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536332 | Picture Frame Seduction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picture%20Frame%20Seduction | Picture Frame Seduction
rds: 2019.
# Members.
- Keith Haynes Robin Folland, Tim Horsley, Jonathon Griffiths (1978–1983)
- Keith Haynes, Nigel Drumm, Robin Folland, Tim Horsely (1980)
- Keith Haynes, Jonathon Griffiths, Steve Parkin, Mark Bozier (1984–1987)
- Keith Haynes, Jonathon Griffiths, Robin Folland, Steve Arthur (2003–2008)
- Keith Haynes, Jonathon Griffiths, Ashley Shannon, Steve Arthur (2008-November 2009)
- Keith Haynes, Jonathon Griffiths, Steve Arthur, Robin Folland (November 2009–2011)
- Keith Haynes, Ewen Hyde, Josh Read, Dave Pearce. ( 2016 - 2018 )
- Keith Haynes, Chris Valdez, Mihails 'Mish' Zizkuns, Leon Bennett (2018 - present)
# External links.
- Discography Releases from 1982 onwards | 6,129,600 |
536317 | Modus ponendo tollens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modus%20ponendo%20tollens | Modus ponendo tollens
Modus ponendo tollens
Modus ponendo tollens (MPT; Latin: "mode that denies by affirming") is a valid rule of inference for propositional logic. It is closely related to "modus ponens" and "modus tollendo ponens".
# Overview.
MPT is usually described as having the form:
- 1. Not both A and B
- 2. A
- 3. Therefore, not B
For example:
- 1. Ann and Bill cannot both win the race.
- 2. Ann won the race.
- 3. Therefore, Bill cannot have won the race.
As E. J. Lemmon describes it:""Modus ponendo tollens" is the principle that, if the negation of a conjunction holds and also one of its conjuncts, then the negation of its other conjunct holds."
In logic notation this can be represented as:
- | 6,129,601 |
536317 | Modus ponendo tollens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modus%20ponendo%20tollens | Modus ponendo tollens
aving the form:
- 1. Not both A and B
- 2. A
- 3. Therefore, not B
For example:
- 1. Ann and Bill cannot both win the race.
- 2. Ann won the race.
- 3. Therefore, Bill cannot have won the race.
As E. J. Lemmon describes it:""Modus ponendo tollens" is the principle that, if the negation of a conjunction holds and also one of its conjuncts, then the negation of its other conjunct holds."
In logic notation this can be represented as:
- 1. formula_1
- 2. formula_2
- 3. formula_3
Based on the Sheffer Stroke (alternative denial), "|", the inference can also be formalized in this way:
- 1. formula_4
- 2. formula_2
- 3. formula_3
# See also.
- "Modus tollendo ponens"
- Stoic logic | 6,129,602 |
536351 | Platte County | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platte%20County | Platte County
Platte County
Platte County is the name of three counties in the United States:
- Platte County, Missouri
- Platte County, Nebraska
- Platte County, Wyoming
- Platte County, Colorado Territory, an unorganized county of the Territory of Colorado from 1872 to 1874 | 6,129,603 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
Luapula Province border dispute
This article deals with the disputed area on the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, in Luapula Province.
# Origins in the 1894 treaty.
Zambia's formal northern frontier boundary was legally signed in the Anglo-Belgian Treaty of 1894, long after the 1884 Berlin Conference. This showed that the triangle of land at the northwestern point of Eastern Rhodesia from Pweto to as far south as the Lunchinda River was under Northern Rhodesia even though the Belgian Congo had administered it for many years. Belgians administered it as a matter of local convenience under a gentleman’s agreement. Much of this administration was facilitated by the | 6,129,604 |
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Belgium missionary work in education and health, particularly the Roman Catholic Church and Greek fishermen who wanted more fishing points to supply the reported increase in demand for fish in the emerging mine town of Elizabethville (now Lubumbashi). Later, the Belgians wanted to claim this land. Over the years, during British colonial rule, District Commissioners and Provincial Commissioners were asked to provide information on the affected areas by central government authorities in Lusaka.
The real border issue for the Northern Frontier was reported to be on Lake Tanganyika's Cape Akalunga, mentioned in the treaty and described as the point of reference. In reality, officials had found it | 6,129,605 |
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difficult to locate this cape. British maps show the boundary meeting at Cape Pungu (Chitankwa) whilst Belgian maps of 1955 show the meeting point at Cape Kipimbi which is far south of Cape Pungu, thereby cutting deep into assumed Northern Rhodesian territory.
During the time of the Central African Federation, the Northern-Rhodesian Federal government’s Assistant Secretary Fraser, believed that there may be mineral deposits in Pweto area and therefore all the more need for the Federal Government to protect sovereignty. Weedens Minerals & Chartered Exploration held prospecting rights in that area. These have never been challenged. There is documentation that in 1936, Belgians had asked for 180 | 6,129,606 |
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acres (730,000 m) of Northern Rhodesian land apparently where Belgian colonial residences were built. However, no evidence exists that Britain conceded to this request. In 1957, A V Ellison, an official in the Ministry of Lands & Local Government reported to the Federal government of Northern Rhodesia that triangulation surveys had been made by the Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission from 1911–1913, when eventually a de facto boundary for the northern frontier was agreed upon. That boundary clearly indicates that Pweto was the northwestern point of reference for the northern frontier.
# Belgian interests.
In 1931 another British/Belgian Boundary Commission was set up. A Peake/Gendarme agreement | 6,129,607 |
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was proposed. It was suggested that a meandering line following the watershed and thalwegs of the streams replace the straight line between Lake Mweru and Lake Tanganyika. This exchange was to favour Northern Rhodesia but was consequently rejected by the Belgians. In July 1958 Thomson, District Commissioner who visited Chief Puta’s area, noted an influx of the populace from the area occupied by Belgians into Northern Rhodesia. They were running away from compulsory agricultural measures in Pweto’s area. The fact is that these were not refugees in the sense we understand and apply the term today. They were resisting the brutal Belgium occupation, under which they had been left without British | 6,129,608 |
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protection. Distance and cost was the simplest excuse that British authorities in Northern Rhodesia could offer for not protecting them. After all, apart from the mining companies, the British definition of its interests in Northern Rhodesia were at best ambivalent, apart from occupying a piece of real estate.
On 8 August 1958, a preparatory meeting for the Belgian government and the Federal Government of Rhodesia & Nyasaland to discuss the Northern Rhodesia/Congo boundary was convened. Present at the meeting representing Northern Rhodesian interests were:
- A W Osminara – Assistant Secretary and Chair
- W H H Jones – Acting Solicitor General
- T W Fraser – Assistant Secretary (W)
- P W | 6,129,609 |
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W Allin – Surveyor General
- S G Burlock – Acting Land Commissioner
- M S Wagner – Assistant Secretary (R)
- J C L Durrant – Acting Assistant Secretary (N)
- G Howe – Administrative Officer
- F N N Parry – Federal Government representative
- M S Benoy –
Belgium interests in the north appeared to be fishing and hunting in the Lake Mweru region, and possession of Kilwa Island. A joint Mweru-Luapula fisheries agreement was made between Northern Rhodesia and Belgium Congo with regards to:
- Type of nets used
- Fishing rights
- Off-season responsibilities
At this meeting, maps and plans of the areas concerned were discussed. Northern Rhodesia needed the Pedicle Road that connects Luapula | 6,129,610 |
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Province to the Copperbelt. (The Pedicle is a wedge of Congolese territory that cuts deep into Zambia to give the country its distinctive butterfly shape.) Belgians were not interested in the road, but were using it as a bargaining tool for other border issues. The Federal Government initially wanted to put a railway through to Luapula as suggested by the Mufulira Copper Mines Ltd. To build a railway, however, meant the land had to be under Federal government control. Parry also saw the advantage of linking the Rhodesian railway system with that of the Congo. At this point in the colonial period, the rights of native inhabitants were considered insignificant and not worthy of consultation.
While | 6,129,611 |
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the Federal Government wanted control over the pedicle, the Belgians wanted to swop territory in their favour. The meeting decided to propose the following:
- The Northern Rhodesia government would exchange land on the northwest boundary in the Lubemba area for some of the Mokambo land held by the Belgians. This could have conceded Pweto to Congo.
