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536350 | Jean Leloup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Leloup | Jean Leloup
"Jean Leloup" and the first since he publicly declared that he wouldn't produce another album.
In 2016, his album "À Paradis City" was nominated for the Juno Award for Album of the Year, and won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year.
# Discography.
- 1989: "Menteur"
- 1990: "L'amour est sans pitié"
- 1996: "Le Dôme"
- 1998: "Les Fourmis"
- 2002: "La Vallée des réputations"
- 2004: "Exit" (live album)
- 2005: "Je joue de la guitare 1985–2003" (compilation)
- 2006: "Mexico" (as Jean Leclerc)
- 2009: "Mille excuses Milady"
- 2015: "À Paradis City"
- 2019: "L’étrange pays"
## Collaborations.
- 1997: "Glee" (with Bran Van 3000)
- 2001: "Discosis" (with Bran Van 3000)
- | 6,129,700 |
536350 | Jean Leloup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20Leloup | Jean Leloup
um of the Year.
# Discography.
- 1989: "Menteur"
- 1990: "L'amour est sans pitié"
- 1996: "Le Dôme"
- 1998: "Les Fourmis"
- 2002: "La Vallée des réputations"
- 2004: "Exit" (live album)
- 2005: "Je joue de la guitare 1985–2003" (compilation)
- 2006: "Mexico" (as Jean Leclerc)
- 2009: "Mille excuses Milady"
- 2015: "À Paradis City"
- 2019: "L’étrange pays"
## Collaborations.
- 1997: "Glee" (with Bran Van 3000)
- 2001: "Discosis" (with Bran Van 3000)
- 2002: "Jouisseland" by Martin Villeneuve
- 2011: "The Last Assassins" (with The Last Assassins)
# See also.
- List of Quebec musicians
- Music of Quebec
- Culture of Quebec
# External links.
- Jean Leclerc official website | 6,129,701 |
536365 | PFS | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFS | PFS
PFS
PFS may refer to:
# Medicine.
- Patellofemoral syndrome, a type of knee disorder
- Prefilled syringe, a syringe with a predetermined dosage of medication
- Progression-free survival, time without tumor progression in oncology
# Organisations.
- Premium Fulfilment Services (PFS Group), National provider of 3PL solutions with operating companies in Australia and New Zealand.
- Penang Free School, a well-recognized English school in Malaysia, in the state of Penang
- Philadelphia Folksong Society, a Philadelphia organization promoting folk music
- Princeton Friends School, a coeducational Quaker school in Princeton Township, New Jersey
- Property and Freedom Society, an organization | 6,129,702 |
536365 | PFS | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFS | PFS
devoted to the promotion of property rights
## Finance.
- Personal finance society, a professional body for financial advisors in the United Kingdom
- Personal Financial Specialist, a financial planning credential granted by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
- Primerica Financial Services, an independent financial services company in North America
# Technology.
- Perfect forward secrecy, a property in cryptography
- , an early PC word processor
- Planetary Fourier Spectrometer, an infrared spectrometer used by European Space Agency on their Venus Express Mission
- Playstation File System, the filesystem used on the PlayStation 2 hard drive
- Professional File System, | 6,129,703 |
536365 | PFS | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFS | PFS
e
- Professional File System, a third-party filesystem used on the Amiga
- PlaysForSure, a marketing certification given by Microsoft to media players
- Prepare for Shipment, a status which indicates products are ready for shipment from Apple Online Store
- Pre-Feasibility Study, an important preliminary study to determine if a mining project is economically feasible
# Other.
- Peace and Friendship Stadium, an Indoor sports Arena in Piraeus, Athens, Greece
- Picture Frame Seduction, a Welsh punk rock band
- Port security (Port Facility Security)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ, an orthography designed for the Hakka Chinese language
- Puta Falta de Sacanagem Expression used to refer to Restart (band) | 6,129,704 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
Passion (musical)
Passion is a one-act musical, with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by James Lapine. The story was adapted from Ettore Scola's film "Passione d'Amore", itself adapted from the novel "Fosca" by Iginio Ugo Tarchetti. Central themes include love, sex, obsession, illness, passion, beauty, power and manipulation. "Passion" is notable for being one of the few projects that Stephen Sondheim himself conceived, along with "Sweeney Todd" and "Road Show".
Set in Risorgimento-era Italy, the plot concerns a young soldier and the changes in him brought about by the obsessive love of Fosca, his Colonel's homely, ailing cousin.
# Background and history.
The story originally | 6,129,705 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
came from a 19th-century novel by Iginio Ugo Tarchetti, an experimental Italian writer who was prominently associated with the Scapigliatura movement. His book "Fosca" was a fictionalized recounting of an affair he'd once had with an epileptic woman when he was a soldier.
Sondheim first came up with the idea of writing a musical when he saw the Italian film in 1983:
As Fosca started to speak and the camera cut back to her, I had my epiphany. I realized that the story was not about how she is going to fall in love with him, but about how he is going to fall in love with her . . . at the same time thinking, "They're never going to convince me of that, they're never going to pull that off," all | 6,129,706 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
the while knowing they would, that Scola wouldn't have taken on such a ripely melodramatic story unless he was convinced that he could make it plausible. By the end of the movie, the unwritten songs in my head were brimming and I was certain of two things. First, I wanted to make it into a musical, the problem being that it couldn't be a musical, not even in my nontraditional style, because the characters were so outsized. Second, I wanted James Lapine to write it; he was a romantic, he had a feel for different centuries and different cultures, and he was enthusiastically attracted to weirdness.
As it turned out, Lapine was already exploring the idea of adapting "Muscle", a memoir by Sam Fussell, | 6,129,707 |
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for the musical stage. Together, they came up with the idea of a pair of double-billing one acts. Lapine wrote a couple of scenes and Sondheim had just started working on the opening number when he began to feel that his musical style was unsuitable for "Muscle". The piece was more contemporary and, in his opinion, required a score reflecting pop sensibilities. He called up Lapine and suggested that he find another songwriter, perhaps William Finn, and include it as a companion piece. Meanwhile, they continued to work on "Passion" and as the piece grew, they found that it was enough to fill out an entire evening of theatre. "Muscle" was eventually shelved.
# Productions.
## Original Broadway | 6,129,708 |
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production.
The role of Fosca was originally offered to Patti LuPone, but she turned it down to star in "Sunset Boulevard" in the West End. After 52 previews "Passion" opened on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on May 9, 1994 and closed on January 7, 1995. Directed by James Lapine, the cast starred Jere Shea as Giorgio, Donna Murphy as Fosca and Marin Mazzie as Clara. Scenic Design was by Adrianne Lobel, Costume Design by Jane Greenwood, Lighting Design by Beverly Emmons, and orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick. This production was filmed shortly after closing and televised on the Public Broadcasting Service "American Playhouse" on September 8, 1996. (It was released on DVD in 2003 by Image Entertainment.) | 6,129,709 |
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The musical ran a total of 280 performances, making it the shortest-running musical ever to win the Tony Award for Best Musical.
## Original London production.
The show opened in the West End, with significant musical and script revisions, at the Queen's Theatre in 1996. Directed by Jeremy Sams, the cast featured Michael Ball as Giorgio, Helen Hobson as Clara, and Maria Friedman as Fosca (Friedman had previously appeared in several Sondheim musicals in the UK). The production ran for 232 performances. A recording was later made of the show performed in concert, with nearly all of the original London cast recreating their roles and preserving the musical changes from the earlier production.
## | 6,129,710 |
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2010 London revival.
A production at the Donmar Warehouse in London, as part of Stephen Sondheim's 80th birthday celebrations, opened on September 10, 2010 in previews, with the official opening September 21, running through November 27. The director is Donmar associate director Jamie Lloyd, and the cast included Argentine actress Elena Roger, as well as Scarlett Strallen and David Thaxton. This production won the Evening Standard Awards, Best Musical Award. David Thaxton won the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical.
