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536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
Crooks was sent with a small group to fetch the horses and while they reached Fort Lisa on the 23rd, they had to wait until the 25th for Lisa to arrive to finalize the transaction. The party left the following day and returned south to Hunt's camp.
## The Rocky Mountains.
While at the Arikara village, Hunt met and employed several American trappers that had previously worked for the MFC in modern Idaho. The men advised strongly against going into the Piikáni homelands of modern Montana. The Piikáni and other Niitsitapi nations at the time were typically unreceptive to trespass from European descendants and made a showing of military force against the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This changed | 6,130,700 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
Hunt's plans, who according determined it best to avoid the Niitsitapi peoples.
The expedition left their Arikara hosts in late July for the nearby Grand River. After following the Little Missouri River, the party to rest for several days while transactions were made with a band of Cheyenne. In total 36 horses were purchased from the Cheyenne. The expedition broke camp on 6 August and Hunt ordered six men to hunt Bison. Hunt's party continued southwest through the modern state of Wyoming and the hunting party rejoined on the 18th of August, having killed 8 Bison. While at the base of Cloud Peak on 30 August, a scouting party of Apsáalooke visited the camp. The following day a delegation of | 6,130,701 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
Apsáalooke on horseback invited them to visit their nearby village. Hunt recalled the importance of mercantile deals with the Apsáalooke stating that:"We spent the first day of September buying some robes and belts and trading our tired, maimed horses for fresh ones... thereby augmenting the number of our horses to about 121, most of which were well-trained and able to cross the mountains." Continuing westward towards the Continental Divide of the Americas, the PFC party followed the course of the Wind River, crossed the Divide and followed the Gros Ventre River.
## Snake River.
The expedition reached Fort Henry on 8 September, made by MFC employee Andrew Henry the previous year, near present-day | 6,130,702 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
St. Anthony and made a camp there. The post was and was later abandoned. While at the location work began creating enough canoes necessary to take the party down Henry's Fork and later the Snake River or so called "Mad River" to the Columbia. This was done as it felt no longer necessary to travel with pack horses, a decision that would soon cause more issues for the party. On the 10th, four men and two Natives under the command of Joseph Miller departed to begin trapping in the area. The horses that remained in the possession of the PFC, amounting to seventy-seven, were left in the care of "two young Snakes". The party departed from Fort Henry on 19 September on the newly made canoes.
Traveling | 6,130,703 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
down the Snake River proved highly difficult due to the many rapids such as Caldron Linn. The party was forced to perform multiple portages due to these fierce currents. Over course of the remainder of September through early November, four incidents of canoes capsizing killed one man meant major losses in trade goods and food supplies. In addition to the hardships caused from attempting to follow the course of the Snake more problems arose due to dwindling food stockpiles. By 31 October there was enough provisions to last for five days. In early November there were not many animals in the area to gather for food, the few that were caught by the hunting parties were beaver. The traveling partners | 6,130,704 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
agreed to end travel by canoe, finding the mode of transportation too difficult continue using. Hunt ordered several groups go in various directions to contact neighboring Indigenous for material support. In the meantime the PFC expedition began to deposit its trade goods in small caches to lighten the workload of the men.
At the suggestion of Ramsay Crooks, the expedition was divided into two parties of nineteen men each, with each member receiving 5formula_1 pounds of dried meat. A third small group was led by Donald MacKenzie to reach Fort Astoria ahead of the main contingent. All that remained in the company stores was "forty pounds of corn, twenty of fat, and nearly five pounds of bouillon | 6,130,705 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
tablets." On 9 November the two groups began traveling on either side of the Snake. Soon the cliffs became too steep to allow an easy descent to the river banks for water. Sources of hydration became very limited and despite intercourse with several groups of Indigenous the situation didn't improve. Water was collected on 20 November after it rained the previous night. Up to that point "several Canadians had begun to drink their urine" in desperation.
Crooks reunited with Hunt's party in early December alone. Crooks was so weakened from starvation that his pace would have slowed the expedition immensely. Hunt left two men to tend to Crooks while the main group pushed forward. Several villages | 6,130,706 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
of Northern Shoshone were visited and vitally needed food sources such as horses along with "some dried fish, a few roots, and some pounded dried cherries" were purchased. A Shoshone was convinced to act as a scout to guide the PFC group to the Umatilla River. On 23 December, thirteen men assigned to Crooks party were met who gave the unfortunate news that they hadn't seen him since he left Hunt's group.
## Reaching the Columbia.
Donald Stuart and his party of Robert McClellan, John Reed, Étienne Lucier and seven other men continued to march ahead of the two main PFC groups. While traversing the lands of the Niimíipu, a stranded employee of the PFC, Archibald Pelton, was found and brought | 6,130,707 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
along with the party. They finally arrived at Fort Astoria on 18 January 1812. The party was described as clothed in "nothing but fluttering rags." While waiting for the main contingent under Hunt to arrive, the men informed the personnel of the overland journey's progress from St. Louis.
Hunt's group found a band of Liksiyu on 8 January, whom hosted the downtrodden expedition for a week. Meals of dried Mule deer meat and loafs of pounded Camas bulbs were provided during their stay. While exploring the area, Hunt found out from particular Liksiyu that there was an active white fur trader in the area. This would turn out to be Jacques Raphaël Finlay, located at the NWC Spokane House. On 21 January, | 6,130,708 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
the expedition finally reached the banks of the Columbia River. Hunt soon entered discussions with the Wasco-Wishram when entering their villages. It was here he learned the destruction of the "Tonquin" the previous year. The remaining three horses of the party were used to purchase two canoes from Wasco merchants. Several portages were required on the Columbia, especially at the Cascade Rapids. The main body of the expedition reached Fort Astoria on 15 February to much fanfare. Besides Hunt there was thirty men, along with Marie Aioe Dorion and her two children on six canoes. McDougall was apprehensive about feeding all these additional people, a sentiment Franchère shared, as the post had | 6,130,709 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
recently faced issues with provisions. Due to seasonal salmon runs harvested by various Chinookans however, there was a sizable food supply at Fort Astoria.
# Activities in 1812.
## Attempted expedition to interior.
In late March, three clerks in command of fourteen men were ordered to depart for the hinterlands. Robert Stuart was take needed trade goods to Fort Okanogan. John Reed was to take food supplies to the stranded Crooks and Day, in addition to later taking dispatches for Astor to St. Louis. Russel Farnham was to retrieve the caches left by Hunt near Fort Henry. To complete several of the necessary portages at the Dalles, Wascos were hired to help freight the trade goods. Two bales | 6,130,710 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
of trade goods and later some personal items were however stolen. Stuart ordered his men to complete the portages during the night. A skirmish arose at sunrise between arriving Wascos and Reed, who was defending several bales of goods with one man. After being grievously injured, Reed lost the box containing the dispatches. Additional PFC arrived at the scene and two natives were reportedly killed in the struggle. The Chinookans returned in larger numbers and armed several hours later. To avoid more bloodshed Stuart was able to negotiate a settlement with the aggrieved families. In return for a reported six blankets and tobacco, the Astorians were able to continue their journey up the Columbia.