However, no such swap actually took place in any formal treaty. The Mokambo pedicle remained Belgium Congo territory and yet they still occupied the northern frontier. In effect, a de facto occupation continued without their making any concession.
In the same year, 1958, D F Smith, District Assistant and a team of 11 Africans (2 of whom claimed | 6,129,612 |
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to know where Cape Akalunga was) visited Mporokoso area to
- Find out the populace
- Find Cape Akalunga
He visited 11 villages. He met with Chief Mulilo who told him Cape Akalunga was near Chisenga River and had once been called Mutunga village. It had been under Congolese rule.
# 18 November 1958.
Notes on the Northern Frontier, from the Assistant Secretary to the Executive Council.
a) Belgians concern: Kilwa island, fishing and hunting rights in Lake Mweru area
b) British concern: Nkana trespass, Mokambo strip.
The Assistant Secretary felt that Northern Rhodesia had bargaining power with the northern frontier (the Mpweto line), which the Belgians were keen on. He proposed that the | 6,129,613 |
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Anglo-Belgian Fisheries Advisory Board meet regularly to resolve each territory's fishing rights, to agree on African fishing methods, to agree that the Europeans buy the fish caught by the Africans (Greeks at Mpweto had in the past been doing large scale fishing and refused to buy excess fish from the Africans), to check legislation, and to look into the issue of Belgian Congo's desire to hunt crocodiles. The Assistant Secretary noted that the Belgians were uncooperative.
# 22 December 1958.
British Consulate General in Leopoldville wrote to the Federal Government Minister of External Affairs in Salisbury. He noted that as the frontier between Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo was situated in | 6,129,614 |
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Lake Mweru and on the thalweg of the Luapula in a part of its course, it was appropriate for each of the riparian states to exercise their sovereign rights in the waters falling respectively under their jurisdiction.
The maps showed the frontier deviating from the centre of the lake and passing to the west of Kilwa Island which, the Belgians said, was a peninsula attached to Belgian territory.
In the same year, 1958, Mr Bowles visited Brussels and discussed the border issues with M. Grosjean, Inspector General in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. No detailed records are available on this meeting, save to note that the frantic efforts between the British and Belgian authorities were taking place | 6,129,615 |
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precisely at the time when the struggle for independence of the two states, particularly Congo, were getting intense. Congo gained independence in 1960; Northern Rhodesia got it four years later. In 1958 the British settlers were holding on to the territory and were keen to ensure that no land that they claimed to be theirs was surrendered to natives in the Congo.
# 20 March 1961.
Staff Sgt G F Tredwell, Provincial Commissioner for Northern province wrote that Cape Akalunga was north of the Libondwe River and a little south of the Chisenga stream. It was 2 miles in-shore from Lake Tanganyika. It has a valley where Headman Mutunga had a village many years ago, and it is believed that Chief | 6,129,616 |
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Moliro had his headquarters there too. It was under Belgian administration.
# 17 April 1961.
Provincial Commissioner E L Button had, in response to a query about the boundary between Lake Mweru and Lake Tanganyika, commented thus: "Despite the rather nebulous nature of a common boundary, no administrative difficulties had been caused by it, and as such it would be better to let sleeping dogs lie." Nothing in diplomacy could be as irresponsible as this statement on the question of sovereignty over land, as the case of the submerging Kasikili/Sedudu island issue between Namibia and Botswana in recent years shows. In other words, this Briton was now quite happy to concede Zambian territory to | 6,129,617 |
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the Congo as a matter of convenience when that was not the case when the British or their proxies were ruling the territory.
# 29 April 1961.
Acting Administrative Secretary wrote to the Governor of Northern Rhodesia. He informed the Governor that there were 4 enclaves that were under the Belgian administration, Mpweto- Lunchinda included. The residents were forced to carry Congolese identity cards and been fully subjected to Belgian rule. Chiefs who were living within the sphere of Belgian control provided tribal control.
# February 1965.
There was a border incident on Luapula River, the details of which were not fully recorded. Since both Congo and Zambia had now gained independence, this | 6,129,618 |
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incident was between two new republics dealing with an issue left over from the colonial period.
# 30 April 1965.
Education Minister John Mwanakatwe and Alex Shapi visited Mweru constituency. They were held at gunpoint and manhandled by the Congolese (Katangese) gendarmes after crossing the Lunchinda River at Chipungu. Despite explaining who they were, they were accused of being in Congolese territory. It was not until the following day that a senior Congolese official who spoke Chibemba saved them and apologised for their mistreatment. They crossed the Lunchinda in the knowledge that they were still in Zambian territory, as the maps showed. At this time, there was no clinic at Chipungu, so | 6,129,619 |
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many Zambians sought medical facilities from the Congolese hospital at Mpweto. Even the Belgium Congolese franc was accepted currency in Chipungu area itself, as it was in Pweto. The fact was, Mwanakatwe was legitimately visiting his constituency, as far as the Zambian map showed.
# 30 September 1966.
Two English geologists, Dr Premoli and Dr Bratley, and 22 Zambians were to undertake geological investigations on the coast of Lake Tanganyika between Moliro and Nsumbu bay. They were arrested by the Congolese (Katangese) gendarme and their maps were confiscated. Congo was at war. The Zambian maps showed that this area was Zambian territory.
# November 1966.
In Zambia, the Permanent Secretary | 6,129,620 |
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in the Ministry of Lands wrote to the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs giving reference to the Mpweto/Lake Tanganyika boundary. He pointed out that since the border was not clearly established, negotiation was necessary and suggested the setting of a Joint Boundary Commission.
The Surveyor General, D J B Copeland, in a letter dated 18 August 1966, recalled a boundary incident that had occurred in 1961. Surveyors sent by De Beers Prospecting Ltd had an incident near Mpweto with Congolese officials. The surveyors were accused of being in Congo territory and of illegally prospecting for Congolese gold in Moba territory. This confusion was caused by the following definition | 6,129,621 |
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of the border.
- Belgian border coordinates South latitude 8 degrees 18 minutes
- British border coordinates South latitude 8 degrees 14 minutes
The Police report showed that they had been arrested at the Chisenga River near Chipunelu.
# 1968.
The Congolese disputed air space and flying rights over Nippon Mining that had concession rights over Chipushi.
# 30 September 1967.
Foreign Affairs Assistant Secretary Lishomwa Muuka suggested the need for a boundary commission to discuss the dispute over:
- The Congolese claim of 8 degrees 18 minutes south
- The Zambian claim of 8 degrees 15 minutes south
He saw the need to clarify whether the point was Cape Akalunga or Cape Kipimbi. He wrote | 6,129,622 |
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to the British High Commissioner for information on the true boundary, but was told there was none available, despite their having been discussions on the delimitation of the boundary in 1927 and 1933 . The British, it appeared had washed their hands of the issue and were not bothered at all if the two countries went to war over a border dispute which they had themselves defended for so many years.
# Summation.
The border issue is a part of the history Chienge District, an area in the northern part of Zambia, on the shores of Lake Mweru. David Livingstone visited the Lake Mweru area in 1867 during his search for the source of the Zambezi River. Following the 1889 Berlin conference and the | 6,129,623 |
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ensuing Scramble for Africa by European powers, there was interest from Belgians, Germans and the British in Southern and Central Africa in securing the area that covered Lake Nyasa, Lake Mweru, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria. In the early 1870s the Germans Reichardt and Bohn, and later in 1878, a larger group of Germans led by Wissman, visited the area around Lake Mweru. The Belgians were already looking at colonising the Congo including the area south of Lake Mweru.
