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536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
from the first game are brought over along with new items such as robotic mice used to distract enemies, a camouflaged mat and three different types of rations with special attributes each. Health and carrying capacity are increased each time a boss is defeated.
The transceiver has also been greatly revamped from the first game as well, with conversations now being context-sensitive rather than being simply area-oriented. The transceiver screen now displays the faces of Snake and the radio contact he's currently communicating with. The player can also talk to children living in the fortress to gain new information; the player is penalized with a loss of health if he kills a child. The areas | 6,129,800 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
are more varied than in the previous MSX2 game and a number of puzzles must be fulfilled to complete the game, such as luring a carrier pigeon with a specific kind of ration, chasing after a female spy to the ladies' lavatory, and deciphering secret tap codes to gain new frequency numbers.
The MSX2 version required the use of either a floppy disk or the "Game Master II"'s SRAM memory to save the player's progress. Passwords can be used as well in the absence of either. These complexities were eliminated in the later ports due to the standardization of storage devices such as memory cards and internal hard drives to save data.
# Plot.
## Characters.
Solid Snake, formerly retired FOXHOUND | 6,129,801 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
agent and hero of the original "Metal Gear" returns as the playable character. His new mission is to rescue the kidnapped Czechoslovak biologist Dr. Kio Marv from the forces of Zanzibarland. He is assisted by a radio support crew consisting of Roy Kyanbel ("Roy Campbell" in later versions), his new commanding officer; McDonnell Miller, a survival coach and drill instructor; George Kesler ("George Kasler" in later versions), a military strategist; and Yozev Norden (renamed Johan Jacobsen in the later revised versions), a wildlife expert. Also assisting him on-site are Horry White ("Holly White" in later versions), a CIA agent posing as a journalist; Natasha Marcova (Gustava Heffner in later versions), | 6,129,802 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
an StB agent and Dr. Marv's bodyguard; and Dr. Petrovich Madnar ("Drago Pettrovich Madnar" in newer versions), the Metal Gear designer from the first game, who was captured along with Dr. Marv. Also appearing in the game are Big Boss, the renegade former commander of FOXHOUND, and Grey Fox ("Gray Fox" in later versions), who disappeared following the events of the Outer Heaven incident.
The bosses of this installment consist of Black Color (Black Ninja in later versions), an experimental drug-enhanced ninja from a disbanded NASA project (who is revealed to be Kyle Schneider from the original "Metal Gear"); Running Man, a former Olympic runner turned terrorist; Red Blaster, an explosive expert | 6,129,803 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
from Spetsnaz; Ultra Box (the Four Horsemen in later version), an assassination squad specializing in confined spaces; Predator (Jungle Evil in later versions), a jungle warfare expert from the South African Reconnaissance Command; and Night Sight (Night Fright in later versions), an assassin from Vietnam who uses a state of the art stealth suit that renders him invisible to both radar and the human eye.
## Story.
A major oil crisis seriously affects the global economy in the late 1990s, with petrol deposits running out faster than previous estimates. Efforts to adopt alternative energy sources or attempts to drill for more oil fails to take up the slack. To counter the problem, Czech scientist | 6,129,804 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Dr. Kio Marv bio-engineers a new species of algae, OILIX, that could produce petroleum-grade hydrocarbons with little expense and effort. He unveils the algae to the World Energy Conference in Prague and was on his way to a demonstration in the United States when he was kidnapped by soldiers from Zanzibarland, a Central Asian country established in 1997 after a successful independence war against the Soviet Union. NATO discovers that Zanzibarland's leaders plan to hold the world hostage by controlling the supply of oil through OILIX and nuclear warheads pillaged from old stockpiles marked for dismantling in light of global efforts toward nuclear disarmament. FOXHOUND's new commander, Roy Campbell, | 6,129,805 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
brings Solid Snake out of retirement and sends him to Zanzibarland to rescue Dr. Marv on Christmas Eve 1999.
Over the course of his mission, Snake teams up with Holly White, a CIA operative posing as a journalist, and Gustava Heffner, an StB agent and Dr. Marv's bodyguard. He is also reunited with Dr. Drago Pettrovich Madnar, the Metal Gear inventor from Outer Heaven, who claims to have been once again kidnapped and forced to work on another Metal Gear project (named Metal Gear D) for Zanzibarland, as well as oversee mass-production of smaller, non-nuclear-equipped Metal Gear units. Snake learns from Dr. Madnar that Big Boss, Snake's former superior, survived the events of the first game and | 6,129,806 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
now leads Zanzibarland.
As Snake, Heffner, and Dr. Madnar head toward Zanzibarland's main prison, Heffner is killed by a missile fired by Metal Gear D and Dr. Madnar is recaptured by the enemy. The new Metal Gear's pilot is revealed to be Gray Fox. Determined to finish his mission, Snake fights against Zanzibarland's elite mercenary force and manages to reach Dr. Marv's cell.
Snake arrives too late, as he finds Dr. Marv's corpse and the OILIX data. Holly later tips him off that he actually died under Dr. Madnar's torture. In addition, Snake learns that Madnar volunteered his services to Zanzibarland to finish work on Metal Gear as revenge against the scientific community shunning him after | 6,129,807 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
the events of the first game. Snake incapacitates Madnar when the latter attempts to attack him.
Snake faces off against Gray Fox in Metal Gear D and eventually destroys the mech. Both men later fight hand-to-hand in a minefield, and Snake finishes him off. As he tries to escape, Snake meets Big Boss. Having lost his equipment and with no weapons at his disposal, Snake is forced to improvise using the only items he can find: a lighter and aerosol can. Fashioning a makeshift flamethrower, Snake defeats Big Boss for the second time. Snake and Holly escape together, and they deliver the OILIX formula to Campbell.
# Development.
Following the success of the NES version of "Metal Gear", which | 6,129,808 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
sold over a million units in North America, Konami began the development a sequel for the same platform titled "Snake's Revenge" designed specifically for the overseas market. Hideo Kojima, who directed the first MSX2 game but was not involved in either of the NES versions, did not have any plans to develop a sequel himself at the time until he became reacquainted with a coworker who was assigned to work on "Snake's Revenge" on a train ride in Tokyo. The coworker revealed his involvement with the project and encouraged Kojima to create his own sequel. By the end of the train ride, Kojima had already envisioned the basic premise for the game. After undergoing a business trip to the sales division | 6,129,809 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
of Konami, Kojima successfully convinced his superiors to approve the development of "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" with the MSX division.
# Releases.
The MSX2 version of "Metal Gear 2" was released in Japan on July 20, 1990. Unlike the first MSX2 game, no official English localization was produced (as Konami had already discontinued sales of their MSX games in Europe), although a fan translation was later produced in 1997 by the MSX hobbyist group G&T International.
The first port of "Metal Gear 2" to another platform was the Japanese feature phone version released on October 1, 2004 as a downloadable app on i-mode, EZweb, and Yahoo! Mobile services. This version features a few additions over | 6,129,810 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
the original MSX2 version, such as an easy mode and an unlockable boss rush mode after clearing the main game once, but also include some other adjustments and changes, most notably the replacement of the portraits used during the conversation sequences. While the portraits in the MSX2 version were modeled after real life celebrities, the new portraits were instead designed to more closely resemble "Metal Gear Solid" illustrator Yoji Shinkawa's character designs in the later installments. These changes would also be implemented in the version included in "" for the PlayStation 2, an expanded edition of "" released in Japan in 2005 that included full ports of both MSX2 "Metal Gear" games as part | 6,129,811 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
of its newly-added content.