The | 6,130,711 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
conflict raised security concerns of crossing into further Indigenous nations, forcing the three parties to all travel to Fort Okanogan. Arriving there on the 24th of April, the clerks, voyageurs and trappers departed for Fort Astoria on the 29th, leaving Alexander Ross and two men at the station. Stockpiles of pelts accumulated there amounted to an estimated 2,500 were taken as well. Near the mouth of the Umatilla River the party was surprised to loudly hear English shouted among an assembled group of Indigenous, perhaps Umatilla. Ramsay Crooks and John Day were there them, exhausted from several months of tribulations. Wandering over a large area, the two men at one point received the help | 6,130,712 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
of an Umatilla noble, Yeck-a-tap-am, who "in particular treated us like a father." After being robbed by another band of Natives, Crooks and Day were able to find the Umatilla once more. Taking two worn men with them, the party reached Fort Astoria on 11 May.
## The "Beaver".
The "Beaver" was the second supply ship sent by Astor to the Pacific Coast, with Cornelius Sowle as its captain. It sailed from New York City in October 1811 and reached Fort Astoria on 9 May 1812. While stopping at the Kingdom of Hawaii, more men were recruited as Kanakas for the company. After unloading necessary supplies to the Fort, the "Beaver" sailed to Russian America. Hunt joined the crew to negotiate with RAC | 6,130,713 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
governor Alexander Andreyevich Baranov at New Archangel. The cargo was purchased by the Russians amounted to ₽124,000 in value, with payment in seal skins located on Saint Paul Island. Orders from Astor dictated that the ship to return to the Columbia, but the "Beaver" was in poor repair and sailed for the Kingdom of Hawaii instead. Hunt was left there as the "Beaver" went west to Guangzhou. News of the War of 1812 kept the ship at the port for the remainder of the conflict. The "Beaver" then proceeded to New York City and entered the city harbor in 1816.
## Second interior expedition.
Failure to accomplish many of the tasks set for work the hinterland earlier in 1812 did not discourage the | 6,130,714 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
Astorians. The supplies and reinforcements brought aboard the "Beaver" made management consider "grander schemes" for the summer. New establishments would be created to challenge the NWC across the region in addition to pursuing trading expeditions among various Indigenous nations. A total of almost 60 men were directed to locations from the Willamette Valley of Oregon to the Bitterroot Valley of Montana and the vicinity of modern Kamloops in British Columbia. The movement of workers to their assigned locales began in late June. Robert Stuart led a party bound for St. Louis to send information to Astor as Reed had attempted earlier in the year. His group was composed two French-Canadians and | 6,130,715 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
four Americans. John Day became afflicted by mental instability and Stuart paid several Multnomah men of Cathlapotle village to transport him back to Fort Astoria. The group would make the important discovery of the South Pass, critical for the later westward movement of tens of thousands of American migrants.
# Liquidation.
Funds provided by Astor established several major trading stations across the Pacific Northwest. While intended to gain control of the regional fur trade, the Pacific Fur Company would ultimately flounder. This came from a variety of issues, many caused by the tumultuous diplomatic relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States. The destruction of the "Tonquin" | 6,130,716 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
left Fort Astoria under supplied and heavily reliant upon neighboring Chinookans for sustenance. Competition from the interior based North West Company threatened to the loss of major fur producing Oregon Country regions. The Overland Expedition would arrive many months later than planned by Astor. Wilson Hunt's inexperience in the outback in along with dwindling supplies would leave the majority of the expedition facing starvation.
While the arrival of the "Beaver" brought much needed trading goods, foodstuffs and additional employees, events would soon see the ending of the PFC. News of the War of 1812 was relayed to the Astorians at Fort Spokane, information that Donald McKenzie brought | 6,130,717 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
to Fort Astoria in January 1813. As Franchere recalled, a council of clerks and management noted that the Astorians were "almost to a man British subjects", forcing them to agree to "abandon the establishment" of Fort Astoria and its secondary stations. A British warship was learned from NWC clerks to be en route to capture the station. The PFC management agreed to sell its assets across the Oregon Country, formalized on 23 October 1813 with the raising of the Union Jack. On 30 November arrived at the Columbia River and in honor of George III of the United Kingdom Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. On board the "Racoon" was John MacDonald who oversaw the formal takeover of PFC properties. | 6,130,718 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
Later in March 1814, the NWC's ship arrived on the Columbia, delivering much-needed supplies to Fort George. She then sailed on to China, and England. She carried some PFC personnel, many of whom were former employees of the NWC, back to England, from where they returned to Montreal.
# Legacy.
During a NWC shareholder meeting in July 1814, the partners declared that the sale "greatly facilitated the getting out of the [Pacific] Country our competitors the American Fur Company. They also concluded that the sale of Astoria and other PFC properties gave "considerable" advancements for their company. Plans were considered to use the stations much in the same manner Astor meant, for trade with | 6,130,719 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
China. The Columbia also offered a less costly means of supplying the interior NWC posts in the region.
The Treaty of 1818 established a "joint occupancy" of the Pacific Northwest between the United States and the United Kingdom was confirmed, each nation agreeing not to inhibit the activities of each other's citizens. During 1821, the British Government ordered the NWC to be merged in their long time rivals, the Hudson's Bay Company. In a short time the HBC controlled the majority of the fur trade across the Pacific Northwest. This was done in a manner that "the Americans were forced to acknowledge that Astor's dream" of a multi-continent economic web "had been realized... by his enterprising | 6,130,720 |
536622 | Pacific Fur Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Fur%20Company | Pacific Fur Company
he fur trade across the Pacific Northwest. This was done in a manner that "the Americans were forced to acknowledge that Astor's dream" of a multi-continent economic web "had been realized... by his enterprising and far-sighted competitors." The PFC held additional influence on the region in some particular and subtle ways. The book Astoria was written by Washington Irving in 1836, after interviewing some men connected to the venture and consulting documents held by Astor. Two surviving members of the Astorians, Étienne Lucier and Joseph Gervais, would later become farmers on the French Prairie and participate in the Champoeg Meetings.
# See also.
- Maritime Fur Trade
- North West Company | 6,130,721 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
Authentication protocol
An authentication protocol is a type of computer communications protocol or cryptographic protocol specifically designed for transfer of authentication data between two entities. It allows the receiving entity to authenticate the connecting entity (e.g. Client connecting to a Server) as well as authenticate itself to the connecting entity (Server to a client) by declaring the type of information needed for authentication as well as syntax. It is the most important layer of protection needed for secure communication within computer networks.
# Purpose.
With the increasing amount of trustworthy information being accessible over the network, the need for keeping unauthorized | 6,130,722 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
persons from access to this data emerged. Stealing someone's identity is easy in the computing world - special verification methods had to be invented to find out whether the person/computer requesting data is really who he says he is. The task of the authentication protocol is to specify the exact series of steps needed for execution of the authentication. It has to comply with the main protocol principles:
- 1. A Protocol has to involve two or more parties and everyone involved in the protocol must know the protocol in advance.
- 2. All the included parties have to follow the protocol.
- 3. A protocol has to be unambiguous - each step must be defined precisely.
- 4. A protocol must be | 6,130,723 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
complete - must include a specified action for every possible situation.
An illustration of password-based authentication using simple authentication protocol:
Alice (an entity wishing to be verified) and Bob (an entity verifying Alice's identity) are both aware of the protocol they agreed on using. Bob has Alice's password stored in a database for comparison.
- 1. Alice sends Bob her password in a packet complying with the protocol rules.