Harry H. Johnston wrote in a London newspaper introducing the "Cape to Cairo" concept. He was sent by the Foreign Office to work in Southern Africa, with the African Lakes Company (ALC), which had its headquarters in Blantyre, | 6,129,624 |
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Nyasaland (now Malawi). Scottish missionaries who were initially interested in stopping the slave trade by Arabs, and later engaged in trading with the locals had originally set up the Company. Johnston became Commissioner of the African Lakes Company, tasked by the British government with:
- Consolidating the Protectorate of His majesty’s Government over the chiefs
- Advising the local chiefs on their external relations with the locals and foreigners
- Securing peace and order
- Ending the slave trade
The Foreign Office was unable to provide adequate funds for his administering of the area under British rule, and therefore Johnston had to turn to Cecil Rhodes, who was the Chairman of the | 6,129,625 |
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British South Africa Company (BSAC), and struck up a working relationship with him. He implored Rhodes to support his work by providing financial support. This Rhodes willingly did in return for Johnston’s representing the interests of the British South Africa Company in the areas that Johnston was to administer. Rhodes was interested in a future amalgamation with the African Lakes Company, as this would give the BSAC undisputed claim over Nyasaland. Rhodes thus fully funded the establishment of Johnston’s administration. Johnston played a major role in subjecting the area later to be known as North Eastern Rhodesia (NER) under British Crown rule. Sir Johnston was also instrumental in the setting | 6,129,626 |
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up of the first form of civil service in NER, and which was later improved by his successors Alfred Sharpe and later Robert Edward Codrington.
Based in Blantyre, Johnston was concerned about the influence of the Belgians and Germans in the Congo Free State north of Lake Mweru. He was aware that the 2 German expeditions had visited the area in the 1870s and that both were keen to take control of the area. In order to show British administrative authority and determination to prevent the absorption of NER by the Belgians or Germans, Sir Johnston decided to send a former hunter and now agent of the African Lakes Company, Richard Crawshay, to set up a permanent post on the shores of Lake Mweru | 6,129,627 |
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in 1890. Crawshay found a spot at Puta, where Chienge stream enters Lake Mweru and set up residence there. The area north of Puta at Mpweto in the Congo Free State was under the administrative control of a Belgian named Captain Jacques. Although the Berlin Conference had more or less divided Africa up by colonial powers, there were no distinct boundaries between Congo Free State and North Eastern Rhodesia. As the Germans had shifted their interest to Tanganyika and Zanzibar where they had set posts, Sir Johnston therefore decided to meet with the only real threat, the Belgian administrator Captain Jacques, and together they agreed on a boundary that would be a line running from the northern | 6,129,628 |
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tip end of Lake Mweru where the Lualaba leaves Lake Mweru to Cape Akalunga on Lake Tanganyika. This understanding while respected by the establishment of Chienge post, it was not formalised until four years later. The formal agreements on the boundary between the Congo Free State under King Leopold of Belgium and the British Crown of King George represented by Sir Johnston through the African Lakes Company was finalised and signed on 12 May 1894.
Having secured the British post, and boundary, Sir Johnston chose to change the name of Puta and instead called Puta station Rhodesia, after his colleague and financial mentor Cecil Rhodes, also making it the first place historically to bear that name. | 6,129,629 |
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Crawshay stayed at Rhodesia from 1890 to 1891 when he abandoned the station and returned to Blantyre in Nyasaland.
The peoples living under the administrative control of the Africa Lakes Company in the Lake Mweru region included the Ba Bwile or Ba Ansa under Chiefs Mpweto, Puta, Kalembwe, and Mwabu. Their neighbours to the west were the Shila under Chief Mununga, Nkula and Nshimba, there were to the South the Swahili and the Tabwa under Nsama and Katele. There were also regular visits from the Arabs of the east coast of Africa who were involved in trading in guns, gunpowder, and slaves. For the African Lakes Company, the most important posts were Abercorn on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and | 6,129,630 |
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Rhodesia on Lake Mweru’s shores, but of similar importance were Sumbu and Kaputa. The people of Kaputa specialized in salt making and bought food from more fertile areas. Johnston was concerned that Crawshay had left the Rhodesia station hastily, and asked Cecil Rhodes to fund a special tour of the area by his second in command to assess the situation there. Cecil Rhodes obliged and Alfred Sharpe, Johnston’s second in command undertook a tour of the area.
When Alfred Sharpe toured the major posts in the Lake Mweru region including Rhodesia (Puta post) and Kaputa, he found that Abdullah bin Suleiman, (known by locals as Selemani) a Swahili chief who lived 60 miles from Kalungwishi, had driven | 6,129,631 |
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out the people there and was demanding salt tribute from other villages. There was also evidence of slave traders harassing the inhabitants mercilessly. On his return to Blantyre, Sharpe gave a detailed report to Johnston. Sir Johnston decided to reopen the station and sent 2 agents, Kidd and Bainbridge to take control of Rhodesia and continue to show British administrative authority. However, Kidd and Bainbridge did not go to Rhodesia, but instead built a new post at Kafulwe some twenty kilometres from the Puta post on the shores of the Kalungwishi river where it crossed the old road to Kazembe, some 3 miles east off Lake Mweru. They decided to adopt the name of Rhodesia for this post as well, | 6,129,632 |
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seeing as the old post had been abandoned. Kidd and Bainbridge remained at their new post until 1894 when they both died. It was rumoured that they were poisoned. The local people during this time were given protection by the collector at Rhodesia against the Arabs. Mkula, also known as Nsama after his father, and 4 African soldiers were recruited to assist the collector.
In 1896, Hubert T. Harrington, locally known as Chiana, was given charge over Mweru district. He was transferred where Dr Blair Watson was in charge as collector. Harrington described Kalungwishi as a strongly built Boma with four bastions. Beneath its flagstones were buried Kidd and Bainbridge. He built a barge called the | 6,129,633 |
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Scotia or Mandala boat, which was written off in 1919 and abandoned at Chienge in 1922. The boat used to travel between Chienge and Kilwa Island. There is oral evidence that Hube Harrington was a relation of the famous Harrington family that settled in the Western province of Zambia and are accredited with the skills of building the first Nalikwanda, the boat of the Litunga of the Balozi. In 1899, Nasoro bin Suleiman, nicknamed Chisesa and a cousin to Abdullah bin Suleiman, was harassing the Ba Bwile and Shila peoples. Harrington arrested Abdullah bin Suleiman and kept him in Kalungwishi prison.
The Rhodesia station was closed after the death of Kidd and Bainbridge and was not reopened until | 6,129,634 |
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1907, possibly due to lack of staff. The station was returned to its original post at Puta, Chienge as a Boma. The collectors who reopened this Boma were J. F. Sealy and GT Wenham and they stayed there for the next 3 years. In 1908 the station was temporarily closed due to tsetse flies. In 1909 - 10, Dr JD Brunton, Mr WH Jollyman were sent by Alfred Sharpe to Chienge to help with the sleeping sickness campaign.
The following are the administrators that manned the Chienge Boma thereafter:
1910 S Hillier
1912 G H Jones
1917 PCJ Reardon and wife (January) Reardon went mad and ended up in an asylum.
1917 VR Anley and wife (August)
1918 ACJ Elworthy (October)
1919 S Hillier (December)
1920 | 6,129,635 |
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Matthews (March)
1920 CP Oldfield (September)
1922 Wickins and wife (April)
In November 1922, the station was closed due to lack of funds.
In April 1925 G H Morton reopened the station
1926 FO Hoare (December)
1927 G H Morton (October) He went mad and was sent to Cape Town asylum
1929 FO Hoare (January)
1929 March, Hoare contracted black water fever and died at Kafulwe on his way to Kawambwa.
1929 JB Thomson (June)
1930 SL Langford (January)
1932 EGF Thomson (March)
1932 SL Langford (September)
In 1933, the Chienge station was closed for lack of staff and funds and the lake Mweru region was amalgamated with Mporokoso.
In 1941, the African Lakes Company surveyed 2010 acres (8 km) | 6,129,636 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
of land in Chienge. The ALC had a farm at Chienge where it was said that there were traces of copper. The district was geologically surveyed by Luangwa concessions, a mining company but they retained no claims and no mines were opened.
Two Seventh Day Adventists Ellingworth and Lewis, missionaries from Chimpempe, visited Ponde mission, which was established in 1933 originally at Kalembwe. They drowned in Lake Mweru and were buried at Ponde on 31 August 1952.