## 2011 premiere in Germany.
"Passion" received its German-language premiere (translated by Roman Hinze) on January 28, 2011 at the . Directed by Holger Hauer, the lead | 6,129,711 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
roles were filled by Marcus Günzel (Giorgio), Maike Switzer (Clara) and Vasiliki Roussi (Fosca). Choir and orchestra of the Dresden State Operetta performed under the musical direction of Peter Christian Feigel. A special feature of this production was its orchestral arrangement for a symphonic orchestra, including a great string ensemble, harpsichord and harp, with no electronic instruments being used and modifications to the musical score being made in cooperation with the composer. “Passion” ran at the Dresden State Operetta in the 2010/11 and 2011/12 seasons. The work was performed for the CD label “bobbymusic” from August 22 to 25, 2012 using the same performers. It is the first recording | 6,129,712 |
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in German, and the first recording of the entire work with all of the musical numbers and spoken texts. Since December 2, 2013 the double CD has been on sale at the Dresden State Operetta (www.staatsoperette-dresden.de) as well as online (www.soundofmusic-shop.de or www.bobbymusic.de).
## 2013 Off-Broadway revival.
The show was mounted at the East Village-based Classic Stage Company, starring Judy Kuhn as Fosca, Melissa Errico as Clara and Ryan Silverman as Giorgio. Known primarily for their stagings of classical plays, "Passion" is the first musical that the theatre has ever produced. The production was helmed by John Doyle and took a minimalist approach to the piece, though there were no | 6,129,713 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
instruments onstage. The run was extended through April 2013 and a two-disc cast recording was released on July 2 from PS Classics. (Rebecca Luker, who played the role of Clara in the Kennedy Center's Sondheim Celebration production, replaced the ill Errico on this recording)
## 2016 Scandinavian premiere in Sweden.
"Passion" received its Swedish-language premiere (translated by Ulricha Johnson) on September 17, 2016 at the Kulturhuset Spira. Directed by Victoria Brattström, the lead roles were portrayed by Kalle Malmberg (Giorgio), Mari Lerberg Fossum (Clara) and Annica Edstam (Fosca). The Jönköping Sinfonietta performed under the musical direction of Johan Siberg who also wrote the musical | 6,129,714 |
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arrangements. The production will have a second run at NorrlandsOperan in 2017.
## Other productions.
The musical made its regional premiere at New Line Theatre in St. Louis, MO in 1996, and was later part of the Sondheim Celebration at the Kennedy Center, running from July 19, 2002 through August 23, 2002, directed by Eric Schaeffer. Judy Kuhn and Michael Cerveris played Fosca and Giorgio, with Rebecca Luker as Clara.
The work was presented by the Minnesota Opera in February 2004, staged by Tim Albery and starring Patricia Racette as Fosca, William Burden as Giorgio and Evelyn Pollock as Clara.
In 2004 the show was performed in the Netherlands, and a Dutch language recording was released—one | 6,129,715 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
of the few translations of a Sondheim score. This production had Vera Mann as Fosca, Stanley Burleson as Giorgio and Pia Douwes as Clara.
A semi-staged concert, starring Patti LuPone as Fosca, Michael Cerveris as Giorgio and Audra McDonald as Clara, was held at Lincoln Center in New York for three performances, March 30 - April 1, 2005. Directed by Lonny Price, this production was broadcast on the PBS television show "Live From Lincoln Center" on March 31, 2005. The score in this production preserved the musical revisions from the London version. This same cast had performed at the Ravinia Festival, Highland Park, Illinois, on August 22–23, 2003.
The show was done at Chicago Shakespeare Theater | 6,129,716 |
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from October 2, 2007 to November 11, 2007, starring Ana Gasteyer as Fosca, Adam Brazier as Giorgio and Kathy Voytko as Clara.
The work was presented by "Life Like Company" at the Arts Centre Melbourne from November 5, 2014 to November 8, 2014 starring Theresa Borg as Fosca, Kane Alexander as Giorgio and Silvie Paladino as Clara.
# Synopsis.
The musical is usually presented in one act. An intermission was added only for the London production.
## Act I.
In Milan in 1863, two lovers are at the height of ecstasy ("Happiness"). The handsome captain, Giorgio, breaks their reverie by telling Clara that he is being transferred to a provincial military outpost. In the next scene, Giorgio is in the | 6,129,717 |
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mess hall at the army camp with Colonel Ricci, the unit's commanding officer, and Dr. Tambourri, its physician. He thinks longingly of Clara (“First Letter”) and she thinks longingly of him ("Second Letter"). Giorgio's thoughts are interrupted by a bloodcurdling scream. The Colonel tells him not to worry; it's just Fosca, his sick cousin. Giorgio offers to lend her some of his books.
As he begins to adjust to the tedium of life at the outpost, the sensitive Giorgio feels increasingly out of place amongst the other men ("Third Letter"). He starts becoming friendly with the Doctor, who describes Fosca as having a nervous disorder. She frequently collapses into seizures, exposing her suffering | 6,129,718 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
and need for connection.
Fosca arrives after dinner to thank Giorgio for the books. When he suggests she keep a novel longer to meditate over it, she explains that she does not read to think or search for truth, but to live vicariously through the characters. She then goes off into a dark musing on her life ("I Read"). Giorgio awkwardly changes the subject, but when he observes a hearse pulling up, she is overtaken by a hysterical convulsion. Giorgio is stunned and appalled ("Transition").
The following afternoon, the Colonel, the Doctor, Giorgio and Fosca go for a walk together. As they stroll through a castle's neglected garden, Giorgio politely engages her in conversation while mentally | 6,129,719 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
narrating a letter to Clara. When Fosca confesses that she feels no hope in her life, he tells her that "the only happiness that we can be certain of is love." Fosca is hurt and embarrassed, but recognizes that Giorgio, like herself, is different from others, and asks for his friendship ("Garden Sequence").
Giorgio and Clara exchange letters about Fosca. Clara urges him to avoid her whenever possible. When Giorgio is preparing to take a five-day leave, Fosca shows up unexpectedly, dissolving into hysteria and begging him to return soon. Fosca is next seen reading, stone-faced, from a letter Giorgio has sent rejecting her feelings as he and Clara make love ("Trio").
Upon Giorgio's return, Fosca | 6,129,720 |
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reproaches him. She demands to know about his affair and learns that Clara is married. In a sharp exchange, they agree to sever all ties. Weeks go by with no contact between them, but just as he is beginning to think that he is finally free of Fosca, he is informed by the Doctor that she is dying. His rejection of her love has exacerbated her illness. Giorgio, whose job as a soldier is to save lives, must go and visit her sickbed. He reluctantly agrees.
He enters Fosca's chamber, and she implores him to lie beside her while she sleeps. At daybreak, Fosca asks him for a favor before he leaves: "Write a letter for me." He complies, but the letter she imagines is a fantasy one from Giorgio to | 6,129,721 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
herself (“I Wish I Could Forget You”). She is seized by another convulsive attack, and he hastens from the room.
## Act II.
The soldiers gossip about Giorgio and Fosca while playing pool ("Soldiers' Gossip"). The Colonel thanks Giorgio for the kindness he has shown his cousin and explains her history. As a child, Fosca was doted on by her parents and once had illusions about her looks. When she was seventeen, the Colonel introduced her to an Austrian count named Ludovic. Fosca was taken with him, though she had her reservations. Once they were married, Ludovic took all of her family's money. Fosca eventually discovered that he had another wife and a child. When confronted, he smoothly admitted | 6,129,722 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
to his deception and vanished. It was then that Fosca first became ill. After her parents died, she went to live with the Colonel, who felt responsible for her circumstances ("Flashback").