- 2. Bob checks the received password against the one stored in his database. Then he sends a packet saying "Authentication successful" or "Authentication failed" based on the result.
This is an example of a very basic authentication protocol vulnerable | 6,130,724 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
to many threats such as eavesdropping, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attacks, dictionary attacks or brute-force attacks. Most authentication protocols are more complicated in order to be resilient against these attacks.
# Types.
## Authentication protocols developed for PPP Point-to-Point Protocol.
Protocols are used mainly by Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) servers to validate the identity of remote clients before granting them access to server data. Most of them use a password as the cornerstone of the authentication. In most cases, the password has to be shared between the communicating entities in advance.
### PAP - Password Authentication Protocol.
Password Authentication Protocol | 6,130,725 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
is one of the oldest authentication protocols. Authentication is initialized by the client sending a packet with credentials (username and password) at the beginning of the connection, with the client repeating the authentication request until acknowledgement is received. It is highly insecure because credentials are sent "in the clear" and repeatedly, making it vulnerable even to the most simple attacks like eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle based attacks. Although widely supported, it is specified that if an implementation offers a stronger authentication method, that method "must" be offered before PAP. Mixed authentication (e.g. the same client alternately using both PAP and CHAP) is also | 6,130,726 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
not expected, as the CHAP authentication would be compromised by PAP sending the password in plain-text.
### CHAP - Challenge-handshake authentication protocol.
The authentication process in this protocol is always initialized by the server/host and can be performed anytime during the session, even repeatedly. Server sends a random string (usually 128B long). The client uses password and the string received as parameters for MD5 hash function and then sends the result together with username in plain text. Server uses the username to apply the same function and compares the calculated and received hash. An authentication is successful or unsuccessful.
### EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol.
EAP | 6,130,727 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
was originally developed for PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol) but today is widely used in IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.11(WiFi) or IEEE 802.16 as a part of IEEE 802.1x authentication framework. The latest version is standardized in RFC 5247. The advantage of EAP is that it is only a general authentication framework for client-server authentication - the specific way of authentication is defined in its many versions called EAP-methods. More than 40 EAP-methods exist, the most common are:
- EAP-MD5
- EAP-TLS
- EAP-TTLS
- EAP-FAST
- EAP-PEAP
## AAA architecture protocols (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting).
Complex protocols used in larger networks for verifying the user (Authentication), controlling | 6,130,728 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
access to server data (Authorization) and monitoring network resources and information needed for billing of services (Accounting).
### TACACS, XTACACS and TACACS+.
The oldest AAA protocol using IP based authentication without any encryption (usernames and passwords were transported as plain text). Later version XTACACS (Extended TACACS) added authorization and accounting. Both of these protocols were later replaced by TACACS+. TACACS+ separates the AAA components thus they can be segregated and handled on separate servers (It can even use another protocol for e.g. Authorization). It uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for transport and encrypts the whole packet. TACACS+ is Cisco proprietary.
### | 6,130,729 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
RADIUS.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a full AAA protocol commonly used by ISP. Credentials are mostly username-password combination based, it uses NAS and UDP protocol for transport.
### DIAMETER.
Diameter (protocol) evolved from RADIUS and involves many improvements such as usage of more reliable TCP or SCTP transport protocol and higher security thanks to TLS.
## Other.
### Kerberos (protocol).
Kerberos is a centralized network authentication system developed at MIT and available as a free implementation from MIT but also in many commercial products. It is the default authentication method in Windows 2000 and later. The authentication process itself is much | 6,130,730 |
536697 | Authentication protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication%20protocol | Authentication protocol
and later. The authentication process itself is much more complicated than in the previous protocols - Kerberos uses symmetric key cryptography, requires a trusted third party and can use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication if need be.
# List of various other authentication protocols.
- AKA
- CAVE-based authentication
- CRAM-MD5
- Digest
- Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
- LAN Manager
- NTLM, also known as NT LAN Manager
- OpenID protocol
- Password-authenticated key agreement protocols
- Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA)
- Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP)
- RFID-Authentication Protocols
- Woo Lam 92 (protocol)
- SAML | 6,130,731 |
536712 | Red Bank | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Bank | Red Bank
Red Bank
Red Bank may refer to:
# Places.
- Belize
- Red Bank, Belize, a village in Stann Creek District, Belize
- Canada
- Red Bank, New Brunswick, a rural community in Northumberland County
- United States
- Red Bank, California
- Red Bank, Indiana
- Red Bank, Missouri
- Red Bank, New Jersey, in Monmouth County
- Red Bank, Gloucester County, New Jersey
- Battle of Red Bank, in the above community
- Red Bank, South Carolina
- Red Bank, Tennessee
# See also.
- Redbank (disambiguation)
- Red Banks (disambiguation) | 6,130,732 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
Settler
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally from a sedentary culture, as opposed to nomads who share and rotate their settlements with little or no concept of individual land ownership. Settlements are often built on land already claimed or owned by another group. Many times settlers are backed by governments or large countries. They also sometimes leave in search of religious freedom.
# Historical usage.
One can witness how settlers very often occupied land previously residents to long-established peoples, designated as indigenous (also called "natives", "Aborigines" or, in the Americas, | 6,130,733 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
"Indians"). In some cases (such as Australia), as colonialist mentalities and laws change, the legal ownership of some lands is contested by indigenous people, who either claim or seek restoration of traditional usage, land rights, native title and related forms of legal ownership or partial control.
The word "settler" was not originally usually used in relation to a variety of peoples who became a part of settler societies, such as enslaved Africans (e.g. in the United States), indentured labourers (such as in Colonial America), or convicts (such as in British America, "c". 1615–1775; Australia 1788-1868).
In the figurative usage, a "person who goes first or does something first" also applies | 6,130,734 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
to the American English use of "pioneer" to refer to a settler—a person who has migrated to a less occupied area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area; as first recorded in English in 1605. In United States history it refers to those people who helped to settle new lands. In Canada, the Indian Act, passed in 1876, created a fundamental division between First Nations peoples and all others, who are termed Settlers. As the Indian Act is still in force, this distinction continues to present day with an existing Indigenous-Settler division, set in a settler-colonial context where it reproduces an inequitable racial structure.
In this usage, pioneers are usually among | 6,130,735 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
the first to an area, whereas settlers can arrive after first settlement and join others in the process of human settlement. This correlates with the work of military pioneers who were tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops would arrive at the designated campsite.
In Imperial Russia, the government invited Russians or foreign nationals to settle in sparsely populated lands. These settlers were called "colonists". See, e.g., articles Slavo-Serbia, Volga German, Volhynia, Russians in Kazakhstan.
Although they are often thought of as traveling by sea—the dominant form of travel in the early modern era—significant waves of settlement could also use long overland routes, | 6,130,736 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
such as the Great Trek by the Boer-Afrikaners in South Africa, or the Oregon Trail in the United States.
## Anthropological usage.
Anthropologists record tribal displacement of native settlers who drive another tribe from the lands it held, such as the settlement of lands in the area now called Carmel-by-the-Sea, California where Ohlone peoples settled in areas previously inhabited by the Esselen tribe (Bainbridge, 1977).
## Modern usage.
In the Middle East, there are a number of references to various squatter and specific policies referred as "settler". Among those:
- Iraq – the Arabization program of the Ba'ath Party in the late 1970s in North Iraq, which aimed at settling Arab populations | 6,130,737 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
instead of Kurds following the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War.
