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2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
of . Of this area, or 37.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 58.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.1% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 52.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.0% is used for growing crops and 11.1% is pastures and 18.3% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.
The municipality is located on the first Jura ridge line above Pieterlen | 6,136,600 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
and the Aare valley.
On 31 December 2009 District de Courtelary, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.
# Coat of arms.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Gules a Tower embatteled Argent issuant from a Mount Vert and in a Chief of the second a Sparrow-Hawk displayed Azure."
# Demographics.
Romont has a population () of . , 9.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 4.7%. Migration accounted for 2.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 3.7%.
Most of the population () speaks | 6,136,601 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
French (104 or 52.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (81 or 41.1%) and Italian is the third (5 or 2.5%).
, the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 89 Swiss men (44.7% of the population) and 8 (4.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 91 Swiss women (45.7%) and 11 (5.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 70 or about 35.5% were born in Romont and lived there in 2000. There were 52 or 26.4% who were born in the same canton, while 41 or 20.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 18 or 9.1% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.1% of the population, while adults | 6,136,602 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
(20–64 years old) make up 60.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%.
, there were 68 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 114 married individuals, 10 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 13 households that consist of only one person and 5 households with five or more people. , a total of 76 apartments (82.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (7.6%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (9.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 15.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.9%.
The historical population is given in the following | 6,136,603 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
chart:
# Politics.
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 54.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (16.6%), the Green Party (9.6%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (6.6%). In the federal election, a total of 55 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 35.9%.
# Economy.
, Romont had an unemployment rate of 0.72%. , there were a total of 37 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 24 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 3 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business | 6,136,604 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
in this sector. 10 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 5 businesses in this sector.
, there were 14 workers who commuted into the municipality and 83 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 71.9% used a private car.
# Religion.
From the , 35 or 17.8% were Roman Catholic, while 117 or 59.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.03% of the population), and there were 4 individuals (or about 2.03% of the population) | 6,136,605 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
who belonged to another Christian church. 25 (or about 12.69% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 14 individuals (or about 7.11% of the population) did not answer the question.
# Education.
In Romont about 70 or (35.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 23 or (11.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 23 who completed tertiary schooling, 78.3% were Swiss men, 21.7% were Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower | 6,136,606 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 13 students attending classes in Romont. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 13 students in the municipality. Of the primary students, 30.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were 28 students in Romont who came from another municipality, while 18 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
# External | 6,136,607 |
2568917 | Romont, Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romont,%20Bern | Romont, Bern
d according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 13 students attending classes in Romont. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 13 students in the municipality. Of the primary students, 30.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were 28 students in Romont who came from another municipality, while 18 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
# External links.
- Website of the municipality of Romont | 6,136,608 |
2568957 | Khnumhotep | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khnumhotep | Khnumhotep
Khnumhotep
Khnumhotep (alt. Khnumhotpe, Khnemhotpe) is an ancient Egyptian personal theophoric name which may refers to:
- Khnumhotep, an "Overseer of the Manicurists" under pharaoh Nyuserre (5th Dynasty), famous for his tomb shared with Niankhkhnum
- Khnumhotep I, a nomarch under pharaoh Amenemhat I (12th Dynasty)
- Khnumhotep II, a nomarch under pharaoh Amenemhat II and Senusret II (12th Dynasty), and grandson of Khnumhotep I
- Khnumhotep III, a vizier under pharaohs Senusret II and Senusret III (12th Dynasty), and son of Khnumhotep II
- Khnumhotep IV, a nomarch, son and successor of Khnumhotep II and brother of Khnumhotep III | 6,136,609 |
2568946 | Arthur Herbert Copeland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Herbert%20Copeland | Arthur Herbert Copeland
Arthur Herbert Copeland
Arthur Herbert Copeland (June 22, 1898 Rochester, New York – July 6, 1970) was an American mathematician. He graduated from Harvard University in 1926 and taught at Rice University and the University of Michigan. His main interest was in the foundations of probability.
He worked with Paul Erdős on the Copeland-Erdős constant. His son, Arthur Herbert Copeland, Jr., is also a mathematician.
# Selected works.
- with Paul Erdős:
- with Frank Harary: | 6,136,610 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
FC Nordsjælland
Football Club Nordsjælland, commonly known as FC Nordsjælland, Nordsjælland () or FCN, is a professional Danish football team from the North Zealand town of Farum. Founded as "Farum Boldklub" from the merger of the town's two football clubs Farum IK and Stavnsholt BK in 1991, the club changed its name to FC Nordsjælland in 2003.
FCN plays in the Danish Superliga, winning its first medal in the 2002–03 season, taking third place. Since then, the "Wild Tigers" have made four appearances in Europe under both the old UEFA Cup format in 2003–04, 2008–09 and in the UEFA Europa League during the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons. In 2010, the club won its first Danish Cup and successfully | 6,136,611 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
defended it the following year in 2011, beating Midtjylland in both finals. FCN won the 2011-12 Danish Superliga in May 2012 which qualified the team to participate in the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League.
Nordsjælland plays its home matches at Right to Dream Park, which has a capacity of 10,100 of which 9,800 seating and 300 standing spectators. The club is known for focusing on youth and talent development. Their playing style is often referred to as aggressive and attacking minded football, where they play a 4–2–3–1 system.
# History.
## Farum BK (1991–2003).
Established on 1 January 1991, from the merger of two football clubs, Farum Idræts Klub (formed in 1910) and Stavnsholt Boldklub af | 6,136,612 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
1974, both from the then Farum municipality (now consolidated with Værløse as the Furesø municipality), Farum BK would become one of the few merger success stories in Danish football, but not without controversy. The club was an initiative local Farum residence and of then local mayor Peter Brixtofte, whom took a personal interest in the club, as well as garnered sponsorship for the team. The club kit colours became a combination of the two merged clubs, the red and white of Stavnsholt with the yellow and blue of F.I.K. combined into a kit with yellow and red striped shirts and dark blue shorts and socks, which is still used in some form to this day. Colours were not the only thing the newly | 6,136,613 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
formed club inherited, as Thomas Andreasen who had been with Stavnsholt BK was carried over into the new Farum squad, Andreasen would go on to make a record 295 appearances, playing from the Denmark Series all the way to the Danish Superliga, until his departure from the club in 2007.
Farum BK was placed in the second group of the Denmark Series, the fourth tier in the Danish football pyramid, though it gained promotion to the first group after the club's maiden season. Jørgen Andersen, a former goalkeeper for Hvidovre, took over as the club's first head coach in 1992; the club stayed in the Denmark Series first group for six years. Under the guidance of manager Jørgen Tideman, who took over | 6,136,614 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
in 1994, Farum qualified for promotion into the 2nd Division in the 1997–98 season and subsequently turned professional for the first time in club history.