Meanwhile, Clara has written Giorgio a letter ("Sunrise Letter") addressing her approaching age, in which she admits her fear of losing love when she is old and no longer beautiful. Giorgio makes his way to a desolate mountain and is in the midst of reading when Fosca appears. After Giorgio lashes out at her in anger ("Is This What You Call Love?"), she crumples and faints. He picks her up and carries her back in the rain.
The rain, the ordeal of getting Fosca back to camp and perhaps exposure to her contagious | 6,129,723 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
emotions have conspired to give Giorgio a fever. He falls into a slumber and dreams that Fosca is dragging him down into the grave ("Nightmare"). The Doctor sends him off to Milan on sick leave ("Forty Days"). As he boards the train, he is followed once again by Fosca. She apologizes for everything and promises to keep her distance for good. Giorgio pleads with her to give him up. She explains that this cannot happen. Her love is not a choice, it is who she is, and she would gladly die for him ("Loving You"). Giorgio is finally moved by the force of her emotions. He takes her back to the outpost ("Transition").
The Doctor warns Giorgio that he must stop seeing Fosca, that she threatens his | 6,129,724 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
mental and physical health. Giorgio requests to forgo his leave; he feels it his duty to stay and help her as much as he can. Back in Milan, Clara questions him jealously about Fosca. Giorgio asks Clara to leave her husband and start a new life with him, but as she has a child, she cannot.
During Christmas, Giorgio is told that he has been transferred back to military headquarters. Later on, he reads Clara's newest letter, in which she asks him to wait until her son is grown before planning a more serious commitment ("Farewell Letter"). Giorgio finds he no longer desires the carefully arranged, convenient affair that they shared ("Just Another Love Story").
Having discovered the letter Fosca | 6,129,725 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
dictated, the Colonel accuses Giorgio of leading her on and demands a duel. The Doctor attempts to mediate the two, but Giorgio insists on seeing her again. He realizes that he loves Fosca, for no one has ever truly loved him but her. That evening, he returns to Fosca's room, knowing that the physical act might very well kill her (“No One Has Ever Loved Me”). They embrace, their passion consummated at last.
The duel takes place the following morning behind the castle. Giorgio shoots at the Colonel and lets out a shrill howl eerily reminiscent of Fosca's earlier outbursts.
Months later, Giorgio is in a hospital, dazed, recovering from a nervous breakdown. He is told that Fosca died shortly | 6,129,726 |
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after their night together; the Colonel recovered from the wound. Dreamlike, the other characters in the story reappear as Giorgio begins reading from Fosca's last letter. Gradually her voice joins his, and together they look back on their revelations ("Finale").
The company walks off, Fosca last, leaving Giorgio alone at his table.
# Scenes and musical numbers.
Note: No song titles appear in the program; titles below are from cast recordings.
"Scene 1: Clara's bedroom in Milan"
- Happiness - Clara and Giorgio
"Scene 2: The dining quarters; Outdoors; The dining quarters"
- First Letter ("Clara, I cried...") - Clara and Giorgio
- Second Letter ("Giorgio, I too have cried") - Clara and | 6,129,727 |
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Giorgio
- Third Letter ("Clara, I'm in hell") - Clara, Giorgio and Soldiers
- Fourth Letter ("Yesterday I walked through the park...") - Clara
- I Read - Fosca
- Transition #1 ("How can I describe her?"/"The town - it is remote, isn't it?") - Giorgio/Soldiers
"Scene 3: The castle garden"
- Garden Sequence
- "All the while as we strolled..." - Giorgio, Clara
- "Love that fills every waking moment..." - Clara, Giorgio
- "To speak to me of love..." - Fosca
"Scene 4: The dining quarters"
- Three Days - Fosca
- Transition #2 ("All the time I watched from my room...") - Soldiers
"Scene 5: The courtyard; Fosca's drawing room & Clara's bedroom"
- Happiness - Trio (Fifth Letter) - Fosca, | 6,129,728 |
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Giorgio, Clara
- Transition #3 ("I watched you from my window...") - Attendants
"Scene 6: Fosca's Drawing Room; Doctor Tambourri's office"
- Three weeks/"This is hell..." - Clara/Soldiers
"Scene 7: Fosca's bedroom"
- "God, you are so beautiful..." (Happiness) - Fosca
- I Wish I Could Forget You - Fosca, (Giorgio)
- Transition #4 ("How can I describe her? The wretchedness, the embarrassment.") - Soldiers
"Scene 8: Billiard room; Outdoors; Flashback to Fosca's past"
- Soldiers' Gossip #1 - Soldiers
"Scene 9: Flashback to Fosca's past"
- Flashback - Colonel Ricci, Fosca, Fosca's Mother, Fosca's Father, Ludowic, Mistress
"Scene 10: The Mountainside, a distance from the outpost."
- Sunrise | 6,129,729 |
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Letter - Clara and Giorgio
- Is This What You Call Love? - Giorgio
"Scene 11: Parade ground; Giorgio's bedroom"
- Soldiers' Gossip #2 - Soldiers
- Transition #5 - Nightmare ("Everywhere I turn...") - Group #1 and #2
"Scene 12: A Train compartment to Milan; back at the Courtyard"
- Transition #6 ("To feel a woman's touch...") - Major Rizolli
- Forty Days - Clara
- Loving You - Fosca
- Transition #7 ("How long were we apart") - Woman, Man
- Soldiers' Gossip #3 - Soldiers
"Scene 13: Near the Milan Train Station"
- "Giorgio, I didn't tell you in my letter" - Clara
"Scene 14: A Christmas party at the dining quarters."
- La Pace Sulla Terra (Peace on Earth) - Lieutenant Torasso
- Farewell | 6,129,730 |
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Letter - Clara
- Just Another Love Story (Happiness/Is This What You Call Love?) - Giorgio and Clara
"Scene 15: Doctor Tambourri's office; Fosca's Bedroom"
- No One Has Ever Loved Me (Extended) - Giorgio (to Dr. Tambourri) †
- No One Has Ever Loved Me - Giorgio (to Fosca)
- "All this happiness..." (Happiness - Reprise) - Fosca
"Scene 16: An Open Field"
- The Duel
"Scene 17: A hospital"
- Final Transition - Company
- Finale (Your Love Will Live In Me) - Giorgio, Fosca, Company
† Cut from the original Broadway production and then restored to 1996 London production.
# Response and analysis.
"Passion" was generally admired by critics for its ambition but savaged by theatregoers when | 6,129,731 |
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it first opened. In particular, audiences were repelled by the characterization of Fosca. During previews, people would applaud whenever Fosca had a meltdown. In one performance, someone from the balcony yelled "Die, Fosca! Die!"
Stephen Sondheim believes that the musical is about how "the force of somebody's feelings for you can crack you open, and how it is the life force in a deadened world." In response to the hostility encountered during the early performances, he has said:
The story struck some audiences as ridiculous. They refused to believe that anyone, much less the handsome Giorgio, could come to love someone so manipulative and relentless, not to mention physically repellent, as | 6,129,732 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
Fosca. As the perennial banality would have it, they couldn't "identify" with the main characters. The violence of their reaction, however, strikes me as an example of "The lady doth protest too much." I think they may have identified with Giorgio and Fosca all too readily and uncomfortably. The idea of a love that's pure, that burns with D.H. Lawrence's gemlike flame, emanating from a source so gnarled and selfish, is hard to accept. Perhaps they were reacting to the realization that we are all Fosca, we are all Giorgio, we are all Clara.