- Israel – Israelis who moved to areas captured during the Six-Day War in 1967 are termed Israeli settlers. In recent years Israeli settlers have been settling in Palestinian territory such as the Gaza Strip and West Bank. However, this has caused political unrest and many settlers are forcibly removed from their settlements by the Israeli government.
- Syria – In recent times, Arab settlers have also moved in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria.
Women and children experience violence in these highly dangerous areas because of the conflict. Many natives face displacement when new settlements are established. | 6,130,738 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
During 1948 Palestine war, in which Israel was created, over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced from their homes and not allowed to return.
Settlements can make it very difficult for native people to continue their work. For example, if the settlers take part of the land which the olive trees grow on then the natives no longer have access to those olive trees and their livelihood is compromised. Many are met with violence when they try to get the things they need from the land.
## Other usages.
- Settlers in hypothetical societies, such as on other planets, often feature in science fiction or fantasy fiction and/or video games.
- Mascot for Texas Woman's University, more specifically there | 6,130,739 |
536698 | Settler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler | Settler
ce fiction or fantasy fiction and/or video games.
- Mascot for Texas Woman's University, more specifically there called the "Pioneer."
# Causes of emigration.
The reasons for the emigration of settlers vary, but often they include the following factors and incentives: the desire to start a new and better life in a foreign land, personal financial hardship, social, cultural, ethnic, or religious persecution (e.g., the Pilgrims and Mormons), political oppression, and government incentive policies aimed at encouraging foreign settlement.
The colony concerned is sometimes controlled by the government of a settler's home country, and emigration is sometimes approved by an imperial government. | 6,130,740 |
536718 | Red Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Bay | Red Bay
Red Bay
Red Bay may refer to:
- Red Bay, Alabama
- Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Red Bay, County Antrim, a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland
- "Persea borbonia", sometimes called Red Bay tree | 6,130,741 |
536722 | Red Bluff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Bluff | Red Bluff
Red Bluff
Red Bluff may refer to:
- Canada
- Red Bluff, British Columbia, a community near Quesnel, British Columbia, Canada
- Red Bluff First Nation, a First Nations band government headquartered near Quesnel, British Columbia
- United States of America
- Red Bluff, California
- Red Bluff Creek (disambiguation)
- Red Bluff (Mississippi landmark) | 6,130,742 |
536711 | HMAS Teal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMAS%20Teal | HMAS Teal
HMAS Teal
HMAS "Teal" (M 1152) (formerly HMS "Jackton") was a operated by the Royal Navy (RN) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).
# Construction.
The vessel was built by Philip and Son, Dartmouth and launched on 28 February 1955, and commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS "Jackton".
# Operational history.
## Australia.
The ship was purchased by the RAN in 1961, and was commissioned as HMAS "Teal" on 30 August 1962.
During the mid-1960s, "Teal" was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. She fought an action on 13 December 1964 with two Indonesian sampans, capturing one. This service was later recognised with the | 6,130,743 |
536711 | HMAS Teal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMAS%20Teal | HMAS Teal
history.
## Australia.
The ship was purchased by the RAN in 1961, and was commissioned as HMAS "Teal" on 30 August 1962.
During the mid-1960s, "Teal" was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. She fought an action on 13 December 1964 with two Indonesian sampans, capturing one. This service was later recognised with the battle honour "Malaysia 1964–66".
# Decommissioning and fate.
HMAS "Teal" paid off on 14 August 1970. "Teal" was sold to Ian and Gary Baker, Tasmania. The vessal was transported to Tasmania where she was later sold. operating as M/Y "Teal", a research and training ship for Girne University Cyprus. | 6,130,744 |
536725 | HMAS Toowoomba | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMAS%20Toowoomba | HMAS Toowoomba
HMAS Toowoomba
Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS "Toowoomba", after the city of Toowoomba, Queensland.
- , a "Bathurst"-class corvette active between 1941 and 1946, before transferring to other navies
- , an "Anzac"-class frigate entering service in 2005 and active as of 2016
# Battle honours.
Ships named HMAS "Toowoomba" are entitled to carry two battle honours:
- Pacific 1942
- Indian Ocean 1942–44 | 6,130,745 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
Information Technology Association of America
The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), formerly the Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO), was a leading industry trade group for information technology companies. The Association's membership contained most of the world's major Information and communications technology (ICT) firms, accounting for over 90% of ICT goods and services sold in North America.
# History.
Organizational meetings of what was initially called the Data Actuating Technical Association (DATA) began in 1960. In 1961, the Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO) was founded as a "service bureau" trade association, | 6,130,746 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
and formally incorporated in 1962. Initially headquartered in Abington, Pennsylvania, then relocating to downtown New York city, ADAPSO published directories of the nascent industry, commissioned well-regarded surveys of the computer industry, and organized user-centered "Management Symposiums" that discussed the industry, pricing, and ethics. ADAPSO's industry surveys were taken up by Peter Cunningham's INPUT. ADAPSO moved to the Washington, DC area in 1978 to be closer to government policymakers and advocates.
ADAPSO was renamed ITAA in 1991.
In March 2007 ITAA President Phil Bond expressed his desire in merging ITAA with another high tech trade association. On January 17, 2008, ITAA announced | 6,130,747 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
that it had agreed to so-called "merger of equals" with the Government Electronics and Information Technology Association (GEIA), and that the combined association would retain the ITAA name. Until earlier in the year GEIA had been an affiliate of EIA (a trade association formerly known as the Electronic Industries Alliance) EIA has been very financially successful, unlike ITAA. GEIA is slated to share in the distribution over $50 million in assets resulting in the breakup of EIA . [The fall of EIA: What happened?
In 2008 the ITAA merged with the CyberSecurity Industry Alliance and the Government Electronics Industry Association.
In 2009 the ITAA merged with the AeA (formerly the American | 6,130,748 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
Electronics Association) to form TechAmerica. Hank Steininger was the last ITAA board chair prior to the merger.
# Surveys.
ITAA conducted surveys of CIOs.
# Real ID.
ITAA actively lobbied on behalf of the funding for the Real ID.
Some have asserted that Real ID will turn state driver’s licenses into a national identity card and impose numerous new burdens on taxpayers, citizens, immigrants, and state governments – while doing nothing to protect against terrorism. As a result, it is stirring intense opposition from many groups across the political spectrum. Critics have claimed that ITAA supports the national ID card because its member companies would benefit from financially from implementing | 6,130,749 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
the card.
# Publications.
ITAA published a series of newsletters, beginning with "ADAPSO News" in the early 1960s. Its last regular newsletter, the "ITAA E-LETTER", covered issues of the networked economy, including information and telecommunications public policy, and the businesses of electronic commerce, Internet service and enhanced telecommunications service providers. The ITAA E-LETTER was distributed free of charge by electronic mail.
Other ADAPSO and ITAA publications included "ADAPSO Agenda" ("later ITAA Agenda"), "Computer Services: Official Journal of the Association of Data Processing Service Organizations", and "Data".
# External links.
- Labor Market in Flux: How Can States | 6,130,750 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
Respond to Outsourcing, Labor Shortages & Job Creation? 29-Apr-04 ITAA website newsroom
- E-Democracy: The Lowdown on E-Voting June 1, 2004 Issue of CIO Magazine
- World Information Technology & Services Alliance web site
- ADAPSO and ITAA Records, 1960-1999, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
- Oral history interview with Lawrence Schoenberg, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Schoenberg describes his role in ADAPSO and its successor ITAA, of which he served as Chairman of the Board in 1982.