Farum's first full season as a professional club was a fruitful one, edging out Aalborg Chang and Skive to fifth place by one point, gaining promotion for the second time in two years into the 1st Division. The club's meteoric rise was slowed at first with the new challenge of playing in the Danish second tier, though it was not stopped however, ending the 1999–2000 campaign with a respectable eighth-place finish, winning the same number of games as it lost. Farum, however, remained unable to make any sort of impact in the Danish Cup, having | 6,136,615 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
lost in the first round for the last three years since making its debut in the tournament in the 1997–98 season. The following year saw some progression in both the league and cup, improving on the previous year's finish by finishing fifth, three spots and nine points behind second-placed promotion winners Vejle, as well as breaking out of the first round of the Danish Cup to eventually fall to Fremad Amager in the third round following a 2–1 loss.
With the 2001–02 season, unconventional coach Christian Andersen was brought in to manage the team, building on the gradual footholds the club had been making in the 1st Division. Jeppe Tengbjerg played a pivotal role, brought in from B.93 the previous | 6,136,616 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
year; he scored 16 goals, becoming Farum's top goalscorer of the season and third overall in the league. The team went on to earn promotion into the Superliga after finishing in second place, 11 points clear of third-placed Sønderjylland, one point behind first-place winners Køge, scoring a team total of 69 goals, the highest that season and losing only four games.
Farum's 2002–03 appearance in the top flight of Danish football would be its first and last under the Farum BK name. it ended the season in third place, thus qualifying for the UEFA Cup for the first time in its history. The club's achievement, however, was overshadowed by the controversy involving Peter Brixtofte, who had helped | 6,136,617 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
form and fund the club, with deals involving his municipality deliberately overpaying for welfare services bought from private companies who in return would sponsor the Farum football team. Brixtofte was forced to step down as chairman and the club became close to bankruptcy.
## FC Nordsjælland (2003–present).
In March 2003, Farum BK was bought by AKP Holding, the holdings company of local businessman Allan K. Pedersen, and in an effort to distance the club from the Brixtofte scandal, Farum BK was re-branded as FC Nordsjælland, named after the North Zealand (Danish: Nordsjælland) region to clarify the club was to represent both the region as well as the town in which the club is based. To | 6,136,618 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
reinforce the status as a regional team, a network of local football clubs from the surrounding area was created, consisting of around 66 teams, with the aim to highlight young talent in the region and bring it to national attention via FC Nordsjælland. The network is known as Fodbold Samarbejde Nordsjælland (FSN).
The club's second year in the Superliga, first as Nordsjælland, struggled to improve on the previous year's outing. With its worst goal difference since turning professional, not one FCN player ended in the top ten goal scorers, fighting to avoid relegation for most of the season, ending the campaign in ninth place. The "Wild Tiger" fans, however, were rewarded with European football | 6,136,619 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
with the club's first appearance in the UEFA Cup; it beat Armenian team Shirak 6–0 on aggregate in the qualifying round, but were eliminated in the first round by Greek team Panionios. Christian Andersen was sacked at the end of the 2003–04 season, replaced by Johnny Petersen as head coach.
The following two years under Johnny Petersen were spent avoiding relegation, with no success to speak of in either the Superliga or Danish Cup. Petersen's reign was not completely amiss, as he was noted for creating a good young team and the emergence of players Mads Junker and Anders Due. For the 2006–07 season, Morten Wieghorst was promoted from assistant to head coach, a position the former Celtic player | 6,136,620 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
would retain for five years.
Wieghorst's first dilemma in charge of FCN was to fill the gap left by top scorer Mads Junker, sale to Dutch side Vitesse the previous winter. Morten Nordstrand came in on a free from nearby Lyngby after scoring 29 goals in the 1st Division that previous season. Nordstrand would go on to make an instant impact, topping the goal scorers charts for the first half of the 2006–07 season and earning himself a call up to the Denmark national team. Helping the club to a fifth-place finish, Nordstrand ended the season with 18 goals after appearing in every league match that season. Danish champions Copenhagen purchased the player at the end of the season for a then record | 6,136,621 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
15 million Danish kroner, becoming the largest transfer fee ever paid for a player between two Danish clubs.
With lower-than-average attendance and issues still arising from the Brixtofte scandal, chairman Allan Kim Pedersen confirmed there had been discussions to move the club north to Hillerød, where it would be able expand to other sports such as ice hockey and basketball. The move, however, never materialized.
Nordsjælland would find itself in a similar position the following season, again having sold its star striker Martin Bernburg to Copenhagen. The team only managed a ninth-place finish, yet qualified for the UEFA Cup for the second time via the UEFA Respect Fair Play rankings. 2008–09 | 6,136,622 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
would become a good year for the "Wild Tigers" in terms of cup competitions, making it to the quarter-finals in the Danish Cup for the second time in its history, and improving on its previous European outing with wins over TVMK Tallinn and Queen of the South, though later being knocked out by Greek side Olympiacos 0–7 aggregate.
In October 2008, Allan K. Pedersen sold FC Nordsjælland from AKP Holding to himself for a reported 500,000 Danish kroner, shortly before his holding company went bankrupt, a price Pedersen, however, denies. Following an investigation from his creditors, it was found that the sale was forced through without the bank's consent, and that the value for which the club was | 6,136,623 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
sold was too low, which ultimate reduced the finances the creators received for the sale. FCN was reevaluated to be worth 35 million kroner at the time of sale. The case has gone to the Supreme Court and is yet to be resolved; it speculated that it could take one-to-four years.
The 2009–10 season saw Nordsjælland lift its first trophy, the Danish Cup. FCN was not drawn against another Superliga team until the quarter-final meeting with Silkeborg, where it won 3–1 in extra time. The team would go on to face Midtjylland in Nordsjælland's first cup final, winning in extra time 2–0 with goals from new signing Nicolai Stokholm and Bajram Fetai, and qualifying for European competition in the newly | 6,136,624 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
remodeled UEFA Europa League. The team would repeat this feat the following season, facing Midtjylland once again in the finals of the Danish Cup and winning the trophy for the second time with a 3–2 win. This would be Morten Wieghorst's last trophy with the "Wild Tigers", however; he moved to manage the Denmark under-21 national team at the end of the 2010–11 campaign.
Kasper Hjulmand was named Wieghorst's successor in June 2011, promoted from the coaching staff. In preparation for the 2011–12 season, the former Lyngby head coach brought in two Danish internationals in Mikkel Beckmann (from relegated Randers) and Patrick Mtiliga )on a free from Málaga). FCN sought to improve on the previous | 6,136,625 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
season's sixth-place finish and to defend its Danish Cup title for the second year running. It would go on to play in the Europa League for second year in a row, exiting the competition in the third qualifying round after losing to Sporting CP 2–1 aggregate, which had also eliminated Nordsjælland from Europe the previous season.
