic surpluses created by capital accumulation. Because of the increase in oligopoly this took the form of stagnation as monopolistic firms reduced output rather than prices in response to overcapacity.
Oligopoly meant there was a tendency for the rate of surplus to rise, but this surplus did not necessarily register in statistical records as profits. It also takes the form of waste and excess production capacity.
Increases in marketing, defense | 6,129,442 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
spending and various forms of debt could alleviate the problem of overaccumulation. However, they believed that these remedies to capital's difficulties were inherently limited and tend to decrease in effectiveness over time so that monopoly capital would tend toward economic stagnation.
This book is regarded as the cornerstone of Sweezy's contribution to Marxian economics.
Sweezy had dealt with the rise and fall of finance capital in the early 21st century identifying monopoly as the more essential trend. This formed the context in which he would analyze the resurgence of finance capital in the post-war era. Because Sweezy's approach combined and integrated the micro effects of monopoly with | 6,129,443 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
the macro level insights of Keynesian theory it proved superior for understanding the stagflation of the 1970s. Sweezy's later work with Harry Magdoff examined the importance of "financial explosion" as a response to stagnation.
## Death and legacy.
Paul Sweezy died February 27, 2004. He was 93 years old at the time of his death.
Sweezy was lauded by economist and public intellectual John Kenneth Galbraith as "the most noted American Marxist scholar" of the late 20th Century. He was also called "the best that Exeter and Harvard can produce" and regarded as "among the most promising economists of his generation" by Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson.
# Works.
- "Monopoly and Competition | 6,129,444 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
in the English Coal Trade, 1550–1850." [1938] Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972.
- "The Theory of Capitalist Development." London: D. Dobson, 1946.
- "Socialism." New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1949.
- "The Present as History: Reviews on Capitalism and Socialism." (1953, 1962).
- "Modern Capitalism and Other Essays." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.
- "The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism." London: New Left Books, 1976.
- "Post-Revolutionary Society: Essays." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980.
- "Four lectures on Marxism." (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981).
- "The Limits of Imperialism." In Chilcote, Ronald H. (ed.) "Imperialism: Theoretical Directions." New York: | 6,129,445 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Humanity Books, 2000.
## With Leo Huberman.
- "F.O. Matthiessen, 1902–1950." New York: S.N., 1950.
- "Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1960.
- "Regis Debray and Latin American Revolution." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968.
- "Socialism in Cuba." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969.
- "The Communist Manifesto after 100 Years: New translation by Paul M. Sweezy of Karl Marx's "The Communist Manifesto" and Friedrich Engels' "Principles of Communism."" New York: Modern Reader, 1964.
- "Vietnam: The Endless War: From Monthly Review, 1954–1970." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
## With Harry Magdoff.
- "The Dynamics of US Capitalism: Corporate Structure, | 6,129,446 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Inflation, Credit, Gold, and the Dollar." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.
- "Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Chile." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
- "The End of Prosperity." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.
- "The Deepening Crisis of US Capitalism." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981.
- "Stagnation and the Financial Explosion." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987.
- "The Irreversible Crisis: Five Essays." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.
## With others.
- "Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order." With Paul A. Baran. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966.
- "On the Transition to Socialism." With Charles Bettelheim. New York: | 6,129,447 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Monthly Review Press, 1971.
# Further reading.
- Bellod Redondo, J. F. "Monopolio e Irracionalidad: Microfundamentos de la Teoría Baran - Sweezy" in "Principios - Estudios de Economía Política", pp 65 – 84, nº 10, Fundación Sistema, Madrid. (2008)
- Peter Clecak, "Radical Paradoxes: Dilemmas of the American Left, 1945-1970" (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 128–174
- Foster, John Bellamy. "Paul Sweezy & Monopoly Capital" (Pluto Press, Sterling, 2002).
- Nicholas Baran and John Bellamy Foster, eds., "The Age of Monopoly Capital, The Selected Correspondence of Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy, 1949-1964" (Monthly Review Press, New York, 2017).