- Oral history interview with Oscar Schachter, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Schachter discusses his extensive activities within ADAPSO.
- Two | 6,130,751 |
536717 | Information Technology Association of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information%20Technology%20Association%20of%20America | Information Technology Association of America
e Institute, University of Minnesota. Schoenberg describes his role in ADAPSO and its successor ITAA, of which he served as Chairman of the Board in 1982.
- Oral history interview with Oscar Schachter, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Schachter discusses his extensive activities within ADAPSO.
- Two oral history interviews with Luanne Johnson, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota - one of the early women entrepreneurs in the computer software products industry, Luanne Johnson talks about her many years in leadership positions in ADAPSO which became Information Technology Association of America.
- Information Technology Association of America at SourceWatch | 6,130,752 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Democracy for America
Democracy for America (DFA) is a progressive political action committee, headquartered in South Burlington, Vermont. Founded by former Democratic National Committee Chair Howard Dean in 2004, DFA leads public awareness campaigns on a variety of public policy issues, trains activists, and provides funding directly to candidates for office. The organization has more than a million members in the United States and internationally.
# History.
Dean created the PAC Fund for a Healthy America in 2001 in Montpelier in advance of a planned campaign for President. In March 2004, following the conclusion of Dean's presidential campaign, the organization was renamed "Democracy for | 6,130,753 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
America".
Following his unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination in the 2004 presidential election, Dean used the organization to build on the grassroots momentum for Democratic candidates around the country. DFA used the Internet-based, grassroots organizing that Dean had created for his presidential campaign to help like-minded Democrats get elected. In 2004 the organization endorsed and supported Democrats (known as the Dean Dozen) on the federal, state, and county levels.
In 2005, Dean turned over control of the organization to his brother, Jim Dean, when he became DNC Chair.
Since then, Democracy for America has helped elect over 600 progressives into office, including President | 6,130,754 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Barack Obama, while building their membership to over a million like-minded progressives across all fifty states.
In 2007, DFA became the first carbon-neutral political action committee in the United States.
Arshad Hasan served as Executive Director from 2007 to 2013, after which Charles R. Chamberlain became Executive Director.
Effective January 1, 2019, Chamberlain was named Chair and Yvette Simpson was named Chief Executive.
# DFA-List.
DFA focuses on endorsing candidates, at all levels of office, both local and national. DFA's endorsements are often orchestrated by members of local groups, and they provide resources, such as funds and addresses, to endorsed campaign. According to their | 6,130,755 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
own records, the group endorsed over 578 candidates. Candidates wishing for an endorsement may apply on the organization's website.
DFA initially endorsed Bernie Sanders in the 2016 U.S. presidential race after earning a record-breaking 87.9% of the vote in their online poll.
The organization switched its endorsement in July 2016 "...to stand with Bernie Sanders by joining him in formally endorsing Hillary Clinton for President." Sanders has since formed his own group Our Revolution.
Notable past DFA endorsements have included:
- Keith Ellison for DNC Chair
- Bernie Sanders for U.S. Senate in Vermont and U.S. President
- Barack Obama for U.S. Senate in Illinois and U.S. President
- Al | 6,130,756 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Franken for U.S. Senate in Minnesota
- Misty K. Snow for U.S. Senate in Utah
- Mark Begich for U.S. Senate in Alaska
- Ned Lamont for U.S. Senate in Connecticut
- Jeff Merkley for U.S. Senate in Oregon
- Elizabeth Warren for U.S. Senate in Massachusetts
- Howard Dean for DNC Chair
- Deval Patrick for Governor of Massachusetts
- Jon Tester for U.S. Senate in Montana
- Sheldon Whitehouse for U.S. Senate in Rhode Island
- Martin Heinrich for U.S. Representative for New Mexico's 1st district
- Joey Novick for mayor of Flemington, New Jersey
- Sam Yoon for Boston City Council
- Jerry McNerney for U.S. Representative from California's 11th District
- Jack Markell for Governor of Delaware
- | 6,130,757 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Linda McCulloch for Montana Secretary of State
- Debra Bowen for California Secretary of State
- Denise Juneau for Montana Superintendent of Public Instruction
- Donna Edwards for U.S. Representative in Maryland from Maryland's 4th district
- Jim Himes for U.S. Representative for Connecticut's 4th district
- Alan Grayson for U.S. Representative in Florida from Florida's 8th district
- Paulette Jordan for Governor of Idaho in 2018
# Political positions.
Democracy for America's status on various social and economic issues places the organization firmly on the left of the American political spectrum. Although they often endorse and advocate for Democratic Party candidates, DFA is also to | 6,130,758 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
the left of many national and state Democratic lawmakers.
DFA's liberal policies have led them to oppose established Democrats whose policies contradict their own. In 2006, the group supported Ned Lamont over incumbent Sen. Joseph Lieberman in Connecticut's primary and general elections. Lamont eventually won the primary election, but lost the general election to Lieberman, who ran as an independent. That year, DFA also supported political newcomer Carol Shea-Porter in her successful Democratic primary and general election victory in New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. In 2008, the group supported newcomer Donna Edwards in her upset primary victory against former Rep. Albert Wynn of | 6,130,759 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Maryland's 4th congressional district
During the 2008 Minnesota Senate election between Al Franken and Norm Coleman, Democracy for America partnered with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee for the "Donate a Dollar a Day to Make Norm Go Away". Through the campaign, participants give a donation of a dollar a day for every day Norm Coleman continued to contest the results of the election, which he lost to Franken following an official statewide recount. The campaign has raised more than $150,000 to "help progressive candidates run effective campaigns and win."
In 2010, DFA launched their "Primaries Matter" campaign with the goal of electing better Democrats into office, instead of just | 6,130,760 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
any Democrat. In the Pennsylvania Democratic primary, DFA endorsed Joe Sestak in his successful primary challenge to incumbent Senator Arlen Specter, who switched to the Democratic Party in April 2009 after 44 years as an elected Republican. DFA also endorsed Democratic challenger Elaine Marshall in North Carolina's Democratic primary run-off for U.S. Senate. Marshall went on to beat fellow Democrat Cal Cunningham, who was endorsed by national party leaders. DFA got deeply involved in the Democratic run-off in Arkansas as well, backing challenger Lt. Gov. Bill Halter in his race against incumbent Senator Blanche Lincoln. Halter went on to lose, but only by 4% in a state that went overwhelmingly | 6,130,761 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
to John McCain in the 2008 presidential election.
## Domestic issues.
In 2011, DFA was primarily focused on the fight over worker's rights in Wisconsin. DFA has 25,000 members in Wisconsin and more than 2,000 of them volunteered for this campaign. With partners, primarily the Progressive Change Campaign Committee (or PCCC), DFA spent $2.2 million in Wisconsin for a three-pronged strategy to be on the air, on the ground and on the phones. DFA and PCCC volunteers made 382,623 calls and contacted 101,663 voters. DFA ran three canvass offices with 108 canvassers in three key districts to recall Sheila Harsdorf (SD 10), Alberta Darling (SD 08), and Dan Kapanke (SD 32). DFA canvassers knocked on | 6,130,762 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
more than 100,000 doors in Wisconsin in six weeks.