"Subsistence" would later be released in North America and Europe in 2006 with full English localizations of both MSX2 games, marking the first time that "Metal Gear 2" was given an international release. The two MSX2 games would later be included in the of "Metal Gear Solid 3" released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 and PlayStation Vita in 2012.
"Metal Gear 2" was also released for the Wii Virtual Console exclusively in Japan on March 30, 2010. Like all Virtual Console games, "Metal Gear 2" is emulated from the original MSX2 hardware rather than being ported from the mobile phone version like the "Subsistence" and "HD Edition" ports, although this version | 6,129,812 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
of the game has been patched to use the revised character portraits rather than the original ones.
## Soundtrack.
The game's music was written by Konami Kukeiha Club members Tsuyoshi Sekito, Masahiro Ikariko, Mutsuhiko Izumi, Yuko Kurahashi, Tomoya Tomita, Kazuhiko Uehara, and Yuji Takenouchi. The cartridge for the MSX2 version carried a custom sound chip, the SCC (previously employed in games such as "Nemesis 2" and "Snatcher"), which enhanced the music and sound effects beyond the MSX's basic capabilities.
Arranged music based on "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" was used for the VR training disc in "Metal Gear Solid: Integral" (which was released in North America as "Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions"). | 6,129,813 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Additionally, "Integral" features two hidden tunes based on "Metal Gear 2" available via a secret codec frequency in the main game. One is an arranged version of the "Theme of Solid Snake", while the other is an arrangement of "Zanzibar Breeze" (both listenable by contacting CODEC frequency 140.66 in certain locations). "Theme of Solid Snake" also made an appearance in Nintendo's 2008 crossover fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
# Reception.
During its initial release, "Metal Gear 2" was ranked on "MSX Magazine"'s Top 30 best selling MSX games list for six months, premiering at the no. 1 spot on the October 1990 issue. "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" would later receive near universal-acclaim | 6,129,814 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
by retro game reviewers. According to Paul Soth of GameSpy, the game surpassed its predecessor "Metal Gear" in every way. In addition to praising the gameplay, he also praised the game's "gripping, well written storyline" for its "rich characterization" and its "same quality of storytelling that made MGS so compelling." He concluded that players will not be disappointed by "the great gameplay and story," and that it remains "one of the best 8 bit games ever made." Game Informer was more critical of the game, however, giving it a 7 out of 10. They wrote that in order to reach the most pivotal moments in the game's story, "you must endure some of the most ridiculous situations Solid Snake has | 6,129,815 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
ever seen," and that "the game's focus on constant backtracking and keycard acquisition makes it too repetitive." They concluded that "only diehard fans will find the experience rewarding" and that the best way to play the game is through the bonus disc of "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence".
The game mechanics of its sequel "Metal Gear Solid", despite its transition to 3D, remained largely similar to its 2D predecessor and included plot summaries of the first two MSX2 games (accessible in the Special mode under "Previous Operations"). As such, "Retro Gamer" regarded "Metal Gear 2" to be "as close as anyone can get to playing "Metal Gear Solid" in 2D", putting it above the Game Boy Color game | 6,129,816 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
released a decade later in 2000. "Retro Gamer" also included it among top ten MSX games. Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com referred to "Metal Gear Solid" as "basically a high-spec remake of "Metal Gear 2"." Nickolai Adkins of 1UP also noted how much of the scenario and plot elements in "Metal Gear 2" were recycled in "Metal Gear Solid", ranging from "Snake emerging from retirement to rescue a kidnapped non-soldier personnel" in the beginning to "an escape sequence where Snake is accompanied by his female accomplice/love interest" at the end. IGN notes that "Metal Gear 2" introduced stealth mechanics such as making noise to attract guards, crouching and crawling on the ground, disarming mines, and enemies | 6,129,817 |
536346 | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal%20Gear%202:%20Solid%20Snake | Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
f 1UP.com referred to "Metal Gear Solid" as "basically a high-spec remake of "Metal Gear 2"." Nickolai Adkins of 1UP also noted how much of the scenario and plot elements in "Metal Gear 2" were recycled in "Metal Gear Solid", ranging from "Snake emerging from retirement to rescue a kidnapped non-soldier personnel" in the beginning to "an escape sequence where Snake is accompanied by his female accomplice/love interest" at the end. IGN notes that "Metal Gear 2" introduced stealth mechanics such as making noise to attract guards, crouching and crawling on the ground, disarming mines, and enemies having view cones.
# External links.
- Official website
- Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake at MobyGames | 6,129,818 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
While You Were Out
While You Were Out was an American reality series that aired episodes on the cable channel TLC. The format of the show is similar to TLC's "Trading Spaces" (which, in turn, is based on the BBC TV series "Changing Rooms"). "While You Were Out" adds a suspenseful gimmick by keeping the entire redecoration a secret from the homeowner.
The series was revived in 2019, as a collaboration between TLC and new sister network HGTV.
# Premise of show.
The series began with the following premise: An individual sets up a friend or family member with a surprise room redecoration. A typical example of an episode would be a wife who wants to surprise her husband by having the living room | 6,129,819 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
redone. The person being set up is sent out of the house for two days on a phony premise, such as a vacation.
While the person is out, the friend or family member with the help of a designer redecorates one room in the house, though gardens have also been made over. The initial budget for the makeover was U.S. $1000, later raised to $1500, and then $2000.
The designers must work with the homeowner to come up with a design, shop for supplies and redecorate the selected area within a 32-hour time frame, though during the beginning of the show's run, the designers designed a room, and it was a surprise to the helping homeowner/friend when the host and designer showed up on the first day. While | 6,129,820 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
the redecoration is in progress, a "secret shooter" trails the person who has been sent out of the house and tapes an interview with the unsuspecting person. The footage is then used for the purpose of quizzing the spouse, friend or relative at home. If the person who sets up the individual answers the questions correctly, they will win a prize that further enhances the room's décor.
At the end of the show, the person being surprised returns home to the redecoration, and their reaction is recorded. The surprised person is then quizzed for the opportunity to win a further prize.
One of the aspects that made both "Trading Spaces" and "While You Were Out" stand apart from previous home renovation | 6,129,821 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
shows was that they openly depicted conflict between the cast, crew and homeowners. These conflicts were usually fairly friendly, but sometimes devolved into rather bitter arguments. "While You Were Out", in particular, revealed many personality quirks of both the cast and guests.
On some occasions, the individual to be surprised disliked the redesign of the home. Teresa Strasser's final episode has become infamous for just this reason. The homeowner returned to find that his deck had a large hole in it, and subsequently launched into a lengthy tirade while his wife wept.
The premise of the show evolved somewhat as the series progressed (see below for details).
# History.
During season 1 | 6,129,822 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
there were four quizzes. The individual who was arranging the surprise (referred to as the "homeowner") for their loved one had to answer three of the quizzes. For each quiz there was a "booby prize" in case the homeowner failed the quiz. Normally the "booby prize" was a fun, toy version of the real thing (for example, a globe pencil sharpener instead of a real globe). The show was first hosted by Anna Bocci, who swiftly departed and was replaced by actress and writer Teresa Strasser, who remained for the rest of the first season. Strasser never considered herself terribly handy but compensated with her empathy for the homeowners—their travails drove her to tears on several occasions—and a sometimes | 6,129,823 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
dark sense of humor. During the Strasser era, the humorously "sneaky" aspect of the show was stressed, and many episodes began with Strasser and the designer hiding in a van or a neighbor's house early in the morning and observing the departure of the unsuspecting makeover subject.