FCN started the new season in good form, peaking as high as second in the Superliga, and an undefeated run at home in all competitions until the 30 October, including an impressive 0–0 draw with Portuguese side Sporting CP, making the start of the 2011–12 campaign one of its best starts in recent years. For the first time in club history, a total of five players were | 6,136,626 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
called up to the Denmark national team to face Sweden and Finland in November: Mikkel Beckmann, Andreas Bjelland and debutantes Tobias Mikkelsen, Jesper Hansen and Jores Okore. FCN ended the season as Superliga champions for the first time in its history.
In 2012–13, for the first time FCN participated in the UEFA Champions League, where it was drawn into a difficult group alongside defending champions Chelsea, Serie A champions Juventus and Ukrainian Premier League champions Shakhtar Donetsk. FCN played all its home matches at the Danish national stadium, Parken. It gained one point from the group stage – playing 1–1 against Juventus at home thanks to a direct free-kick goal from Mikkel Beckmann. | 6,136,627 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
In the last group match, a controversial goal became the talking point of the match, where Shakhtar Donetsk forward Luiz Adriano scored after a fair play situation to level the score; he received a one match ban from UEFA after the match.
# Players.
## Retired numbers.
- 26 – Jonathan Richter (2005–09)
## Club captains.
Since 2001, seven players have held the position as club captain for Farum BK or FC Nordsjælland. The first recorded captain was Michael Elbæk. All recorded captains to date have been of Danish nationality. The captain to have lifted the most trophies for FCN is Nicolai Stokholm, who won the Danish Cup on two occasions. Stokholm is also the current and longest-serving captain, | 6,136,628 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
having taken over from Henrik Kildentoft when the former arrived at the club in 2009.
# Stadium.
Nordsjælland plays its home matches in Right to Dream Park, which has a capacity of 10,100 attendances (9,800 seated). The stadium is the first in Denmark with artificial turf.
# Club officials.
- Administration
- "Chairmen:" Tom Vernon
- "Financial director:" Carsten Pedersen
- "Administration management:" Ole Palmå
- "Commercial director:" Hanne Rolighed
- "Sporting director:" Carsten V. Jensen
- "Technical director:" Flemming Pedersen
- "Sporting administration:" Michael Nyegaard
- "Media officer:" Kristoffer Skadhauge
- "Head of youth department:" Kenneth Rasmussen
- "FCN academy | 6,136,629 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
leader:" Jan Laursen
- "FCN affiliate clubs:" Dan Pedersen
- Coaching and medical staff
- "Head coach:" Kasper Hjulmand
- "Assistant manager:" Søren Krogh
- "Assistant manager:"
- "Fitness coach:" Mathias Zangenberg
- "Goalkeeping coach:" Pablo Moreno
- "Head team Assistant:" Jacob Schwabe
- "Physiotherapists:" Jacob Penalver & Joachim Dilling
- "Doctor:" Jesper Petersen
- "Dietician:" Lars Skotte
# Honours.
- Danish Superliga:
- 1st Division:
- Zealand Series:
- Danish Cup:
- La Manga Cup:
# FC Nordsjælland in European competition.
"Last update: 22 August 2018"
FC Nordsjælland's first competitive European match was on August 14, 2003, in the 2003-04 UEFA Cup, beating Shirak | 6,136,630 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
F.C. 4-0 at home. In total, the club has participated in European competitions in seven different seasons, reaching as far as the Group stage of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League. However, they have never qualified for the group stage after starting from a qualifying round.
# Fodbold Samarbejde Nordsjælland.
The Fodbold Samarbejde Nordsjælland ("Football Cooperation North Zealand or FSN" in short) is a network of affiliated clubs headed by FC Nordsjælland, in which to highlight talent, youth development, cooperation and community in the North Zealand region. Where clubs participating receive benefits from FCN such as loan moves, friendlies, tickets to games, merchandise, coach visits, training | 6,136,631 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
camps and coaching courses. In return, FC Nordsjælland get access to a large scouting network of youth players, which has helped develop many young talent to become youth internationals, who have gone on to play professionally in the Danish Superliga and beyond. FSN has also played an important role in the attendance rise in Farum Park.
## Affiliated clubs.
- Allerød FK
- Alsønderup IF
- Ålholm Fodbold
- Ølsted IF
- Ølstykke FC
- Ballerup IF
- BFC Lundegården
- Blistrup SI
- Brødeskov IF
- Blovstrød IF
- BSV
- Dalby IF
- Dragør BK
- Døllefjelde Musse IF
- Elite 3000
- Espergærde IF
- FA 2000
- Farum BK
- Faxe Ladeplads IF
- FC Holte
- FC Jonstrup
- FIF Hillerød
- Frederikssund | 6,136,632 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
IK
- Frem Hellebæk
- G77 Gundsømagle
- Gilleleje FK
- Gørløse SI
- Grantoften IF
- Græsted IF
- Gundsølille IF
- Gundsømagle 77
- Gurre IK
- Hasle IF
- Hørsholm-Usserød IK
- Helsinge Fodbold
- Helsingør IF
- Hillerød GI
- Hornbæk IF
- Humlebæk BK
- Hundested IK
- IF Skjold Birkerød
- IS Skævinge
- Jyllinge FC
- Jægersborg BK
- Kalundborg GB
- Karlebo IF
- KBK Hillerød
- Kirke Hyllinge IF
- Kirke Værløse IF
- KFUMs Boldklub Roskilde
- Kr. Værløse IF
- Lolland-Falster Alliancen
- Lynge Uggeløse IF
- Måløv BK
- NB Bornholm
- Nordstevns GI
- Nødebo IF
- Nivå Kokkedal FK
- Oppe Sundby IF
- ORI Fodbold
- Raklev GI
- Ramløse Fodbold
- Skovshoved IF
- Slangerup | 6,136,633 |
2568815 | FC Nordsjælland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC%20Nordsjælland | FC Nordsjælland
ngør IF
- Hillerød GI
- Hornbæk IF
- Humlebæk BK
- Hundested IK
- IF Skjold Birkerød
- IS Skævinge
- Jyllinge FC
- Jægersborg BK
- Kalundborg GB
- Karlebo IF
- KBK Hillerød
- Kirke Hyllinge IF
- Kirke Værløse IF
- KFUMs Boldklub Roskilde
- Kr. Værløse IF
- Lolland-Falster Alliancen
- Lynge Uggeløse IF
- Måløv BK
- NB Bornholm
- Nordstevns GI
- Nødebo IF
- Nivå Kokkedal FK
- Oppe Sundby IF
- ORI Fodbold
- Raklev GI
- Ramløse Fodbold
- Skovshoved IF
- Slangerup og Omegns IF
- Slangslunde-Ganløse IF
- Snekkersten IF
- Store Lyngby IF
- Tikøb IF
- Uvelse IF
- Værløse BK
- Vejby-Tisvilde Fodbold
# External links.
- Official website
- F.C. Nordsjælland at UEFA | 6,136,634 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
Stroker & Hoop
Stroker & Hoop is an American Adobe Flash animated television series on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. The series is a parody of buddy cop films and television series such as "Starsky & Hutch", and stars the voices of Jon Glaser as Stroker and Timothy "Speed" Levitch as Hoop. It contains the talking car element of the 1982 series "Knight Rider", in "C.A.R.R.", voiced by Paul Christie. The names of the lead characters may be based on two Burt Reynolds characters, from "Stroker Ace" and "Hooper".