During the Wisconsin Campaign DFA and PCCC ran five TV ads. WaronWorkingFamilies.com, www.RecalltheRepublicans.com, Luther Olsen vs. Poy Sippi Elementary School, Alberta Darling vs. 6 yr old Gabriel, Alberta Darling vs Her own Republican Voters.
Universal health care was the focus of most of DFA's activity after the 2008 presidential election. DFA believes that it is a travesty that currently 47 million Americans do not have health care. Over 14,000 lose their health insurance every day, and more than 44,000 Americans die each year. Because of this DFA has concentrated on promoting legislation that is designed to achieve universal coverage, | 6,130,763 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
mirroring the advocacy of the group's founder, Howard Dean. The organization launched a website, "Stand with Dr. Dean", to campaign for a reform of the American health care system with the creation of a public option. A petition on the website had gathered more than 400,000 signatures by November 2009.
DFA has also worked to restrict legislation from being passed that requires voters to present government-issued identification cards, birth certificates, and passports before they are allowed into the voting booth. The organization has at various times deemed the laws "excessive" and "Draconian," and has argued that the laws inhibit ordinary citizens from being able to enter the polling stations.
DFA | 6,130,764 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
favors legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. In 2009, the organization sent volunteers to Maine to campaign against Ballot Question 1, which nullified a same-sex marriage law passed by the state's legislature. In 2010, DFA worked with the Courage Campaign to push for the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", getting nearly 100,000 members to sign an open letter to President Obama and the nation's Senators.
In response to the Wall Street-driven financial crisis, DFA launched their "Move Your Money Campaign" with The Huffington Post and filmmaker Eugene Jarecki. The idea is to move money out of the big banks and into more community driven financial institutions.
In reaction to | 6,130,765 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, DFA introduced their "Boycott BP" initiative to get BP to make the clean-up effort in the gulf, rather than their bottom line, the company's #1 priority.
## Foreign policy issues.
Democracy for America favors the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq.
Before the invasion in March, 2003, Democracy for America members were outspoken critics of the war. Since then they have continued to fight against the war, with phone calls and letters to congress. In 2006 and 2008, they helped elect a new democratic majority congress, laying the groundwork to demand that American troops are withdrawn from Iraq.
Also in 2008, Democracy for America endorsed outspoken | 6,130,766 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Iraq war critic Barack Obama, who later went on to become the 44th President. In February 2009, President Obama stated unequivocally that American combat operations in Iraq will end no later than August 31, 2010.
## 2016 U.S. presidential election.
DFA endorsed Bernie Sanders in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, after he earned a record-breaking 87.9% of the vote in their online poll.
# Training and scholarships.
DFA members at both the national and local levels have participated in numerous training programs, intended to instruct prospective candidates on running a successful political campaign. DFA's main training initiative, called the "Campaign Academy", consists of 16 hours of interactive | 6,130,767 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
workshops that bring hundreds of local activists, campaign staff and candidates together for 2 days of intensive campaign training. Topics have included; online organizing, shutting down a campaign, canvassing and phonebanking, recruiting volunteers, how to increase voter turn out, developing a finance plan, sustaining your media presence, winning with social networks and building a grassroots army: volunteer recruitment.
"DFA Night School" is the organization's online training program. Each session is an hour-long interactive conference call and web presentation where trainees participate and ask questions.
## Netroots Nation Scholarship competition.
DFA also awards scholarships to progressive | 6,130,768 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
or liberal bloggers, known as the "Netroots Nation Scholarship". In 2010, DFA sent 60 online activists to Netroots Nation, held in Las Vegas, NV from July 22–25. Other sites for the Netroots Nation Convention have included Austin, TX in 2008 and Pittsburgh, PA in 2009.
# Dean Corps.
In 2010, DFA sent field organizers to progressive campaigns for a program called Dean Corps. Similar to Sen. Russ Feingold's Progressive Patriot corps, organizers represented an in-kind contribution to the recipient campaign. The goal is to hire, train and place field organizers on key progressive campaigns to get more real progressive Democrats elected in all 50 states at all levels of office.
# Social networking.
"DFA | 6,130,769 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
Community" was a political and social networking tool that allowed DFA members to meet like-minded people in their area, form groups and organize events. Members typically met on the first Wednesday of every month in organized groups around the country. DFA Community is currently listed as having over 600 online groups, with representation in every congressional district. While DFA members in local groups regularly implement the priorities of the national organization, DFA local groups are voluntary, autonomous, and not officially affiliated with the national organization. Some of DFA's most notable groups include East Bay for Democracy, Democracy for New Jersey, Philly For Change, DFA Columbia | 6,130,770 |
536694 | Democracy for America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy%20for%20America | Democracy for America
over 600 online groups, with representation in every congressional district. While DFA members in local groups regularly implement the priorities of the national organization, DFA local groups are voluntary, autonomous, and not officially affiliated with the national organization. Some of DFA's most notable groups include East Bay for Democracy, Democracy for New Jersey, Philly For Change, DFA Columbia (Missouri), and Democracy For New York City.
# See also.
- Howard Dean
- Jim Dean (DFA)
- Dean Dozen
- America Coming Together
# External links.
- Democracy for America
- Stand with Dr. Dean, health care reform site affiliated with Democracy for America.
- DFA-Link
- Blog for America | 6,130,771 |
536727 | Big Sandy Creek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Sandy%20Creek | Big Sandy Creek
Big Sandy Creek
Big Sandy Creek may refer to:
- Big Sandy Creek (Colorado), a tributary of the Arkansas River
- Big Sandy Creek (Montana), a tributary of the Milk River
- Big Sandy Creek (Sabine River tributary), a tributary in Texas
- Big Sandy Creek (Trinity River), a tributary in Texas
- Big Sandy Creek (Village Creek), a tributary in Texas
- Big Sandy Creek (Cheat River tributary), a tributary in West Virginia
- Big Sandy River (Wyoming) or Big Sandy Creek, a tributary of the Green River
- Big Sandy Creek (Illinois), a tributary of the Illinois River
# See also.
- Big Sandy River (disambiguation)
- Sandy Creek (disambiguation) | 6,130,772 |
536720 | Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Muddy%20Creek%20(Missouri%20River%20tributary) | Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary)
Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary)
Big Muddy Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 191 mi (307 km) long, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and the U.S. state of Montana. It flows through the Big Muddy Badlands.
It rises in southern Saskatchewan at Willow Bunch Lake, on the plains north of the international border and approximately 20 mi (32 km) northwest of Big Beaver. It flows southeast through the Big Muddy Badlands and through Big Muddy Lake, then south into Sheridan County, Montana, past Redstone, then east, past Plentywood, then south, forming the eastern border of Fort Peck Indian Reservation. It joins the Missouri west of Culbertson.
It was explored | 6,130,773 |
536720 | Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Muddy%20Creek%20(Missouri%20River%20tributary) | Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary)
Indian Reservation. It joins the Missouri west of Culbertson.
It was explored in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, who called it Martha's River in their journals and noticed on their return voyage in 1806 that it had changed its mouth on the Missouri.
Along with the Milk River and the Poplar River, it is one of three waterways in Canada that drain into the Gulf of Mexico.
# Variant names.
Big Muddy Creek has also been known as: Big Muddy River, Little Yellow River, Martha River, Martha's River, Marthas River, Marthy's River and Park River.