At the beginning of season 2, Evan Farmer came aboard as host. An actor, singer and former boyband member, Farmer was much more high-energy than Strasser and was a skilled carpenter in his own right. While Strasser's humor had been verbal, Farmer tended more toward physical comedy. Farmer also enjoyed a teasing relationship with the show's designers and carpenters: where Strasser tended to lead with a nervous, mother-hen | 6,129,824 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
approach, Farmer was likely to chide the crew for wasting time or for their personal quirks such as Jason Cameron's sideline as a bodybuilder. New music and some new graphics were introduced, the quizzes were reduced to three, and booby prizes were eliminated. The homeowner only had to answer two quizzes, and the unsuspecting person would answer the third quiz. The third quiz question was always the same: Why did the homeowner want to do the room makeover for their loved one? Only once did an unsuspecting person get the answer wrong and lose the prize.
Both Strasser and Farmer had considerable difficulty letting guests lose prizes; on more than one occasion, they would offer "hints" so obvious | 6,129,825 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
that they essentially gave the prize away.
In the beginning of season 3, the budget was raised to $2,000 and quizzes kept the same. Toward the end of season 3, the quizzes and secret shooter were eliminated entirely. The homeowners also became more involved in the designing of the room.
Originally during the first season, once the rooms were finished, the carpenters drove away with the show's work truck, leaving only Strasser and the designer to greet the subjects and get their reactions. During one episode, however, the build ran so long that the carpenters were not able to leave (although the truck was hidden to avoid ruining the surprise), and they participated in the final reveal. Since | 6,129,826 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
then, the format changed so that once everything was finished, the truck was driven away and the carpenters were present at the reveals, allowing them to see the reactions and accept the subjects' thanks themselves.
Season 4 was the show's final season, with the concluding episode airing on August 5, 2006. The final episode was beset with problems, including illnesses on set and Farmer's flight not arriving until the final day of the shoot. The episode ended without an obvious acknowledgment that it was the series finale, although Farmer did passingly refer to the final scene as "the end of the era" and designer John Bruce addressed the camera in close up to say, "Thank You, "While You Were | 6,129,827 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
Out"."
Due to the success of the show in Latin America, "Mientras No Estabas" was created for the Discovery En Español channel. The show's name is a literal translation of "While You Were Out" and is hosted by Arturo.
In October 2018, building upon its successful revival of sister series "Trading Spaces", as well as Discovery's recent acquisition of Scripps Networks Interactive, it was announced that TLC and HGTV had jointly ordered a revived, fifth season of "While You Were Out". The new season, which premiered March 16, 2019, featured teams representing personalities associated with TLC, and personalities associated with HGTV and DIY Network. New episodes aired simultaneously on both channels, | 6,129,828 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
but HGTV aired a recut of the episode that focused more upon the renovation itself (with TLC's version focusing more on the participants and their personal lives)..
# Other variations.
Over the series, the producers have created different formats of the show including:
- Bringing in designers or carpenters from "Trading Spaces" (and vice versa—the carpenters from "While You Were Out" have made several appearances on "Trading Spaces")
- Having "on the fly" designs in which the designer does not see the room until the day before the makeover begins, although the carpenters and host are sometimes allowed to see it early. Late in the series run, they started filming the carpenters and designers | 6,129,829 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
shopping for supplies on what is called day 0 (the day before general taping).
- Remaking a room with a celebrity guest. These guests have included Penn Jillette (for his partner, Teller), Shannon Elizabeth (for her then-husband), Miss Alabama 2003 Catherine Crosby (for her then-boyfriend), and football player LaVar Arrington, for his brother.
- "While You Were out/What Not To Wear Double Crossed": For this show the homeowner was unaware that the "surprisee" was also getting a makeover from another TLC show, "What Not To Wear"; for this episode the budget was $5,000.
- "Royal Renovation": An entire home was redecorated; the episode featured 3 designers: Nadia Gellar, John Bruce and Chayse | 6,129,830 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
Dacoda, celebrity guest Stacy "Fergie" Ferguson and a budget of $10,000.
- For one episode shot near Atlantic City NJ. the home owner allowed Farmer, designer Chase Dacoda and the day's carpenters to gamble with $500 of the budget money the day before investing any winnings into the makeover, the crew raised another $300 making the budget for that makeover $1,800.
- Some members of the on camera cast have swapped their typical roles, Farmer himself served as designer in one episode (designer John Bruce served as host in the interim), carpenter/seamstress Leslie Segrete and carpenter Andrew Dan-Jumbo have also taken turns as designer on different episodes (designer Mark Montano filled in as | 6,129,831 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
seamstress for Leslie, while designer John Bruce filled in as carpenter for Dan-Jumbo).
# Cast.
A list of the crew is as follows:
## Original run (2002–2006).
### Hosts.
- Evan Farmer (season 2 - 4)
- Teresa Strasser (season 1, episodes 11-60)
- Anna Bocci (season 1, episodes 1-10)
### Designers.
- John Bruce (decorator) (season 1 - 4)
- Chayse Dacoda (season 1 - 4)
- Nadia Geller (season 2 - 4)
- Lauren Lake (season 1)
- Mark Montano (season 2 - 4)
- Christy Schlesinger (season 1)
- Stephen Saint-Onge (seasons 1 - 2)
### Landscape designers.
- Peter BonSey (season 1)
- Mayita Dinos (season 1)
### Carpenters.
- Ali Barone (season 2 - 3)
- Jason Cameron (season 2 - 4)
- | 6,129,832 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
Andrew Dan-Jumbo (season 1 - 4)
- Troy Dunn (season 1)
- Jennifer Ann Halpern (season 1)
- Adrienne Haitz (season 1)
- Jaqui Jameson (season 1)
- Leslie Segrete (season 1 - 4)
## Revival (2019–present).
### Host.
- Ananda Lewis
### Designers.
For the revival, designers from TLC's "Trading Spaces" and various HGTV and DIY Network shows will work as teams of two. The teams are as follows:
#### TLC.
- Carter Oosterhouse and Sabrina Soto
- Doug Wilson and Kahi Lee
- Frank Bielec and Vern Yip
- Hildi Santo-Tomas and Ty Pennington
#### HGTV/DIY Network.
- Bristol and Aubrey Marunde ("Flip or Flop Vegas")
- David Visentin and Hilary Farr ("Love It or List It")
- Karen E. Laine and | 6,129,833 |
536372 | While You Were Out | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While%20You%20Were%20Out | While You Were Out
Designers.
For the revival, designers from TLC's "Trading Spaces" and various HGTV and DIY Network shows will work as teams of two. The teams are as follows:
#### TLC.
- Carter Oosterhouse and Sabrina Soto
- Doug Wilson and Kahi Lee
- Frank Bielec and Vern Yip
- Hildi Santo-Tomas and Ty Pennington
#### HGTV/DIY Network.
- Bristol and Aubrey Marunde ("Flip or Flop Vegas")
- David Visentin and Hilary Farr ("Love It or List It")
- Karen E. Laine and Mina Starsiak ("Good Bones")
- Nicole Curtis ("Rehab Addict") and Rob “Vanilla Ice” Van Winkle ("The Vanilla Ice Project")
### Carpenters.
- Eric Griffin
- Jordan Thompson
# External links.
- Official TLC website: While You Were Out | 6,129,834 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
Marine reptile
Marine reptiles are reptiles which have become secondarily adapted for an aquatic or semiaquatic life in a marine environment.
The earliest marine reptiles arose in the Permian period during the Paleozoic era. During the Mesozoic era, many groups of reptiles became adapted to life in the seas, including such familiar clades as the ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs (these two orders were once thought united in the group "Enaliosauria," a classification now cladistically obsolete), mosasaurs, nothosaurs, placodonts, sea turtles, thalattosaurs and thalattosuchians. After the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, marine reptiles were less numerous, but there was still a high | 6,129,835 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
variety of species in the early Cenozoic, such as "true" sea turtles, bothremydids, palaeophiid snakes, a few choristoderes such as "Simoedosaurus" and dyrosaurid crocodylomorphs. Various types of marine gavialid crocodilians remained widespread as recently as the Late Miocene.