"Stroker and Hoop" premiered on August 1, 2004, and ended on December 25, 2005, with 13 episodes.
# Plot.
Stroker and Hoop are a pair of private investigators | 6,136,635 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
from Los Angeles, who act and dress as if it is still the 1970s. In spite of each man's high opinion of himself, they're both completely inept losers: Stroker fancies himself a suave ladies man, but is generally unpopular and perceived by virtually every woman he meets as a repulsive chauvinist; and Hoop considers himself a crime-solving ace and master of disguise, when in fact he's a gullible nerd and all of his disguises are failures. Their only "advantage" over their competition is C.A.R.R., a talking AMC Pacer with its own neurotic personality. Because of their abysmal track record and less-than-stellar capabilities, the two men eke out livings solving crimes for people who can't afford | 6,136,636 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
to hire more competent detectives. Invariably, their attempts to solve a crime result in bloodshed, violence, and thousands of dollars worth of property damage.
A recurring plot point of the series was to take myths and fantasies (such as mind control and Santa Claus) and make them real in an otherwise ordinary setting. Stroker often doubts the existence of these occurrences.
# Characters.
- John Strockmeyer, aka Stroker (Jon Glaser) - An ex-mattress salesman turned private investigator, Stroker is largely apathetic to his job; he only enjoys it because it allows him to shoot people, and because it brings him into contact with dozens of promiscuous women on a daily basis (Although those women | 6,136,637 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
usually want nothing to do with him). Although he considers himself an excellent detective and suave ladies' man, Stroker is actually a failure and a deadbeat; his wife left him and gained sole custody of their son, Keith, and Stroker's own incompetence and negligence resulted in his former partner, Jermaine, is murdered while working a case (Stroker borrowed the magazine from Jermaine's gun and forgot to tell him). Once in a while, Stroker will have a moment of being a genuine detective (such as successfully deducing the plot behind the lottery ring run by the ghosts of Christmas past (Jermaine), present and future), although these moments are incredibly rare. An incompetent detective, Stroker | 6,136,638 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
often meets with opportunities while on a case that would provide a more lucrative career. An advertising campaign pitched for a fabric softener was chosen over others to be shown during the Super Bowl. In another instance, despite being brainwashed, Stroker and Hoop were part of an insanely popular pornographic video series.
- Hoop Schwartz (Speed Levitch) - Stroker's ever-optimistic and nerdy partner. Although he considers himself brilliant and a master of disguise, Hoop is bare of average intelligence (though Stroker is no genius himself), and his disguises are poorly conceived and do nothing to hide his face. Unlike Stroker, Hoop is a detective because he loves the line of work. However, | 6,136,639 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
Hoop eventually reveals that he has never fired a gun with the intent to actually hit his target, that he always aimed and fired above the target's head. In a bit of dramatic irony, Stroker, who spends most of his time trying to bed women, fails miserably at it, while Hoop, who most often comes across as asexual, often finds himself having sex with gorgeous women who throw themselves at him (usually for their own selfish needs). At one point he gains ninja skills, but as revealed in a later episode, they 'rusted' from disuse. When he isn't solving crimes, Hoop lives with his elderly mother and participates in dinner theatre.
- C.A.R.R. (Paul Christie) - Stroker and Hoop's primary mode of transportation, | 6,136,640 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
C.A.R.R. is a talking car that was state-of-the-art twenty years ago. He enjoys talk radio and car washes, perhaps a little too much. He is also vengeful, paranoid, a bit racist, and often demonstrates effeminate behavior and, in spite of his otherwise masculine personality. He is a parody of Michael Knight's car KITT from "Knight Rider" and the name "C.A.R.R." is a parody of "K.A.R.R.", KITT's "evil" prototype. C.A.R.R. is painted to somewhat resemble the Ford Torino from "Starsky & Hutch".
- Double Wide (Curtis Armstrong) - Ostensibly C.A.R.R.'s creator. A mechanic who spends his copious free time inventing bizarre things. He is a pornography connoisseur and can speak Spanish. Despite the | 6,136,641 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
fact that Stroker owes him countless thousands of dollars, Double Wide remains loyal to Stroker and Hoop out of a sense of duty (Stroker used to sell mattresses with Double Wide's brother).
- Coroner Rick (Gary Anthony Williams) - The county coroner on the show, who often serves as a source of information for the main characters. Coroner Rick is a good friend of Stroker and Hoop, and even willing to hide evidence that would get them tried for murder. He has a knack for making crude jokes from an otherwise unfortunate and tragic event, sometimes with the victim still conscious. Rick occasionally solves the actual crime in the episode but is generally fine with Stroker and Hoop taking the credit.
- | 6,136,642 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
Keith (Mary Birdsong) - Stroker's 10-year-old son. Lives with his mother, Angel Jimenez and has a strained relationship with Stroker who mixes attention with sheer neglect, resulting in moments where Keith genuinely loathes him. Keith has demonstrated bravery, such as standing up to a murderous ninja.
# Episodes.
## Planned conclusion.
Following the show's cancellation, creators Casper and Jeff made a posting to the Adult Swim blog outlining what would have happened in the second-season premiere. The episode would have opened with the revelation that Stroker and Hoop died in the crash and were sent to the afterlife; Hoop, specifically, was sent to a section of Hell reserved for lettuce, on | 6,136,643 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
a technicality. C.A.R.R.'s brain and one hubcap survived the crash. Double Wide also survived the crash but ended up in the burn ward of the hospital, where he received visions of Stroker and Hoop in the afterlife. Trying to save them, Double Wide with Keith's help puts himself on ice to temporarily "kill" himself, but is stopped by doctors at the last minute. To save Stroker and Hoop, Double Wide shoots himself and Coroner Rick. The two men then travel to the afterlife where they meet Stroker's father, a janitor in limbo, and Suko from episode six. A series of events leads to the death of God. God's temporary absence from Heaven – a technicality stipulates that it takes 20 minutes for God's | 6,136,644 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
soul to return to Heaven – allows all the main characters, including Stroker's father, to return to Earth along with a large number of others who were also in Heaven.