In analyzing the musical, Michiko Kakutani of the "New York Times" wrote that "Passion" had "a lush, romantic score that mirrors the heightened, operatic | 6,129,733 |
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nature of the story . . . Jonathan Tunick's orchestration plays an especially important role in lending the music a richness of texture and bringing out its sweeping melodic lines. The sets and lighting are warm and glowy and fervent, reminiscent of the colors of Italian frescoes and evocative of the story's intense, highly dramatic mood. Less a series of individual songs than a hypnotic net of music, the show's score traces the shifting, kaleidoscopic emotions of the characters, even as it draws the audience into the dreamlike world of their fevered passions."
Clive Barnes gave the musical a rave review: "Once in an extraordinary while, you sit in a theater and your body shivers with the sense | 6,129,734 |
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and thrill of something so new, so unexpected, that it seems, for those fugitive moments, more like life than art. "Passion" is just plain wonderful — emotional and yes, passionate . . . Sondheim's music — his most expressive yet — glows and glowers, and Tunick has found the precise tonal colorations for its impressionistic moods and emotional overlays. From the start of his career, Sondheim has pushed the parameters of his art. Here is the breakthrough. Exultantly dramatic, this it the most thrilling piece of theater on Broadway."
The "New York Times" review of the original Broadway production described it as an "unalloyed love story . . . The score contains some insinuating melodies. You | 6,129,735 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
can hear madness in the ecstatic lilt." But ultimately, the reviewer felt that "the boldness of the enterprise never quite pays off. The musical leads an audience right up to the moment of transcendence but is unable in the end to provide the lift that would elevate the material above the disturbing."
In his review of the Off-Broadway revival, Ben Brantley wrote of it as "the most personal and internalized of Sondheim's works . . . Of all the directors who have staged Mr. Sondheim’s musicals, no one cuts closer to their heart than John Doyle, a minimalist with a scalpel. When it was first staged, in 1994, this concentrated portrait of a romantic triangle seemed to take place at a chilly, analytic | 6,129,736 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
remove. In contrast Mr. Doyle’s "Passion" comes across as a pulsing collective fever dream. And it reminds us that out of such dreams a startling clarity can emerge, almost painful in its acuteness . . . What follows is the gradual shift of Giorgio’s affections from the seductive, radiant Clara to the demanding Fosca, who pursues him with an obsessiveness to rival the revenge fixation of Sweeney Todd. If this is, on the surface, a most improbable transition, it also feels inevitable here, as Giorgio arrives at the realization that ‘love within reason is not love at all’ . . . but I didn’t stop to think that I was listening to songs. I was hearing thought. And at moments, I was hearing a distillation | 6,129,737 |
536220 | Passion (musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passion%20(musical) | Passion (musical)
ey Todd. If this is, on the surface, a most improbable transition, it also feels inevitable here, as Giorgio arrives at the realization that ‘love within reason is not love at all’ . . . but I didn’t stop to think that I was listening to songs. I was hearing thought. And at moments, I was hearing a distillation of pure emotion."
# References.
- Original Broadway Cast Album booklet
# External links.
- "Passion", Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide
- 17 scenes, sondheimguide.com
- castalbums.org
- "Passion", Music Theatre International
- "Passion" - A musical by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine
- How "Passion" changed during its difficult previews, 1994 article from The Sondheim Review. | 6,129,738 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Storm Prediction Center
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is a government agency that is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the control of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of Commerce (DoC).
Headquartered at the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma, the Storm Prediction Center is tasked with forecasting the risk of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes in the contiguous United States. It issues convective outlooks, mesoscale discussions, and watches as a part of this process. Convective outlooks are issued for the following | 6,129,739 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
eight days (issued separately for Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, and Days 4–8), and detail the risk of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes during the given forecast period, although tornado, hail and wind details are only available for Day 1. Days 2 and 3, as well as 4–8 use a probabilistic scale, determining the probability for a severe weather event in percentage categories.
Mesoscale discussions are issued to provide information on certain individual regions where severe weather is becoming a threat and states whether a watch is likely and details thereof, particularly concerning conditions conducive for the development of severe thunderstorms in the short term, as well as situations of isolated severe | 6,129,740 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
weather when watches are not necessary. Watches are issued when forecasters are confident that severe weather will occur, and usually precede the onset of severe weather by one hour, although this sometimes varies depending on certain atmospheric conditions that may inhibit or accelerate convective development.
The agency is also responsible for forecasting fire weather (indicating conditions that are favorable for wildfires) in the contiguous U.S., issuing fire weather outlooks for Days 1, 2, and 3–8, which detail areas with various levels of risk for fire conditions. (such as fire levels and fire alerts. )
# History.
The Storm Prediction Center began in 1952 as SELS (Severe Local Storms | 6,129,741 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Unit), the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington, D.C. In 1954, the unit moved its forecast operations to Kansas City, Missouri. SELS began issuing convective outlooks for predicted thunderstorm activity in 1955, and began issuing radar summaries in three-hour intervals in 1960; with the increased duties of compiling and disseminating radar summaries, this unit became the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) in 1966, remaining headquartered in Kansas City.
In 1968, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center began issuing status reports on weather watches; the agency then made its first computerized data transmission in 1971. On April 2, 1982, the agency issued the first "Particularly | 6,129,742 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Dangerous Situation" watch, which indicates the imminent threat of a major severe weather event over the watches' timespan. In 1986, the NSSFC introduced two new forecast products: the Day 2 Convective Outlook (which include probabilistic forecasts for outlined areas of thunderstorm risk for the following day) and the Mesoscale Discussion (a short-term forecast outlining specific areas under threat for severe thunderstorm development).
In October 1995, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center relocated its operations to Norman, Oklahoma, and was rechristened the Storm Prediction Center. At that time, the guidance center was housed at Max Westheimer Airport (now the University of Oklahoma | 6,129,743 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Westheimer Airport), co-located in the same building as the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the local National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (the latter of which, in addition to disseminating forecasts, oversees the issuance of weather warnings and advisories for the western two-thirds of Oklahoma and western portions of North Texas, and issues outline and status updates for SPC-issued severe thunderstorm and tornado watches that include areas served by the Norman office). In 1998, the Center began issuing the National Fire Weather Outlook to provide forecasts for areas potentially susceptible to the development and spread of wildfires based on certain meteorological factors. | 6,129,744 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
The Day 3 Convective Outlook (which is similar in format to the Day 2 forecast) was first issued on an experimental basis in 2000, and was made an official product in 2001.
In 2006, the Storm Prediction Center, National Severe Storms Laboratory and National Weather Service Norman Forecast Office moved their respective operations into the newly constructed National Weather Center, near Westheimer Airport. Since the agency's relocation to Norman, the 557th Weather Wing at Offutt Air Force Base would assume control of issuing the Storm Prediction Center's severe weather products in the event that the SPC is no longer able to issue them in the event of an outage (such as a computer system failure | 6,129,745 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
or building-wide power disruption) or emergency (such as an approaching strong tornadic circulation or tornado on the ground) affecting the Norman campus; on April 1, 2009, the SPC reassigned responsibilities for issuing the center's products in such situations to the 15th Operational Weather Squadron based out of Scott Air Force Base.
# Overview.
The Storm Prediction Center is responsible for forecasting the risk of severe weather caused by severe thunderstorms, specifically those producing tornadoes, hail of in diameter or larger, and/or winds of [50 knots] or greater. The agency also forecasts hazardous winter and fire weather conditions. It does so primarily by issuing convective outlooks, | 6,129,746 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
severe thunderstorm watches, tornado watches and mesoscale discussions.
There is a three-stage process in which the area, time period, and details of a severe weather forecast are refined from a broad-scale forecast of potential hazards to a more specific and detailed forecast of what hazards are expected, and where and in what time frame they are expected to occur. If warranted, forecasts will also increase in severity through this three-stage process.