Currently, of the approximately 12,000 extant reptile species and sub-species, only about 100 are classed as marine reptiles: extant marine reptiles include marine iguanas, sea snakes, sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles.
Some marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, metriorhynchid thalattosuchians, and mosasaurs became so well adapted to a marine lifestyle that they were incapable of venturing onto land | 6,129,836 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
and gave birth in the water. Others, such as sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles, return to shore to lay their eggs. Some marine reptiles also occasionally rest and bask on land.
# Extant (living) varieties.
- Sea turtles: there are seven extant species of sea turtles, which live mostly along the tropical and subtropical coastlines, though some do migrate long distances and have been known to travel as far north as Scandinavia. Sea turtles are largely solitary animals, though some do form large, though often loosely connected groups during nesting season. Although only seven turtle species are truly marine, many more dwell in brackish waters.
- Sea snakes: the most abundant of the marine | 6,129,837 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
reptiles, there are over 60 different species of sea snakes. They inhabit the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, though very limited reports of sightings suggest they may be extending into the Atlantic ocean. Sea snakes are venomous and their bites have been known to be fatal, though generally they only bite when provoked and often inject only a very small, non-fatal quantity of venom. Sea snakes are distinguished from terrestrial snakes by a vertically flattened tail.
- Marine iguana: marine iguanas live only on the Galápagos Islands and are not fully adapted to marine life. Although they feed exclusively on marine plants and spend a good deal of their time in | 6,129,838 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
the water, they do nest on land and need to bask in the sun to reach their ideal body temperature; they are thus also subject to terrestrial predators.
- Saltwater and American crocodiles: none of the extant species of crocodiles is truly marine; however, the saltwater crocodile ("Crocodylus porosus") does display adaptations to saltwater inhabitation and dwells in the brackish waters of Southeast Asia and Australia. Saltwater crocodiles dispose of excess salt in their bodies through specialized salt glands. These animals are the largest species of crocodiles, also making them the largest of the reptiles—they can grow up to six meters in length. American crocodiles ("Crocodylus acutus") similarly | 6,129,839 |
536373 | Marine reptile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine%20reptile | Marine reptile
six meters in length. American crocodiles ("Crocodylus acutus") similarly prefer brackish over freshwater habitats.
# Conservation.
Most species of marine reptiles are considered endangered to some degree. All but one species of sea turtles are endangered due to destruction of nesting habitats on coastal lands, exploitation, and marine fishing; many species of sea snakes are threatened or endangered due to commercial exploitation (sale of skins) and pollution especially in Asia; marine iguanas are threatened due to their very limited habitation range. Saltwater crocodiles are at low risk for extinction.
# See also.
- List of marine reptiles
- List of semiaquatic tetrapods
- Salt gland | 6,129,840 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code (RIC) and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list.
# Structure.
Polycarbonates received their name because they are polymers containing carbonate groups (−O−(C=O)−O−). A balance of useful features, including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties, positions | 6,129,841 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
polycarbonates between commodity plastics and engineering plastics.
# Production.
The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and phosgene . The overall reaction can be written as follows:
The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide, which deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A.
The diphenoxide (Na(OCH)CMe) reacts with phosgene to give a chloroformate, which subsequently is attacked by another phenoxide. The net reaction from the diphenoxide is:
In this way, approximately of polycarbonate is produced annually. Many other diols have been tested in place of bisphenol A (e.g., 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane | 6,129,842 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
and dihydroxybenzophenone). The cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product. Tetrabromobisphenol A is used to enhance fire resistance. Tetramethylcyclobutanediol has been developed as a replacement for BPA.
An alternative route to polycarbonates entails transesterification from BPA and diphenyl carbonate:
The diphenyl carbonate was derived in part from carbon monoxide, this route being greener than the phosgene method.
The ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates has been investigated.
# Properties and processing.
Polycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance. Therefore, | 6,129,843 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate eyewear lenses and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate compare to those of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger and will hold up longer to extreme temperature. Polycarbonate is highly transparent to visible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass.
Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature of about , so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about . Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above to make strain-free and stress-free products. Low molecular mass grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength | 6,129,844 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are much more difficult to process.
Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using sheet metal techniques, such as bending on a brake. Even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, heating may not be necessary. This makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non-conductive parts are needed, which cannot be made from sheet metal. PMMA/Acrylic, which is similar in appearance to polycarbonate, is brittle and cannot be bent at room temperature.
Main | 6,129,845 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins:
- extrusion into tubes, rods and other profiles including multiwall
- extrusion with cylinders (calenders) into sheets () and films (below ), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using thermoforming or secondary fabrication techniques, such as bending, drilling, or routing. Due to its chemical properties it is not conducive to laser-cutting.
- injection molding into ready articles
Polycarbonate may become brittle when exposed to ionizing radiation above
# Applications.
## Electronic components.
Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its collective safety features. Being a good | 6,129,846 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
electrical insulator and having heat-resistant and flame-retardant properties, it is used in various products associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware. It can also serve as a dielectric in high-stability capacitors. However, commercial manufacture of polycarbonate capacitors mostly stopped after sole manufacturer Bayer AG stopped making capacitor-grade polycarbonate film at the end of year 2000.
## Construction materials.
The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls, which all use extruded flat solid or multiwall sheet, or corrugated sheet.
## Data storage.
A major application of | 6,129,847 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
polycarbonate is the production of Compact Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. These discs are produced by injection molding polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a mirrored surface.
## Automotive, aircraft, railway, and security components.
In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for sputter deposition or evaporation deposition of aluminium without the need for a base-coat. Decorative bezels and optical reflectors are commonly made of polycarbonate. Due to its low weight and high impact resistance, polycarbonate | 6,129,848 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
is the dominant material for making automotive headlamp lenses. However, automotive headlamps require outer surface coatings because of its low scratch resistance and susceptibility to ultraviolet degradation (yellowing). The use of polycarbonate in automotive applications is limited to low stress applications. Stress from fasteners, plastic welding and molding render polycarbonate susceptible to stress corrosion cracking when it comes in contact with certain accelerants such as salt water and plastisol. It can be laminated to make bullet-proof "glass", although "bullet-resistant" is more accurate for the thinner windows, such as are used in bullet-resistant windows in automobiles. The thicker | 6,129,849 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
barriers of transparent plastic used in teller's windows and barriers in banks are also polycarbonate.
The third generation Mazda MX-5 was offered with a Power Retractable Hard Top (PRHT) variant that uses a folding hardtop made of polycarbonate, which added only to the weight of a comparably equipped soft top without diminishing trunk space when retracted.
So-called "theft-proof" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is uniformly made from polycarbonate.
The cockpit canopy of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor jet fighter is made from a piece of high optical quality polycarbonate, and is the largest piece of its type formed in the world.
Kereta Api Indonesia, | 6,129,850 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
the major railway operator in Indonesia, uses polycarbonate solid sheet for their engine and passenger cars fleet since 2016 due to high train stone throwing frequency.
## Other applications.
Polycarbonate, being a versatile material with attractive processing and physical properties, has attracted myriad smaller applications. The use of injection molded drinking bottles, glasses and food containers is common, but the use of BPA in the manufacture of polycarbonate has stirred serious controversy (see Potential hazards in food contact applications), leading to development and use of "BPA-free" plastics in various formulations.
Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in | 6,129,851 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of glass, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from UV light. Many kinds of lenses are manufactured from polycarbonate, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses, sunglass/eyeglass lenses, swimming goggles and SCUBA masks, and safety glasses/goggles/visors including visors in sporting helmets/masks and police riot gear (helmet visors, riot shields, etc.). Windscreens in small motorized vehicles are commonly made of polycarbonate, such as for motorcycles, ATVs, golf carts, and small planes and helicopters.
Typical products of sheet/film | 6,129,852 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
production include applications in advertisement (signs, displays, poster protection). But also applications as automotive safety glazing (ECE R 43).
The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer e-ink and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still require glass for its higher melting temperature and its ability to be etched in finer detail.
As more and more governments are restricting the use of glass in pubs and clubs due to the increased incidence of glassings, polycarbonate glasses | 6,129,853 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
are becoming popular for serving alcohol because of their strength, durability, and glass-like feel.
Other miscellaneous items include durable, lightweight luggage, MP3/digital audio player cases, ocarinas, computer cases, fountain pens, riot shields, instrument panels, tealight candle containers and blender jars. Many toys and hobby items are made from polycarbonate parts, like fins, gyro mounts, and flybar locks in radio-controlled helicopters, and transparent LEGO (ABS is used for opaque pieces).
Standard polycarbonate resins are not suitable for long term exposure to UV radiation. To overcome this the primary resin can have UV stabilisers added. These grades are sold as UV stabilized polycarbonate | 6,129,854 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
to injection moulding and extrusion companies. Other applications including polycarbonate sheet may have the anti-UV layer added as a special coating or a coextrusion for enhanced weathering resistance.
Polycarbonate is also used as a printing substrate for nameplates and other forms of industrial grade under printed products. The polycarbonate provides a barrier to wear, elements, and fading.
Polycarbonate has been used in artistic applications. American pop artist Roy Lichtenstein used a polycarbonate-based, thermoplastic film called Rowlux in his work, including pieces in his portfolio "10 Landscapes" and "Moonscape."
### Medical applications.
Many polycarbonate grades are used in medical | 6,129,855 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C, gamma radiation, or by the ethylene oxide (EtO) method. However, scientific research indicates possible problems with biocompatibility. Dow Chemical strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications. More recently, scientists at the IBM Almaden Research Center have developed aliphatic polycarbonates with improved biocompatibility and degradability for nanomedicine applications.
## Phones.
Some major smartphone manufacturers use polycarbonate. Nokia has used | 6,129,856 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
polycarbonate-base in their phones starting with the N9's unibody case in 2011. This practice continues with various phones in the Lumia series. Samsung has started using polycarbonate with Galaxy S III's battery cover in 2012 and this practice continues with various other phones in the Galaxy series. Apple started using polycarbonate with the iPhone 5C's unibody case in 2013.
# History.
Polycarbonates were first discovered in 1898 by Alfred Einhorn, a Jewish scientist working at the University of Munich. However, after 30 years of laboratory research, this class of materials was abandoned without commercialization. Research resumed in 1953, when Hermann Schnell at Bayer in Uerdingen, Germany | 6,129,857 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
patented the first linear polycarbonate. The brand name "Merlon" was registered in 1955, and later changed to Makrolon in the 1980s.
Also in 1953, and one week after the patent was submitted by Bayer, Daniel Fox at General Electric in Schenectady, New York, independently submitted a closely related patent on a branched polycarbonate. Both companies filed for U.S. patents in 1955, and agreed that the company lacking priority would be granted a license to the technology. Once patent priority was resolved, in Bayer's favor, Bayer began commercial production under the trade name Merlon in 1958 and GE began production under the name Lexan in 1960. The production of Lexan was taken over by SABIC | 6,129,858 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
in 2007. There are many applications for the LEXAN polycarbonate. One of them is patented production of the motorcycle helmets that meet the worldwide safety standards and requirements for this type of safety equipment. Their patented innovative Vision Protection System (VPS) is specific treatment of polycarbonate that makes it fog- and scratch-resistant.
After 1970, the brownish original polycarbonate tint was improved to "glass-clear".
# Potential hazards in food contact applications.
The use of polycarbonate containers for the purpose of food storage is controversial. The basis of this controversy is that hydrolysis (degradation by water, either by leaching or at high temperature) releases | 6,129,859 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
bisphenol A (BPA):
More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A derived from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice. However, the animal cages used in the research were fabricated from industrial grade polycarbonate, rather than FDA food grade polycarbonate.
An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry-funded studies tend to | 6,129,860 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
find no significant effects whereas government-funded studies tend to find significant effects.
Sodium hypochlorite bleach and other alkali cleaners catalyze the release of the bisphenol A from polycarbonate containers. Alcohol is one recommended organic solvent for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate.
# Environmental impact.
## Disposal.
Studies have shown that at high temperatures between 70 and 80 °C and high humidity, polycarbonates hydrolyzes to bisphenol A (BPA). This condition is similar to that observed in most incinerators. After about 30 days under such conditions, surface crystals were formed. Measurements indicated that about 70% by mass of the surface crystals were bisphenol | 6,129,861 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
A (BPA). BPA is a compound that is currently on the list of potential environmental hazardous chemicals. It is on the watch list of many countries, such as United States and Germany.
The leaching of BPA from polycarbonate can also occur at environmental temperature and normal pH (in landfills). The amount of leaching increases as the material becomes older. A study found that the decomposition of BPA in landfills (under anaerobic conditions) does not occur. It will therefore be persistent in landfills. Eventually, it will find its way into water bodies and contribute to aquatic pollution.
## Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate.
In the presence of UV light, oxidation of this polymer yields compounds | 6,129,862 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
such as ketones, phenols, o-phenoxybenzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and other unsaturated compounds. This has been suggested through kinetic and spectral studies. The yellow color formed after long exposure to sun can also be related to further oxidation of phenolic end group
This product can be further oxidized to form smaller unsaturated compounds. This can proceed by two different pathways, the products formed depends on which mechanism takes place.
- Pathway A
- Pathway B
Photo-oxidation reaction.
## Photo-aging reaction.
Photo-aging is another degradation route for polycarbonates. Polycarbonate molecules (such as the aromatic ring) absorb UV radiation. This absorbed energy causes cleavage | 6,129,863 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
of covalent bonds, which initiates the photo-aging process. The reaction can be propagated by side chain oxidation, ring oxidation or photo-fries rearrangement. Products formed include phenyl salicylate, dihydroxybenzophenone groups, and hydroxydiphenyl ether groups.
Polycarbonate phenyl salicylate 2,2-dihydroxybenzophenone
## Thermal degradation.
Waste polycarbonate will degrade at high temperatures to form solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants. A study showed that the products were, by mass, about 40–50% liquid, 14–16% gases, while 34–43% remained as solid residue. Liquid products contained mainly phenol derivatives (∼75%) and bisphenol (∼10%) also present. This is of concern when incinerating | 6,129,864 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
optical data disks.
Phenol derivatives are environmental pollutants, classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Studies show that they are likely to facilitate ground-level ozone formation and increase photo-chemical smog. In aquatic bodies, they can potentially accumulate in organisms. They are persistent in landfills, do not readily evaporate and would remain in the atmosphere.
## Effect of fungi.
In 2001, a species of fungus, "Geotrichum candidum", was found to consume the polycarbonate found in compact discs (CD). This has prospects for bioremediation.
# See also.
- CR-39, allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) used for eyeglasses
- Organic electronics
- Mobile phone accessories
- Thermoplastic | 6,129,865 |
536313 | Polycarbonate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate
environmental pollutants, classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Studies show that they are likely to facilitate ground-level ozone formation and increase photo-chemical smog. In aquatic bodies, they can potentially accumulate in organisms. They are persistent in landfills, do not readily evaporate and would remain in the atmosphere.
