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1642960 | Hook, line, and sinker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hook,%20line,%20and%20sinker | Hook, line, and sinker
Hook, line, and sinker
Hook, line and sinker may refer to:
- Hook, line and sinker, an English-language idiom
- Hook, line and sinker, a type of fishing equipment
- "Hook, Line and Sinker" (1930 film), a slapstick comedy starring Wheeler & Woolsey
- "Hook, Line & Sinker" (1969 film), a comedy starring Jerry Lewis
- Hook, Line and Sinker (Transformers), fictional characters in Marvel publications
- "Hook, Line and Sinker" (TV program), Australian television fishing show
# See also.
- Hook, Lion and Sinker
- "Hook, Line and Stinker", a 1958 "Looney Tunes" cartoon featuring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner | 6,140,700 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
United States v. Ross
United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982), was a search and seizure case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. The high court was asked to decide if a legal warrantless search of an automobile allows closed containers found in the vehicle (specifically, in the trunk) to be searched as well. The appeals court had previously ruled that opening and searching the closed portable containers without a warrant was a violation of the Fourth Amendment, even though the warrantless vehicle search was permissible due to existing precedent.
# Background.
On November 27, 1978, Washington, D.C. police detectives received a tip from a reliable source describing a man | 6,140,701 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
known as "Bandit" who was selling illegal narcotics stored in the trunk of his car. The informant gave the location of the car and a description of both car and driver. The detectives discovered the parked car, and called for a computer check on the car, which confirmed that the car's owner matched the description and used the alias "Bandit". Shortly thereafter they observed the car being driven by a man matching the description. They stopped the car and ordered the driver out. After noticing a bullet on the front seat, they searched the glove compartment and discovered a pistol, at which point they arrested the driver, identified as Albert Ross. A detective then opened the trunk and discovered | 6,140,702 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
a closed brown paper bag. He opened the bag and found numerous bags containing white powder, which were later identified as heroin. During a later search, they also found and opened a zippered red leather pouch, which contained $3,200 in cash. No warrant was obtained for these searches.
Ross' attorneys made a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence found in the bag and the pouch on the grounds that the warrantless search of the car does not extend to searching closed containers found within. That motion was denied, but on appeal the D.C. Circuit Court reversed that decision, holding that the warrantless search of the two closed bags was unconstitutional. The matter was appealed to the Supreme | 6,140,703 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
Court and argued before the court on March 1, 1982.
# Opinion.
On June 1, 1982, The Supreme Court, with a vote of 6 to 3, ruled that the warrantless search of the containers found during the search of the car was constitutional, falling within the existing precedent for a warrant-less search called the "automobile exception". Justice Stevens delivered the opinion of the Court.
Much of this case is derived from the precedent set in "Carroll v. United States", 267 U.S. 132 (1925), where the Supreme Court ruled that police officers may make a warrantless search of an automobile if they have probable cause to suspect that it contains contraband. This is known as the "automobile exception" to | 6,140,704 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. The court's reasoning in "Carroll v. United States" was twofold: First, the "practical mobility" of an automobile made it impractical to take the time to get a search warrant from a magistrate, since in that time the vehicle could leave the jurisdiction. Second, vehicles were presumed to have a lower expectation of privacy than houses or personal containers, since they provide clear visibility of their contents (through the windows), and their primary purpose is the transportation of people instead of the storage of personal property. This particular case dealt with law enforcement officers that tore through the car's upholstery to find illegal liquor | 6,140,705 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
in a hidden compartment.
The Court had to contrast the "automobile exception" with long standing court decisions which held that portable containers such as suitcases, despite their mobility, are not subject to the same warrantless search as automobiles. The rationale for this is that suitcases and the like are not nearly as mobile as an automobile, and detaining a container while awaiting a warrant is practical. Furthermore, containers are presumed to have a much higher expectation of privacy than vehicles, since their primary purpose is to transport belongings, and most are opaque (some are even locked), which suggests that the owner of a container generally does not expect the contents to | 6,140,706 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
be visible or accessible to others.
The Court paid much consideration to two previous Supreme Court cases that involved authorities conducting a warrantless search of a vehicle in order to examine the contents of a container inside of the vehicle: "United States v. Chadwick", 433 U.S. 1 (1977) and "Arkansas v. Sanders", 442 U.S. 753 (1979). In those cases the authorities had first observed containers suspected of containing marijuana outside of a vehicle, where a warrant would be required to search them, and had waited until they were carried into a vehicle, at which point officers took advantage of the "automobile exception" to search the containers inside the vehicle. In those cases, the | 6,140,707 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
court found that those searches were unconstitutional because the police did not have probable cause to search the vehicles, but rather just the suspect containers which had been placed inside, and they did not have the warrant required to search the containers. Since the police had probable cause to suspect the containers before they came near an automobile, the relationship between the containers and the vehicles were purely coincidental. Since the police did not have probable cause to search the vehicle, they could not take advantage of the "automobile exception" to perform a warrantless search of the containers. From "Arkansas v. Sanders":
The Court agreed with most facets of those two | 6,140,708 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
cases, stating in the Ross case that:
However, the court found that those previous cases did not entirely apply to the situation at hand, because in the case of Ross there was no target container that had been observed being placed in the car, but rather probable cause to believe that contraband was located somewhere in the car. Therefore, there was probable cause to search Ross' car.
Nearly a decade later, the Court, in "California v. Acevedo", 500 U.S. 565 (1991), overturned "Arkansas v. Sanders", noting that the decision in the "Ross" case had already "undermined" it.
The Court's plurality opinion also considered "Robbins v. California", 453 U.S. 420 (1981), a case which bore more similarity | 6,140,709 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
to the "Ross" case. In that case, police pulled over a car smelling marijuana smoke, and proceeded to search the car. In the trunk they found two packages wrapped in opaque plastic, which they unwrapped, discovering marijuana inside. The Court ruled that the warrantless search of the vehicle was legal, but the warrantless search of the two packages found within was unconstitutional. The court in the Ross case rejected the Robbins finding. Justice Stevens suggests that the parties in the Robbins case had not presented the appropriate arguments that would allow the court to fully consider the issue. Stevens goes on to declare that the Ross case allows for the "thorough consideration of the basic | 6,140,710 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
principles in this troubled area." Chief Justice Burger and Justice Powell, who had sided with the plurality in "Robbins" which declared that search unconstitutional, sided with the plurality in "Ross" which declared the search constitutional, effectively negating "Robbins". Justice Stewart, who had written the plurality opinion in "Robbins", had retired and was replaced by Justice O'Connor, who sided with the plurality in "Ross".
Ultimately, the Court relied most heavily on the original "Carroll v. United States" precedent instead of the more recent cases. Justice Stevens points out that the police in "Carroll" found contraband hidden in a compartment under the dashboard. "If it was reasonable | 6,140,711 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
for prohibition agents to rip open the upholstery in "Carroll"," Stevens argued, "it certainly would have been reasonable for them to look into a burlap sack stashed inside..." The Court further noted that prior to the "Chadwick" and "Sanders" cases, most courts, including the Supreme Court, routinely allowed containers inside of a car to be searched as part of a legal warrantless search of the car. The Court's ruling in "Ross" defends that practice:
The Court's opinion in this case created some controversy among the dissenting judges when it declared that "The scope of a warrantless search based on probable cause is no narrower - and no broader - than the scope of a search authorized by a | 6,140,712 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
warrant supported by probable cause." With a warrant issued by a magistrate to search a home, the searchers may search any rooms and containers therein that may be reasonably expected to contain the object of the search. Since a warrant to search a vehicle would similarly allow any compartments and containers in the vehicle to be searched, therefore a warrantless search may be of the same scope. This was controversial because it equates a police officer's estimation of probable cause with that of a magistrate (see the Dissent section, below).