# Cancellation.
In February 2006, Les Harper, head animator on the show, announced via AdultSwim.com that the show has not been greenlit for a second season and will therefore not continue, leaving the show on a cliffhanger ending. It was stated by the creators both on the Adult Swim message board and the employee blog. The blog entry was on February 10. The creators will continue to work with Williams Street regardless of the cancellation. Reruns of the existing episodes occasionally air on Adult Swim, and previously ran on | 6,136,645 |
2568938 | Stroker & Hoop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroker%20&%20Hoop | Stroker & Hoop
lso in Heaven.
# Cancellation.
In February 2006, Les Harper, head animator on the show, announced via AdultSwim.com that the show has not been greenlit for a second season and will therefore not continue, leaving the show on a cliffhanger ending. It was stated by the creators both on the Adult Swim message board and the employee blog. The blog entry was on February 10. The creators will continue to work with Williams Street regardless of the cancellation. Reruns of the existing episodes occasionally air on Adult Swim, and previously ran on Teletoon.
# Home media.
Although "Stroker & Hoop" has never been released on DVD, all thirteen episodes are available on iTunes.
# References.
Notes | 6,136,646 |
2568958 | WDEQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDEQ-FM | WDEQ-FM
WDEQ-FM
WDEQ-FM (91.7 FM) is an educational radio station in DeGraff, Ohio, United States. The station is owned by the Riverside Local Board of Education in Logan County.
# History.
WDEQ-FM signed on the air on June 4, 1969, three days after the first FM radio station in Logan County, WPKO-FM which was then known as WOGM-FM, a sister station to the former WOHP (AM), subsequently WTOO (AM) and currently WBLL (AM). The station broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 100 watts according to FCC records and the Radio-Locator website (see below).
The original WDEQ first took to the air at 91.1 MHz as a ten watt operation before moving to its current frequency. For most of its history, WDEQ | 6,136,647 |
2568958 | WDEQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDEQ-FM | WDEQ-FM
has operated only throughout the curricular school year during normal class times with the exception of Riverside High School sports coverage and some occasional specialty programs in the evening, as is the case with many high school-owned stations with a student air staff. Prior to WDEQ's move to its current frequency, WDEQ operated briefly at 103.1 MHz to avoid interference to and/or from the audio signal of WSYX-TV (formerly WTVN-TV) in Columbus (see reference below) and its proximity to neighboring WYSO 91.3 in Yellow Springs. WUHS at Urbana High School in Urbana, Ohio (defunct since 1989) operated with ten watts at 91.7 FM. After WUHS went dark, the 91.7 frequency was applied for by the | 6,136,648 |
2568958 | WDEQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDEQ-FM | WDEQ-FM
local school district. As all analog television station transmitters left the air in June 2009 in favor of digital channels (including WSYX) interference from Channel 6 is no longer an issue.
After a few weeks hiatus of being off the air, WDEQ-FM returned to the air on Tuesday October 28, 2008 at first with a big band format and then beginning in 2009 with an oldies format, operating with extended hours during the curricular school year. WDEQ was also operating with reduced power using its secondary transmitter, while its main transmitter was awaiting repairs. Its studio and transmitter are still located at Riverside High School. For a brief time, WDEQ operated at 103.1 in the early 1990s when | 6,136,649 |
2568958 | WDEQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDEQ-FM | WDEQ-FM
the former WUHS frequency became available.
The Riverside Board of Education continues to own the station, but is currently off the air since March 2010 for unknown reasons. From October 2008 until March 2010, WDEQ was programmed and managed by Gene Kirby on behalf of its owner. He also programs WRPO-LP, 93.5 MHz in Russells Point on behalf of its owner, the Village of Russells Point which formerly aired a format of big band and adult standards before it switched to smooth jazz in March 2008. In May 2009, WRPO announced a change to an oldies format. WDEQ under the branding "Q-91,7 FM" likewise aired a similar continuous oldies format during school times from October 2009 until March 2010
but | 6,136,650 |
2568958 | WDEQ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDEQ-FM | WDEQ-FM
he branding "Q-91,7 FM" likewise aired a similar continuous oldies format during school times from October 2009 until March 2010
but aired no announcements or other programs.
WDEQ remains a non-commercial and educational radio station, so no commercial announcements are aired. However donations by listeners and underwriting by local businesses are encouraged. To this day, WDEQ remains off the air and is not known at this time when it will return to the air.
WVXU 91.7 in Cincinnati can be received in some areas outside of WDEQ's 100 watt signal on some high quality car radios.
# External links.
- WDEQ information from REC Networks site
- Official Website
- Riverside High School website | 6,136,651 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
Sonvilier
Sonvilier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ("Jura Bernois").
# History.
Sonvilier is first mentioned in 1298 as "Sunuilier". In 1307 it was mentioned as "Sonvelier".
Erguel Castle, now in ruins, was built south-east of the village in the 11th century. The castle was the center of government for the lands that the Lords of Arguel (or Erguel) ruled. In 1264 Otto von Erguel, who at the time lived in Basel, ceded the lands to the Prince-Bishop of Basel. In return the bishop granted him lands in Alsace. Under the Prince-Bishop the Erguel lands, including Sonvilier, became | 6,136,652 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
part of the seigniory of Erguel. During the 13th and 14th century a local noble family was mentioned in Sonvilier. During the 16th century the municipality was the largest in the Erguel and was home to a half dozen mills that were held in fief to the Prince-Bishop of Basel.
After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Sonvilier became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Sonvilier was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.
Two social movements of the 19th century originated in Sonvilier. In 1843 Fritz Marchand founded the philanthropist | 6,136,653 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
L'Union Society. Nearly three decades later, in 1871, a chapter of the "Fédération jurassienne" (Jura Federation), a federalist and anarchist section of the International Workingmen's Association, was formed in the village. The Jura Federation leader, Mikhail Bakunin, held three conferences in the village during 1871.
Religiously it was part of the parish of Saint-Imier. A Reformed parish church was built in the village in 1832. A Mennonite chapel was built in La Chaux-d'Abel in 1905.
During the 18th and 19th centuries the local economy grew with small scale home work watchmaking and lace making. A number of small workshops provided watch parts for final assembly in other towns in the region. | 6,136,654 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
The financial crises of the 1930s and 1970s hit the watch making industry hard and many workshops went out of business. In 2005, only 9% of the jobs in the municipality are in manufacturing, while almost half are in agriculture.
In 1874 the completion of the Biel-Les Convers railroad connected Sonvilier into the national rail network. In 1895, the canton acquired the Le Pré aux Boeuf farm and converted it into a boys boarding school. In 1931 they converted the school into a home for people in need.