Chienge was after 1933 administered from Mporokoso, later from Kawambwa and in the 1970s, Nchelenge. The current Senior Chief Puta (Kasoma) was christened as Hillier after the administrator Mr S Hillier. Senior Chief Puta Kasoma was born | 6,129,637 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
in 1910 and installed as Chief Puta in 1937 after the death of Puta Mulolwa.
Chienge was re-established as a sub-Boma in 1973 under the Kaunda UNIP government’s administration.
Before the end of the first term of President Frederick J.T. Chiluba’s MMD government, a quiet but effective lobby for Chienge to become a full district was mounted Dr Katele Kalumba a nominated member of Parliament and Deputy Minister of Health from November 1991 to May 1996 and full Cabinet Minister of Health thereafter, paid off. Dr Kalumba motives were clear. He had an eye, since joining government, on standing as a Parliamentary candidate for Chienge. A Circular No. 25/96 issued by the Permanent Secretary of the | 6,129,638 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
Ministry of Local government and Housing dated 30 October 1996 declared Chienge a new district council pursuant to Section 3 of the Local Government Act No. 22 of 1996. At the time, Bennie Mwiinga was a Minister of Local government and Housing.
The narrative following the 12–13 December 1996 Nchelenge Council meeting defined the new Chienge as the area ‘Starting from the mouth of Kefulwa River on the Lake Mweru, the boundary follows the Kefulwa river in a straight line up to the confluence of Kasinga stream. The Boundary runs in a straight line in the north-easterly direction up to where it meets the Kapako stream; thence the boundary runs in the northerly direction along the stream up to where | 6,129,639 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
it meets the Kaputa-Nchelenge administrative boundary; thence it follows along the Kaputa-Nchelenge administrative boundary in the northerly direction up to the Zambia-Zaire international boundary; thence the boundary continues in the westerly direction from the Musungwishi river along the Kaputa-Nchelenge administrative boundary; then it runs in a straight line along the Zambia-Zaire international boundary up to the mouth of Lualaba river where it flows out of lake Mweru. The boundary thence follows the Zambia-Zaire international boundary along the lake Mweru up to the mouth of Kefulwa River, the point of starting”.
Chienge was reborn again after 106 years of its first opening. It was inaugurated | 6,129,640 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
on Friday the 20 December 1996 witnessed by the newly elected Member of Parliament for Chienge and Minister of Health Dr Katele Kalumba and scores of Party and Government officials. Sitting as a councillor of Chienge, Dr Kalumba, accompanied by the Commissioner of Town and Country Planning in the Ministry of Local Government Dr Khonje, the Director of Health Planning and Development, Mr Vincent Musowe of the Ministry of Health, and presided over by Mr T.S. Phiri, Council Secretary for Nchelenge, witnessed the election of Mr Mwanda of Senior Chief Puta’s area as the first Council Chairman of the new Chienge, while Mr Bowa from Senior Chief Mununga’s area was his Vice Chairman.
# Important dates.
1798 | 6,129,641 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
death of Dr De Lacerda in Chienge?
1890-1 Crawshay opened the First known British colonial post and left the service of British central Africa and abandoned Rhodesia (PUTA) station as it was later named.
1893 Dr Blair Watson arrived at Kalungwishi as tax Collector of Mweru District
1895 Major Forbes visited Kalungwishi
1900-3 Dr Watson was Civil Commissioner and Magistrate
1901 African Lakes Company opened 2 shops at Kalungwishi and Puta
1902 ALC opens a shop at Kazembe
1902 R Codrington visits Kalungwishi
1906 R Codrington visits Kalungwishi
1907 Judge Beaufort visits Chienge
1908 E Averay Jones opened a station at Kawambwa
1908 ALC opens a shop at Kawambwa
1908/9 Hut tax introduced
1909 | 6,129,642 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
Male labour taken to Kasama and Fort Roseberry for the salt industry; to Salisbury to work in the mines; to Congo Free State and Angola to work for the border commission
1911 Mweru-Luapula district created. It included Chienge, Kawambwa and Fort Roseberry
1911 GGP Lyons was appointed District Commissioner and Magistrate of Mweru-Luapula
1911 Nsama’s line deregistered as chiefs and Mukupa’s line took over (end of the Katele wa pe Lemba rule)
1911 Mweru Marsh Game reserve established. Natives given game licences.
1922 Chienge closed for economic reasons (lack of funds)
1928/9 Hut tax removed
1929 Luangwa concession survey
1929 Indirect rule through chiefs was introduced with the Native | 6,129,643 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
ordinance act
1933 Chienge amalgamated with Mporokoso district under Babemba province, later to be called northern province
1936 Native treasuries introduced
1949 Ice factory built at Mulwe village. Aluminium boats, barge and 2 motorboats
1953/4 District Education Authority formed
1957 Chienge became part of Luapula province
1908 - 28 salt trading, tree cutting, fish and game
1908 - 32 Yearly census conducted by tribe of all males, females and children
1909 - 27 Cattle was owned by Chiefs Mukupa, Puta, Chiliata, Abdullah, Sefu, Malipenga and Mupini
- Sleeping sickness came from the Congo. Kalungwishi was abandoned because of "Glossina palpalis".
Trees found in the area: mulombwa, nsaninga, | 6,129,644 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
mukula, mupa, mwenge.
# Local names of British officers.
- Crawshay – Kamukwamba
- Bainbridge – Pembeleni
- GGP Lyons – Kalelamukoshi
- HJ Harrington – Chiana
- White fathers – Bapatili
# Missions in Chienge.
- 1900 London Missionary Society Mr & Mrs Purves on Mbereshi River
- 1901 Plymouth Brethren (Garanganze) Mr & Mrs Henderson at Johnstone falls
- 1902 French Fathers, Peres Blancs D’Algers, Pere Foulon & Pere Sellellas at Luali
- 1921 Zambezi Union Mission of Seventh Day Adventists, Mr & Mrs HJ Hurlow at Chimpempe Falls
NB. These missions are listed under Rhodesia Post (Chienge) as this was before other Bomas were established. Should not be mistaken with the current administrative | 6,129,645 |
441520 | Luapula Province border dispute | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luapula%20Province%20border%20dispute | Luapula Province border dispute
listed under Rhodesia Post (Chienge) as this was before other Bomas were established. Should not be mistaken with the current administrative structures.
# Game found in Mweru area, 1908–56.
Elephant, buffalo, lion, leopard, eland, sable antelope, roan antelope, hartebeest, reedbuck, warthog, bushbuck, hippo, puku, waterbuck, lechwe, sitatunga, yellow buck, duiker, impala, crocodile, jackal, hyena, klipspringer, oribi, steinbok, hunting dog.
The private game areas designated in 1956 were Chisenga Island, Mununga and Chama.
# Artisans.
Blacksmiths, brick makers, carpenters, canoe makers, mechanics, boat builders, sawyers
# Trade.
Fish, iron tools, baskets & mats, tobacco, boat building | 6,129,646 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
William Gascoigne
Sir William Gascoigne (c. 1350 – 17 December 1419) was Chief Justice of England during the reign of King Henry IV.
# Life and work.
Gascoigne (alternatively spelled Gascoyne) was a descendant of an ancient Yorkshire family. He was born in Gawthorp to Sir William Gascoigne and Agnes Franke.
He is said to have studied at the University of Cambridge, but his name is not found in any university or college records. According to Arthur Collins, Gascoigne was a law student at the Inner Temple. It appears from the year-books that he practised as an advocate in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. When Henry of Lancaster was banished by Richard II, Gascoigne was appointed one | 6,129,647 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
of his attorneys, and soon after Henry's accession to the throne was made chief justice of the court of King's Bench. After the suppression of the rising in the north in 1405, Henry eagerly pressed the chief justice to pronounce sentence upon Lord Scrope, the Archbishop of York, and the Earl Marshal Thomas Mowbray, who had been implicated in the revolt. This he absolutely refused to do, asserting the right of the prisoners to be tried by their peers. Although both were later executed, Gascoigne had no part in this. It has been doubted whether Gascoigne could have displayed such independence of action without prompt punishment or removal from office.
His reputation is that of a great lawyer | 6,129,648 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
who in times of doubt and danger asserted the principle that the head of state is subject to law, and that the traditional practice of public officers, or the expressed voice of the nation in parliament, and not the will of the monarch or any part of the legislature, must guide the tribunals of the country.