The Court's plurality opinion did agree with the Robbins case in that all containers have the same expectation of privacy, whether they are locked briefcases | 6,140,713 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
or crumpled paper bags. It attempts to preclude arguments that certain types of containers are more or less "worthy" of privacy protection than others, poetically stating that "... the most frail cottage in the kingdom is absolutely entitled to the same guarantees of privacy as the most majestic mansion" (derived from an earlier Supreme Court quote which was in turn attributed to William Pitt).
The Court further stated that a warrantless search of a car, like any other search, is limited to those places where the target of the search might reasonably be found. For instance:
# Dissent.
Justice Marshall, who wrote the dissent, objected to the court's statement that a police officer's estimation | 6,140,714 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
of probable cause is equal to a magistrate's, insisting that it ignores the importance of a neutral and uninvolved magistrate to issue warrants. Justice Marshall quoted a previous court opinion to illustrate this:
Justice Marshall suggested that the court's opinion goes a step further than the "Carroll v. United States" case on which it is based, since the Carroll case "did not suggest that the search could be as broad as a magistrate could authorize upon a warrant."
The dissenting Justices criticized the court's decision by suggesting that the original rationale for the "automobile exception" was being ignored. One of the reasons for the "automobile exception" introduced by "Carroll v. United | 6,140,715 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
States" was that the mobility of automobiles makes it impractical to obtain a warrant. But in many situations police perform a warrantless search of a car even after the driver has been arrested and the car has been rendered completely immobile. In other situations, the police could choose to detain the car and driver while awaiting a warrant, although the court has recognized that seizing car and driver for the time it takes to issue a warrant may be considered a greater intrusion than performing an immediate warrantless search. Without the reason of mobility, the other reason for the Carroll decision is often the only one in force when a warrantless search is performed: The diminished expectation | 6,140,716 |
1642936 | United States v. Ross | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United%20States%20v.%20Ross | United States v. Ross
antless search is performed: The diminished expectation of privacy in an automobile. The dissenting Justices pointed out that even though an automobile has a lower expectation of privacy, the court has continually recognized that containers do not suffer those same diminished expectations. Furthermore, unlike detaining an entire vehicle and driver, seizing a package inside of the car to await a magistrate is not impractical. Therefore the mobility rationale from the Carroll decision does not apply to containers in the car, which can be removed and therefore do not have the same "practical mobility problem" that a car does.
# See also.
- List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 456 | 6,140,717 |
1642951 | Heinrich Kreutz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich%20Kreutz | Heinrich Kreutz
Heinrich Kreutz
Heinrich Carl Friedrich Kreutz (September 8, 1854 – July 13, 1907) was a German astronomer, most notable for his studies of the orbits of several sungrazing comets, which revealed that they were all related objects, produced when a very large sun-grazing comet fragmented several hundred years previously. The group is now known as the Kreutz Sungrazers, and has produced some of the brightest comets ever seen.
Kreutz was born in Siegen in 1854, and obtained his PhD at the University of Bonn in 1880 on the orbit of comet C/1861 J1. In 1882 he moved to Kiel, working at the observatory and university there. In 1896 he became the editor of the "Astronomische Nachrichten", the leading | 6,140,718 |
1642951 | Heinrich Kreutz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich%20Kreutz | Heinrich Kreutz
e group is now known as the Kreutz Sungrazers, and has produced some of the brightest comets ever seen.
Kreutz was born in Siegen in 1854, and obtained his PhD at the University of Bonn in 1880 on the orbit of comet C/1861 J1. In 1882 he moved to Kiel, working at the observatory and university there. In 1896 he became the editor of the "Astronomische Nachrichten", the leading astronomical journal of the time, and held the position until his death in 1907.
The minor planet 3635 Kreutz, discovered by Luboš Kohoutek in 1981, was named after him.
# Bibliography.
- Obituary - 1907, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, v. 19, p. 248
# External links.
- Biography from SEDS | 6,140,719 |
1642949 | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer%20Lopez%20(meteorologist) | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist)
Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist)
Jennifer Lopez is an American on-camera meteorologist for WSB-TV in Atlanta, Georgia and The Weather Channel. She began her career in 1997 at WTLV-TV in Jacksonville, Florida, and joined The Weather Channel in 2000. She stayed there until 2008, when she began working at KXAS-TV in Dallas, Texas. She left KXAS-TV in 2012. She rejoined The Weather Channel in April 2013.
# Career.
In September 1997, Lopez landed her first position as a weekend meteorologist for WTLV-TV in Jacksonville, Florida. She was also a weather producer and weekend meteorologist at WPTV-TV in West Palm Beach, Florida.
In May 2000, Lopez joined The Weather Channel as on-camera meteorologist. | 6,140,720 |
1642949 | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer%20Lopez%20(meteorologist) | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist)
She became the co-host of the "PM Edition", which was called "Evening Edition" at the time. In March 2002, she spoke at the 15th Annual Working Women's Survival Show, discussing her career as a meteorologist. She left the network in 2008.
In June 2008, she became the weekday morning on-camera meteorologist for KXAS-TV in Dallas, Texas after a nationwide search for a replacement for seventeen-year veteran Rebecca Miller. In 2009, "NBC 5 Today", the morning news program for KXAS, and for which Lopez was the meteorologist, won a Lone Star Emmy Award. In November 2010, she participated in the Spokes for Hope charity event, where she helped build bicycles for underprivileged children. She left KXAS | 6,140,721 |
1642949 | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer%20Lopez%20(meteorologist) | Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist)
e participated in the Spokes for Hope charity event, where she helped build bicycles for underprivileged children. She left KXAS in March 2012.
On April 20, 2013, Lopez returned to The Weather Channel doing weather updates during taped programming and was an on-camera meteorologist on "Weather Center Live".
Lopez is a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS), where she holds the seal of approval in television.
# Personal life.
Lopez graduated with a Bachelor of Science in telecommunications from Marquette University. Lopez's second degree was a Bachelor of Science in Meteorology from Florida State University. She and her husband, a Southwest Airlines pilot, have two daughters. | 6,140,722 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
Atlantic (train)
The Atlantic () was a passenger train operated by Via Rail, serving both Canadian and U.S. territory between Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was previously operated by Canadian Pacific Railway as The Atlantic Limited between Montreal and Saint John, New Brunswick. It formed part of the transcontinental service for both systems.
The "Atlantic" and its predecessor "The Atlantic Limited" (along with several other CPR local trains) was the only passenger rail service in the U.S. state of Maine from the late 1960s until discontinuance of operations in December 1994. (Maine is now served by Amtrak's "Downeaster".) The "Atlantic" also holds a unique spot in U.S. railroading | 6,140,723 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
history as it operated the last regular-service steam-heated passenger train in the United States until Via converted its trainsets to "head end power" in 1993.
Since its cancellation, citizen's groups in southern New Brunswick and the Eastern Townships of Quebec have periodically organized petitions or lobbied to have Via Rail Canada reinstate passenger service to this route.
# "The Atlantic Limited".
Inaugurated by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as a "limited stop" service on September 25, 1955, "The Atlantic Limited" used numbers 41/42 (westbound/eastbound) and took the schedule and equipment for what were previously numbered trains between Montreal, Quebec (Windsor Station) and Saint | 6,140,724 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
John, New Brunswick (Union Station). The service operated overnight using the CPR's former International Railway of Maine line which formed the direct route between Saint John and Montreal. Although this was CPR's first named passenger train to the Maritimes, daily passenger service had been offered since 1889.
"The Atlantic Limited" saw the first major change to its route around 1970 when the Saint John Union Station was demolished and CPR's Mill Street yard redeveloped to accommodate the Saint John Throughway and associated urban redevelopment. A new passenger station was built on the city's west side in the former city of Lancaster where new rail yards were developed. During the 1970s, CPR | 6,140,725 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
operated the service at minimal levels with usually a single 1800-class E8 locomotive (one of only three, later two, operated in Canada, both by CPR) and a baggage, coach, diner, and sleeper car. Some of the stainless steel Budd Company cars originally ordered for "The Canadian" also made their way onto this train and there was infrequent availability of a dome car as well.