The Storm Prediction Center employs a total of 43 personnel, including five lead forecasters, ten mesoscale/outlook forecasters, and seven assistant mesoscale forecasters. Many SPC forecasters and support staff are heavily involved in scientific | 6,129,747 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
research into severe and hazardous weather. This involves conducting applied research and writing technical papers, developing training materials, giving seminars and other presentations locally and nationwide, attending scientific conferences, and participating in weather experiments.
# Convective outlooks.
The Storm Prediction Center issues convective outlooks (AC), consisting of categorical and probabilistic forecasts describing the general threat of severe convective storms over the contiguous United States for the next six to 192 hours (Day 1 through Day 8). These outlooks are labeled and issued by day, and are issued up to five times per day.
The categorical risks are TSTM (for Thunder | 6,129,748 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Storm: light green shaded area – rendered as a brown line prior to April 2011 – indicating a risk for general thunderstorms), "MRGL" (for Marginal: darker green shaded area, indicating a very low but present risk of severe weather); "SLGT" (for Slight: yellow shaded area – previously rendered as a green line – indicating a slight risk of severe weather); "ENH" (for Enhanced: orange shaded area, which replaced the upper end of the SLGT category on October 22, 2014); "MDT" (for Moderate: red shaded area – previously rendered as a red line – indicating a moderate risk of severe weather); and "HIGH" (pink shaded area – previously a rendered as a fuchsia line – indicating a high risk of severe weather). | 6,129,749 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Significant severe areas (referred to as "hatched areas" because of their representation on outlook maps) refer to a threat of increased storm intensity that is of "significant severe" levels (F2/EF2 or stronger tornado, or larger hail, or winds or greater).
In April 2011, the SPC introduced a new graphical format for its categorical and probability outlooks, which included the shading of risk areas (with the colors corresponding to each category, as mentioned above, being changed as well) and population, county/parish/borough and interstate overlays. The new shaded maps also incorporated a revised color palette for the shaded probability categories in each outlook.
In 2013, the SPC incorporated | 6,129,750 |
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a small table under the Convective Outlook's risk category map that indicates the total coverage area by square miles, the total estimated population affected and major cities included within a severe weather risk area.
Public severe weather outlooks (PWO) are issued when a significant or widespread outbreak is expected, especially for tornadoes. From November to March, it can also be issued for any threat of significant tornadoes in the nighttime hours, noting the lower awareness and greater danger of tornadoes at that time of year.
## Categories.
A marginal risk day indicates storms of only limited organization, longevity, coverage and/or intensity, typically isolated severe or near-severe | 6,129,751 |
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storms with limited wind damage, large hail and perhaps a tornado. Wind gusts of at least and hailstones of around in diameter are common storm threats within a marginal risk; depending on the sufficient wind shear, a tornado – usually of weak (EF0 to EF1) intensity and short duration – may be possible. This category replaced the "SEE TEXT" category on October 22, 2014.
A slight risk day typically will indicate that the threat exists for scattered severe weather, including scattered wind damage (produced by straight-line sustained winds and/or gusts of 60 to 70 mph), scattered severe hail (varying in size from to ) and/or isolated tornadoes (often of shorter duration and varying weak to moderate | 6,129,752 |
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intensity, depending on the available wind shear and other sufficient atmospheric parameters). During the peak severe weather season, most days will have a slight risk somewhere in the United States. Isolated significant severe events are possible in some circumstances, but are generally not widespread.
An enhanced risk day indicates that there is a greater threat for severe weather than that which would be indicated by a slight risk, but conditions are not adequate for the development of widespread significant severe weather to necessitate a moderate category. Severe storms are expected to be more concentrated and of varying intensities. These days are quite frequent in the peak severe weather | 6,129,753 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
season and occur occasionally at other times of year. This risk category replaced the upper end of "slight" on October 22, 2014, although a few situations that previously warranted a moderate risk were reclassified as enhanced (i.e. 45% wind or 15% tornado with no significant area).
A moderate risk day indicates that more widespread and/or more dangerous severe weather is possible (sometimes with major hurricanes), with significant severe weather often more likely. Numerous tornadoes (some of which may be strong and potentially long-track), more widespread or severe wind damage and/or very large/destructive hail (up to or exceeding in diameter) could occur. Major events, such as large tornado | 6,129,754 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
outbreaks or widespread straight-line wind events, are sometimes also possible on moderate risk days, but with greater uncertainty. Moderate risk days are not terribly uncommon, and typically occur several times a month during the peak of the severe weather season, and occasionally at other times of the year. Slight and enhanced risk areas typically surround areas under a moderate risk, where the threat is lower.
A high risk day indicates a considerable likelihood of significant to extreme severe weather, generally a major tornado outbreak or (much less often) an extreme derecho event. On these days, the potential exists for extremely severe and life-threatening weather. This includes widespread | 6,129,755 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
strong or violent tornadoes which may be on the ground for a half-hour or longer, or very destructive straight-line winds. Hail cannot verify or produce a high risk on its own, although such a day usually involves a threat for widespread very large and damaging hail as well. Many of the most prolific severe weather days were high risk days. Such days are rare; a high risk is typically issued (at the most) only a few times each year (see List of Storm Prediction Center high risk days). High risk areas are usually surrounded by a larger moderate risk area, where uncertainty is greater or the threat is somewhat lower.
The Storm Prediction Center began asking for public comment on proposed categorical | 6,129,756 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
additions to the Day 1-3 Convective Outlooks on April 21, 2014, for a two-month period. The Storm Prediction Center broadened this system beginning on October 22, 2014 by adding two new risk categories to the three used originally. The new categories that were added are a "marginal risk" (replacing the "SEE TEXT" contours, see below) and an "enhanced risk". The latter is used to delineate areas where severe weather will occur that would fall under the previous probability criteria of an upper-end slight risk, but do not warrant the issuance of a moderate risk. In order from least to greatest threat, these categories are ranked as: marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate, and high.
## Issuance | 6,129,757 |
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and usage.
Convective outlooks are issued by the Storm Prediction Center in Zulu time (also known as Universal Coordinated Time or UTC).
The categories at right refer to the risk levels for the specific severe weather event occurring within of any point in the delineated region, as described in the previous section. The Day 1 Convective Outlook, issued five times per day at 0600Z (valid from 1200Z of the current day until 1200Z the following day), 1300Z and 1630Z (the "morning updates," valid until 1200Z the following day), 2000Z (the "afternoon update," valid until 1200Z the following day), and the 0100Z (the "evening update," valid until 1200Z the following day), provides a textual forecast, | 6,129,758 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
map of categories and probabilities, and chart of probabilities. The Day 1 is currently the only outlook to issue specific probabilities for tornadoes, hail or wind. It is the most descriptive and highest accuracy outlook, and typically has the highest probability levels.
Day 2 outlooks, issued twice daily at 0600Z and 1730Z, refer to predicted risks of convective weather for the following day (1200Z to 1200Z of the next calendar day; for example, a Day 2 outlook issued on April 12, 2100 would be valid from 1200Z on April 13, 2100 through 1200Z on April 14, 2100) and include only a categorical outline, textual description, and a probability graph for severe convective storms generally. Day | 6,129,759 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
2 moderate risks are fairly uncommon, and a Day 2 high risk has only been issued twice (for April 7, 2006 and for April 14, 2012).
Day 3 outlooks refer to the day after tomorrow, and include the same products (categorical outline, text description, and probability graph) as the Day 2 outlook. As of June 2012, the SPC forecasts general thunderstorm risk areas. Higher probability forecasts are less and less likely as the forecast period increases due to lessening forecast ability farther in advance. Day 3 moderate risks are quite rare; these have been issued only eighteen times since the product became operational (most recently for May 20, 2019). Day 3 high risks are never issued and the operational | 6,129,760 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
standards do not allow for such. This is most likely because it would require both a very high degree of certainty (60%) for an event which was still at least 48 hours away and a reasonable level of confidence that said severe thunderstorm outbreak would include "significant severe" weather (EF2+ tornadoes, hurricane-force winds, and/or egg-sized hail).