# See also.
- Missouri River
- List of rivers of Montana
- List of Saskatchewan rivers
# External links.
- Big Muddy Creek in Saskatchewan | 6,130,774 |
536737 | HMAS Townsville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMAS%20Townsville | HMAS Townsville
HMAS Townsville
Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS "Townsville", for the city of Townsville, Queensland.
- , a "Bathurst"-class corvette that was launched in 1941, served until 1946, and was scrapped in 1956
- , a "Fremantle"-class patrol boat launched in 1981, in service until 2007, and preserved as a museum ship
# Battle honours.
Ships named HMAS "Townsville" are entitled to carry three battle honours:
- Darwin 1942
- Pacific 1942–45
- New Guinea 1944 | 6,130,775 |
536736 | Big Sandy Creek (Montana) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big%20Sandy%20Creek%20(Montana) | Big Sandy Creek (Montana)
Big Sandy Creek (Montana)
Big Sandy Creek is a tributary of the Milk River, approximately 50 miles (80 kilometers) long, in northwestern Montana in the United States.
It rises in the southern Rocky Boys Indian Reservation in the Bears Paw Mountains and flows southwest, then north past Box Elder, then northeast, joined by Sage Creek, and joins the Milk approximately 10 mi (16 km) west of Havre.
# Variant names.
Big Sandy Creek has also been known as: Ahmi-Saptsiko, Sand Creek, and Un-es-putcha-eka.
# See also.
- List of rivers of Montana
- Montana Stream Access Law | 6,130,776 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
Trade association
A trade association, also known as an industry trade group, business association, sector association or industry body, is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry. An industry trade association participates in public relations activities such as advertising, education, political donations, lobbying and publishing, but its focus is collaboration between companies. Associations may offer other services, such as producing conferences, holding networking or charitable events, or offering classes or educational materials. Many associations are non-profit organizations governed by bylaws and directed by officers who are also members.
In | 6,130,777 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
countries with a social market economy, the role of trade associations is often taken by employers' organizations, which also take a role in social dialogue.
# Political influence.
One of the primary purposes of trade groups, particularly in the United States and to a similar but lesser extent elsewhere, is to attempt to influence public policy in a direction favorable to the group's members. It can take the form of contributions to the campaigns of political candidates and parties through Political Action Committees (PACs); contributions to "issue" campaigns not tied to a candidate or party; and lobbying legislators to support or oppose particular legislation. In addition, trade groups attempt | 6,130,778 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
to influence the activities of regulatory bodies.
In the United States, direct contributions by PACs to candidates are required to be disclosed to the Federal Election Commission or state and local election overseers; are considered public information; and have registration requirements for lobbyists. Even so, it can sometimes be difficult to trace the funding for issue and non-electoral campaigns.
# Publishing.
Almost all trade associations are heavily involved in publishing activities in print and online. The main media published by trade associations are as follows:
- Association website. The association's corporate website typically explains the association's aims and objectives, promotes | 6,130,779 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
the association's products and services, explains the benefits of membership to prospective members, and promotes members' businesses (for example, by means of an online listing of members and description of their businesses).
- Members newsletters or magazines. Whether produced in print or online, association newsletters and magazines contain news about the activities of the association, industry news and editorial features on topical issues. Some are exclusively distributed to members, while others are used to lobby lawmakers and regulators, and some are used to promote members' businesses to potential new customers.
- Printed membership directories and yearbooks. Larger trade associations | 6,130,780 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
publish membership directories and yearbooks to promote their association to opinion formers, lawmakers, regulators and other stakeholders. Such publications also help to promote members' businesses both to each other and to a wider audience. A typical membership directory contains profiles of each association member, a products and services guide, advertising from members, and editorial articles about the aims, objectives and activities of the association. The emphasis of association yearbooks on the other hand is on editorial features about the association itself and the association's industry.
The opportunity to be promoted in such media (whether by editorial or advertising) is often an | 6,130,781 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
important reason why companies join a trade association in the first place.
Examples of larger trade associations that publish a comprehensive range of media include European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) and the Confederation of British Industry (CBI).
# Generic advertising.
Industry trade groups sometimes produce advertisements, just as normal corporations do. However, whereas typical advertisements are for a specific corporate product, such as a specific brand of cheese or toilet paper, industry trade groups advertisements generally are targeted to promote the views of an entire industry.
## Ads to improve industry image.
These ads mention | 6,130,782 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
only the industry's products as a whole, painting them in a positive light in order to have the public form positive associations with that industry and its products. For example, in the USA the advertising campaign "Beef. It's what's for dinner" is used by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association to promote a positive image of beef in the public consciousness.
## Ads to shape opinion on a specific issue.
These are adverts targeted at specific issues. For example, in the USA in the early 2000s the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) began running advertisements before films that advocate against movie piracy over the Internet.
# Controversy.
A frequent criticism of trade associations | 6,130,783 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
is that, while they are not per se "profit-making" organizations, they are in reality fronts for cartels engaged in price-fixing, creating and maintaining barriers to entry of industry, and other subtle self-serving anti-competitive activities not in the public interest.
## Anti-competitive activity.
Jon Leibowitz, commissioner at the Federal Trade Commission in the United States, outlined the potentially anti-competitive nature of some trade association activity in a speech to the American Bar Association in Washington, D.C. in March 2005 called "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Trade Associations and Antitrust". For instance, he said, under the guise of "standard setting" trade associations | 6,130,784 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
representing the established players in an industry can set rules that make it harder for new companies to enter a market.
## Cartels.
In September 2007, the German trade association for Fachverband Verbindungs- und Befestigungstechnik (VBT) and five fastener companies were fined 303 million euros by the European Commission for operating cartels in the markets for fasteners and attaching machines in Europe and worldwide. In one of the cartels, the YKK Group, Coats plc, the Prym group, the Scovill group, A. Raymond, and Berning & Söhne "agreed [...] on coordinated price increases in annual 'price rounds' with respect to 'other fasteners' and their attaching machines, in the framework of work | 6,130,785 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
circles organised by VBT".
# Copyright trade groups.
- IFPI, the International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers, represents the recording industry worldwide, with over 1450 members in 75 countries and affiliated industry associations in 48 countries. The IFPI works in partnership with similar national organizations:
- Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) represents the recording industry in the United States
- ASINCOL, the Colombian Association of Phonograph Producers, Colombian music industry association
- Music Canada, formerly known as the Canadian Recording Industry Association is the non-profit trade organization representing the largest Canadian companies | 6,130,786 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
that create, manufacture and market sound recordings
- Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), non-profit trade association of producers and artists in New Zealand
- Mexican Association of Producers of Phonograms and Videograms (AMPROFON)
- Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) represents the film industry in the United States
- The Association of Japanese Animations (AJA), a group consisting of small to medium-sized intellectual property companies
- Business Software Alliance (BSA) promotes the intellectual property of software developers
- Entertainment Software Association (ESA) promotes the intellectual property of game developers in the United States
- British | 6,130,787 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
Phonographic Industry (BPI), UK music industry association. Founded the BRIT Awards, and give Gold, Silver and Platinum disks for UK-based sales
- Federation Against Copyright Theft (FACT) is the main UK anti-copyright infringement organization, mainly for films
- Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties in Australia
- Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
- Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)
- Russian Organization for Multimedia and Digital Systems (ROMS) organization on collective management of rights of authors and other rightholders in multimedia, | 6,130,788 |
536700 | Trade association | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade%20association | Trade association
Multimedia and Digital Systems (ROMS) organization on collective management of rights of authors and other rightholders in multimedia, digital networks and visual arts
- Anti Video Piracy Association of Singapore (AVPAS) for anime
- GEMA society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights in Germany