While "The Atlantic Limited" name was only used officially after 1955 on the Montreal-Saint John service, the name, or a variation of it, has possibly seen use for a service which operated on CPR and CPR-subsidiary Soo Line between Minneapolis, Minnesota, via Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec to Saint | 6,140,726 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
John, New Brunswick, beginning in 1889 following the completion of the line to Saint John. It is possible that the name "Atlantic Limited" was officially used on the Soo Line portion between Minneapolis-Sault Ste. Marie, although only numbered trains officially existed east of Montreal between 1889 and 1955. An extension to the Minneapolis-Montreal-Saint John service operated between Montreal and Boston, Massachusetts (in partnership with the Boston and Maine Railroad), possibly using the name "Atlantic Express".
# "Atlantic".
In 1978, Via Rail was created out of a Canadian National Railway subsidiary to become Canada's national passenger rail service. In October of that year, Via negotiated | 6,140,727 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
the take-over of CPR passenger service, although routes, equipment and schedules did not change until the summer of 1979. Thus for the first few months after Via was created, the company included "The Atlantic Limited" in its timetable and the service continued to operate using the same CPR equipment and crews. In the summer of 1979 this was changed with the name "The Atlantic Limited" shortened to the bilingually appropriate "Atlantic"/"Atlantique".
At the same time, service was extended effective October 1979 with a new eastern terminus at Halifax, Nova Scotia and the 1970s-era CPR passenger station in Saint John was closed in lieu of a new station in that city's downtown. The extension of | 6,140,728 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
the train to Halifax was made possible by Via's decision to not continue a CN train named the "Scotian", thus the "Atlantic" assumed that train's numbers of 11/12 (westbound/eastbound) and equipment.
Under Via, the "Atlantic" became a well-used train, given the shorter route (by 150 miles) over the "Ocean", and the fact that the "Atlantic" served the cities of Saint John, New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick and Sherbrooke, Quebec, in addition to many smaller towns and villages in between.
However increased patronage of the "Atlantic" did not meet Via targets, although some might say it did not cross as much politically crucial territory in Quebec as the "Ocean". Thus in the Via budget | 6,140,729 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
cuts by the Trudeau government in 1981, the "Atlantic" was terminated in lieu of Budd RDC service between Halifax-Moncton-Saint John-Fredericton. During this time, Fredericton saw its first passenger trains since the early 1960s when Rail Diesel Cars were instituted from Halifax via Moncton and Saint John to replace the "Atlantic"'s connections.
Southwestern New Brunswickers were incensed at the cutting of the "Atlantic"'s route, one which had seen daily passenger rail service in both directions between Saint John and Montreal since the International Railway of Maine opened in 1889. Community leaders along the route, led by rookie Saint John mayor Elsie Wayne, quickly rallied local populations | 6,140,730 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
to lobby the federal government. After several years and a personal promise by Brian Mulroney that his government would reinstate Via service on the route, the PC Party won election in 1984 and that December it was announced that the "Atlantic" would be returning to the rails.
In August 1985 the train was reinstated on its former route between Halifax and Montreal, although Via made some changes to its operations in the Maritimes to accommodate the "Atlantic". The "Ocean" service was actually downgraded to just a Montreal-Moncton train with a platform connection to the through "Atlantic". This lasted until the 1989 budget cuts to Via which saw service on both routes reduced to 3 days/week in | 6,140,731 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
each direction (alternating days) beginning on January 15, 1990. From 1990 until December 16, 1994, the "Atlantic" operated consistently on its 3 day/week service which saw it share an equipment pool with the "Ocean".
In 1993, the owner of the tracks between Saint John and Montreal, CPR, began to look for potential buyers of its former International Railway of Maine and associated lines. When it became apparent by summer 1994 that a buyer would not be found, CPR began the formal process of applying to abandon the entire route. Faced with uncertainty about the continuance of the operation after the abandonment date of December 31, Via announced in October of that year that it would terminate | 6,140,732 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
the "Atlantic" effective December 17 (last trains leaving December 16) and switch its equipment to the "Ocean" which would jump to a 6 day/week schedule in each direction. Prior to the discontinuance of the "Atlantic", CPR announced that it had made an agreement in principle with J.D. Irving Limited to buy the line and operate it as a shortline to be called New Brunswick Southern Railway, however Via was not permitted at this time to operate on a shortline railway. Federal regulations stated that it must operate on one of the two national railways of Canada.
Abandonment of passenger service for the second time on this route (by the same political party) was especially controversial for southwestern | 6,140,733 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
New Brunswickers who viewed it as a convenient excuse by the federal government to cut the service for both shortsighted fiscal and strategic political reasons. Paul Martin was making aggressive budget cuts throughout the federal government, thus concentrating service on the "Ocean"'s route would likely save some money. The "Ocean" also travelled a route that passed through then-Minister of Transport Doug Young's riding of Acadie-Bathurst. The "Atlantic" also passed through the only two ridings in the country which elected Progressive Conservatives - Elsie Wayne in Saint John and Jean Charest in Sherbrooke. It also didn't help that the "Atlantic" passed through Maine (U.S. territory) on its | 6,140,734 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
short route between Montreal and Saint John.
# Route.
## Canadian Pacific Railway.
The route taken by "The Atlantic Limited" operated entirely on CPR trackage and passed through a very scenic portion of eastern Canada and northern New England including the Island of Montreal and the city's skyline and suburbs, the Richelieu River valley, the hills of the Eastern Townships, the Appalachian Mountains of western and central Maine, the level plateau and forests of eastern Maine, and the forests and mixed farmland in the Saint John River valley. The route taken by the "Atlantic Limited" between Saint John and Montreal is the most direct rail link between the two cities.
In the final mid-20th | 6,140,735 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
century peak level of passenger service, connections with Bangor & Aroostook trains were available in Greenville, Maine and with the "Aroostook FLyer" in Brownville Junction.
## Via Rail.
Following the assumption of service by Via Rail in 1979 until discontinuance in 1981 and restoration of service in 1985 until discontinuance in 1994, the "Atlantic" followed a somewhat different route, with the most obvious change being the extension over CN trackage east of Saint John to Halifax. There was a subtle change between Montreal and Lennoxville too, where Via wished to consolidate its trains at the former CN Central Station in Montreal. Leaving Montreal, the "Atlantic" followed the route of the | 6,140,736 |
1642929 | Atlantic (train) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%20(train) | Atlantic (train)
e route of the "Ocean" on CN trackage through St. Hyacinthe where it turned south and followed the St. Francois River valley into the Eastern Townships to Sherbrooke where it regained CP tracks. From Sherbrooke to Saint John, the "Atlantic" followed the same route as its predecessor "The Atlantic Limited". East of Saint John, the train regained CN tracks and followed a similarly scenic route through the Kennebecasis River valley and its mixed farmland to Moncton and then followed the same route as the "Ocean" crossing the Tantramar Marshes, the Wentworth Valley, the edge of Cobequid Bay and mixed farmland through central Nova Scotia to Halifax.
# External links.
- 1957 schedule and consist | 6,140,737 |
1642940 | Nagaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaur | Nagaur
Nagaur
Nagaur (Nāgaur) is a city in the state of Rajasthan in India. It is the administrative headquarters of Nagaur District. The Nagaur city lies about midway between Jodhpur and Bikaner.
# History.
The Nagaur Fort is of historical importance. Nagaur fort is the fort built by the ancient Kshatriya of India. The original maker of the fort is Naagvansi Kshatriya. The Kshatriya rulers dominated Nagaur for a longer period. Nagaur ruler were repeatedly forced to pay tribute to the Sisodias of Chittor while their lands were slowly annexed by the Rathors of Jodhpur.