The popular tale of his committing the Prince of Wales (the future Henry V) to prison must also be regarded as unauthentic, though it is both picturesque and characteristic. It is said that Gascoigne had directed the punishment of one of the prince's riotous companions, and the prince, who was present and enraged at the sentence, struck or grossly insulted the judge. Gascoigne immediately | 6,129,649 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
committed him to prison, and gave the prince a dressing-down that caused him to acknowledge the justice of the sentence. The king is said to have approved of the act, but it appears that Gascoigne was removed from his post or resigned soon after the accession of Henry V. He died in 1419, and was buried in All Saints' Church, the parish church of Harewood in Yorkshire. (This even attracted gazetteers in the 19th century, suggesting his tomb amongst places worthy of visit). Some biographies of him have stated that he died in 1412, but this is disproved by Edward Foss in his "Lives of the Judges". Although it is clear that Gascoigne did not hold office long under Henry V, it is not impossible that | 6,129,650 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
the scene in the fifth act of Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 2", (in which Henry V is crowned king, and assures Gascoigne that he shall continue to hold his post), could have some historical basis, and that his resignation shortly thereafter was voluntary.
# Family.
He was born in Gawthorp - in the valley below Harewood House, in an area later flooded to facilitate the landscape at Harewood (not in Gawthorpe in the West Riding of Yorkshire) - to Sir William Gascoigne and Agnes Franke. He married, firstly, in 1369 Elizabeth de Mowbray (1350–1396), daughter of Alexander de Mowbray, son of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray. He married, secondly, Joan de Pickering, widow of Henry de Greystock.
The | 6,129,651 |
536348 | William Gascoigne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Gascoigne | William Gascoigne
kering, widow of Henry de Greystock.
The issue by his first marriage were:
- Sir William Gascoigne II (1370–1422) m. Joan Wyman.
- Elizabeth Gascoigne, m. John Aske
- Margaret Gascoigne, m. Robert Hansard
Issue by second marriage:
- Sir Christopher Gascoigne (born 1407)
- James Gascoigne (born 1404), ancestor of poet George Gascoigne
- Agnes Gascoigne (c. 1401 – after 1466), m. Robert Constable.
- Robert Gascoigne (born c. 1410)
- Richard Gascoigne (born c. 1413)
His brother, Nicholas Gascoigne, was ancestor of the Gascoigne baronets. Another brother, Richard (c. 1365 – 1423), married Beatrice Ellis, and was possibly the father of Thomas Gascoigne, Chancellor of Oxford University. | 6,129,652 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
Ray Hyman
Ray Hyman (born June 23, 1928) is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, and a noted critic of parapsychology. Hyman, along with James Randi, Martin Gardner and Paul Kurtz, is one of the founders of the modern skeptical movement. He is the founder and leader of the Skeptic's Toolbox. Hyman serves on the Executive Council for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
# Career.
Hyman was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts. In his teenage years and while attending Boston University as a young man, he worked as a magician and mentalist, impressing the head of his department (among others) with his palmistry. Hyman at one point believed that 'reading' | 6,129,653 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
the lines on a person's palm could provide insights into their nature, but later discovered that the person's reaction to the reading had little to do with the actual lines on the palm. This fascination with why this happened led him to switch from a journalist degree to psychology.
JREF president D.J. Grothe asked Hyman "How does a young psychology student get into this parapsychology racket ... why you?" Hyman replied that it began when he was hired as a magician at age 7 (as the "Merry Mystic") performing for the Parents and Teachers Association at his school. This led him to read all about Harry Houdini and his work with spiritualists. By the age of 16 he started investigating spiritualist | 6,129,654 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
meetings. Thinking back to age 7, "I can't ever remember not being a skeptic".
Magicians who perform mentalism debate among themselves about using a disclaimer. The disclaimer is supposed to inform the audience that what they are witnessing is entertainment, and is not based on actual paranormal powers. In an interview with mentalist Mark Edward, Edward asked Hyman if he had ever used a disclaimer during the six years when he performed professionally as a mentalist. Hyman told him he did not remember explicitly using a disclaimer. He remembered always beginning the performance by stating that he did not claim any special powers. He was an entertainer and he hoped they would enjoy the show. | 6,129,655 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
After he became a psychologist, he realized that this was an example of the "invited inference." By openly stating that he made no claims about the nature of his ability, Hyman had given his audience no reason to challenge him. Indeed, he had invited the onlookers to make their own inferences about the source of the apparent feats of mind reading. Most of them concluded he was truly psychic.
He obtained a doctorate in psychology from Johns Hopkins University in 1953, and then taught at Harvard for five years. He also became an expert in statistical methods. In 2007 Hyman received an honorary doctorate from the Simon Fraser University for his "intellect and discipline who inspire others to follow | 6,129,656 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
in his footsteps... (and) for his courageous advocacy of unfettered skeptical inquiry". In 1982, Hyman held the "Spook Chair" for one year at Stanford University during a sabbatical from the University of Oregon. What the Stanford University psychologists informally call the "Spook" chair is officially known as The Thomas Welton Stanford Chair for Psychical Research. Thomas Welton was the brother of Stanford's founder, Leland Stanford.
Along with other notable skeptics like James Randi, Martin Gardner, Marcello Truzzi and Paul Kurtz, he was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) (which is now known as the Committee for Skeptical | 6,129,657 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
Inquiry (CSI)), which publishes the Skeptical Inquirer.
Aside from his scholarly publications and consultation with the U.S. Department of Defense in scrutinizing psychic research, one of his most popular articles is thirteen points to help you "amaze your friends with your new found "psychic powers"!", a guide to cold reading. According to Jim Alcock, "His article on cold reading, so Paul Kurtz informs me, has generated more requests for reprints than any other article in the history of the Skeptical Inquirer". The guide exploits what fascinated him in his academic research in cognitive psychology, that much deception is self-deception. He has investigated dowsing in the United States and | 6,129,658 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
written a book on the subject. He is one of the foremost skeptical experts on the Ganzfeld experiment. According to Bob Carroll, psychologist Ray Hyman is considered to be the foremost expert on subjective validation and cold reading.
Hyman's prestidigitational skills (which he calls "manipulating perception") have earned him the cover of "The Linking Ring" twice, June 1952 and October 1986 this magazine of the International Brotherhood of Magicians of which he has been a member for over 35 years.
Hyman retired in 1998 but continues to give talks and investigate paranormal claims. In July 2009 he appeared at The Amaz!ng Meeting 7 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Also in 2011, TAM 9 "From Outer Space" | 6,129,659 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
and TAM 2012. He is working on two books: "How Smart People Go Wrong: Cognition and Human Error" and "Parapsychology's Achilles' Heel: Consistent Inconsistency".
On October 9, 2010, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry announced Hyman (and others) as a part of their policy-making Executive Council, he will also serve on Skeptical Inquirer's magazine board.
# History of skeptical movement.
In the 2010 D.J. Grothe interview, Hyman states that the formation of the skeptic movement can be attributed to Uri Geller and Alice Cooper. Randi was touring with Cooper as a part of the stage show, Cooper asked Randi to invite Hyman to a show in order to ask his advice about the audience. While there, "Randi | 6,129,660 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
pulled me aside and said... we really ought to do something about this Uri Geller business... lets form an organization called SIR" (Sanity In Research). In 1972 joined by Martin Gardner they had their first meeting. The three of them felt they had no administration experience, "we just had good ideas" and were soon joined by Marcello Truzzi who provided structure for the group. Truzzi involved Paul Kurtz and they then formed CSICOP in 1976.
In an interview in 2009 with Derek Colanduno for the "Skepticality" podcast, Hyman was asked his opinion of the modern skeptical movement. Hyman responded that skeptics need to have goals and a way to measure them. They need to become a resource for the | 6,129,661 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
public, and focus on educating journalists and teachers. "That way we will get more bang for our buck." On the current state of the skeptical movement, Hyman stated "The media, unfortunately has made it so we have many more believers." Less science teachers in the classrooms, major newspapers are firing their science writing staff, 24-hour news channels are trying to fill all that time and compete with Fox News. "Things are not good."