# External links.
- Interview of Paul M. | 6,129,448 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
Sweezy by Christopher Phelps and Andor Skotnes
- Obituary ("Monthly Review")
- Obituary ("The New York Times")
- Obituary ("The Guardian")
- Obituary (Communist Party of India [Marxist-Lennist])
- Paul Sweezy, 93; Marxist, economist, Harvard teacher ("The Boston Globe")
- Marxist Thinker, Former Prof. Dies ("The Harvard Crimson", 2004)
- "Remembering Paul Sweezy" (by Robert Pollin, "CounterPunch")
- Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (Ernest Mandel comments on Sweezy's view of the USSR 1979)
- The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism (Maurice Dobb and Paul Sweezy debate, 1950)
- Correspondence of Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy at the Stanford University Archive, | 6,129,449 |
441497 | Paul Sweezy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Sweezy | Paul Sweezy
ps and Andor Skotnes
- Obituary ("Monthly Review")
- Obituary ("The New York Times")
- Obituary ("The Guardian")
- Obituary (Communist Party of India [Marxist-Lennist])
- Paul Sweezy, 93; Marxist, economist, Harvard teacher ("The Boston Globe")
- Marxist Thinker, Former Prof. Dies ("The Harvard Crimson", 2004)
- "Remembering Paul Sweezy" (by Robert Pollin, "CounterPunch")
- Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (Ernest Mandel comments on Sweezy's view of the USSR 1979)
- The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism (Maurice Dobb and Paul Sweezy debate, 1950)
- Correspondence of Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy at the Stanford University Archive, Paul A. Baran's papers | 6,129,450 |
441527 | CodeCon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CodeCon | CodeCon
CodeCon
CodeCon was an annual conference for software hackers and technology enthusiasts, held every year between 2002 and 2009. CodeCon was not intended to be a computer security conference, but a conference with a focus on software developers doing presentations of technologies, as computer programs, rather than products.
# History.
Bram Cohen and Len Sassaman are credited with devising and organizing the first conference at the DNA Lounge in San Francisco, California in 2002. The conference was the result of discussion on building a small, programmer-focused convention. Some projects discussed at the first CodeCon include BitTorrent and Peek-a-Booty. There were also panel discussions, including | 6,129,451 |
441527 | CodeCon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CodeCon | CodeCon
ence was the result of discussion on building a small, programmer-focused convention. Some projects discussed at the first CodeCon include BitTorrent and Peek-a-Booty. There were also panel discussions, including one about the legality of hacking, which focused on the actions of the MPAA and RIAA against peer-to-peer file sharing networks.
Later conferences have included discussions on P2P, and the Helios voting system.
Sassaman proposed to his then-girlfriend Meredith L. Patterson during the Q&A after her presentation at the 2006 CodeCon; the two were later married.
# Other uses.
Bloomberg's CodeCon programming contest platform and events.
An abbreviation for Re/code's Code Conference. | 6,129,452 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
Taxis
A taxis (plural taxes , ) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food. Taxes are innate behavioural responses. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that in the case of taxis, the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus.
# Classification.
Taxes are classified based on the type of stimulus, and on whether the organism's response is to move towards or away from the stimulus. If the organism moves towards the stimulus | 6,129,453 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
the taxis is positive, while if it moves away the taxis is negative. For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus "Euglena" move towards a light source. This reaction or behaviour is called "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis refers to a response to light and the organism is moving towards the stimulus.
Many types of taxis have been identified, including:
- "aerotaxis" (stimulation by oxygen)
- "anemotaxis" (by wind)
- "barotaxis" (by pressure)
- "chemotaxis" (by chemicals)
- "durotaxis" (by stiffness)
- "electrotaxis" or "galvanotaxis" (by electric current)
- "gravitaxis" (by gravity)
- "hydrotaxis" (by moisture)
- "magnetotaxis" (by magnetic field)
- "phototaxis" (by light)
- | 6,129,454 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
"rheotaxis" (by fluid flow)
- "thermotaxis" (by changes in temperature)
- "thigmotaxis" (by physical contact)
Depending on the type of sensory organs present, a taxis can be classified as a "klinotaxis", where an organism continuously samples the environment to determine the direction of a stimulus; a "tropotaxis", where bilateral sense organs are used to determine the stimulus direction; and a "telotaxis", where a single organ suffices to establish the orientation of stimulus.
# Examples.
- Aerotaxis is the response of an organism to variation in oxygen concentration, and is mainly found in aerobic bacteria.
- Anemotaxis is the response of an organism to wind. Many insects show a positive | 6,129,455 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
anemotactic response (turning/flying into the wind) upon exposure to an airborne stimulus cue from a food source. Cross-wind anemotactic search is exhibited by some olfactory animals in the absence of a target odor including moths, albatrosses, and polar bears.