# See also.
- China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
- Guild
- Inter-professional association
- Professional association
# Further reading.
- The Swope Plan
- Garrelts, Frank: "Märkte im Umbruch – Kooperationen als Chance im Handel" ("Markets on the move – trade associations as a business opportunity"), München: Beck 1998, abstract in English available here | 6,130,789 |
536750 | Red Cliff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Cliff | Red Cliff
Red Cliff
Red Cliff or Red Cliffs may refer to:
- Chibi City, a city in Hubei, China, the name is translated as "Red Cliff(s)"
- Battle of Red Cliffs (208-209 AD), battle at the end of the Han Dynasty in China taking place in Chibi near modern Chibi City
- "Red Cliff" (Peking opera), a Peking opera play based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
- "Red Cliff" (film), 2008 Chinese film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
- Red Cliff, Colorado, a town in the United States
- Red Cliff Bridge
- Red Cliff, East Riding of Yorkshire, boulder clay cliff on the Humber estuary bank, archaeological site
- Red Cliff, Greenland, Robert Peary's base during his Second Greenland Expedition
- Red Cliffs, Victoria, | 6,130,790 |
536750 | Red Cliff | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red%20Cliff | Red Cliff
ed Cliff" (Peking opera), a Peking opera play based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
- "Red Cliff" (film), 2008 Chinese film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
- Red Cliff, Colorado, a town in the United States
- Red Cliff Bridge
- Red Cliff, East Riding of Yorkshire, boulder clay cliff on the Humber estuary bank, archaeological site
- Red Cliff, Greenland, Robert Peary's base during his Second Greenland Expedition
- Red Cliffs, Victoria, a town in Victoria, Australia
- Red Cliff, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the United States
- Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, a band of Ojibwe Indians in Wisconsin
# See also.
- Redcliff (disambiguation)
- Rotes Kliff ("Red Cliff") | 6,130,791 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
Downtown New Haven
Downtown New Haven is the neighborhood located in the heart of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. It is made up of the original nine squares laid out in 1638 to form New Haven, including the New Haven Green, and the immediate surrounding central business district, as well as a significant portion of the Yale University campus. The area includes many restaurants, cafes, theaters and stores. Downtown is bordered by Wooster Square to the east, Long Wharf to the southeast, the Hill neighborhood to the south, the Dwight neighborhood to the west, the Dixwell neighborhood to the northwest, the Prospect Hill area to the north, and East Rock to the northeast.
Downtown New Haven is | 6,130,792 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
one of the most residential downtown areas in the United States, with nearly 7,000 inhabitants. The expansion of housing options in recent years has helped support downtown businesses and has brought about a surge in economic activity. Secondary streets and areas at the periphery of the neighborhood that once contained vacant storefronts are now almost entirely leased to restaurants and retailers, and the office vacancy rate has dramatically fallen as well.
# Geography.
Downtown New Haven is divided into several independent sections centered on the New Haven Green. This basic structure is a remnant of the 1638 New Haven Plan. The main campus of Yale University, which is located to the north | 6,130,793 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
and east of the Green, is sometimes considered distinct from but intermingled with Downtown.
## Chapel Street.
The area bounded by Chapel and Crown Streets is a popular stretch of restaurants, boutiques and bars located across from the Old Campus of Yale University. Includes such historic establishments as Union League Cafe and the c. 1934 Owl Shop cigar lounge. The Anchor Bar, notable for its Art Moderne style and popularity with playwright Thornton Wilder, operated on College Street from the 1940s until 2015.
The area is largely coterminous with the Chapel Street Historic District. Notable buildings include the Hotel Taft and the Chapel Square Mall. The Yale University Art Gallery and Yale | 6,130,794 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
Center for British Art are also located here.
## Broadway.
The Broadway area is a commercial center that has since the 1990s been bought piece-by-piece by Yale University and redeveloped into "The Shops at Yale" shopping district. This section was previously notable as home of the Yankee Doodle Coffee Shop and Cutlers Records.
## Ninth Square.
The Ninth Square district, which contains the blocks southeast of the New Haven Green, has experienced a resurgence as a nightlife and arts district since the first decade of the 21st century.
The majority of buildings within these blocks are preserved as the Ninth Square Historic District.
## Whitney Avenue.
The Whitney Avenue corridor, north of | 6,130,795 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
the New Haven Green, contains shops and eateries that are primarily owned by Yale University and cater to its student population. This area serves as a center for New Haven's East Asian community, with several restaurants and grocery stores catering to this population and an annual Chinese New Year festival parading up Whitney Avenue.
# Notable sites.
- Center Church on the Green Crypt, the best-preserved burial ground in the country (because it lies underneath a church), with gravestones dating back to the mid-17th century that include numerous colonial luminaries.
- Chapel Street Historic District, an area southwest of the Green containing many shops, restaurants, night clubs, bars, art | 6,130,796 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
museums, theaters, and book stores. The district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and includes areas along Crown Street.
- Criterion Cinemas, a seven-screen movie theater showing first-run and international films.
- Grove Street Cemetery
- Harkness Tower
- Knights of Columbus Building
- Louis' Lunch Oldest hamburger restaurant still operating in U.S.
- New Haven City Hall
- New Haven County Courthouse
- New Haven Free Public Library
- New Haven Green
- Ninth Square Historic District, an NRHP-listed area of historic 19th and early 20th century commercial buildings, directly southeast of the Green. The area is also a special taxing district.
- Omni Hotel, | 6,130,797 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
a four-star high-rise hotel.
- Shubert Theatre
- Toad's Place (officially within the Dixwell neighborhood)
- Yale Center for British Art
- Yale Repertory Theatre
- Yale University Art Gallery
- Yale University's Old Campus
# Notable sites of the past.
- Chapel Square Mall (1967–2002). Now converted to luxury apartments; the first indoor shopping mall in the country to be converted as such.
- College Street Cinema
- College (Hyperion) Theater (1880–1998)
- The Edw. Malley Co. (1852–1982). Demolished in 1997 and scheduled for replacement by Gateway Community College.
- Kresge's. Converted into a parking garage.
- Macy's. Demolished in 2007. Scheduled for replacement by Gateway Community | 6,130,798 |
536713 | Downtown New Haven | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downtown%20New%20Haven | Downtown New Haven
y Gateway Community College.
- Kresge's. Converted into a parking garage.
- Macy's. Demolished in 2007. Scheduled for replacement by Gateway Community College.
- New Haven Arena (1914–1924, 1926-1972?)
- New Haven Coliseum (1972–2007). Razed and filled with a parking lot.
- Shartenberg's Department Store (1915–1962). Razed in 1964 as part of Mayor Richard C. Lee's redevelopment plans. For many years a parking lot, the site has been replaced by 360 State Street, a mixed-use development of high-rise condominiums, offices and apartments.
- York Square Cinema (1970–2005)
# See also.
- Oak Street Connector
- Link to current Downtown New Haven framework plan for development and discussion | 6,130,799 |
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