In the medieval era the town of Nagaur sat astride trade routes coming north from Gujarat and Sindh and those on the west crossing | 6,140,738 |
1642940 | Nagaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaur | Nagaur
the Indus from Multan. With a dead flat plain all around, the defense of the fort depended on the military and economic power of its rulers—and from the period of the Ghaznavid invasions Nagaur was under the powerful Chauhan clan. A succession of rulers kept the whole of Jangladesh free from foreign rule down to the reign of Prithviraj Chauhan III at the close of the 12th Century. That Nagaur town came under the invaders is clear since Balban, before becoming Sultan, was given an estate centered on this desert town. But just as there were petty Hindu chiefs (of numerous castes) in the vast lands between Ajmer and Delhi, it is reasonable to suppose that such landholders were also present in the | 6,140,739 |
1642940 | Nagaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaur | Nagaur
lands between Ajmer and Nagaur, paying land revenue to the Muslims and probably joining their army.
Another similarity between Ajmer and Nagaur is the early founding of Sufi shrines at both places. One of the earliest Sufis to come to Nagaur was Sultan Tarkin, whose shrine was established during Hindu rule. After Khwaja Moinuddin established the Chishti Sufi order at Ajmer one of his disciples, named Hamiduddin, came to Nagaur. Hamiduddin accommodated some Hindu principles in his teachings—he became a strict vegetarian and lovingly reared a cow in his shrine.
In 1306 a Mongol army ravaged Nagaur. The Khalji Turks had begun pushing deeper into the lands of the independent Rajput rulers and | 6,140,740 |
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even further into South India. In the midst of this expansion they lost some of the important Rajput forts like Jaisalmer, Chittor, and Siwana, while guerrilla warfare made the regions of Marwar and Mewar impassable for the Muslim armies. Some of the other forts and towns were lost to the Rajputs after the break-up of the Delhi Sultanate in 1351. With the death of Firuz Tughlaq in 1388, the remaining strongholds like Ajmer and Nagaur came under their own hereditary governors.
Turks of the Dandani tribe became Sultans, The Sultans of Nagaur taxed the money earned by the people from trade, agriculture, and from the vast herds of cattle, goats, and camels. In addition, like in the Delhi Sultanate, | 6,140,741 |
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jaziya and a pilgrimage tax taken from Hindus brought significant sums to the treasury and enabled the Dandani Turks to match their neighbors in battle.
While Nagaur was still swearing a nominal allegiance to Delhi, two ominous events occurred in the neighborhood within a short period. One was the campaign of Rana Lakha (1389–1404) of Mewar, which saw a Rajput army ravaging Ajmer and pushing on to the Jhunjhunun region near Delhi. The second was the capture of Mandore by Rao Chunda (1390–1422) of the Rathor clan—this city henceforth became the Rathor capital and gave Rao Chunda a convenient base for attacking Nagaur.
Rao Chunda also changed horses mid-stream and formed an alliance with Mewar, | 6,140,742 |
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where the Rathor princess Hamsabai was married to the old Rana Lakha, who in turn promised to make her son the next Rana. On the strength of this alliance Chunda subdued Rajput clans like the Bhatis and Mohils and again invaded Nagaur, forcing Muslim rulers to make peace by paying him tribute. In 1422 these three defeated powers made an alliance and killed Chunda on the outskirts of Nagaur—Chunda's son Ranamalla was then at Mewar and his brothers sought to capture the throne at Mandore.
With the help of the Mewar army, Ranamall defeated his brothers and became the head of the Rathor clan. In 1428 he led this joint Sesodia-Rathor army to punish the Turks of Nagaur where he stormed the fort and | 6,140,743 |
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killed Firuz Khan. The next Sultan of Nagaur Qiyam Khan paid tribute to Mewar till 1438 when Ranamall Rathor was killed at Chittor and the Sesodias invaded Marwar. The conflict between the two Rajput clans was the opportunity for the Nagaur that had been smarting under their dominance—the Sultans of Gujarat and Malwa fought Mewar for almost twenty years and were ultimately compelled to form an alliance against the strong Rajput state.
With its two Rajput enemies simultaneously in trouble, Nagaur regained independence and its Sultans their former power, which was reflected in the internal politics of the neighboring Delhi Sultanate. In 1451 the minister of the last Sayyid ruler invited Qiyam | 6,140,744 |
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Khan to seize Delhi and become Sultan—at the same time he sent a similar invitation to Buhlul Lodi, the Afghan governor of Sirhind. The latter, being closer to Delhi, reached first and established the Lodi dynasty, while the disappointed Qiyam Khan retired with his army to Nagaur.
After his death in 1453, the succession to the Nagaur throne was disputed between the brothers Mujahid Khan and Shams Khan. Rana Kumbha, who had emerged victorious in the long war with the Sultan of Malwa and the Rathors, sent his army to aid Shams Khan who was installed as the Sultan. As a price of his support, Kumbha demanded that a portion of the Nagaur fort be demolished, but this Shams Khan Dandani would not | 6,140,745 |
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do—instead, he formed a matrimonial alliance with Sultan Qutb-ud-din of Gujarat.
In 1456 Rana Kumbha defeated the allied Muslim army and again captured Nagaur. On this occasion the great mosque at Nagaur, built by Firuz Khan, was demolished by the Rajputs to signify Kumbha's displeasure against Shams Khan and to impose the status of a vassal on him.
For the next two years the Sultans of Gujarat and Malwa formed an alliance to fight against Rana Kumbha, but by this time Mewar had again become the dominant power in North India—not the least because of a peace treaty with the Rathor clan.
Rao Jodha, the head of the Rathor clan, had founded a new capital called Jodhpur and had recovered most | 6,140,746 |
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of his other forts from the Sisodias. The war between the two clans was brought to an end in 1458 by a treaty. But this did not make Nagaur independent—rather its territory became food for the hungry and fast multiplying Rathor clan.
Jodha's son Bika, with a portion of the Rathor clansmen, captured the northern portions of Nagaur and founded a new city called Bikaner. Another son named Duda captured Merta lying to the east of Nagaur—the Sultanate of Nagaur was now shrunk to the main town and a few surrounding villages. The policy of the sultans was to maintain independence by either paying tribute to the head of the Rathor clan or to the Lodis of Delhi.
In 1513 Nagaure was defeated and compelled | 6,140,747 |
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to pay tribute—subsequently Rao Lunkaran protected Nagaur, as his vassal state, from an attack by his own kinsman Rao Ganga of Jodhpur. The territory of the Sultanate had now shrunk to just the town of Nagaur.
In Nagaur though, the powerless dynasty of the Dandani Turks was formally ended and an Afghan army was left in control of the fort and town. This force was ousted by the Mughals under Akbar in 1562. Akbar also captured the fief of Merta—the Rathor ruler of Merta, the famous Jaimal took up service with the Rana of Chittor and died defending that fort from Akbar in 1569. Akbar's campaign in Rajputana had some similarity with Sher Shah's in that he made alliances with the smaller Rajput | 6,140,748 |
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states like Bikaner and Amber and used them against the bigger states.
Nagaur remained under Mughal control, but was actually administered by one of the nearby Rajput rulers. In the time of Shah Jahan the heir of the Jodhpur throne, Amar Singh Rathore was disinherited by his father and was granted Nagaur as compensation by the Mughal Emperor. Many of the buildings in the town date from this period. During Aurangzeb's war against the Rathors in 1679, the headship of the clan was given to Indra Singh (nephew of the dead Maharaja Jaswant Singh) of Nagaur—but he was overthrown by Jaswant's son Ajit Singh and his general Durgadas who permanently annexed Nagaur to the Kingdom of Jodhpur.
# Climate.
Nagaur | 6,140,749 |
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has a dry climate with a hot summer. Sand storms are common in summer. The district's climate is marked by extreme dryness, large variations of temperature & highly irregular rainfall patterns. The maximum temperature recorded in the district is 117F with 32F as the lowest recorded temperature. The average temperature of the district is 74 F. The winter season extends from mid-November until the beginning of March. The rainy season is relatively short, extending from July through mid-September. There are ten climatological stations within the district, being within the cities of Nagaur, Khinvsar, Didwana, Merta, Parbatsar, Makarana, Nawa, Jayal, Degana & Ladnun. The average rainfall in the district | 6,140,750 |
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is 36.16 cm & 59% relative humidity.