- Chemotaxis is a response elicited by chemicals: that is, a response to a chemical concentration gradient. For example, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has been observed in motile bacteria such as "E. coli". Chemotaxis also occurs in the antherozoids of liverworts, ferns, and mosses in response to chemicals secreted by the archegonia. Unicellular (e.g. protozoa) or multicellular (e.g. worms) organisms are targets of chemotactic | 6,129,456 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
substances. A concentration gradient of chemicals developed in a fluid phase guides the vectorial movement of responder cells or organisms. Inducers of locomotion towards increasing steps of concentrations are considered as chemoattractants, while chemorepellents result moving off the chemical. Chemotaxis is described in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but signalling mechanisms (receptors, intracellular signaling) and effectors are significantly different.
- Durotaxis is the directional movement of a cell along a stiffness gradient.
- Electrotaxis (or galvanotaxis) is the directional movement of motile cells along the vector of an electric field. It has been suggested that by detecting and | 6,129,457 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
orienting themselves toward the electric fields, cells can move towards damages or wounds to repair them. It also is suggested that such a movement may contribute to directional growth of cells and tissues during development and regeneration. This notion is based on the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur during wound healing, development and regeneration; and cells in cultures respond to applied electric fields by directional cell migration – electrotaxis / galvanotaxis.
- Energy taxis is the orientation of bacteria towards conditions of optimal metabolic activity by sensing the internal energetic conditions of cell. Therefore, in contrast to chemotaxis (taxis towards | 6,129,458 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
or away from a specific extracellular compound), energy taxis responds on an intracellular stimulus (e.g. proton motive force, activity of NDH- 1) and requires metabolic activity.
- Gravitaxis (known historically as geotaxis) is the directional movement (along the vector of gravity) to the center of gravity. The planktonic larvae of a king crab, "Lithodes aequispinus", combine positive phototaxis (movement towards the light) and negative gravitaxis (upward movement). Also the larvae of a polychaete, "Platynereis dumerilii", combine positive phototaxis (movement to the light coming from the water surface) and UV-induced positive gravitaxis (downward movement) to form a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge. | 6,129,459 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
Both positive and negative gravitaxes are found in a variety of protozoans ("e.g.", "Loxodes", "Remanella" and "Paramecium").
- Magnetotaxis is, strictly speaking, the ability to sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response. However, the term is commonly applied to bacteria that contain magnets and are physically rotated by the force of the earth's magnetic field. In this case, the "behaviour" has nothing to do with sensation and the bacteria are more accurately described as "magnetic bacteria".
- Pharotaxis is the movement to a specific location in response to learned or conditioned stimuli, or navigation by means of landmarks.
- Phonotaxis is the movement of an organism in | 6,129,460 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
response to sound.
- Phototaxis is the movement of an organism in response to light: that is, the response to variation in light intensity and direction. Negative phototaxis, or movement away from a light source, is demonstrated in some insects, such as cockroaches. Positive phototaxis, or movement towards a light source, is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Many phytoflagellates, e.g. "Euglena", and the chloroplasts of higher plants positively phototactic, moving towards a light source. Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes: scotophototaxis is observable as the movement of a bacterium | 6,129,461 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
out of the area illuminated by a microscope, when entering darkness signals the cell to reverse direction and reenter the light; a second type of positive phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light.
- Rheotaxis is a response to a current in a fluid. Positive rheotaxis is shown by fish turning to face against the current. In a flowing stream, this behaviour leads them to hold their position in a stream rather than being swept downstream. Some fish will exhibit negative rheotaxis where they will avoid currents.
- Thermotaxis is a migration along a gradient of temperature. Some slime molds and small nematodes can migrate along amazingly | 6,129,462 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
small temperature gradients of less than 0.1 °C/cm. They apparently use this behaviour to move to an optimal level in soil.
- Thigmotaxis is the response of an organism to physical contact or to the proximity of a physical discontinuity in the environment (e.g. rats preferring to swim near the edge of a water maze). Codling moth larvae are believed to used thigmotatic sense to locate fruits to feed on.
# Terminology derived from taxis direction.
There are five types of taxes based on the movement of organisms.
- "Klinotaxis" occurs in organisms with receptor cells but no paired receptor organs. The cells for reception are located all over the body, particularly towards the anterior side. | 6,129,463 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
The organisms detect the stimuli by turning their head sideways and compare the intensity. When the intensity of stimuli is balanced equally from all sides then the organisms move in a straight line. The movement of blowfly and butterfly larvae clearly demonstrates klinotaxis.