Day 4–8 outlooks are the longest-term official SPC Forecast Product, and often change significantly from day to day. This extended forecast for severe weather was an experimental product until March 22, 2007, when the Storm Prediction Center incorporated it as an official product. Areas are delineated in this forecast that have least a 15% or | 6,129,761 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
30% chance of severe weather in the Day 4–8 period (equivalent to a slight risk and an enhanced risk, respectively); as forecaster confidence is not fully resolute on how severe weather will evolve more than three days out, the Day 4–8 outlook only outlines the areas in which severe thunderstorms are forecast to occur during the period at the 15% and 30% likelihood, and does not utilize other categorical risk areas or outline where general (non-severe) thunderstorm activity will occur.
Local forecast offices of the National Weather Service, radio and television stations, and emergency planners often use the forecasts to gauge the potential severe weather threats to their areas. Even after the | 6,129,762 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
marginal and enhanced risk categories were added in October 2014, some television stations have continued to use the original three-category system to outline forecasted severe weather risks (though stations that do this may utilize in-house severe weather outlooks that vary to some degree from the SPC convective outlooks), while certain others that have switched to the current system have chosen not to outline marginal risk areas.
Generally, the convective outlook boundaries or lines – general thunderstorms (light green), marginal (dark green), slight (yellow), enhanced (orange), moderate (red) and high (purple) – will be continued as an arrow or line not filled with color if the risk area | 6,129,763 |
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enters another country (Canada or Mexico) or across waters beyond the United States coastline. This indicates that the risk for severe weather is also valid in that general area of the other side of the border or oceanic boundary.
# Mesoscale discussions.
SPC mesoscale discussions (MDs) once covered convection (mesoscale convective discussions [MCDs]) and precipitation (mesoscale precipitation discussions [MPDs]); MPDs are now issued by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). MCDs generally precede the issuance of a tornado or severe thunderstorm watch, by one to three hours when possible. Mesoscale discussions are designed to give local forecasters an update on a region where a severe weather | 6,129,764 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
threat is emerging and an indication of whether a watch is likely and details thereof, as well as situations of isolated severe weather when watches are not necessary. MCDs contain meteorological information on what is happening and what is expected to occur in the next few hours, and forecast reasoning in regard to weather watches. Mesoscale discussions are often issued to update information on watches already in effect, and sometimes when one is to be canceled. Mesoscale discussions are occasionally used as advance notice of a categorical upgrade of a scheduled convective outlook.
# Weather watches.
Watches (WWs) issued by the SPC are generally less than in area and are normally preceded | 6,129,765 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
by a mesoscale discussion. Watches are intended to be issued preceding the arrival of severe weather by one to six hours. They indicate that conditions are favorable for thunderstorms capable of producing various modes of severe weather, including large hail, damaging straight-line winds and/or tornadoes. In the case of severe thunderstorm watches organized severe thunderstorms are expected but conditions are not thought to be especially favorable for tornadoes (although they can occur in such areas where one is in effect, and some severe thunderstorm watch statements issued by the SPC may note a threat of isolated tornadic activity if conditions are of modest favorability for storm rotation | 6,129,766 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
capable of inducing them), whereas for tornado watches conditions are thought to be favorable for severe thunderstorms to produce tornadoes.
In situations where a forecaster expects a significant threat of extremely severe and life-threatening weather, a watch with special enhanced wording, "Particularly Dangerous Situation" (PDS), is subjectively issued. It is occasionally issued with tornado watches, normally for the potential of major tornado outbreaks, especially those with a significant threat of multiple tornadoes capable of producing F4/EF4 and F5/EF5 damage and/or staying on the ground for long-duration – sometimes uninterrupted – paths. A PDS severe thunderstorm watch is very rare | 6,129,767 |
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and is typically reserved for derecho events impacting densely populated areas.
Watches are not "warnings", where there is an immediate severe weather threat to life and property. Although severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings are ideally the next step after watches, watches cover a threat of organized severe thunderstorms over a larger area and may not always precede a warning; watch "busts" do sometimes occur should thunderstorm activity not occur at all or that which does develop never reaches the originally forecast level of severity. Warnings are issued by local National Weather Service offices, not the Storm Prediction Center, which is a national guidance center.
The process of issuing | 6,129,768 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
a convective watch begins with a conference call from SPC to local NWS offices. If after collaboration a watch is deemed necessary, the Storm Prediction Center will issue a watch approximation product which is followed by the local NWS office issuing a specific county-based watch product. The latter product is responsible for triggering public alert messages via television, radio stations and NOAA Weather Radio. The watch approximation product outlines specific regions covered by the watch (including the approximate outlined area in statute miles) and its time of expiration (based on the local time zone(s) of the areas under the watch), associated potential threats, a meteorological synopsis | 6,129,769 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
of atmospheric conditions favorable for severe thunderstorm development, forecasted aviation conditions, and a pre-determined message informing the public of the meaning behind the watch and to be vigilant of any warnings or weather statements that may be issued by their local National Weather Service office.
Watch outline products provide a visual map depiction of the issued watch; the SPC typically delineates watches within this product in the form of "boxes," which technically are represented as either squares, rectangles (horizontal or vertical) or parallelograms depending on the area it covers. Jurisdictions outlined by the county-based watch product as being included in the watch area | 6,129,770 |
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may differ from the actual watch box; as such, certain counties, parishes or boroughs not covered by the fringes of the watch box may actually be included in the watch and vice versa. Watches can be expanded, contracted (by removing jurisdictions where SPC and NWS forecasters no longer consider there to be a viable threat of severe weather, in which case, the watch box may take on a trapezoidal representation in map-based watch products) or canceled before their set time of expiration by local NWS offices.
# Fire weather products.
The Storm Prediction Center also is responsible for issuing fire weather outlooks (FWD) for the continental United States. These outlooks are a guidance product | 6,129,771 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
for local, state and federal government agencies, including local National Weather Service offices, in forecasting the potential for wildfires. The outlooks issued are for Day 1, Day 2, and Days 3–8. The Day 1 product is issued at 4:00 a.m. Central Time and is updated at 1700Z, and is valid from 1200Z to 1200Z the following day. The Day 2 outlook is issued at 1000Z and is updated at 2000Z for the forecast period of 1200Z to 1200Z the following day. The Day 3–8 outlook is issued at 2200Z, and is valid from 1200Z two days after the current calendar date to 1200Z seven days after the current calendar date.
There are four types of Fire Weather Outlook areas: "See Text", a "Critical Fire Weather | 6,129,772 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
Area for Wind and Relative Humidity", an "Extremely Critical Fire Weather Area for Wind and Relative Humidity", and a "Critical Fire Weather Area for Dry Thunderstorms". The outlook type depends on the forecast weather conditions, severity of the predicted threat, and local climatology of a forecast region. "See Text" is a map label used for outlining areas where fire potential is great enough to pose a limited threat, but not enough to warrant a critical area, similar to areas using the same notation title that were formerly outlined in convective outlooks. Critical Fire Weather Areas for Wind and Relative Humidity are typically issued when strong winds ( ; for Florida) and low relative humidity | 6,129,773 |
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(usually < 20%) are expected to occur where dried fuels exist, similar to a slight, enhanced, or moderate risk of severe weather. Critical Fire Weather Areas for Dry Thunderstorms are typically issued when widespread or numerous thunderstorms producing rainfall of little accumulation to provide sufficient ground wetting ( < ) are expected to occur where dried fuels exist. Extremely Critical Fire Weather Areas for Wind and Relative Humidity are issued when very strong winds and very low humidity are expected to occur with very dry fuels. Extremely Critical areas are issued relatively rarely, similar to the very low frequency of high risk areas in convective outlooks (see List of Storm Prediction | 6,129,774 |
536249 | Storm Prediction Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm%20Prediction%20Center | Storm Prediction Center
exist. Extremely Critical Fire Weather Areas for Wind and Relative Humidity are issued when very strong winds and very low humidity are expected to occur with very dry fuels. Extremely Critical areas are issued relatively rarely, similar to the very low frequency of high risk areas in convective outlooks (see List of Storm Prediction Center extremely critical days).