# Geography.
Nagaur is located at . It has an average elevation of 302 metres (990 feet). Nagaur is situated amidst seven districts namely Bikaner, Churu, Sikar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Pali, Jodhpur. Nagaur is the fifth largest district in Rajasthan with a vast terrain spreading over 17,718 km Its geographical spread is a good combine of plain, hills, sand mounds & as such it is a part of the great Indian Thar Desert.
# Demographics.
India census, Nagaur District's Demographics statues:
Merta, Degana, Ladnun, Deedwana, Makarana, Parbatsar and Kuchaman are the major towns of the district. The total area of the district is 17,718 km, out of which 17,448.5 km is | 6,140,751 |
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rural and 269.5 km is urban.
# Forest, Flora & Fauna.
The district of Nagaur is poor in forest resources. The total area under including hills, is reported to be 240.92 km., which is 1.3 percent of total geographical area of the district. Scanty rainfall & other geographical constraints account for this. The western part of the district is divided of natural vegetation cover except for low herbs & grass which grows on low sand dunes. However, the south-eastern part of the district & part of the northern tehsil of Ladnun & Didwana have much greater greenery as compared to north-west part of the district. Khejri trees are commonly found in the district. Its leaves are used as fodder. It also | 6,140,752 |
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gives gum. Apart from commercial value, this tree is considered holy. The tree also plays an important role in checking soil crosion. The other common species found in the district are babul, neem, shisham, peepal, rohira, kalsi, dhangood, akara etc. Rohira & shisham trees provide timber & is used for making furniture. Dhangood is generally used for making cots. A common shrub-phog provides building material from its roots & twings.
# Tourism.
- Nagaur Fort was one of the first Muslim strongholds in northern India and one of the finest examples of Rajput-Mughal architecture. Built in the early 12th century and repeatedly altered over subsequent centuries, it witnessed many battles. Underwent | 6,140,753 |
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major renovations in 2007. 90 fountains are now running in the gardens and buildings. The fort's buildings and spaces, both external and internal, serve as venue, stage and home to a Sufi Music Festival.
- Ladnun - 10th century's Jain temples are rich with historical attraction. Ladnun is the spiritual hub of Ahimsa. Jain Vishva Bharti University - A famous centre of Jainism; a school of thought; a centre of spirituality & purification; a society of Ahimsa; a treasure of tranquility; an abode of humanity on earth.
- Bairathal Kallan - The Bairathal Kallan village was established about 700–750 years ago.
- Khinvsar town - Khimsar Fort - Situated 42 km from Nagaur on the National Highway No. | 6,140,754 |
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65 towards Jodhpur; 500-year-old fort in the middle of the Thar Desert; turned into a hotel furnished with modern facilities. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb used to stay here; Khinvsar town has 25 small temples; black deer roaming in herds are a very popular tourist attraction.
- Jayalm- Dadhimati Mata Temple - Also known as Goth-Manglod temple; 40 km from Nagaur; the oldest temple of the district constructed during the Gupta Dynasty (4th Century); Kul Devi of Dadhich Brahmins.
- Merta - Meera Bai Temple - Also known as the Charbhuja temple; 400 years old; evidence how total surrender helps attain godly qualities; how deep faith converts poison to 'Amrit'.
- Kuchaman City - Kuchaman Fort - One | 6,140,755 |
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of the oldest & most inaccessible forts of Rajasthan; situated on top of a straight hill; unique water harvesting system; Jodhpurrulers used to mint their gold & silver currency here; affords a beautiful view of the city; fort converted into a hotel has a strong attraction for tourists.
- Khatu - Khatu's old name was Shatkup (six wells). When Shak rulers came to India then they brought two new wells with them which were called Shakandhu (Stepwell) & Kalandh (Rahat). According to Prathviraj Raso, Khatu's old name was Khatwan. Old Khatu is almost destroyed. Now there are two villages, one is called Bari Khatu & other Chhoti Khatu. On the hillock of Chhoti Khatu a small fort is standing. Fort | 6,140,756 |
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was built by Prithviraj Chauhan. An old stepwell is located in Chhoti Khatu, known as Phool Bawadi, it is believed that this stepwell was constructed in Gurjara Pratihara period. This stepwell is artistic in its style of architecture.
- Kurki - Kurki is a small village in the Merta Tehsil of Nagaur district. It is the birthplace of the famous princess and poet, Meera Bai, about 30 km from Merta.
- Kharnal - It is situated on the Nagaur-Jodhpur National Highway near about 15 km from Nagaur. It is the birthplace of Lok Devta Veer Tejaji. It is believed that Kharnal was established by Dhawal Khichi who was in the 5th generation of the Choudhan ruler Gundal Rao Khichi of Jayal state. Veer Tejaji | 6,140,757 |
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km from Merta.
- Kharnal - It is situated on the Nagaur-Jodhpur National Highway near about 15 km from Nagaur. It is the birthplace of Lok Devta Veer Tejaji. It is believed that Kharnal was established by Dhawal Khichi who was in the 5th generation of the Choudhan ruler Gundal Rao Khichi of Jayal state. Veer Tejaji was born in Dholiya Gotra of Jat.
- Untwaliya - It is situated 15 km from Nagaur and 10 km from Alai.
- Jhorda - It is situated on the north of Nagaur about 30 km away. It is the birthplace of the Great Saint Baba Hariram.
# See also.
- Didwana
- Meethari Marwar
- Gotan
- Lampolai
- Bairathal Kallan
# External links.
- Khimsar
- Shital Kund Balaji Temple
- Nagaur Fort | 6,140,758 |
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Durham rule
A Durham rule, product test, or product defect rule is a rule in a criminal case by which a jury may determine a defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity because a criminal act was the product of a mental disease. Examples in which such rules were articulated in common law include "State v. Pike" (1869) and "Durham v. United States" (1954). In "Pike", the court wrote, "An accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect."
The "Durham" rule was abandoned in the case "United States v. Brawner", 471 F.2d 969 (1972). After the 1970s, U.S. jurisdictions have tended to not recognize this argument as it places emphasis on | 6,140,759 |
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"mental disease or defect" and thus on testimony by psychiatrists and is argued to be somewhat ambiguous. The problem with the "product test" was that it gave psychiatric and psychological experts too much influence in a decision of insanity and not enough to jurors. Although an expert witness may testify as to his or her opinion in a trial, judges are reluctant to allow it when the opinion goes to the ultimate issue of a case, i.e. when the opinion alone could decide the outcome of a case. The product test asked expert witnesses to use their judgment in determining whether criminal actions were "'the product' of a mental disease or defect." It is the jury's job to decide whether a defendant's | 6,140,760 |
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the opinion goes to the ultimate issue of a case, i.e. when the opinion alone could decide the outcome of a case. The product test asked expert witnesses to use their judgment in determining whether criminal actions were "'the product' of a mental disease or defect." It is the jury's job to decide whether a defendant's actions were the product of his mental disease or defect. The expert witness' job is to determine whether the defendant possesses a mental disease or defect. Further, often conflicting 'expert witnesses' were put on the witness stand by the prosecution and defense to draw the opposite conclusions regarding the cause of an individual's actions.
# See also.
- Insanity defense | 6,140,761 |
1642974 | The Trial (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Trial%20(song) | The Trial (song)
The Trial (song)
"The Trial" (working title "Trial by Puppet") is a track from Pink Floyd's 1979 rock opera/concept album "The Wall". Written by Roger Waters and Bob Ezrin, it marks the climax of the album and film.