- "Tropotaxis" is displayed by organisms with paired receptor cells. When the stimuli coming from a source are balanced equally the organisms show movement. Because of this, animals are able to move sideways, unlike klinotaxis where the organisms can move only in a straight line. The movement of grayling butterflies and fish lice clearly demonstrates tropotaxis.
- "Telotaxis" requires paired receptors. The movement occurs | 6,129,464 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
along the direction where the intensity of the stimuli is stronger. Telotaxis is clearly seen in the movement of bees when they leave their hive to look for food. They balance the stimuli from the sun as well as from flowers but land on the flower whose stimulus is most intense for them.
- "Menotaxis" describes organisms' maintenance of a constant angular orientation. A clear demonstration is shown by bees returning to their hive at night and the movement of ants with respect to the sun.
- "Mnemotaxis" is the use of memory to follow trails that organisms have left when travelling to or from their home.
# See also.
- Animal locomotion
- Haptotaxis
- Mechanotaxis
- Optomotor response
- | 6,129,465 |
441541 | Taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxis | Taxis
t of bees when they leave their hive to look for food. They balance the stimuli from the sun as well as from flowers but land on the flower whose stimulus is most intense for them.
- "Menotaxis" describes organisms' maintenance of a constant angular orientation. A clear demonstration is shown by bees returning to their hive at night and the movement of ants with respect to the sun.
- "Mnemotaxis" is the use of memory to follow trails that organisms have left when travelling to or from their home.
# See also.
- Animal locomotion
- Haptotaxis
- Mechanotaxis
- Optomotor response
- Tropism
# External links.
- Host-plant finding by insects: orientation, sensory input and search patterns | 6,129,466 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
Transducin
Transducin (G) is a protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones and it is very important in vertebrate phototransduction. It is a type of heterotrimeric G-protein with different α subunits in rod and cone photoreceptors.
Light leads to conformational changes in rhodopsin, which in turn leads to the activation of transducin. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase, which results in the breakdown of cGMP. The intensity of the flash response is directly proportional to the number of transducin activated.
# Function in phototransduction.
Transducin is activated by metarhodopsin II, a conformational change in rhodopsin caused by the absorption of a photon by the rhodopsin | 6,129,467 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
moiety retinal. The light causes isomerization of retinal from 11-cis to all-trans. Isomerization causes a change in the opsin to become metarhodopsin II. When metarhodopsin activates transducin, the guanosine diphosphate (GDP) bound to the α subunit (T) is exchanged for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from the cytoplasm. The α subunit dissociates from the βγ subunits (T.) Activated transducin α-subunit activates cGMP phosphodiesterase. cGMP phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP, an intracellular second messenger which opens cGMP-gated cation channels. Phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes cGMP to 5’-GMP. Decrease in cGMP concentration leads to decreased opening of cation channels and subsequently, hyperpolarization | 6,129,468 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
of the membrane potential.
Transducin is deactivated when the α-subunit-bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. This process is accelerated by a complex containing an RGS ("Regulator of G-protein signaling")-protein and the gamma-subunit of the effector, cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase.
# Mechanism of activation.
The T subunit of transducin contains three functional domains: one for rhodopsin/T interaction, one for GTP binding, and the last for activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase.
Although the focus for phototransduction is on T, T is crucial for rhodopsin to bind to transducin. The rhodopsin/T binding domain contains the amino and carboxyl terminal of the T. The amino terminal is the site of interaction | 6,129,469 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
for rhodopsin while the carboxyl terminal is that for T binding. The amino terminal might be anchored or in close proximity to the carboxyl terminal for activation of the transducin molecule by rhodopsin.
Interaction with photolyzed rhodopsin opens up the GTP-binding site to allow for rapid exchange of GDP for GTP. The binding site is in the closed conformation in the absence of photolyzed rhodopsin. Normally in the closed conformation, an α-helix located near the binding site is in a position which hinders the GTP/GDP exchange. A conformational change of the T by photolyzed rhodopsin causes the tilting of the helix, opening the GTP-binding site.
Once GTP has been exchanged for GDP, the GTP-T | 6,129,470 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
complex undergoes two major changes: dissociation from photolyzed rhodopsin and the T subunit and exposure of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) binding site for interaction with latent PDE. The conformational changes initiated in the transducin by binding of GTP are transmitted to the PDE binding site and cause it to be exposed for binding to PDE. The GTP-induced conformational changes could also disrupt the rhodopsin/T binding site and lead to dissociation from the GTP-T complex.