# Geography.
Sonvilier has an area of . Of this area, or 60.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 34.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 4.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or | 6,136,655 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
0.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.2% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.9%. Out of the forested land, 28.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.1% is used for growing crops and 34.5% is pastures and 23.1% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality is located above the Suze river valley in the Bernese Jura. It consists of the "haufendorf" village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Sonvilier, | 6,136,656 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
the hamlet of La Chaux-d'Abel as well as scattered farm houses on the slopes of the Montagne du Droit and the Montagne de l'Envers.
On 31 December 2009 District de Courtelary, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.
# Coat of arms.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Gules a Banderole Argent in bend."
# Demographics.
Sonvilier has a population () of . , 9.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 9.7%. Migration accounted for 4.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 6.2%.
Most | 6,136,657 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
of the population () speaks French (889 or 76.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (205 or 17.7%) and Italian is the third (22 or 1.9%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.
, the population was 51.9% male and 48.1% female. The population was made up of 540 Swiss men (45.8% of the population) and 72 (6.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 524 Swiss women (44.4%) and 44 (3.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 365 or about 31.5% were born in Sonvilier and lived there in 2000. There were 299 or 25.8% who were born in the same canton, while 309 or 26.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 135 or 11.7% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children | 6,136,658 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.2%.
, there were 469 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 538 married individuals, 71 widows or widowers and 80 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 161 households that consist of only one person and 31 households with five or more people. , a total of 449 apartments (74.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 85 apartments (14.0%) were seasonally occupied and 71 apartments (11.7%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.65%.
The historical population is given in the following | 6,136,659 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
chart:
# Heritage sites of national significance.
The Ferme De La Grande Coronelle (Grande Coronelle Farm) is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
# Politics.
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 30% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (20.7%), the Green Party (12%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (8%). In the federal election, a total of 249 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 30.3%.
# Economy.
, Sonvilier had an unemployment rate of 2.57%. , there were a total of 269 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 119 people | 6,136,660 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
employed in the primary economic sector and about 45 businesses involved in this sector. 24 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 126 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 26 businesses in this sector. There were 536 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.0% of the workforce.
, there were 78 workers who commuted into the municipality and 346 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 5.1% of the workforce coming into Sonvilier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the | 6,136,661 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
working population, 10.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 61% used a private car.
# Religion.
From the , 247 or 21.3% were Roman Catholic, while 627 or 54.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.17% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 178 individuals (or about 15.37% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 4 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who were Jewish, and 17 (or about 1.47% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist. 129 (or about 11.14% | 6,136,662 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 40 individuals (or about 3.45% of the population) did not answer the question.
# Education.
In Sonvilier about 406 or (35.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 91 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 91 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.9% were Swiss men, 24.2% were Swiss women, 8.8% were non-Swiss men.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students | 6,136,663 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 110 students attending classes in Sonvilier. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 27 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 7.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 14.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 4 primary classes and 83 students. Of the primary students, 1.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 31.3% have a different mother | 6,136,664 |
2568937 | Sonvilier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonvilier | Sonvilier
oom language. The municipality had 4 primary classes and 83 students. Of the primary students, 1.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 31.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 34 students in Sonvilier who came from another municipality, while 110 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Sonvilier is home to the "Bibliothèque communale et scolaire de Sonvilier" library. The library has () 11,422 books or other media, and loaned out 12,898 items in the same year. It was open a total of 90 days with average of 4 hours per week during that year.
# External links.
- Website of the municipality of Sonvilier | 6,136,665 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
Saint-Imier
Saint-Imier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ("Jura Bernois").
The Observatoire Astronomique de Mont-Soleil is located above the village.
# History.
Saint-Imier is first mentioned in 884 as "cella de sancti Himerii". The municipality was formerly known by its German name "St. Immer", however, that name is no longer used. Its name refers to Imerius of Immertal, a 7th-century saint.
According to the legend of St. Imerius, he settled in the valley as a hermit in the late 6th or early 7th century on a piece of land that bishop Marius of Lausanne gave him as a present. | 6,136,666 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
In 884 a "cella" (probably a church, farm and monastery) was mentioned on the site. Archeological excavations around the former Church of St. Martin indicate that a village grew up around the "cella" around the same time. Two of the 142 graves from the church have been dated to the Early Middle Ages and the church was rebuilt at least three times before the 14th or early 15th century.
In 884 the "cella" with its outbuildings belonged to Moutier-Grandval Abbey. In 999, the Abbey donated Saint-Imier and a number of surrounding villages to the Prince-Bishop of Basel. In 1264, the Bishop appointed Otto of Arguel (or Erguel) as the vogt over the Saint-Imier valley fief. Otto raised the valley to | 6,136,667 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
become a seigniory and parish of the Diocese of Basel. By the end of the 15th century, Saint-Imier included the villages of Villeret, Sonvilier, Renan and La Ferriere.
Even though the physical valley was owned by the Bishop of Basel, religiously it was part of the Diocese of Lausanne. The Saint-Imier parish was probably founded in the 9th or 10th century. A village chapel was first mentioned in 968, with the parish church of St. Martin first appearing in the records in 1228. The church of St. Martin was later rebuilt in the gothic style. Another church, the collegiate church was built in the 11th century, probably under the direction of the Bishop of Basel. In 1530, Biel encouraged Saint-Imier | 6,136,668 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
to embrace the Protestant Reformation and convert to the new religion. The collegiate church before the parish church for the new Reformed parish. Over the following centuries, the Church of St. Martin was used less and less until it was demolished in 1828. In 1814 the town and the surrounding valley transferred from Lausanne to the Diocese of Basel. Catholic church services resumed in Saint-Imier in 1857 and in 1866 the neo-gothic Church of St. Martin was built. In 1912 a Christian Catholic church was built in the town.
In 1792 Théodore Frédéric Louis Liomin, the vogt or bailiff of Saint-Imier, threw his support behind the revolutionary movement that was sweeping the region. After the 1797 | 6,136,669 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Saint-Imier became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Saint-Imier was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.
During the 19th century the anti-authoritarian or anarchist movement gained a foothold in the region. In 1872 the Jura Federation, which had strong support in Saint-Imier, organized a congress in Saint-Imier at which the Anti-authoritarian International Workingmen's Association or Anti-authoritarian International was founded.
During the 18th century the inhabitants of the valley gradually gave up | 6,136,670 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
agriculture in favor of more lucrative jobs in the watch and lace-making industries. The first watch parts workshop opened in the 1720s and the industry continued to expand throughout the 19th century. By 1817 there were about 200 workers employed in either watchmaking workshops or small shops at home. The small scale workshops were replaced by large factory work, when Longines opened a factory in the town in 1867. By the end of the year, 1,600 people were employed in 47 watchmaking companies. Because the town's economy was so dependent on watchmaking, the economic crisis of the 1930s and the 1970s hit Saint-Imier hard. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were about ten watchmaking companies | 6,136,671 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
and the economy had diversified to include dental and medical technology and meteorology.