## Effect of fungi.
In 2001, a species of fungus, "Geotrichum candidum", was found to consume the polycarbonate found in compact discs (CD). This has prospects for bioremediation.
# See also.
- CR-39, allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) used for eyeglasses
- Organic electronics
- Mobile phone accessories
- Thermoplastic polyurethane
- Vapor polishing | 6,129,866 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
Ford Trimotor
The Ford Trimotor (also called the "Tri-Motor", and nicknamed "The Tin Goose") is an American three-engined transport aircraft. Production started in 1925 by the companies of Henry Ford and ended on June 7, 1933. A total of 199 Ford Trimotors were made. It was designed for the civil aviation market, but also saw service with military units.
# Design and development.
The Ford Trimotor was a development of previous designs by William Bushnell Stout, using structural principles copied from the work of Professor Hugo Junkers, the noted German all-metal aircraft design pioneer, and adapted to an airframe very similar to the single engine Fokker F.VII - even using the same airfoil | 6,129,867 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
cross section at the wing root.
In the early 1920s, Henry Ford, along with a group of 19 other investors including his son Edsel, invested in the Stout Metal Airplane Company. Stout, a bold and imaginative salesman, sent a mimeographed form letter to leading manufacturers, blithely asking for $1,000 and adding: "For your one thousand dollars you will get one definite promise: You will never get your money back." Stout raised $20,000, including $1,000 each from Edsel and Henry Ford.
In 1925, Ford bought Stout and its aircraft designs. The single-engined Stout monoplane was turned into a trimotor, the Stout 3-AT with three Curtiss-Wright air-cooled radial engines. After a prototype was built | 6,129,868 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
and test-flown with poor results, and a suspicious fire caused the complete destruction of all previous designs, the "4-AT" and "5-AT" emerged.
The Ford Trimotor using all-metal construction was not a revolutionary concept, but it was certainly more advanced than the standard construction techniques of the 1920s. The aircraft resembled the Fokker F.VII Trimotor (except for being all-metal which Henry Ford claimed made it "the safest airliner around"). Its fuselage and wings followed a design pioneered by Junkers during World War I with the Junkers J.I and used postwar in a series of airliners starting with the Junkers F.13 low-wing monoplane of 1920 of which a number were exported to the US, | 6,129,869 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
the Junkers K 16 high-wing airliner of 1921, and the Junkers G 24 trimotor of 1924. All of these were constructed of aluminum alloy, which was corrugated for added stiffness, although the resulting drag reduced its overall performance. So similar were the designs that Junkers sued and won when Ford attempted to export an aircraft to Europe. In 1930, Ford countersued in Prague, and despite the possibility of anti-German sentiment, was decisively defeated a second time, with the court finding that Ford had infringed upon Junkers' patents.
Although designed primarily for passenger use, the Trimotor could be easily adapted for hauling cargo, since its seats in the fuselage could be removed. To | 6,129,870 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
increase cargo capacity, one unusual feature was the provision of "drop-down" cargo holds below the lower inner wing sections of the 5-AT version.
One 4-AT with Wright J-4 200-hp engines was built for the U.S. Army Air Corps as the C-3, and seven with Wright R-790-3 (235 hp) as C-3As. The latter were upgraded to Wright R-975-1 (J6-9) radials at 300 hp and redesignated C-9. Five 5-ATs were built as C-4s or C-4As.
The original (commercial production) 4-AT had three air-cooled Wright radial engines. It carried a crew of three: a pilot, a copilot, and a stewardess, as well as eight or nine passengers . The later 5-AT had more powerful Pratt & Whitney engines. All models had an aluminum corrugated | 6,129,871 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
sheet-metal body and wings. Unlike many aircraft of this era, extending through World War II, its control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, and rudders) were not fabric-covered, but were also made of corrugated metal. As was common for the time, its rudder and elevators were actuated by metal cables that were strung along the external surface of the aircraft. Engine gauges were also mounted externally, on the engines, to be read by the pilot while looking through the aircraft windshield. Another interesting feature was the use of the hand-operated "Johnny brake."
Like Ford cars and tractors, these Ford aircraft were well designed, relatively inexpensive, and reliable (for the era). The combination | 6,129,872 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
of a metal structure and simple systems led to their reputation for ruggedness. Rudimentary service could be accomplished "in the field" with ground crews able to work on engines using scaffolding and platforms. To fly into otherwise-inaccessible sites, the Ford Trimotor could be fitted with skis or floats.
The rapid development of aircraft at this time (the vastly superior Boeing 247 first flew at start of 1933), along with the death of his personal pilot, Harry J. Brooks, on a test flight, led to Henry Ford's losing interest in aviation. While Ford did not make a profit on its aircraft business, Henry Ford's reputation lent credibility to the infant aviation and airline industries, and Ford | 6,129,873 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
helped introduce many aspects of the modern aviation infrastructure, including paved runways, passenger terminals, hangars, airmail, and radio navigation.
In the late 1920s, the Ford Aircraft Division was reputedly the "largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes in the world." Alongside the Ford Trimotor, a new single-seat commuter aircraft, the Ford Flivver or "Sky Flivver" had been designed and flown in prototype form, but never entered series production. The Trimotor was not to be Ford's last venture in aircraft production. During World War II, the largest aircraft manufacturing plant in the world was built at the Willow Run, Michigan plant, where Ford produced thousands of B-24 Liberator | 6,129,874 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
bombers under license from Consolidated Aircraft.
William Stout left the Metal Airplane division of the Ford Motor Company in 1930. He continued to operate the Stout Engineering Laboratory, producing various aircraft. In 1954, Stout purchased the rights to the Ford Trimotor in an attempt to produce new examples. A new company formed from this effort brought back two modern examples of the trimotor aircraft, renamed the Stout Bushmaster 2000, but even with improvements that had been incorporated, performance was judged inferior to modern designs.
# Operational history.
A total of 199 Ford Trimotors were built between 1926 and 1933, including 79 of the 4-AT variant, and 116 of the 5-AT variant, | 6,129,875 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
plus some experimental craft. Well over 100 airlines of the world flew the Ford Trimotor. From mid-1927, the type was also flown on executive transportation duties by several commercial nonairline operators, including oil and manufacturing companies.
The impact of the Ford Trimotor on commercial aviation was immediate, as the design represented a "quantum leap over other airliners." Within a few months of its introduction, Transcontinental Air Transport was created to provide coast-to-coast operation, capitalizing on the Trimotor's ability to provide reliable and, for the time, comfortable passenger service. While advertised as a transcontinental service, the airline had to rely on rail connections | 6,129,876 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
with a deluxe Pullman train that would be based in New York being the first part of the journey. Passengers then met a Trimotor in Port Columbus, Ohio, that would begin a hop across the continent ending at Waynoka, Oklahoma, where another train would take the passengers to Clovis, New Mexico, where the final journey would begin, again on a Trimotor, to end up at the Grand Central Air Terminal in Glendale, a few miles northeast of Los Angeles. This demanding trip would be available for only a year before Transcontinental was merged into a combine with Western Air Service.
Ford Trimotors were also used extensively by Pan American Airways, for its first international scheduled flights from Key | 6,129,877 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
West to Havana, Cuba, in 1927. Eventually, Pan American extended service from North America and Cuba into Central and South America in the late 1920s and early 1930s. One of Latin America's earliest airlines, Cubana de Aviación, was the first to use the Ford Trimotor in Latin America, starting in 1930, for its domestic services.