## The T complex.
An underlying assumption for G-proteins is that α, β, and γ subunits are present in the same concentration. However, there is evidence that there are more T and T than T in rod outer segments (ROS). The | 6,129,471 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
excess T and T have been concluded to be floating freely around in the ROS, though it cannot be associated with the T at any given time. One possible explanation for the excess T is increased availability for T to rebind. Since T is crucial for the binding of transducin, reacquisition of the heterotrimeric conformation could lead to more rapid binding to another GTP molecule and thus faster phototransduction.
Though T has been mentioned to be crucial for T binding to rhodopsin, there is also evidence that T may have a crucial, possibly direct role in nucleotide exchange than previously thought. Rhodopsin was found to specifically cause a conformational switch in the carboxyl terminal of the | 6,129,472 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
T subunit. This change ultimately regulates the allosteric nucleotide exchange on the T. This domain could serve as a major area for interactions with rhodopsin and for rhodopsin to regulate nucleotide exchange on the T. Activation of the G protein transducin by rhodopsin was thought to proceed by the lever mechanism. Rhodopsin-binding causes helix formation at the carboxyl terminal on the T and brings the T carboxyl and T. Carboxyl terminals closer together to facilitate nucleotide exchange.
Mutations in this domain abolish rhodopsin-transducin interaction. This conformational switch in the T may be preserved in the G protein γ subunit family.
## Interaction with cGMP phosphodiesterase and | 6,129,473 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
deactivation.
Transducin activation ultimately results in stimulation of the biological effector molecule cGMP phosphodiesterase, an oligomer with α, β and two inhibitory γ subunits. The α and β subunits are the larger molecular weight subunits and make up the catalytic moiety of PDE.
In the phototransduction system, GTP-bound-T binds to the γ subunit of PDE. There are two proposed mechanisms for the activation of PDE. The first proposes that the GTP-bound-T releases the PDE γ subunit from the catalytic subunits in order to activate hydrolysis. The second more likely mechanism proposes that binding causes a positional shift of the γ subunit, allowing better accessibility of the catalytic subunit | 6,129,474 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
for cGMP hydrolysis. The GTPase activity of T hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and changes the conformation of the T subunit, increasing its affinity to bind to the α and β subunits on the PDE. The binding of T to these larger subunits results in another conformational change in PDE and inhibits the hydrolysis ability of the catalytic subunit. This binding site on the larger molecular subunit may be immediately adjacent to the T binding site on the γ subunit.
Although the traditional mechanism involves activation of PDE by GTP-bound T, GDP-bound T has also been demonstrated to have the ability to activate PDE. Experiments of PDE activation in the dark (without the presence of GTP) show small but reproducible | 6,129,475 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
PDE activation. This can be explained by the activation of PDE by free GDP-bound T. PDE γ subunit affinity for GDP-bound T, however, seems to be about 100-fold smaller than for GTP-bound T. The mechanism by which GDP-bound T activates PDE remains unknown however, it is speculated to be similar to the activation of PDE by GTP-bound T.
In order to prevent activation of PDE in the dark, the concentration of GDP-bound T should be kept to a minimum. This job seems to fall to the T to keep the GDP-bound T bound in the form of holotransducin.
For deactivation, hydrolysis of the bound GTP by the T is necessary for T deactivation and returning the transducin to its basal from. However, simple hydrolysis | 6,129,476 |
441529 | Transducin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transducin | Transducin
um. This job seems to fall to the T to keep the GDP-bound T bound in the form of holotransducin.
For deactivation, hydrolysis of the bound GTP by the T is necessary for T deactivation and returning the transducin to its basal from. However, simple hydrolysis of GTP may not necessarily be enough to deactivate PDE. T comes into play here again with an important role in PDE deactivation. The addition of T arrests inhibition of the PDE catalytic moiety because it binds with the T-GTP complex. The reassociated form of transducin is not able to bind to PDE any longer. This frees PDE to recouple to photolyzed rhodopsin and return PDE to its initial state to await activation by another GTP bound T. | 6,129,477 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
Bell Mobility
Bell Mobility Inc. is a Canadian LTE and HSPA+ based wireless provider and the division of Bell Canada which offers wireless services across Canada. Bell Mobility and its affiliates combined have 9.5 million subscribers as of the end of Q3 2018, making it Canada's second largest wireless carrier.