# Plot.
The song centres on the main character, Pink, who having lived a life filled with emotional trauma and substance abuse has reached a critical psychological break. "The Trial" is the fulcrum on which Pink's mental state balances. In the song, Pink is charged with "showing feelings of an almost human nature." This means that Pink has committed a crime against himself by actually attempting to interact with his fellow human beings, defying the mission towards self-isolation | 6,140,762 |
1642974 | The Trial (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Trial%20(song) | The Trial (song)
that defined much of his life. Through the course of the song, he is confronted by the primary influences of his life (who have been introduced over the course of the album): an abusive schoolmaster, his wife, and his overprotective mother; in the animated sequence, they are depicted as grotesque caricatures. Pink's subconscious struggle for sanity is overseen by a new character, "The Judge." In "Pink Floyd -- The Wall" and the concert animations, the Judge is a giant worm for most of the song until his verse, at which point he transforms into a giant anthropomorphic body from the waist-down (bigger than the marching hammers in "Waiting for the Worms"), his face constructed from various elements | 6,140,763 |
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of the buttocks and genitals. A prosecutor conducts the early portions, which consist of the antagonists explaining their actions, intercut with Pink's refrains, "Crazy/Toys in the attic, I am crazy,/Truly gone fishing" and "Crazy/Over the rainbow, I am crazy,/Bars in the window." The culmination of the trial is the judge's sentence for Pink "to be exposed before your peers" whereupon he orders Pink to "Tear down the wall!"
As Waters sings the dialogue for each character he transitions into different accents including: upper-class British dialect (the prosecutor and judge), Scottish accent (the schoolmaster) and Northern English accent (Pink's mother). For the character of Pink's wife he used | 6,140,764 |
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his normal voice on the album and the original 1980-81 tour. However, in his solo 2010-13 tour of "The Wall" he portrays the wife with a distinctively French accent.
This and the following song, "Outside the Wall," are the only two songs on the album which the story is seen from an outsider's perspective, most notably through the three antagonists of "The Trial," even though it is all in Pink's mind. The song ends with the sound of a wall being demolished amid chants of "Tear down the wall!", marking the destruction of Pink's metaphorical wall.
# Film version.
The segment in the film version is a full-length animated sequence of vivid colour and disturbing visuals; the animation was originally | 6,140,765 |
1642974 | The Trial (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Trial%20(song) | The Trial (song)
designed for the album's concert performances, before being reworked for the film adaptation. Political cartoonist Gerald Scarfe directed the design for the segment. The film segment relies not only on visuals, but also on the themes, music, and lyrics of the original song. Pink, himself, is portrayed as an almost inanimate rag doll throughout the sequence. The three principal antagonists have pronounced cartoon forms and are known individually by their role:
- "The Schoolmaster" is brought down like a marionette on strings, controlled by his overbearing wife, referring to the earlier song "The Happiest Days of Our Lives." He has a long face with grey skin and two pointy tufts of hair on top, | 6,140,766 |
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making his head somewhat resemble a hammer.
- "The Wife" comes out from underneath the Wall, represented as the scorpion/praying mantis, that already appeared during "Don't Leave Me Now."
- The Mother comes in as an abstract, morphing image of an airplane (referencing the plane which killed Pink's father, and also the plane which Pink was playing with in "Another Brick in the Wall (Part I)"), and then transforms into a talking pair of lips, which then encircles Pink before morphing into a caricature of the archetypal mid-20th century British mother. As her voice ends, she transforms into the wall that Pink continues to be trapped behind.
- The Prosecutor is a caricature of a barrister. He | 6,140,767 |
1642974 | The Trial (song) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Trial%20(song) | The Trial (song)
is short and rotund, wearing a long navy gown which trails behind him, at points above his own head, such as when he leaps onto the "wall" (depicted as being composed of white bricks, as in the album's cover). His facial features are occasionally greatly exaggerated; depending on what he is saying. For instance, when he describes Pink's charges, during saying that Pink has experienced "feelings... feelings of an almost human nature," his face moves close to the camera and assumes a grotesque expression of disgust and contempt.
- The Judge is portrayed as a giant pair of buttocks — complete with two backwards facing legs, an anus for a mouth (with a monstrous voice), and a scrotum for a chin | 6,140,768 |
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— wearing a judge's wig.
After a montage of clips from the movie shown before were played, there is a long moment of silence before the wall begins to fall apart, accompanied by a scream of agony and terror from Pink.
The animated sequence was used in the 1980/81 concert versions of "The Wall" with Waters singing the song in front of The Wall as "The Trial"'s animation played behind him on the wall. It was then used again in the 2010-13 touring concert version, albeit with the "crazy" interludes modified to incorporate CGI (most prominently the replacement of the floating leaf sequence with one of a deformed humanoid lashing out towards the audience, surrounded by graffiti of hateful messages).
There | 6,140,769 |
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are also a number of differences on the 1980/81 Live version of the animation compared to the 1982 movie. Several scenes were re-shot to fit the wider screen, while in many other cases (i.e. the "Crazy" intervals + most scenes with the Judge) stretched to fit the widescreen format, The first scenes of the Trial being set-up there lack cuts in the live version; it's one long tracking shot through the many characters in the scene while the worms form the stage. In other cases too there are scenes entirely deleted like an crowd of large humanoids cheering for the Judge to "shit on him", as well as the bricks transforming into the Wife/Mother/Schoolmaster characters after the Judge's verse, cutting | 6,140,770 |
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abruptly into Pink's "Memories"; some of these scenes appear intact in the more recent 2012 tour.
# Composition.
The track is noted for its distinctive voice work by Waters, as well as its grandiose musical style, which is more akin to an operetta than a rock song; it is fully orchestrated, with no traditional rock elements until David Gilmour's guitar starts as verdict is pronounced, along with Nick Mason's heavy drums.
Musically, the structure of "The Trial" is similar to an earlier track on the album, "Run Like Hell," with the same chord sequence of E minor, F, back to E minor, C, and B. However, there are various differences between the two songs, such as vastly different instrumentation. | 6,140,771 |
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The bass alternates between the root (E) and fifth (B) of the E minor chord, and when the chord changes to F Major, the bass remains the same, resulting in a strong feeling of tension and dissonance, as the relationship between the F chord and the B note is a tritone, the most unstable interval in music.
In the last verse (The Judge's verdict), a distorted electric guitar enters, playing a leitmotif from the album, a melody first heard in "Another Brick in the Wall" (and most recently reprised in the outro to "Waiting for the Worms"). Here, the theme is in the key of E minor (indeed, most expressions of this theme have been in E minor, rather than the D minor of "Another Brick in the Wall"), | 6,140,772 |
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and as in an earlier song from the album, "Hey You," it alternates between E minor (with the notes E, F♯, G, F♯) and A minor (A, B, C, B). However, while that section of "Hey You" alternated between E minor and A minor chords, here the overall tonality of the orchestration is really alternating between E minor and F major, in keeping with the introduction of the piece. This results in further tension, as the guitar, with its aggressive, distorted tone, is starting on the major third of the second chord, rather than the root as the listener would expect—and concluding on the tritone, B. This, combined with the bass line strictly staying on E and B in this section, results in a harmonic state | 6,140,773 |
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that is significantly tense and unstable, leading to the explosive sound effect of the wall tumbling down.
# Concerts and versions.
- In the Berlin performance, before The Wall crumbles, it briefly "becomes" the Berlin Wall, building up graffiti like the actual wall until it is pulled down.
- In the concert animation, when the Godzilla-sized judge looks over the crowd, it seems that the "marching hammers" of fame are all lined up in his possession.
- In the film version, the animation from the stage show is used, but certain shots (including the School Master turning into a hammer) were stretched from their original full-frame image to a 2.39:1 aspect ratio. The rest of the animation that | 6,140,774 |
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was featured reused the original cels though expanded the backgrounds to fill the cinematic image. Waters used the film's anamorphic version for his 2010–13 tour of "The Wall".
- In 2009, pianist Andreas Behrendt released an instrumental version of the song.