# See also.
- National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma – the Weather Forecast Office located adjacent to the Storm Prediction Center within the National Weather Center, which serves central and western Oklahoma and northwestern Texas
- Severe weather terminology (United States)
# External links.
- SPC products descriptions | 6,129,775 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CHCH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the "trans" ("E") isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus "Cinnamomum". The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 55-76% cinnamaldehyde.
# Structure and synthesis.
Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot and synthesized in the laboratory by the Italian chemist Luigi Chiozza in 1854.
The natural product is "trans"-cinnamaldehyde. | 6,129,776 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
The molecule consists of a benzene ring attached to an unsaturated aldehyde. As such, the molecule can be viewed as a derivative of acrolein. Its color is due to the π → π* transition: increased conjugation in comparison with acrolein shifts this band towards the visible.
## Biosynthesis.
The biosynthesis of cinnamaldehyde begins with deamination of -phenylalanine into cinnamic acid by the action of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). PAL catalyzes this reaction by a non-oxidative deamination. This deamination relies on the MIO prosthetic group of PAL. PAL gives rise to "trans-"cinnamic acid.
In the second step, 4-coumarate–CoA ligase (4CL) converts cinnamic acid to cinnamoyl-CoA by an acid–thiol | 6,129,777 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
ligation. 4CL uses ATP to catalyze the formation of cinnamoyl-CoA. 4CL effects this reaction in two steps. 4CL forms a hydroxycinnamate–AMP anhydride, followed by a nucleophile attack on the carbonyl of the acyl adenylate.
Cinnamoyl-CoA is reduced by NADPH catalyzed by CCR (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) to form cinnamaldehyde.
## Synthesis.
Several methods of laboratory synthesis exist, but cinnamaldehyde is most economically obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark. The compound can be prepared from related compounds such as cinnamyl alcohol, (the alcohol form of cinnamaldehyde), but the first synthesis from unrelated compounds was the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde | 6,129,778 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
and acetaldehyde.
## Metabolism.
Cinnamaldehyde occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting from phenylalanine, which undergoes conversion.
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase is an enzyme responsible for the production of cinnamoyl-CoA from cinnamaldehyde.
Autoxidation produces cinnamic acid.
# Applications.
## As a flavorant.
The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, and beverages; use levels range from 9 to 4,900 parts per million (ppm) (that is, less than 0.5%). It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet, or fruity scents. Almond, apricot, butterscotch, and other | 6,129,779 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
aromas may partially employ the compound for their pleasant smells.
Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a food adulterant; powdered beechnut husk aromatized with cinnamaldehyde can be marketed as powdered cinnamon. Some breakfast cereals contain as much as 187 ppm cinnamaldehyde.
## As an agrichemical.
Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against mosquito larvae. A concentration of 29 ppm of cinnamaldehyde kills half of "Aedes aegypti" mosquito larvae in 24 hours. Trans-cinnamaldehyde works as a potent fumigant and practical repellant for adult mosquitos.
## Miscellaneous uses.
Cinnamaldehyde is also known as a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other ferrous alloys | 6,129,780 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
in corrosive fluids such as hydrochloric acid. It is believed that this is achieved by polymerization to form a protective film on the metal surface. It can be used in combination with additional components such as dispersing agents, solvents and other surfactants. Cinnamaldehyde is also a potent inducer of apoptosis via ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Some early evidence shows that cinnamaldehyde blocks formation of Tau protein aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles, a major pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Cinnamaldehyde also has antimicrobial properties. Cinnamaldehyde is also a TRPA1 activator, and can excite a subset of | 6,129,781 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
sensory neurons that are mainly cold-sensitive neurons, to cause nociceptive behavior in mice. Cinnamaldehyde has been found to improve metabolic health by acting directly on adipocytes and inducing them to start burning energy through a process called thermogenesis. Scientists had previously observed that cinnamaldehyde appeared to protect mice against obesity and hyperglycemia, but the mechanisms underlying these effects were not well understood. Researchers are currently investigating cinnamaldehyde as a potential anti-obesity drug.
Condensing cinnamaldehyde with methyl dithiocarbazate gave [26155-49-7].
# Derivatives.
Numerous derivatives of cinnamaldehyde are commercially useful. Dihydrocinnamyl | 6,129,782 |
536314 | Cinnamaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde
s of cinnamaldehyde are commercially useful. Dihydrocinnamyl alcohol, which occurs naturally but is produced by double hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, is used to confer the fragrances of hyacinth and lilac. Cinnamyl alcohol similarly occurs naturally and has the odor of lilac, but can be also produced starting from cinnamaldehyde. Dihydrocinnamaldehyde is produced by the selective hydrogenation of the alkene subunit. α-Amylcinnamaldehyde and α-hexylcinnamaldehyde are important commercial fragrances, but they are not prepared from cinnamaldehyde.
# Toxicology.
Cinnamaldehyde is used in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a skin irritant.
# External links.
- GMD MS Spectrum | 6,129,783 |
536367 | Dublin County Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin%20County%20Council | Dublin County Council
Dublin County Council
Dublin County Council () was a local authority for the administrative county of County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland. It was established by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
The County Council and the Corporation of Dún Laoghaire were abolished in 1994, by an Act of the Oireachtas, the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993, and replaced with three administrative counties; Fingal to the north, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown to the southeast and South Dublin to the southwest.
Dublin City Council, styled "Dublin Corporation" until 2002, is separate from the other administrative counties and continues to administer the city of Dublin.
# Legacy.
The "Dublin Regional Authority" | 6,129,784 |
536367 | Dublin County Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin%20County%20Council | Dublin County Council
is the statutory authority that currently has functions in the city and greater metropolitan area, these relate mainly to cooperation and coordination of agencies, the authorities membership is from the councils in the areas concerned.
Dublin County Council offices were located on Parnell Square and due to space requirements in the '70s transferred to O'Connell Street, Dublin City Both properties were transferred to the Fingal County Council on abolition of DCC. The offices were a key location in the events described in the Mahon Tribunal – a tribunal which inquired into re-zoning and planning irregularities in the 1980s in County Dublin.
The motto on its coat of arms was "Beart do réir ár | 6,129,785 |
536367 | Dublin County Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin%20County%20Council | Dublin County Council
ation and coordination of agencies, the authorities membership is from the councils in the areas concerned.
Dublin County Council offices were located on Parnell Square and due to space requirements in the '70s transferred to O'Connell Street, Dublin City Both properties were transferred to the Fingal County Council on abolition of DCC. The offices were a key location in the events described in the Mahon Tribunal – a tribunal which inquired into re-zoning and planning irregularities in the 1980s in County Dublin.
The motto on its coat of arms was "Beart do réir ár mbriathar" in Irish which means "Action to match our speech".
# External links.
- Dublin Regional Authority
- Mahon Tribunal | 6,129,786 |
536360 | Richard Biggs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Biggs | Richard Biggs
Richard Biggs
Richard James Biggs II (March 18, 1960 – May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor, known for his roles on the television series "Days of Our Lives" and "Babylon 5".
# Early life.
Born in Columbus, Ohio, Biggs attended the University of Southern California on scholarship, studying theatre. He briefly taught at a Los Angeles high school before landing his first major television role, that of Dr. Marcus Hunter on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives".