Portions of the town were destroyed by fire in 1839, 1843 and 1856. A hospital opened in Saint-Imier in 1856. In 1874 the town was connected to the Swiss rail network. The town's infrastructure was modernized early, before 1900 it had municipal water, gas and electricity. Saint-Imier has grown into a regional education center. The town's secondary school opened in 1860, followed by a watchmaker's school in 1866. The watch-maker's school was expanded into a machinist's school in 1896 and a technical vocational school in 1961. In 1976 it became a school of engineering and in 2005 it was integrated into the | 6,136,672 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
Haute école Arc/Hochschule Arc. A number of other schools opened in the town including the Bernese Jura Music School (1981), a vocational and technical school (1997), and a training center for health professionals (1993).
On 31 December 2009, the district of Courtelary, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, a new district (or "arrondissement administratif") of Jura bernois was created, which includes all of the former Courtelary District, as well as the former district of La Neuveville and the area around Tavannes.
# Geography.
Saint-Imier has an area of . Of this area, or 49.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 40.4% is forested. | 6,136,673 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
Of the rest of the land, or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and or 0.7% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.2%. Out of the forested land, 34.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.7% is used for growing crops and 20.2% is pastures and 27.3% is used for alpine pastures.
The municipality is located in the Saint-Imier valley along the Suze river and on the Biel/Bienne-La Chaux-de-Fonds road.
# Coat of arms.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Sable two Pales Or and overall on a Bar Argent a Mullet | 6,136,674 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
of Five Gules."
# Demographics.
Saint-Imier has a population () of . , 23.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 4.2%. Migration accounted for 6.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -2.9%.
Most of the population () speaks French (4,049 or 84.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (315 or 6.6%) and Italian is the third (183 or 3.8%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.
, the population was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. The population was made up of 1,682 Swiss men (35.3% of the population) and 612 (12.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,947 Swiss women (40.8%) and 530 (11.1%) | 6,136,675 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,486 or about 30.9% were born in Saint-Imier and lived there in 2000. There were 1,072 or 22.3% who were born in the same canton, while 1,040 or 21.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,028 or 21.4% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.2%.
, there were 1,842 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,242 married individuals, 447 widows or widowers and 276 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 916 households that consist of only | 6,136,676 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
one person and 86 households with five or more people. , a total of 2,190 apartments (78.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 362 apartments (13.0%) were seasonally occupied and 223 apartments (8.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 4.5%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
# Heritage sites of national significance.
The Collégiale and the Longines Watch factory are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire urban village of Saint-Imier is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
# Politics.
In the 2011 federal election | 6,136,677 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
the most popular party was the Social Democratic Party (SP) which received 26.4% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (25.4%), and the FDP.The Liberals (18.2%) . In the federal election, a total of 929 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 31.6%.
# Economy.
Saint-Imier is the hometown of the Longines watchmaking company. The Breitling watchmaking company was founded in Saint-Imier, but moved to Grenchen, Canton of Solothurn.
, Saint-Imier had an unemployment rate of 3.59%. , there were a total of 2,483 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 61 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved | 6,136,678 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
in this sector. 1,102 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 57 businesses in this sector. 1,320 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 164 businesses in this sector. There were 183 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 59.0% of the workforce.
, there were 1,624 workers who commuted into the municipality and 802 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 11.3% of the workforce coming into Saint-Imier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.2% used public transportation to get | 6,136,679 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
to work, and 53.3% used a private car.
# Religion.
From the , 1,989 or 41.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 1,642 or 34.2% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 22 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.46% of the population), there were 17 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 386 individuals (or about 8.03% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 161 (or about 3.35% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 617 (or about 12.84% of the | 6,136,680 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 156 individuals (or about 3.25% of the population) did not answer the question.
# Education.
In Saint-Imier about 1,696 or (35.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 438 or (9.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 438 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.5% were Swiss men, 20.5% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 8.0% were non-Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary | 6,136,681 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 695 students attending classes in Saint-Imier. There were 5 kindergarten classes with a total of 100 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 27.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 33.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 21 primary classes and 349 students. Of the primary students, 31.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) | 6,136,682 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
and 19.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 13 lower secondary classes with a total of 246 students. There were 19.1% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 15.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 396 students in Saint-Imier who came from another municipality, while 126 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Saint-Imier is home to 2 libraries, the Haute école Arc – Ingénierie and the "Bibliothèque régionale de St-Imier". There was a combined total () of 29,145 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 41,777 items | 6,136,683 |
2568921 | Saint-Imier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Imier | Saint-Imier
s outside the municipality.
Saint-Imier is home to 2 libraries, the Haute école Arc – Ingénierie and the "Bibliothèque régionale de St-Imier". There was a combined total () of 29,145 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 41,777 items were loaned out.
# Sports.
HC Sainti Bats plays in the MySports League, the third tier of Swiss hockey. Their home arena is the 3,000-seat Erguël Arena.
# Notable residents.
- Alain Auderset, Christian author;
- George-Emile Eberhard, watchmaker and industrialist;
- Raymond Künzli, professional road racing cyclist;
- Conny Perrin, professional tennis player.
# External links.
- Webpage of the municipality of Saint-Imier | 6,136,684 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
The Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm or Johnson–Trotter algorithm, also called plain changes, is an algorithm named after Hugo Steinhaus, Selmer M. Johnson and Hale F. Trotter that generates all of the permutations of "n" elements. Each permutation in the sequence that it generates differs from the previous permutation by swapping two adjacent elements of the sequence. Equivalently, this algorithm finds a Hamiltonian cycle in the permutohedron.
This method was known already to 17th-century English change ringers, and calls it "perhaps the most prominent permutation enumeration algorithm". As well as being simple and computationally efficient, it has the | 6,136,685 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
advantage that subsequent computations on the permutations that it generates may be sped up because these permutations are so similar to each other.
# Recursive structure.
The sequence of permutations for a given number "n" can be formed from the sequence of permutations for "n" − 1 by placing the number "n" into each possible position in each of the shorter permutations. When the permutation on "n" − 1 items is an even permutation (as is true for the first, third, etc., permutations in the sequence) then the number "n" is placed in all possible positions in descending order, from "n" down to 1; when the permutation on "n" − 1 items is odd, the number "n" is placed in all the possible positions | 6,136,686 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
in ascending order.
Thus, from the single permutation on one element,
one may place the number 2 in each possible position in descending order to form a list of two permutations on two elements,
Then, one may place the number 3 in each of three different positions for these three permutations, in descending order for the first permutation 1 2, and then in ascending order for the permutation 2 1:
At the next level of recursion, the number 4 would be placed in descending order into , in ascending order into , in descending order into , etc.
The same placement pattern, alternating between descending and ascending placements of "n", applies for any larger value of "n".