The heyday for Ford's transport was relatively brief, lasting only until 1933, when more modern airliners began to appear. Rather than completely disappearing, the Trimotors gained an enviable reputation for durability with Ford ads in 1929 proclaiming, "No Ford plane has yet worn out in service." First being relegated to second- and third-tier airlines, the Trimotors | 6,129,878 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
continued to fly into the 1960s, with numerous examples being converted into cargo transports to further lengthen their careers, and when World War II began, the commercial versions were soon modified for military applications.
Some of the significant flights made by the Ford Trimotor in this period greatly enhanced the reputation of the type for strength and reliability. One example was Ford 4-AT Trimotor serial number 10, built in 1927. It flew in the United States and Mexico under registration number C-1077, and for several years in Canada under registration G-CARC. It had many notable accomplishments; it was flown by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart, among many others. It made the first | 6,129,879 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
commercial flight from the United States to Mexico City, as well as the first commercial flight over the Canadian Rockies. After damage on landing in 1936, it was grounded and remained for decades at Carcross, Yukon. In 1956, the wreck was salvaged and preserved, and in the mid 1980s, Greg Herrick took over C-1077 and began restoring it. As of 2006, C-1077 is in flying condition again, restored to its December 1927 appearance.
Making headlines became a Trimotor trademark. On November 27 and 28, 1929, Commander Richard E. Byrd (navigator), chief pilot Bernt Balchen, and two other crewmen, the copilot and the photographer, made the first flight above the geographic South Pole in a Ford Trimotor | 6,129,880 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
that Byrd named the "Floyd Bennett". This was one of three aircraft taken on this polar expedition, with the other two being named "The Stars and Stripes" and "The Virginian", replacing the Fokker Trimotors that Byrd previously used.
A Ford Trimotor was used for the flight of Elm Farm Ollie, the first cow to fly in an aircraft and to be milked mid-flight.
Franklin Roosevelt also flew aboard a Ford Trimotor in 1932 during his presidential campaign in one of the first uses of an aircraft in an election, replacing the traditional "whistle stop" train trips.
The short-range capabilities of the Ford Trimotor were exploited in a search for the lost flyers of the Sigizmund Levanevsky trans-polar | 6,129,881 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
flight in 1937. Movie stunt flyer Jimmie Mattern flew a specially modified Lockheed Electra along with fellow movie flyer, Garland Lincoln, flying a stripped-down Trimotor donated by the president of Superior Oil Company. With 1,800 gallons of avgas and 450 gallons of oil in the modified cabin, the Trimotor was intended to act as a "tanker" for the expedition. The Electra was able to transfer fuel in the air from the Trimotor, through a hose cast out the 4-AT's door. With the first aerial refueling test successful, the pair of pilots set out for Fairbanks, landing first at Burwash Landing, Yukon Territory, Canada, on August 15, 1937, but the Trimotor ran out of fuel and crashed in inclement | 6,129,882 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
weather the following day. The Trimotor was abandoned on the tundra.
One of the major uses of the Trimotor after it was superseded as a passenger aircraft by more modern aircraft like the Boeing 247 (1933) or the Douglas DC-2 (1934), then DC-3, was the carrying of heavy freight to mining operations in jungles and mountains. The Trimotor was employed for decades in this role.
In 1942, during the Battle of Bataan, a Trimotor was used in evacuations. The aircraft would haul 24 people nearly 500 miles a trip, twice daily. The aircraft was eventually strafed and destroyed by Japanese aircraft. That same year, another 5-AT-C was used by the Royal Australian Air Force during the Kokoda Track campaign.
In | 6,129,883 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
postwar years, the Ford Trimotors continued in limited service with small, regional air carriers. One of the most famous was the Scenic Airways Ford Trimotor N414H which was used for 65 years as a sightseeing aircraft flying over the Grand Canyon. The aircraft is still in use as of late 2011, mainly for promotional and film work, though one Trimotor operator offers rides. As of October 2018, a Ford Trimotor was still being used by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) to fly passengers on sightseeing tours.
# Variants.
- Ford 3-AT: The original Stout prototype; one built.
- Ford 4-AT: Pre-production prototype, powered by three 200-hp (150-kW) Wright J-4 Whirlwind radial piston engines, | 6,129,884 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
accommodation for two pilots and eight passengers; one built.
- Ford 4-AT-A: The original production version, similar to the Ford 4-AT prototype; 14 built.
- Ford 4-AT-B: Improved version, powered by three 220-hp (165-kW) Wright J-5 Whirlwind radial piston engines, accommodation for two pilots and 12 passengers; 39 built.
- Ford 4-AT-C: Similar to the Ford 4-AT-B, equipped with a 400-hp (300-kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engine, fitted in the nose of the aircraft; one built.
- Ford 4-AT-D: Three aircraft similar to the Ford 4-AT-B, each with different engines and minor modifications.
- Ford 4-AT-E: Similar to the Ford 4-AT-B, powered by three 300-hp (225-kW) Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind | 6,129,885 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
nine-cylinder radial piston engines; 24 built.
- Ford 4-AT-F: One aircraft similar to the Ford 4-AT-E.
- Ford 5-AT-A: Enlarged version, powered by three 420-hp (320-kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engines, accommodation for two pilots and 13 passengers, the wingspan was increased by ; three built.
- Ford 5-AT-B: Similar to the Ford 5-AT-A, powered by 420-hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp C-1 or SC-1 radial piston engines, accommodation for two pilots and 15 passengers; 41 built.
- Ford 5-AT-C: Improved version, similar to the Ford 5-AT-A, accommodation for two pilots and 17 passengers; 51 built.
- Ford 5-AT-CS: Seaplane version, fitted with Edo floats; one built.
- Ford 5-AT-D: Increased-weight | 6,129,886 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
version, powered by three 450-hp (340-kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC radial piston engines. The wings were mounted higher, to increase cabin headroom, but otherwise similar to the Ford 5-AT-C; 20 built.
- Ford 5-AT-DS: Seaplane version, fitted with Edo floats; one built.
- Ford 5-AT-E: Proposed version, the engines were relocated to the wing leading edges.
- Ford 6-AT-A: Similar to the Ford 5-AT-A, powered by three 300-hp Wright J-6-9 radial piston engines; three built.
- Ford 6-AT-AS: Seaplane version, fitted with Edo floats; one built.
- Ford 7-AT-A: Redesignation of a single Ford 6-AT-A, equipped with a 420-hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engine, fitted in the nose of the aircraft.
- | 6,129,887 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
Ford 8-AT: One Ford 5-AT-C converted into a single engine freight transport aircraft. Six different engines ranging from to were installed.
- Ford 9-AT: Redesignation of a single Ford 4-AT-B, fitted with three 300-hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engines.
- Ford 11-AT: Redesignation of a single Ford 4-AT-E, fitted with three 225-hp Packard DR-980 diesel engines.
- Ford 13-A: Redesignation of a single Ford 5-AT-D, fitted with two 300-hp Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind radial piston engines, and a 575-hp (430-kW) Wright Cyclone radial piston engine fitted in the nose of the aircraft.
- Ford 14-A: Large three-engined version, powered by three 1000-hp (750-kW) Hispano-Suiza 18 Sbr piston engines | 6,129,888 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
(W engines: 3 x 6 cylinders), accommodation for two pilots and 40 passengers.
- Ford XB-906: One Ford 5-AT-D was converted into a three-engined bomber aircraft.
## United States military designations.
- XC-3: One 4-AT-A evaluated by the United States Army Air Corps, redesignated C-3 after evaluation.