# Skeptic's Toolbox.
Hyman in 1989 created the Skeptic's Toolbox to teach people how to be better skeptics. Hyman tells James Underdown that "we were putting out more fires by skeptics than by believers... they were going overboard". The first toolbox was in | 6,129,662 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
Buffalo, NY with himself, James Alcock and Steve Shaw now called Banachek. With the exception of one year when the toolbox was held in Boulder, CO the toolbox has been held at the University of Oregon in Eugene. The Skeptic's Toolbox originally spanned 5 days. Later it was cut back to 4 days.
Speaking to a reporter from The Register-Guard Hyman explains that people come from all over the country to attend the 4-day conference, to hone their critical thinking skills. Hyman is curious about why people who believe in paranormal claims without evidence continue to do so, "'I just want to understand how people get to believe some things... Magic is a perfect example of how people can be fooled'" | 6,129,663 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
and it works the same way with paranormal claims. Hyman felt that it was necessary to teach attendees with a "case-based approach... concrete examples as a first step toward extracting broad examples... (giving) the benefit of context" to the learning experience. This approach is different to a traditional conference. He has attendees use hands-on participation, splitting them into teams so they are able to spend quality time discussing the readings and lectures. At the 2014 Toolbox, Hyman used Oskar Pfungst’s investigation of Clever Hans as an example of how detailed and exhaustive some investigators are in studying claims.
# Hick-Hyman Law.
Hyman published his "classic paper showing that | 6,129,664 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
human choice reaction time is related to the information content of an incoming signal" called the Hick-Hyman Law. This helped to lay the groundwork "for the shift from behavioral psychology... to the era of cognitive psychology." This was Hyman's second published paper, and submitted while still a grad student. He states that Hick used a different formula and got his "math wrong, which I corrected" but they still named the law after him because Hyman was "just a student". Sometimes called Hick's Law (mainly in Britain), in America it is more often referred to as the Hick-Hyman Law.
# Remote viewing review.
Along with Jessica Utts, he conducted a review of CIA remote viewing experiments in | 6,129,665 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
1995. He noted that the experiments "appear to be free of the more obvious and better known flaws that can invalidate the results of parapsychological investigations" and that there are significant effect sizes "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes." However, he stops short of "concluding that the existence of anomalous cognition has been established."
# Ganzfeld experiments.
While working at Stanford University and serving as the "Spook Chair'" Hyman decided that he would never be able to read all the literature concerning parapsychology that existed in the 1980s. He then asked parapsychologists "What is the best evidence for psi?" they nearly universally pointed | 6,129,666 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
to the Ganzfeld experiment. Hyman wrote to Charles Honorton and was sent 600 pages of information. Three years later Hyman's analysis led to the 1985 issue of the "Journal of Parapsychology" publishing Hyman's critiques. Hyman's conclusion "By themselves these experiments do not mean anything unless they can be replicated".
In 2007, Hyman noted that the ganzfeld experiments had not been successfully replicated and suggested there was evidence that sensory leakage had taken place in the autoganzfeld experiments.
# Uri Geller and Stanford Research Institute.
Magician Jerry Andrus and Hyman appeared in 1975 on a TV station in Portland, Oregon, where they explained and duplicated the "paranormal" | 6,129,667 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
tricks Geller had performed for host Dick Klinger the week prior. Klinger asked, "Does Uri Geller have any supernatural powers?" Andrus gave the short answer "No." Hyman stated, "(Geller) is an opportunist... which is why it is difficult to duplicate him, he himself cannot duplicate himself. He's always ready to do something... he is going to do something when you think he is doing something else... misdirection... he's excellent at it, he's superb."
In 1972 Hyman was asked by The Department of Defense to investigate psychic Uri Geller. Hyman was intrigued by a story that Geller had taken a ring from one of the scientists, set it on a table, and without touching it, the ring stood on end, broke | 6,129,668 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
in half and formed itself into a S-shape. Upon questioning all the scientists at the lab, Hyman discovered that no one had actually seen this happen, but had heard stories from others (who could not be tracked down) that it had happened." Hyman continued to question the scientists and discovered that no one had ever seen Geller bend anything without touching it. In fact "Geller was allowed to take the object into the bathroom... and then come back with the bent object, they took his word for it." "The parapsychologist (also sent to investigate) 'saw a psychic,' and I reported back that I saw only a charismatic fraud."
When asked to explain further why people believe in Geller when a magician | 6,129,669 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
can do the same thing without paranormal powers, Hyman states, "He's a fraud, but you can't blame people for believing him. Geller is a product of a wonderful public relations campaign... What the audience gets is only one side of the story... He has been caught cheating many times" but people still believe. Speaking as a psychologist Hyman says "If you get people in the right frame of mind and they are cooperating with you... and even give them a poor reading... they will fit it to themselves and believe you are telling them about their unique personality."
# Gary Schwartz.
Professor Gary Schwartz conducted numerous experiments at his laboratory at the University of Arizona where he is tenured. | 6,129,670 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
Schwartz believes that he has proven the dead communicate with the living through human mediums. Hyman details many methodological errors with Schwartz's research including; "Inappropriate control comparisons", "Failure to use double-blind procedures", "Creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes" and "Failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as true". Hyman wrote "Even if the research program were not compromised by these defects, the claims being made would require replication by independent investigators." Hyman criticizes Schwartz's decision to publish his results without gathering "evidence for their hypothesis that would meet generally | 6,129,671 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
accepted scientific criteria... they have lost credibility."
There have been many follow-up exchanges between Schwartz and Hyman over the "Afterlife Experiments" conducted by Schwartz. Published May 2003, Schwartz responded that Hyman ignored "the total body of research." Schwartz takes issue with Hyman's opinion that he (Hyman) will not believe in psi. Hyman answered, "Until multiple perfect experiments are performed and published... believe that the totality of the findings must be due to some combination of fraud, cold reading, rater bias, experimenter error, or chance... Why spend the time and money conducting multiple multi-center, double-blind experiments unless there are sufficient theoretical, | 6,129,672 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
experimental, and social reasons for doing so?"
# Quotes.
- "I have never, never met a proponent of the paranormal that didn't always preface their introduction to me with, 'I'm a skeptic too'."
- On, "scientists with outstanding minds, people who are first-class scientists... who at the same time were peddling some sort of horrible paranormal nonsense... What I think is going on here is that we emphasize the individual, make a hero out of an individual scientist." What they forget is that "they attribute their success not to the fact that they are a part of a discipline, which has its peer review, and has checks and balances. They attribute it to something inside themselves. Which means | 6,129,673 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
they feel they can walk outside their discipline... they can do whatever they want and it will still be good science, because they are good scientists. It does not work that well. A micro-biologist can not walk into an observatory and do good astronomy."
- "As a psychologist I know that it is not normal to be a skeptic 'we are mutants'." "Its more normal to be a believer."
- James Underdown explains Hyman's maxim: "Don't try to explain HOW something works until you find out THAT it works." Hyman's maxim was named by James Alcock.
- "They (skeptics) keep building centers all over the world... which are very expensive. Always doing fundraisers... the skeptic movement (focuses on) fighting amongst | 6,129,674 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
themselves... They have done nothing towards outreach where they can do the most... Give people the tools to think, help them to become better thinkers."
- Concerning science and replication, "That's how you know something's 'there'. Parapsychology doesn't have a 'there'; they can not replicate. They respond with 'That is the nature of psi. Just when you're closing in on it, it takes off in a different direction...' then they throw in some quantum mechanics."
- "I don't have the sex appeal Geller has, that's why I'm making my money as a college professor. I also can't lie conveniently."
- "Garbage in, garbage out" speaking to graduates at Simon Fraser University "If you are going to have | 6,129,675 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
any chance at all to solve any problem, first make sure your facts are correct."
- On parapsychology – It is "essentially a scientific enterprise. Its practitioners are serious scientific researchers, often at the PhD level... the problem with most... is that after the dust settles on an argument, they still have hope that 'something is there.' A skeptic's position... is not anti-psi, its agnostic. A skeptic's 'belief' is that a claim has a normal explanation."