In this way, each permutation | 6,136,687 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
differs from the previous one either by the single-position-at-a-time motion of "n", or by a change of two smaller numbers inherited from the previous sequence of shorter permutations. In either case this difference is just the transposition of two adjacent elements. When the first and final elements of the sequence, also, differ in only two adjacent elements (the positions of the numbers 1 and 2), as may be shown by induction.
Although this sequence may be generated by a recursive algorithm that constructs the sequence of smaller permutations and then performs all possible insertions of the largest number into the recursively-generated sequence, the actual Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | 6,136,688 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
avoids recursion, instead computing the same sequence of permutations by an iterative method.
There is an equivalent and conceptually somewhat simpler definition of the Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter ordering of permutations via the following greedy algorithm:
We start with the identity permutation formula_1.
Now we repeatedly transpose the largest possible entry with the entry to its left or right, such that in each step, a new permutation is created that has not been encountered in the list of permutations before.
For example, in the case formula_2 we start with 123, then we flip 3 with its left neighbor and get 132.
We then flip 3 with its left neighbor 1, as flipping 3 with its right neighbor | 6,136,689 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
2 would yield again 123, which we have seen before, so we arrive at 312, etc.
The direction of the transposition (left or right) is always uniquely determined in this algorithm.
# Algorithm.
As described by , the algorithm for generating the next permutation from a given permutation π performs the following steps
- For each "i" from 1 to "n", let "x" be the position where the value "i" is placed in permutation π. If the order of the numbers from 1 to "i" − 1 in permutation π defines an even permutation, let "y" = "x" − 1; otherwise, let "y" = "x" + 1.
- Find the largest number "i" for which "y" defines a valid position in permutation π that contains a number smaller than "i". Swap the values | 6,136,690 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
in positions "x" and "y".
When no number "i" can be found meeting the conditions of the second step of the algorithm, the algorithm has reached the final permutation of the sequence and terminates.
This procedure may be implemented in O("n") time per permutation.
Because this method generates permutations that alternate between being even and odd, it may easily be modified to generate only the even permutations or only the odd permutations: to generate the next permutation of the same parity from a given permutation, simply apply the same procedure twice.
# Even's speedup.
A subsequent improvement by Shimon Even provides an improvement to the running time of the algorithm by storing additional | 6,136,691 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
information for each element in the permutation: its position, and a "direction" (positive, negative, or zero) in which it is currently moving (essentially, this is the same information computed using the parity of the permutation in Johnson's version of the algorithm). Initially, the direction of the number 1 is zero, and all other elements have a negative direction:
At each step, the algorithm finds the greatest element with a nonzero direction, and swaps it in the indicated direction:
If this causes the chosen element to reach the first or last position within the permutation, or if the next element in the same direction is greater than the chosen element, the direction of the chosen element | 6,136,692 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
is set to zero:
After each step, all elements greater than the chosen element (which previously had direction zero) have their directions set to indicate motion toward the chosen element. That is, positive for all elements between the start of the permutation and the chosen element, and negative for elements toward the end. Thus, in this example, after the number 2 moves, the number 3 becomes marked with a direction again:
The remaining two steps of the algorithm for "n" = 3 are:
When all numbers become unmarked, the algorithm terminates.
This algorithm takes time O("i") for every step in which the greatest number to move is "n" − "i" + 1. Thus, the swaps involving the number "n" take only | 6,136,693 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
constant time; since these swaps account for all but a 1/"n" fraction of all of the swaps performed by the algorithm, the average time per permutation generated is also constant, even though a small number of permutations will take a larger amount of time.
A more complex loopless version of the same procedure allows it to be performed in constant time per permutation in every case; however, the modifications needed to eliminate loops from the procedure make it slower in practice.
# Geometric interpretation.
The set of all permutations of "n" items may be represented geometrically by a permutohedron, the polytope formed from the convex hull of "n"! vectors, the permutations of the vector (1,2..."n"). | 6,136,694 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
Although defined in this way in "n"-dimensional space, it is actually an ("n" − 1)-dimensional polytope; for example, the permutohedron on four items is a three-dimensional polyhedron, the truncated octahedron. If each vertex of the permutohedron is labeled by the inverse permutation to the permutation defined by its vertex coordinates, the resulting labeling describes a Cayley graph of the symmetric group of permutations on "n" items, as generated by the permutations that swap adjacent pairs of items. Thus, each two consecutive permutations in the sequence generated by the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm correspond in this way to two vertices that form the endpoints of an edge in the permutohedron, | 6,136,695 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
and the whole sequence of permutations describes a Hamiltonian path in the permutohedron, a path that passes through each vertex exactly once. If the sequence of permutations is completed by adding one more edge from the last permutation to the first one in the sequence, the result is instead a Hamiltonian cycle.
# Relation to Gray codes.
A Gray code for numbers in a given radix is a sequence that contains each number up to a given limit exactly once, in such a way that each pair of consecutive numbers differs by one in a single digit. The "n"! permutations of the "n" numbers from 1 to "n" may be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the "n"! numbers from 0 to "n"! − 1 by pairing each permutation | 6,136,696 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
with the sequence of numbers "c" that count the number of positions in the permutation that are to the right of value "i" and that contain a value less than "i" (that is, the number of inversions for which "i" is the larger of the two inverted values), and then interpreting these sequences as numbers in the factorial number system, that is, the mixed radix system with radix sequence (1,2,3,4...). For instance, the permutation (3,1,4,5,2) would give the values "c" = 0, "c" = 0, "c" = 2, "c" = 1, and "c" = 1. The sequence of these values, (0,0,2,1,1), gives the number
Consecutive permutations in the sequence generated by the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm have numbers of inversions that | 6,136,697 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
differ by one, forming a Gray code for the factorial number system.
More generally, combinatorial algorithms researchers have defined a Gray code for a set of combinatorial objects to be an ordering for the objects in which each two consecutive objects differ in the minimal possible way. In this generalized sense, the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm generates a Gray code for the permutations themselves.
# History.
The algorithm is named after Hugo Steinhaus, Selmer M. Johnson and Hale F. Trotter. Johnson and Trotter discovered the algorithm independently of each other in the early 1960s. A book by Steinhaus, originally published in 1958 and translated into English in 1963, describes a | 6,136,698 |
2568963 | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter%20algorithm | Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm
related puzzle of generating all permutations by a system of particles, each moving at constant speed along a line and swapping positions when one particle overtakes another. No solution is possible for "n" 3, because the number of swaps is far fewer than the number of permutations, but the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm describes the motion of particles with non-constant speeds that generate all permutations.
Outside of mathematics, the same method was known for much longer as a method for change ringing of church bells: it gives a procedure by which a set of bells can be rung through all possible permutations, changing the order of only two bells per change. These so-called "plain changes" | 6,136,699 |
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