- C-3: One 4-AT-A was redesignated from XC-3 following evaluation
- C-3A: Model 4-AT-E a military transport version, powered by three 235-hp Wright R-790-3 Whirlwind radial piston engines; seven built, all later converted to C-9
- C-4: One 4-AT-B acquired by the military for evaluation
- C-4A: Military transport version, based on the Ford 5-AT-D, powered by three 450-hp Pratt & Whitney R-1340-11 | 6,129,889 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
Wasp piston engines; four built
- C-4B: One C-4A re-engined with three 450-hp R-1340-7 engines.
- C-9: Redesignation of all seven C-3As fitted with 300-hp (224 Kw) Wright R-975-1 radial piston engines
- XJR-1: One Model 4-AT-A for evaluation by the United States Navy
- JR-2: Military transport version for U.S. Marine Corps, based on the Ford 4-AT-E, but with three Wright J6-9 engines; two built, redesignated RR-2 in 1931
- JR-3: Military transport version for the U.S. Navy (one) and U.S. Marine Corps (two), based on the Ford 5-AT-C; three built.
- RR-1: Redesignation of the XJR-1 prototype
- RR-2: Redesignation of the JR-2 in 1931
- RR-3: Redesignation of the JR-3 in 1931
- RR-4: Designation | 6,129,890 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
for one 5-AT-C
- RR-5: Designation for two 4-AT-D, one each for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines
# Operators.
## Civil operators.
- "SACO"
- "SCADTA"
- BYN Co.(British Yukon Navigation Company) CF-AZB flew in the Yukon from April 1936 until damaged in August 1940.
- "Cubana"
- Czechoslovak Airlines
- "Dominicana de Aviación", Dominican Republic airline flew Ford Trimotors in the early 1930s.
- "Mexicana"
- First CLASSA, then LAPE, after Iberia
- American Airways
- Eastern Air Transport
- Grand Canyon Airlines
- Island Airlines, Bass Islands, Ohio
- Maddux Air Lines
- Northwest Airways
- Pan American Airways
- Southwest Air Fast Express (S.A.F.E.way)
- Star Air Service
- Texaco
- | 6,129,891 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
Transcontinental Air Transport
- Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA)
- United Air Lines
- Wien Air Alaska
- "AVENSA"
## Military operators.
- Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 24 Squadron RAAF
- Royal Canadian Air Force
- Colombian Air Force
- Spanish Republican Air Force
- Royal Air Force
- No. 271 Squadron RAF operated a single 5AT-0 during 1940.
- United States Army Air Corps
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
# Accidents and incidents.
- On March 17, 1929, a Colonial Western Airways 4-AT-B Tri-Motor, "NC7683", suffered a double engine failure during its initial climb after takeoff from Newark Airport in Newark, New Jersey. It failed to gain height and crashed | 6,129,892 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
into a railroad freight car loaded with sand, killing 14 of the 15 people on board the aircraft. At the time, it was the deadliest airplane accident in American history.
- On April 21, 1929, a Maddux Air Lines 5-AT-B Tri-Motor, "NC9636", collided with a United States Army Air Service (USAAS) Boeing PW-9D fighter, "28-037", over San Diego; all six on board both aircraft died. The pilot of the Boeing PW-9D was performing stunts and then attempted to pass in front of the airliner, but misjudged the speed of the Maddux aircraft and his aircraft struck the cockpit of the Ford Tri-Motor.
- On September 3, 1929, a Transcontinental Air Transport 5-AT-B Tri-Motor, "NC9649", named "City of San Francisco", | 6,129,893 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
crashed into Mount Taylor near Grants, New Mexico in a thunderstorm; all eight people on board died.
- On January 19, 1930, a Maddux Air Lines 5-AT-C Tri-Motor, "NC9689", operating as Flight 7, crashed near Oceanside, California due to adverse weather conditions, killing all 16 on board.
- On June 24, 1935, a Tri-Motor 5-AT-B of SACO (Servicio Aéreo Colombiano), registered "F-31", collided with a Tri-Motor of SCADTA (Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aéreos), registered "C-31", at Olaya Herrera Airfield near Medellín, Colombia; of the 20 on board both aircraft, only three passengers survived. Among the dead was the tango singer Carlos Gardel.
# Surviving aircraft.
As of 2011, there | 6,129,894 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
are 18 Ford Trimotors in existence, eight of which have current FAA airworthiness certificates.
## Airworthy.
- C/N:10 tail number: "N1077" (4-AT-B, September 1927) The "C-1077, G-CARC Niagara" Currently owned by: Greg Herrick's Yellowstone Aviation, Inc. It is the oldest flying Trimotor with C/N(Construction Number): 10. It is based at the Golden Wings Museum, near Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. This aircraft featured in the 2009 film "Amelia" (a biopic of aviator Amelia Earhart).
- C/N:42 tail number: "N9610" "(Formerly N7684)" (4-AT-B, September 1928) Currently owned by: Dee Winston. It is based in Lufkin, Texas, USA.
- C/N:55 tail number: "N9612" (4-AT-E, 1929) The "City of Richmond" Originally | 6,129,895 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
owned by: Mamer Flying Service, Spokane, WA. Currently Owned By: Ron Pratte's Collectible Aircraft, LLC. It is based at Chandler Stellar Air Park in Chandler, Arizona, USA.
- C/N:69 tail number: "N8407" (4-AT-E, 1929) Originally owned by: Eastern Air Transport Currently owned by: The Experimental Aircraft Association is based at the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA. It tours the United States performing at airshows and other aviation events.
- C/N:8 tail number: "N9645" (5-AT-B, 1928) "City of Wichita/City of Port Clinton" Currently owned by: Liberty Aviation Museum. It is dressed in Transcontinental Air Transport livery. It is based at the Erie-Ottawa International Airport | 6,129,896 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
in Port Clinton, Ohio, USA. It was previously owned by Evergreen Vintage Aircraft, Inc., and previously based at the Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, USA.
- C/N:34 tail number: "N9651" (5-AT-B, 1929) - The "City of Philadelphia" Originally owned by: Trans Continental Air Transport. Currently Owned By: Kermit Weeks. It is based at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida, USA. This aircraft has made many film appearances, including "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom".
- C/N:58 tail number: "N8419" (5-AT-C, 1929) Originally owned by: Northwest Airlines. Currently owned by: Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum. It is based at The AIR ZOO in Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. The airplane | 6,129,897 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
is a rebuild of several 5-AT aircraft, including the original, which served with five carriers before being purchased for use by the United States Forest Service between 1951 and 1959. The original crashed and burned on August 4, 1959, while landing at a remote strip in the Nez Perce National Forest, killing two smokejumpers.
- C/N:74 tail number: "N414H" (5-AT-C, 1928) Originally owned by: Ford Motor Co. Currently Owned By: Sopwith, Ltd. It is based at Valle Airport in Valle, Arizona, USA. It was used in 2008 and 2009 for flight instruction and type ratings.
## On static display.
- C/N:15 tail number: "NX4542" (4-AT-B, 1928) (Not in FAA records) Richard E. Byrd's South Pole aircraft. Originally | 6,129,898 |
536357 | Ford Trimotor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20Trimotor | Ford Trimotor
owned by: Ford Motor Company. Currently Owned By: Henry Ford Museum. It is on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, USA.
- C/N:46 tail number: "N7861" (4-AT-B, Unknown) (Not in FAA records) Originally owned by: Union Electric, St. Louis. Currently owned by: National Museum of Naval Aviation Pensacola, Florida, USA.
- C/N:11 tail number: "N9637" (5-AT-B,1929) Originally Owned By: Pan Am. Currently owned by: the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California, USA.
- C/N:39 tail number: "N9683" (5-AT-B, 1929) Originally owned by: American Airlines. Currently owned by: The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. in Washington, D.C.
- C/N:60 tail number: "RAAF" (5-AT-C, | 6,129,899 |
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