# Awards.
- In Praise of Reason Award, the highest honor from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal in 2003. The award is given in recognition of distinguished contributions in the use of critical | 6,129,676 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge. Other recipients of this award include Carl Sagan, Kendrick Frazier, Murray Gell-Mann, Stephen Jay Gould, Martin Gardner, and Nobel laureate physicist Leon Lederman.
- Co-recipient of the 2005 Robert P. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking, awarded by CSICOP. The award is rewarded to the author of "The published work that best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logical analysis or empirical science". The 2005 award was shared with authors Andrew Skolnick and Joe Nickell. Hyman received award for his article "Testing Natasha" published in the series "Testing the Girl with the X-Ray Eyes" in Skeptical Inquirer.
- Doctor of | 6,129,677 |
441545 | Ray Hyman | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%20Hyman | Ray Hyman
rticle "Testing Natasha" published in the series "Testing the Girl with the X-Ray Eyes" in Skeptical Inquirer.
- Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa from Simon Fraser University in October 2007.
- Philip J. Klass Award for outstanding contributions in promoting critical thinking and scientific understanding for 2010, awarded by National Capital Area Skeptics (NCAS).
- The Independent Investigation Group presented Hyman with the Houdini Hall of Honor award 2011.
# Selected articles.
- "How People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action" – Quackwatch.org
- "Proper Criticism" – July/August 2001 " – Skeptical Inquirer Magazine"/a
# External links.
- The Skeptic's Toolbox
- on dowsing, Nov. 19, 1997 | 6,129,678 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
U.S. Route 69
U.S. Route 69 (US 69) is a major north–south United States highway. When it was first created, it was only long, but it has since been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route. The highway's southern terminus (as well as those of US 287 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern terminus is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13.
# Route description.
## Texas.
US 69 begins at its southern terminus with SH 87 in Port Arthur. This intersection is also the southern terminus for US 96 and US 287, which are concurrent with US 69. US 69, US 96, and US 287 continue in a northwest, then west, route until its | 6,129,679 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
intersection with Interstate 10 in southern Beaumont. At this intersection, US 69, US 96, and US 287 merge with I-10. I-10/US 69/US 96/US 287 continue in a northerly direction through Beaumont for several miles. Just after the intersection with US 90, I-10 splits from the multiplex and resumes its easterly course, leaving US 69, US 96, and US 287 heading northwest through Beaumont. US 69 north of I-10 is also known officially known as Eastex Freeway, and is an official evacuation route, just as Interstate 69/US 59 heading north from Houston is known as Eastex Freeway as well.
In Lumberton, US 96 splits from US 69 and US 287 and heads northeast towards Jasper, while US 69 and US 287 continue | 6,129,680 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
on a northwest path towards Woodville.
In Woodville, US 69 splits from US 287 a few blocks north of US 190. US 287 continues northwest towards Corrigan while US 69 proceed north towards Lufkin. In this area, between US 190 in Woodville and FM 256 in Colmesneil, US 69 is a part of the Texas Forest Trail. Before reaching Lufkin, US 69 forms another segment of the Texas Forest Trail between SH 63 in Zavalla and FM 1818 northwest of Zavalla.
In Lufkin, US 69 is concurrent with US 59 and State Loop 287 while the route through the city is named Business US 69. US 69, State Loop 287, and US 59 continue around the east side of Lufkin until US 59 separates at the intersection with US 59 Business northeast | 6,129,681 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
of Lufkin. US 69 and State Loop 287 continue until the intersection of SH 103 and Business US 69 on the northwest section of Lufkin. At that point, US 69 is concurrent for a short distance with SH 103 and State Loop 287. At the intersection of US 69, State Loop 287 and SH 103, US 69 departs Lufkin and heads northwest while SH 103 and State Loop 287 head south.
US 69 continues on a north to northwest path through the towns of Alto, Rusk, Jacksonville and Bullard. Just south of Bullard, US 69 has a short concurrency with FM 2493. US 69 continues northward into Tyler.
In Tyler, US 69 continues northward through the city until the intersection of SH 110 and SH 155, where US 69 heads west and merges | 6,129,682 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
with SH 110 and SH 155 through Tyler. Around seven blocks from the intersection of US 69, SH 110, and SH 155, SH 155 separates from the concurrency and travels in a southwesterly direction, leaving US 69 and SH 110 traveling in a northwesterly direction. This continues until SH 110 separates from US 69 on the northwest side of Tyler. At this intersection, SH 110 heads west while US 69 continues north.
US 69 crosses Interstate 20 at Lindale where it is signed as "Main Street". At FM 16 in Lindale, US 69 begins its third and last segment as part of the Texas Forest Trail. US 69 continues north to northwest to Mineola, crossing US 80 there. Before leaving town, at its intersection with SH 37, | 6,129,683 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
the Texas Forest Trail turns off of US 69 to share a segment with SH 37. US 69 takes a more northwest turn on its way through several small towns, including Emory, on its way to Greenville. There, as it begins to enter the city, a Business route of US 69 turns off to the right to serve the downtown Greenville area, and then on to a junction with Interstate 30. At the intersection with I-30, US 69 becomes concurrent with US 380 at its terminus. The concurrency continues around the southern and western sides of Greenville until an intersection with Spur 302. At that intersection, US 380 heads west while US 69 continues north, until it reaches the northern end of its Business route, which has passed | 6,129,684 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
through the downtown Greenville area, then US 69 turns northwest, from Greenville to Leonard, where it encounters a brief concurrency with SH 78.
In Whitewright, SH 11 intersects and becomes concurrent with US 69 southeast of town. This continues until the intersection with SH 160, at which time SH 11 continues on a northwestward route and US 69 continues north through Whitewright.
US 69 continues north, then northwest until Denison, where it turns right to go north, at an intersection with Spur 503. US 69 goes north through downtown Denison, then at the north side of town, US 69 intersects and merges with US 75, at which time US 69 becomes concurrent with US 75. Both head northeast across | 6,129,685 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
the Oklahoma/Texas border at the Red River.
## Oklahoma.
US 69 and US 75 pass the Oklahoma border near the tiny town of Staley. They remain concurrent all the way to Atoka, where US 69 heads northeast and US 75 heads northwest. US 69 and US 75 briefly merge with SH-3 in Atoka but SH-3 remains concurrent with US 75 instead of US 69 when they split. In Stringtown, US 69 merges with SH-43. SH-43 splits from US 69 near the Atoka Reservoir and crosses it. US 69 passes right by the McAlester Ammunitions Depot. US 69 passes over Eufaula Lake 6 times. Near Muskogee, US 69 merges with US 64 and SH-2. At an intersection with US 62, US 64 heads west concurrent with US 62 while US 69 and SH-2 continue | 6,129,686 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
to head north. South of Pryor Creek, US 69 is the westerly boundary of the MidAmerica Industrial Park, one of the largest industrial park in the nation. Near Vinita, US 69 and SH-2 interchange with Historic Route 66 and US 60. The two highways turn east and merge with HR-66 and US 60. In Downtown Vinita, SH-2 heads north while US 69, US 60 and HR-66 head east, passing I-44 a short while later. At SH-85, the three highways make an unexpected northward turn. The three highways merge with US 59 just south of I-44. Still south of I-44, US 60 heads northeast, paralleling I-44, while HR-66, US 69, and US 59 continue heading north, passing I-44. At SH-10, US 59 heads west concurrent with SH-10, while | 6,129,687 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
HR-66 and US 69 head north concurrent with SH-10. In Downtown Miami, SH-10 continues heading east, while HR-66 and US 69 turn northward. South of Picher and west of Quapaw, US 69 meets US-69 Alternate. US 69 splits from HR-66 and heads north through the town of Picher.