Bell-owned Virgin Mobile Canada as well as Loblaws prepaid PC Telecom, operate as MVNOs on the Bell Mobility network. Some of Bell Canada's regional subsidiaries continue to operate their own wireless networks separate from (but generally allowing for roaming with) Bell Mobility; these are Northwestel (NMI Mobility and Latitude Wireless), Télébec (Télébec Mobilité), and NorthernTel (NorthernTel | 6,129,478 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
Mobility). In July 2006, Bell Mobility assumed responsibility for the former Aliant wireless operations in Atlantic Canada as part of a larger restructuring of both Bell and Aliant, and continued to do business there as Aliant Mobility until re-branding as Bell in April 2008.
Bell Mobility is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association.
In May 2017, Bell completed the purchase of MTS, greatly enhancing Bell's network coverage area. Prior to this purchase, Bell's network covered only the Winnipeg to Brandon corridor, whereas MTS' network was the largest in Manitoba, covering much of Manitoba.
# Networks.
Although both are different and independent from one another, both | 6,129,479 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
the CDMA and HSPA+ networks use the 850 and 1900 MHz frequencies. Bell's LTE network uses Band 4 Advanced Wireless Services (AWS 1700/2100 MHz) and Band 2 Personal Communications Service (PCS 1900 MHz) in most coverage areas and Band 7 (2600 MHz) in a few areas.
As of April 30, 2019, all CDMA service from Bell has been discontinued.
## HSPA+.
In October 2009, Telus Mobility and Bell announced plans to deploy HSPA technology by 2010 as part of an effort to eventually upgrade to LTE technology. The network, using largely shared infrastructure, launched on November 4, 2009.
According to Bell, the single-channel HSPA+ network is available to 96% of the Canadian population. It provides download | 6,129,480 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s, with typical speeds ranging between 3½ and 8 Mbit/s. The dual-channel network, on the other hand, began in 2010 and is available to 70% of the Canadian population. It can reach download speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s but with typical speeds of 7 to 14 Mbit/s.
Bell's HSPA+ network coverage is in portions of all Canadian provinces and territories, but it is not possible to drive in Canada between the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast without going through areas without any cellular coverage, as there are gaps in cellular coverage in British Columbia and Ontario.
## LTE.
Bell launched LTE by using the 1700 MHz (Band 4) frequency in Toronto and surrounding areas on September | 6,129,481 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
14, 2011. Since then, Bell has expanded LTE into most areas of Canada where it has HSPA coverage, and launched LTE on to the 2600 MHz (Band 7) frequency for additional bandwidth in March 2012 and on to the 700 MHz spectrum (paired bands LTE Band 12 and Band 13 [including Band 17 subset] and unpaired Band 29) in 2014. Bell will use either Band 13 or Band 12 depending on provinces.
As of May 2017, LTE coverage reaches 97% of Canada's population, but there are gaps in coverage in smaller communities and between communities, where Bell's HSPA+ network is available but its LTE network is not available. Bell's LTE Advanced network, the first in North America that supports Quad Band LTE Advanced, | 6,129,482 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
covers 73% of the Canadian population.
As of February 2016, Bell Mobility has launched voice over LTE (VoLTE).
# Products.
Feature phones and smartphones supporting HSPA and LTE are offered by Bell, and are generally the same as offered by the other two large carriers in Canada, Rogers Wireless and Telus Mobility.
## Legacy products.
Due to the age of the technology as deployed by Bell, CDMA smartphones are no longer sold by Bell Mobility.
# Services.
## History.
The first cell phone conversation in Canada took place on the Bell network between Jean Drapeau and Art Eggleton, the mayors of Montreal and Toronto, on July 1, 1985.
The first cell phone customer in Canada was Victor Surerus, | 6,129,483 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
a travelling funeral director out of Peterborough, Ontario who purchased a $2,700 CAD telephone set and took out a service subscription with Bell Canada in July 1985.
Bell Mobility discontinued its Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) analog mobile network in February 2008.
## Current services.
- BlackBerry Internet Service
- Telephony
- SMS and MMS
Bell offers a service to check account balances, minutes and megabytes of mobile data used, add features and answers to frequently asked questions. The service is called TCARE, short for text message care. It is used by sending a blank message to the phone number TCARE (82273).