# Personnel.
- Roger Waters – vocals
- Nick Mason – bass drum, cymbals
- David Gilmour – guitars, bass guitar
- Richard Wright – piano
with:
- Vicki Brown and Clare Torry (credited simply as Vicki & Clare) – backing vocals
- New York Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Kamen
Personnel per Fitch and Mahon.
# Personnel (Live in Berlin).
In the Berlin 1990 performance, "The Trial" contained these cast members and their roles:
- | 6,140,775 |
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icki Brown and Clare Torry (credited simply as Vicki & Clare) – backing vocals
- New York Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Kamen
Personnel per Fitch and Mahon.
# Personnel (Live in Berlin).
In the Berlin 1990 performance, "The Trial" contained these cast members and their roles:
- Tim Curry – The Prosecutor
- Thomas Dolby – The Schoolmaster
- Ute Lemper – Pink's Wife
- Marianne Faithfull – Pink's Mother
- Albert Finney – The Judge
- Roger Waters (pre-recorded vocals) – Pink
# Further reading.
- Fitch, Vernon. "The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia" (3rd edition), 2005. .
- "Pink Floyd: The Wall" (Sheet music songbook) (1980 Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd., London, England, (USA ). | 6,140,776 |
1642990 | Statler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statler | Statler
Statler
The name Statler has several meanings
- a href="Phoenix%0A%20Niklaus%20Matthew%20%0AStatler%2009/11/2018-"Phoenix
Niklaus Matthew
Statler 09/11/2018-/a,
Great Grandson of
Marie
Auguste
of Anhalt
German Royal
1898–1983
- Statler and Waldorf, a pair of Muppets
- , a webshow featuring the Muppets
- Statler & Waldorf (musicians), a music production group named after the Muppets
- Statler Hotel, a chain of luxury hotels
- Ellsworth Milton Statler, founder of Statler Hotels
- The Statler Brothers, a country music group
- Statler Stitcher, computerized add-on attachment to longarm quilting machines | 6,140,777 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
Nuno Tristão
Nuno Tristão was a 15th-century Portuguese explorer and slave trader, active in the early 1440s, traditionally thought to be the first European to reach the region of Guinea (legendarily, as far as Guinea-Bissau, but more recent historians believe he did not go beyond the Gambia River).
# First voyage.
Nuno Tristão was a knight of the household of Henry the Navigator. In 1441, Tristão was dispatched by Henry in one of the first prototypes of the lateen-rigged caravel to explore the West African coast beyond Cape Barbas, the furthest point reached by Henry's last captain five years earlier (Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia, in 1436). Around Rio de Oro, Tristão met up with the ship of Antão | 6,140,778 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
Gonçalves, who had been sent on a separate mission by Henry that same year to hunt monk seals that basked on those shores. But Gonçalves happened to capture a solitary young camel-driver, the first native encountered by the Portuguese since the expeditions began in the 1420s. Nuno Tristão, who carried on board one of Henry's Moorish servants to act as an interpreter, interrogated Gonçalves's captive camel-driver. Tristão and Gonçalves were led by his information to a small Sanhaja Berber fishing camp nearby. The Portuguese attacked the fishermen, taking some ten captives, the first African slaves taken by the Portuguese back to Europe. Gonçalves returned to Portugal immediately after the slave | 6,140,779 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
raid, but Nuno Tristão continued south, reaching as far as Cape Blanc ("Cabo Branco"), before turning back.
## Second voyage.
In 1443, Nuno Tristão was sent out by Henry again, and pressed beyond Cape Blanc to reach the Bay of Arguin. On Arguin island, Tristão encountered a Sanhaja Berber village, the first permanent settlement seen by Henry's captains on the West African coast. Tristão immediately attacked it, taking some fourteen villagers captive and returned to Portugal with his captives. Tristão's report of easy and profitable slave-raiding grounds in the Arguin banks prompted numerous Portuguese merchants and adventurers to apply to Henry for a slave-trading license. Between 1444 and | 6,140,780 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
1446 several dozen Portuguese ships set out for slave raids around Arguin Bay.
## Third voyage.
As fishing settlements around the Arguin banks were quickly devastated by the Portuguese slave raiders, in 1445 (or possibly 1444), Nuno Tristão was sent by Henry to press further south and look for new slave-raiding grounds. Tristão reached as far south as borderlands of Senegal, where the Sahara desert ends and forest begins, and the coastal population changed from 'tawny' Sanhaja Berbers to 'black' Wolofs. Tristão is believed to have reached as far as the "Ponta da Berberia" (Langue de Barbarie), just short of the entrance to the Senegal River. Bad weather prevented his entering the river or | 6,140,781 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
landing there, so he set sail back. On the way home, Tristão stopped by the Arguin banks and took another 21 Berbers captive.
Nuno Tristão arrived in Portugal declaring he had finally discovered sub-Saharan Africa, or in the nomenclature of the time, the "Land of the Blacks" ("Terra dos Guineus", or simply "Guinea"). Portuguese slave raiders immediately descended on the Senegalese coast, but finding alert and better-armed natives on that coast, the slave raids were not nearly as easy nor as profitable as they had hoped.
## Fourth voyage.
In 1446 (or perhaps 1445 or 1447, date uncertain), Nuno Tristão set out on his fourth (and final) trip down the West African coast. Somewhere south of Cap | 6,140,782 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
Vert, Tristão came across the mouth of a large river. Tristão took 22 sailors with him on a launch upriver, to search for a settlement to raid. But the launch was ambushed by thirteen native canoes with some 80 armed men. Quickly surrounded, Nuno Tristão, along with most of his crew, was killed on the spot by poisoned arrows (two might have escaped). Tristão's caravel, reduced to a crew composed of clerk Aires Tinoco and four "grumetes" ('ship boys'), immediately set sail back to Portugal. (However, the account of Diogo Gomes differs here; he asserts the caravel never made it back—that the native canoes overpowered and seized it, and then dragged the caravel and dismantled it upriver.)
It is | 6,140,783 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
uncertain how far Nuno Tristão actually sailed and where he died. Up until the 1940s, Portuguese tradition asserted Tristão died at "Rio do Nuno" (Nunez River, modern Guinea), or that he fell just short of it, and died at "Rio Grande" (Geba River, Guinea-Bissau). As a result, Nuno Tristão was traditionally credited as the 'discoverer' of Portuguese Guinea (modern Guinea-Bissau), and even said to have been the first European to set foot on the landmass of what is now the modern city of Bissau. If true, then Nuno Tristão's last journey was an enormous leap beyond the previous Portuguese milestone ("Cabo dos Mastos", Cape Naze, Senegal).
However, modern historians, drawing from larger evidence | 6,140,784 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
(including the accounts of Diogo Gomes and Cadamosto), have generally dismissed this claim and now generally agree that Nuno Tristão only reached as far as the Sine-Saloum delta, still in Senegal, just a few miles south of Cape of Masts (Cape Naze) or, at their most generous, the Gambia River. Exactly where has been subject to debate. In his careful investigation, historian Teixeira da Mota concluded that Nuno Tristão first prodded up the Saloum River ("Rio de Barbacins", ) then sent his launch up the Diombos River ("Rio de Lago", ), the south bank of which was controlled by the Mandinka king known as "Niumimansa", of the Niumi Bato. It was these Mandinka (or Mandikized) warriors that ambushed | 6,140,785 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
and killed Nuno Tristão. Other scholars attribute the killing of the Portuguese slave raider and his party to the Serer people of Senegambia. This is the general consensus.
The death of Nuno Tristão, Henry's favorite captain, was the beginning of the end of this wave of Henry's expeditions. Another set of ships would be still go out the next year, but would also take significant casualties, and as a result, Portuguese expeditions were temporarily suspended. Henry the Navigator did not dispatch another expedition to the West African coast again until a decade later (Cadamosto in 1455).