## Kansas.
At the Oklahoma-Kansas state line, US 69 is joined by K-7. In Columbus, K-7 continues heading north, while US 69 turns east and merges with US 160. US 69 and US 160 meet US-69 Alternate and US 400 near Crestline, and merges with US 400. East of Cherokee, US 400 splits from the concurrency and heads west toward Cherokee. US 69 and US 160 continue heading north. North of Frontenac, US 160 splits from US 69 and heads | 6,129,688 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
east towards Lamar and Springfield, Missouri. US 69 continues heading north. South of Fort Scott, US 69 merges with K-7 again. In Fort Scott, US 54 merges with US 69 and K-7. The three highways continue heading north. North of town, US 54 and K-7 split from US 69 and head west; US 69 continues to head north. South of Pleasanton, US 69 merges with K-52. Northeast of Trading Point K-52 splits from US 69 and heads east. In the Kansas City suburbs, US 69 merges with I-35 and US 56/US 169. US 56, US 69, and US 169 split off from I-35 and heads east on Shawnee Mission Parkway. US 69 then heads north on Metcalf Avenue, rejoining I-35 and heading north. A short while later US 69 breaks off from I-35 | 6,129,689 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
and heads north on the 18th Street Expressway into Kansas City, Kansas. The highway then splits off and merges with I-70, US 24, and US 40 and heads east. At the intersection with US 169 at the 7th Street Trafficway, US 69 splits off and heads north. Just before reaching I-635, US 69 crosses into Missouri.
## Missouri.
US 69 enters Riverside, merges with I-635, then almost immediately exits and merges with MO-9, heading east. A half-mile later, US 69 exits from MO-9 and heads north. US-69 passes through Riverside, Northmoor, Gladstone, Claycomo, Pleasant Valley and parts of Kansas City proper before merging with I-35 for a second time, near Liberty. US 69 stays merged with I-35 for before | 6,129,690 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
it exits. After exiting the highway, US 69 immediately merges with MO-33 and heads northeast. At State Route B, in rural Liberty, MO-33 heads north-northeast and US 69 continues northeast. US 69 stays somewhat parallel to I-35 as it heads through Missouri, sometimes passing under it. West of Altamont, US 69 merges with MO-6. The highways turn north and a short while later MO-6 splits from US 69 and heads west, while US 69 continues heading north. Southwest of Bethany, US 69 merges with US 136 and heads east into Bethany. In downtown Bethany, US 136 heads east, while US 69 heads north. Still paralleling I-35, US 69 passes into Iowa from Missouri later.
## Iowa.
In Lamoni, US 69 makes a nice | 6,129,691 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
sharp turn toward the east. West of Leon, US 69 merges with Iowa Highway 2 (Iowa 2). In downtown Leon, US 69 heads north, while Iowa 2 heads east. East of Lake Ahquabi State Park, US 69 merges with US 65. The two highways continue to head north. At the intersection with Iowa 5, US 65 heads east concurrent Iowa 5 and US 69 continues to head north. In Ames, US 69 makes a left turn, then a right turn, and continues heading north. East of Clarion, US 69 briefly merges with Iowa 3. The two highways soon split with Iowa 3 heading east and US 69 heading north through Belmond, Iowa. Near Garner, US 69 briefly heads west concurrent with US 18, but soon splits off from it and heads north. North of Forest | 6,129,692 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
City, US 69 merges with Iowa 9 and continues heading north. Iowa 9 soon branches off to the west. Just south of Emmons, US 69 crosses into Minnesota.
## Minnesota.
US 69 enters the state at Emmons and travels north-northeast through southern Minnesota, passing through Twin Lakes. The roadway runs along the eastern shore of Pickerel Lake before entering Albert Lea, where the highway terminates at State Highway 13, formerly US 16.
The Minnesota portion of the highway is in length.
# History.
When it was first commissioned in 1926, US 69 extended only from Leon, Iowa to Kansas City, Missouri. The part in Missouri had been Route 11 since 1922.
The route was extended north into Minnesota in | 6,129,693 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
1934, mostly along what had previously been marked State Highway 13, ending at U.S. 16 in Albert Lea. At this time, it entered the state at Emmons and turned eastward along Lake Street and State Line Road, briefly re-entering Iowa to curve around the south shore of State Line Lake. In 1940, it was realigned to run north-northeast directly to Twin Lakes. The full extent of the roadway in Minnesota was paved in 1941.
# Major intersections.
- Texas
- Oklahoma
- Kansas
- Missouri
- Iowa
- Minnesota
# Special routes.
## Alternate route.
U.S. Route 69 Alternate is a special route of U.S. Highway 69, traveling between junctions east of Commerce, Oklahoma and north of Crestline, Kansas.
US-69 | 6,129,694 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
Alt., cosigned with Historic Route 66, splits from mainline US 69 south of Picher and west of Quapaw. US-69 Alt. and HR-66 head ENE through the towns of Quapaw and Baxter Springs, Kansas. North of Baxter Springs, US 400 joins the concurrency. West of Riverton, HR-66 heads east along K-66, while US-69 Alt. and US 400 head north. North of Crestline, US-69 Alt. and US 400 meet US 69 and US 160 from the west. US-69 Alt. terminates as US 69 and US 160 merge with US 400. The concurrency of US 69, US 400, and US 160 continues north.
## Business loops and spurs.
- Overland Park, KS
- Fort Scott, Kansas
- Frontenac, Kansas
- Pittsburg, Kansas
- Baxter Springs, Kansas
- Columbus, Kansas
- Miami, | 6,129,695 |
441522 | U.S. Route 69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.%20Route%2069 | U.S. Route 69
concurrency of US 69, US 400, and US 160 continues north.
## Business loops and spurs.
- Overland Park, KS
- Fort Scott, Kansas
- Frontenac, Kansas
- Pittsburg, Kansas
- Baxter Springs, Kansas
- Columbus, Kansas
- Miami, Oklahoma
- Durant, Oklahoma
- Vinita, Oklahoma
- Mc Alester, Oklahoma
- Checotah, Oklahoma
- Eufaula, Oklahoma
- Greenville, Texas
- Lufkin, Texas
There was also a Business U.S. 69 in Fort Scott, Kansas (about 25 minutes north of the Frontenac, Kansas area), from about 1965 to 1990. Signs from the former Business Route still exist today; however, it no longer officially exists.
# See also.
- U.S. Route 169
# External links.
- Endpoints of U.S. Highway 69 | 6,129,696 |
536350 | Jean Leloup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Leloup | Jean Leloup
Jean Leloup
Jean Leclerc (born May 14, 1961) is a Québécois singer-songwriter and author from Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada. He is popularly known as Jean Leloup (which he likes to translate to John the Wolf), a stage name he kept using until 2006, when he temporarily changed his name to Jean Leclerc, only to resurrect his wolf character in August 2008. He is known for his colourful personality and unique musical style in the francophone rock community.
# Biography.
Born in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Leclerc grew up in Togo and Algeria, where he was influenced by traditional African rhythms. He returned to Quebec in 1976, and appeared on the music scene in the 1980s, making waves with his provocative | 6,129,697 |
536350 | Jean Leloup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Leloup | Jean Leloup
lyrics—in his song "1990", he compares the high-tech actions of Desert Storm to his sexual activities with his girlfriend.
His 1990 album "L'amour est sans pitié" was a hit outside of Quebec, and was released in the rest of Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Japan.
He was the recipient of a Félix Award in 1997, following the success of his 1996 album "Le Dôme".
At the end of 2003, Leclerc retired the name "Jean Leloup" and went on hiatus from his recording career. In August 2005, he announced his temporary return to the music scene with a collaboration with a band called the Porn Flakes. A first single called "Les Corneilles" has been heard on Quebec's radio stations.
In the months | 6,129,698 |
536350 | Jean Leloup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Leloup | Jean Leloup
preceding his return, Leclerc wrote the philosophic novel ' (originally entitled '); it was published October 5, 2005 at the Leméac editions under the pen name Massoud Al-Rachid.
Leclerc released the album "Mexico" in September 2006, his first under the name Jean Leclerc.
Jean Leclerc returned to the stage on August 29, 2008 for the 400th year of Quebec City's founding. He revived the name Jean Leloup for the occasion. The show was held at the Colisée Pepsi. Although controversial, Jean Leclerc mentioned that the "last hour of the show was the best of his life".
Leclerc released the album "Mille Excuses Milady" (translated to "a thousand apologies, Milady") on April 28, 2009, under the name | 6,129,699 |
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