## Mobile Internet.
Bell offers four Internet-only plans and several | 6,129,484 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
smartphone plans and add-ons for customers wishing to access mobile broadband.
Various fixed data allowances are offered by Bell: 10, 20, 100, 300 and 500 MB, as well as 1 to 6 GB, 10 GB and 15 GB. The 20 MB add-on is a daily allowance, while the others are monthly allowances.
Flexible data plans are also available. This is used for Bell Mobility's Internet-only plans and some smartphone plans, which begins with a certain usage limit at a lower tier. If this is exceeded, the customer moves to the next higher tier with a slightly larger allowance.
The flexible "Turbo Hub flex plan" from Bell differs in that customers have to pay a premium if they want to increase the maximum theoretical speeds | 6,129,485 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
from 7.2 Mbit/s to 21 Mbit/s. No additional usage is included when paying for the speed upgrade. Bell's policy is to only allow the sale of Turbo Hub service with its own Turbo Hub devices.
- Bell's wireless Internet plan starts at the initial 2 GB tier. If this is exceeded, the tier automatically goes up to 5 GB, then up to 10 GB, then up to 15 GB as the final tier. There are additional charges if one does goes above the 15 GB tier.
Some grandfathered customers have an unlimited mobile Internet plan or add-on. These are usually limited to older and slower CDMA devices such as the now-discontinued Palm Pre, and normally cannot be used for tethering unless the device is a mobile broadband modem. | 6,129,486 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
Its active Virgin Mobile Canada brand also have grandfathered accounts with unlimited mobile broadband.
## Mobile TV and Radio.
Bell Mobile TV was launched for Bell smartphones on October 18, 2010.
## Push-To-Talk.
On April 24, 2012, Bell launched an improved Push-To-Talk (PTT) service. It is powered by Bell's newer HSPA+ network, in contrast to the operator's older PTT (Officially titled 10-4) service which used the CDMA network. HSPA+ service is available at one flat rate for unlimited Bell-to-Bell PTT service from and to Canada. The monthly service can either be purchased alone, or added to any plan at a lower cost. PTT roaming in the United States or other countries is billed per megabyte. | 6,129,487 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
One megabyte offers approximately ten minutes of PTT talk time. Consequently, Bell offers approximately 100 to 400 PTT roaming minutes for traveling in the USA.
## Discontinued services.
Bell launched a proprietary Video Calling service on November 4, 2009 for select HSPA+ mobile phones. The service featured a cost of $5 CAD per month for unlimited video calls. It was supported by the LG Xenon, Nokia C6, Nokia N97, Samsung Galaxy S Vibrant, Samsung Omnia II and Samsung Wave smartphones. These devices have all been discontinued. It is unknown whether or not a non-Bell Galaxy S, or even Bell's Samsung Galaxy S II, support the Video Calling service. These Android-based devices, however, can use | 6,129,488 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
the included Google Talk for videoconferencing as long as they have an Internet connection available. Bell's cellular service does not currently offer unlimited mobile broadband.
# Advertising.
In conjunction with the 2006 Olympics, Bell Mobility introduced a pair of anthropomorphic CGI beavers named Frank (voiced by Norm Macdonald) and Gordon (voiced by Ken Hudson Campbell), who constantly got into misadventures which led to Frank getting flustered with the antics of the dimwitted Gordon. Analysts covering a potential restructuring of BCE suggested getting rid of the "Frank and Gordon" ad campaign. They have also criticized some of Bell Mobility's initiatives as failing to tap the market, | 6,129,489 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
such as offering full-length movies.
The ad campaign was canceled by Bell on August 1, 2008 and replaced with the "Today just got better" campaign.
# Criticism.
## Feature restrictions.
Some clients of Bell Mobility have claimed that their phones' features have been restricted. This action is typically referred to as "crippling". Examples of claims of restricted features are the inability to perform Bluetooth file transfers, for example with the OBEX profile or with a USB cable. Restrictions also include increasing the GPS lock time (2–10 minutes) and resolution (1-2.5 km) of third-party applications while maintaining the speed (10-15 s) and accuracy (10–25 m) of the branded GPS Nav program. | 6,129,490 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
GPS Nav service costs $10/month or $3.50/day in addition to the cost of a data plan. The phones affected include the BlackBerry 8830 World Edition, BlackBerry 8130 Pearl, and BlackBerry 8330 Curve.