# See also.
- History of Portugal (1415–1542)
- Portuguese Empire
# References.
- João de Barros (1552–59) | 6,140,786 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
"Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente". Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5)
- Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) "Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné". [Trans. 1896–99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, "The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea", London: Halykut]
- Barreto, João (1938) "História da Guiné, 1418–1918". Lisbon.
- Castlereagh, Duncan. "Encyclopedia of Discovery and Exploration - The Great Age of Exploration". Aldus Books London, 1971.
- Castilho, A.M. de (1866) "Descripção e roteiro da costa | 6,140,787 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
occidental de Africa, desde o cabo de Espartel até o das Agulhas", Lisbon: Impresa Nacional, 2 vols.
- Cortesão, Armando (1931) "Subsídios para a história do Descobrimento de Cabo Verde e Guiné", Boletim da Agencia Geral das Colonias, No. 75. As reprinted in 1975, Esparsos, vol. 1, Coimbra
- Leite, Duarte (1941) "Acerca da «Crónica dos Feitos de Guinee»". Lisbon: Bertrand
- Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino de (1945) "Documentos sôbre a Espansão Portuguesa", 2 vols, Lisbon: Gleba.
- Peres, Damião (1943) "História dos descobrimentos portugueses", Porto: Portucalense.
- Pimentel, M. (1746) "Arte de navegar: em que se ensinam as regras praticas, e os modos de cartear, e de graduar a balestilha por | 6,140,788 |
1642962 | Nuno Tristão | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuno%20Tristão | Nuno Tristão
gueses", Porto: Portucalense.
- Pimentel, M. (1746) "Arte de navegar: em que se ensinam as regras praticas, e os modos de cartear, e de graduar a balestilha por via de numeros, e muitos problemas uteis á navegaçao : e Roteyro das viagens, e costas maritimas de Guiné, Angóla, Brasil, Indias, e Ilhas Occidentaes, e Orientaes". Lisbon: Francisco da Silva
- Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", "Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa", Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p.11-68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p.273-326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p.457-509.
- Teixeira da Mota, Avelino (1972) "Mar, além Mar: Estudos e ensaios de história e geographia". Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar | 6,140,789 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
Cotton picker
The cotton picker is a machine that automates cotton harvesting in a way that reduces harvest time and maximizes efficiency.
# History.
Cotton picking was originally done by hand. In many societies, like America, slave and serf labor was utilized to pick the cotton, increasing the plantation owner's profit margins (See Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade). The first practical cotton picker was invented over a period of years beginning in the late 1920s by John Daniel Rust (1892–1954) with the later help of his brother Mack Rust. Other inventors had tried designs with a barbed spindle to twist cotton fibers onto the spindle and then pull the cotton from the boll, but these early designs | 6,140,790 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
were impractical because the spindle became clogged with cotton. Rust determined that a smooth, moist spindle could be used to strip the fibers from the boll without trapping them in the machinery. In 1933 John Rust received his first patent, and eventually, he and his brother owned forty-seven patents on cotton picking machinery. However, during the Great Depression it was difficult to obtain financing to develop their inventions.
In 1935 the Rust brothers founded the Rust Cotton Picker Company in Memphis, Tennessee, and on August 31, 1936 demonstrated the Rust picker at the Delta Experiment Station in Stoneville, Mississippi. Although the first Rust picker was not without serious deficiencies, | 6,140,791 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
it did pick cotton and the demonstration attracted considerable national press coverage. Nevertheless, the Rust's company did not have the capability of manufacturing cotton pickers in significant quantities. With the success of the Rust picker, other companies redoubled their efforts to produce practical pickers not based on the Rust patents. Then, widespread adoption was delayed by the manufacturing demands of World War II. The International Harvester produced a commercially-successful commercial cotton picker in 1944. After World War II, the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company manufactured cotton pickers using an improved Rust design. In the following years mechanical pickers were gradually | 6,140,792 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
improved and were increasingly adopted by farmers.
The introduction of the cotton picker has been cited as a factor in the Second Great Migration.
# Conventional picker.
The first pickers were only capable of harvesting one row of cotton at a time, but were still able to replace up to forty hand laborers. The current cotton picker is a self-propelled machine that removes cotton lint and seed (seed-cotton) from the plant at up to six rows at a time.
There are two types of pickers in use today. One is the "stripper" picker, primarily found in use in Texas. They are also found in Arkansas. It removes not only the lint from the plant, but a fair deal of the plant matter as well (such as unopened | 6,140,793 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
bolls). Later, the plant matter is separated from the lint through a process dropping heavier matter before the lint makes it to the basket at the rear of the picker. The other type of picker is the "spindle" picker. It uses rows of barbed spindles that rotate at high speed and remove the seed-cotton from the plant. The seed-cotton is then removed from the spindles by a counter-rotating doffer and is then blown up into the basket. Once the basket is full the picker dumps the seed-cotton into a "module builder". The module builder creates a compact "brick" of seed-cotton, weighing in at approximately 21,000 lb (16 un-ginned bales), which can be stored in the field or in the "gin yard" until it | 6,140,794 |
1642993 | Cotton picker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton%20picker | Cotton picker
"gin yard" until it is ginned. Each ginned bale weighs roughly 480 lb (218.2 kg).
An industry-exclusive on-board round module builder was offered by John Deere in 2007. In c.2008 the Case IH Module Express 625 was designed in collaboration with ginners and growers to provide a cotton picker with the ability to build modules while harvesting the crop.
# References.
- Holley, Donald. Mechanical Cotton Picker Encyclopedia article, University of Arkansas at Monticello
- International Harvester article from Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World
- "Recent Progress in the Mechanization of Cotton Production in the United States," by Gilbert C. Fite © 1950 Agricultural History Society | 6,140,795 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
John Calipari
John Vincent Calipari (born February 10, 1959) is an American basketball coach. Since 2009, he has been the head coach of the University of Kentucky men's team, with whom he won the NCAA Championship in 2012. He has been named Naismith College Coach of the Year three times (in 1996, 2008 and 2015), and was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2015.
He was previously the head coach at the University of Massachusetts from 1988 to 1996, the NBA's New Jersey Nets from 1996 to 1999 and the University of Memphis from 2000 to 2009, and was the head coach of the Dominican Republic national team in 2011 and 2012.
Calipari has coached Kentucky to four Final Fours, in 2011, 2012, | 6,140,796 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
2014 and 2015. He also led UMass and Memphis to the Final Four in 1996 and 2008 respectively; those appearances were later vacated, though Calipari was not personally implicated or deemed at fault in either issue. As a college coach, Calipari has twenty-four 20-win seasons, nine 30-win seasons, and three 35-win seasons.
# Life and career.
Calipari was born in Moon Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is of Italian descent. He attended Moon Area High School and graduated in 1978.
## Playing career.
Calipari was a high school point guard who was a fringe division one prospect.
Calipari lettered two years at UNC Wilmington before transferring to Clarion University | 6,140,797 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree in marketing. He played point guard at Clarion during the 1981 and 1982 seasons, leading the team in assists and free throw percentage.
## Coaching career.
From 1982 to 1985, Calipari was an assistant at the University of Kansas under Ted Owens and Larry Brown. Calipari had several jobs as the lowest coach in the pecking order when Ted Owens hired him as a volunteer assistant for the Jayhawks' 1982–83 season, including serving food at the training table. "I was blessed to have the chance. Can you imagine being 22, 23 and your first opportunity to be around the game is at a program like Kansas?"
From 1985 to 1988, he was an | 6,140,798 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh under Roy Chipman and Paul Evans. From 1988 to 1996, he was head coach at the University of Massachusetts. From 1996 to 1999, he was head coach and Executive VP of basketball operations for the NBA's New Jersey Nets. During the 1999–2000 season, he was an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers under coach Larry Brown, before moving on to his next position at the University of Memphis. He was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2004.
Calipari is famous for popularizing the dribble drive motion offense, developed by Vance Walberg, which is sometimes known as the "Memphis Attack". Calipari is a published author | 6,140,799 |
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