Biggs was diagnosed with hearing problems when he was 13, and was partially deaf in one ear, completely deaf in the other. He frequently used his celebrity status to raise money for the Aliso Academy, a private school | 6,129,787 |
536360 | Richard Biggs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Biggs | Richard Biggs
in Rancho Santa Margarita, California that serves deaf children.
# Career.
From 1987 until 1994, Biggs played the role of Dr. Marcus Hunter on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives".
He appeared as Dr. Stephen Franklin on the hit science fiction series "Babylon 5" (1994–1998), reprising the role in the final aired episode of the spin-off show, "Crusade" ("Each Night I Dream of Home").
After "Babylon 5", he played roles on "Any Day Now" and "Strong Medicine", as well as the recurring role of Clayton Boudreaux on the soap opera "Guiding Light".
Biggs' stage credits include "The Tempest", "Cymbeline" and "The Taming of the Shrew".
At the time of his death, he was a regular on the television series | 6,129,788 |
536360 | Richard Biggs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Biggs | Richard Biggs
"Strong Medicine"; following his death, his character was killed in an off-screen traffic accident. He also frequently guest starred as a local scientist on "". Biggs' final film appearance was in "We Interrupt This Program", a short film also featuring Biggs' "Babylon 5" costar, Bruce Boxleitner, released as a companion piece to the 2004 remake of "Dawn of the Dead" on DVD. His final television appearance was as a guest star on a 2004 episode of the Nickelodeon series "Drake & Josh", entitled "The Gary Grill" portraying an FBI agent, which was dedicated to his memory.
# Awards.
- 1993 Soap Opera Digest Award for Supporting Actor
# Personal life.
He married Lori Gebers on August 1, 1998. | 6,129,789 |
536360 | Richard Biggs | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Biggs | Richard Biggs
DVD. His final television appearance was as a guest star on a 2004 episode of the Nickelodeon series "Drake & Josh", entitled "The Gary Grill" portraying an FBI agent, which was dedicated to his memory.
# Awards.
- 1993 Soap Opera Digest Award for Supporting Actor
# Personal life.
He married Lori Gebers on August 1, 1998. They had two children, Richard James III and Hunter Lee.
## Death.
Biggs collapsed at his home in Los Angeles, and died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center of complications stemming from aortic dissection on May 22, 2004.
# External links.
- Death Announcement by J. Michael Straczynski, creator of "Babylon 5"
- Richard Biggs Memorial Video by John E. Hudgens | 6,129,790 |
536379 | VSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSC | VSC
VSC
VSC may refer to:
# Organizations.
- Venezuela Solidarity Campaign, a British political group
- Vermont State Colleges, the U.S. state of Vermont's system of public colleges
- Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, a Vietnam War-era activist group
- Volunteer Special Constabulary, a component of the Singapore Police Force
- Video Standards Council, of the United Kingdom responsible for promoting standards in the video industry
- Volunteer Service Corp, at Wake Forest University
# Places.
- Valley Stream Central High School, in Valley Stream, NY, US
- Vermont Studio Center, a fine arts and writing residency program located at Johnson in the US state of Vermont
- Vinings, Smyrna, Cumberland, | 6,129,791 |
536379 | VSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSC | VSC
an area in metropolitan Atlanta, US; See Vinings, Georgia
# Science and technology.
- Variable structure control, a type of discontinuous nonlinear control
- Vertical service code, a special telephone number that usually begins with the * (star) key
- Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Toyota's tradename for electronic stability control
- Video spectral comparator, a specialized lighting instrument used to analyze passports and drivers licenses, as part of questioned document examination
- Vienna Scientific Cluster, high-performance computing cluster in Vienna, Austria
- Volatile sulfur compounds, in organic chemistry
- Voltage source converter, a type of power electronics device; See | 6,129,792 |
536379 | VSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSC | VSC
High-voltage direct current
## Computing.
- Volume Shadow Copy Service, a mechanism of the NTFS file system
- Virtualization Service Client, software used to run Microsoft App-V virtualization software
- .vsc, a file extension used by the Versus programming language and the Viscosity image and animation editing utility
- Visual Studio Code, a source code editor for Windows, Linux and macOS, developed by Microsoft
# Other uses.
- Vertebral subluxation complex, in chiropractic
- Debreceni VSC, a Hungarian football club
- Aerovías Especiales de Carga (ICAO airline designator), a Colombian airline operator
- VSC and VSCA, abbreviations for rulings of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia | 6,129,793 |
536379 | VSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSC | VSC
ension used by the Versus programming language and the Viscosity image and animation editing utility
- Visual Studio Code, a source code editor for Windows, Linux and macOS, developed by Microsoft
# Other uses.
- Vertebral subluxation complex, in chiropractic
- Debreceni VSC, a Hungarian football club
- Aerovías Especiales de Carga (ICAO airline designator), a Colombian airline operator
- VSC and VSCA, abbreviations for rulings of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia and related appeals
- Vehicle service contract, used for automotive repair, for example see Carchex
- Vessel Safety Checks, of recreational boaters; See Missions of the United States Coast Guard
- Virtual Safety Car | 6,129,794 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake is an overhead action-adventure stealth video game, with the tagline "Tactical Espionage Game", that was initially released by Konami in 1990 for the MSX2 computer platform. A sequel to the MSX2 version of the original "Metal Gear", "Solid Snake" was designed and written by series's creator Hideo Kojima after he learned of the existence of "Snake's Revenge", a sequel for the NES that was being developed specifically for the North American and European markets. "Solid Snake" would only be officially available in Japan until the North American and European release of "" for the PlayStation 2 in 2006, which included full ports of the MSX2 "Metal | 6,129,795 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Gear" games as additional content. It was also included in the of "Metal Gear Solid 3" released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita and was given a stand-alone re-release in Japan as a downloadable game for mobile phones and the Wii Virtual Console.
Set in 1999, a few years after the events of the original game, Solid Snake must infiltrate a heavily defended territory known as Zanzibar Land to rescue a kidnapped scientist and destroy the revised "Metal Gear D". The game significantly evolved the stealth-based game system of its predecessor "in almost every way", introduced a complex storyline dealing with themes such as the nature of warfare and nuclear proliferation, and is considered | 6,129,796 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
"one of the best 8 bit games ever made."
# Gameplay.
"Metal Gear 2" builds upon the stealth-based gameplay system of its predecessor. As in the original "Metal Gear", the player's objective is to infiltrate the enemy's stronghold, while avoiding detection from soldiers, cameras, infrared sensors and other surveillance devices. The biggest change in the game was done to the enemy's abilities. Instead of remaining stationed in one screen like in the first game, enemy soldiers can now patrol different screens across a single map. Moreover, guards now have an expanded field of vision of 45 degrees, along with the ability to turn their heads left or right to see diagonally. The enemy can also detect | 6,129,797 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
sounds, with the enemy able to hear any noise made by the player, such as a punch to the wall and gunshots made without a suppressor, and will investigate the source of the sound once it is made. They can also detect sounds made from the player walking on certain surfaces, which means players need to be careful about what surfaces they walk on. If the player is discovered by the enemy, then a counter will be displayed on the upper right side of the screen that will go down after the enemy has lost track of the player. When the counter reaches zero, the alert phase will go off and the game will return to normal.
The player is given a variety of new maneuvers and tools to help them remain undetected | 6,129,798 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
and complete the game. For example, the player can now kneel and crawl in addition to walking, allowing the player to avoid making noise over certain terrains, pick up land mines, and hide in tight spaces such as under desks or inside air ducts. A radar with a 3x3 grid on the upper right of the screen shows the player's current area in the center grid (as a red dot), with enemy soldiers as white dots, allowing the player to determine what's ahead. However, the radar is disabled when the game enters alert phase. The radar can also be used with the mine detector equipped to determine the locations of enemy mines or launch Stinger missiles onto an airborne target. Many of the weapons and equipment | 6,129,799 |
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