Some clients claim that Bell Mobility purposely restricts these features in order to force them to use the data services and as a result pay more usage charges. Methods around these restrictions are to use an external memory card or software such as BitPim. Researching the abilities and lack thereof is recommended before purchasing a phone or PDA device, as some desired features may be lacking in the initial choice.
Some clients claim that Bell Mobility withholds firmware upgrades, especially for | 6,129,491 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
devices that are not meeting sales expectations. While some SKUs do receive updates on a regular basis, Bell Mobility is reluctant to release upgrades that add enhancements to product, focusing only on firmware releases that fix issues. Oftentimes those upgrades fail to become available as well.
## Data Plans.
In December 2007 the BBC reported a customer with a $7/month unlimited mobile browser plan received a $85,000 bill. The customer had used his phone as a wireless modem for his computer, and so data transferred was not included under the customer's unlimited mobile browser plan. Bell Mobility now releases in detail acceptable data usage in the terms of service. The BBC reported "Canadians | 6,129,492 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
complain that their mobile phone charges are much higher for comparable service in the United States".
## Text Messaging.
In July 2008, along with Telus Mobility Bell introduced charges of 15¢ for incoming SMS messages. Critics were quick to point out that there is no way of blocking incoming message fees and suggested Bell and Telus were price fixing as both had announced the fees simultaneously. Bell (and Telus) are now being sued by frustrated consumers and subscribers, as they demand change in text charges. Many customers were frustrated because this fee also apply to existing customers with ongoing contracts.
# Retail presence.
In addition to running its own retail operations, Bell | 6,129,493 |
441504 | Bell Mobility | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%20Mobility | Bell Mobility
s, as they demand change in text charges. Many customers were frustrated because this fee also apply to existing customers with ongoing contracts.
# Retail presence.
In addition to running its own retail operations, Bell co-owns Glentel alongside their chief telecom and media rival, Rogers. Bell Mobility also distributes through the independent Cellcom Communications, mainly in the Greater Montreal area. Bell purchased ownership in The Source (formerly known as RadioShack) to increase its retail presence.
# See also.
- Bell Canada, the parent of Bell Mobility
- List of Canadian mobile phone companies
- Bell Business Mobility Services
# External links.
- Bell Mobility Official Website | 6,129,494 |
536227 | Prince Edward County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Edward%20County | Prince Edward County
Prince Edward County
Prince Edward County may refer to:
- Prince Edward County, Virginia, United States
- Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada | 6,129,495 |
536241 | Prairie County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20County | Prairie County
Prairie County
Prairie County is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Prairie County, Arkansas
- Prairie County, Montana | 6,129,496 |
536245 | Redondo Beach | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redondo%20Beach | Redondo Beach
Redondo Beach
Redondo Beach may refer to:
- Redondo Beach, California, USA
- Redondo, Des Moines, Washington, USA, a small board-walk beach
- "Redondo Beach" (song), by Patti Smith and covered by Morrissey
# See also.
- Redonda Beach, a similarly named place in Portugal | 6,129,497 |
441532 | U.S. Route 96 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2096 | U.S. Route 96
U.S. Route 96
U.S. Highway 96 (US 96) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs for about entirely in the U.S state of Texas. Its number is a violation of the standard numbering convention, as even-numbered two-digit highways are east–west routes by rule. As of 2004, the highway's southern terminus (as well as those of US 287 and US 69) is in Port Arthur at an intersection with State Highway 87 (SH 87). Its northern terminus is in Tenaha at an intersection with US 59 (Future I-69)/(Future I-369) and US 84 (Future I-69).
U.S. Highway 96 is designated by the State of Texas as a major hurricane evacuation route, with the local county governments facilitating the evacuation of citizens | 6,129,498 |
441532 | U.S. Route 96 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2096 | U.S. Route 96
along U.S. Highway 96 from Coastal Region counties, including but not limited to, Harris County, Galveston County, Brazoria County, Chambers County, Jefferson County, Orange County, Hardin County, Jasper County, Newton County and Tyler County.
U.S. Highway 96 has been utilized many times in the past for hurricane evacuations, with the most recent being Hurricane Rita in 2005, Hurricane Gustav in 2008 and Hurricane Ike in 2008. During Hurricane Katrina in 2005, U.S. Highway 96 was also utilized to route evacuees from Louisiana, who had fled west out of the hurricane's path. This designated hurricane evacuation route is utilized to evacuate citizens to the north into North and Northeast Texas, | 6,129,499 |
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