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1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
with several titles to his credit, including "Bounce Back: Overcoming Setbacks to Succeed in Business and in Life" and "Players First: Coaching from the Inside Out". Additionally, Calipari starred in the 30 for 30 documentary from ESPN "One and Not Done" which details his professional career.
In his 22 official seasons (23 seasons overall) as a collegiate head coach, Calipari's record is 667–194 (.775). His record in the month of March is 107–37 (.743). His NCAA adjusted (the records of two appearances being removed) official record in the NCAA tournament is 38–12 (.760), and in the NIT is 15–6 (.714). His teams have made 15 NCAA tournament appearances (13 official, due to 2 later being vacated), | 6,140,800 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
including reaching the Sweet Sixteen 12 times (10 official, due to 2 later being vacated), the Elite Eight 10 times (8 official, due to 2 later being vacated), the Final Four 6 times (4 official, due to 2 later being vacated), the NCAA Championship Game 3 times (twice officially, with the 2008 Championship Game appearance while at Memphis being vacated by the NCAA), winning the NCAA Championship at Kentucky in 2012, and finishing NCAA Runner Up in 2014.
As a college coach, Calipari has 21 20-win seasons (20 official) and 9 30-win seasons (8 official). He has also coached 6 teams to the NIT, winning the NIT Championship at Memphis in 2002. He is one of only four coaches in NCAA Division I history | 6,140,801 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
to direct three different schools to a #1 seed in the NCAA Tournament.
The “Platoon System”, established under John Calipari not only provided life for The University of Kentucky's basketball team, but it also provided an important defensive weapon. The Platoon System was introduced in 2014, and consisted of playing 10 men in legions of five. Each platoon includes 3 ball handlers and 2 taller players. What makes the Platoon System so special is that most teams cannot play two seven foot players on the court at all time.
Since 2012, the Wildcats head coach John Calipari has been on the top of the high school basketball recruiting mountain. Recruiting has always been paramount for John Calipari | 6,140,802 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
and the Kentucky Wildcats. According to the Washington Post, Calipari's teams have been a defensive powerhouse, historically ranking in the top 50 in Ken Pomeroy's defensive debate. Because of his successful recruiting John Calipari is able to bring in elite talent, and does not have to use a mundane 2-3 zone, or man to man defensive tactics to gain a defensive edge. Due to the use of four seven foot front court players, Kentucky has had the ability to display their defensive shot blocking presence.
During the 2014 college basketball season, teams had no answer for the platoon system. Most, used a pick and rolloffense that was easily defended by the Wildcats length. John Calipari is also famous | 6,140,803 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
for his ability to recruit world class talent for his basketball team every year. Due to the dominating success that John Calipari has been able to engineer during his tenure as head coach of the Kentucky Wildcats, it should come as no surprise that his players tend to enter the NBA Draft after their first season. Therefore, initiating a culture of one-and-done's. In 2018, an overwhelming standing statistic is that any player that John Calipari has coached that chose to enter the NBA Draft after their first season was drafted in the first round.
This statistic started in 2002 with Dajuan Wagner, and has been unparalleled in its success. As of the 2018 NBA Draft coach Calipari has 25-25 on drafted | 6,140,804 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
players. Unfortunately the streak came to a halt when 2018 Kentucky Wildcat, Jarred Vanderbilt declared for the NBA draft but was not drafted until the second round.
### University of Massachusetts.
From 1988 to 1996 at UMass, Calipari led the Minutemen program to five consecutive Atlantic 10 titles and NCAA Tournament appearances, including periods where the program was ranked first nationally. He finished with a 193–71 record overall, with a 91–41 record in Atlantic 10 conference games. Calipari was named Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year in 1992, 1993, and 1996. He was also named the Naismith, NABC, "Basketball Times" & "Sporting News" National Coach of the Year in 1996. He led UMass to its | 6,140,805 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
first-ever appearance in the Final Four with the play of the John R. Wooden Award winner and Naismith College Player of the Year Marcus Camby, although this appearance was later vacated by the NCAA because Camby had accepted about $28,000 worth of gifts, in particular a gold chain, from two sports agents who were luring him to enter the NBA draft after his Sophomore season.
Calipari helped accelerate the construction of the Mullins Center, UMass' basketball and hockey facility. He also reached out to eastern Massachusetts and Boston to enlarge the fan base. Before moving on to the New Jersey Nets, Calipari became the second winningest coach in UMass history behind Jack Leaman.
In February | 6,140,806 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
2010, Pat Forde, at the time the writer of a regular college sports column called "Forde Minutes" for "ESPN.com", recalled the 1992 team:
In the Sweet 16 matchup with Kentucky in 1992, official Lenny Wirtz issued Calipari a controversial technical foul for being outside the coach's box during a crucial UMass possession. Kentucky went on to face Duke in the next round in one of the greatest games in college basketball history, won on a last-second shot by Christian Laettner.
In 1993, UMass defeated defending NCAA champion and preseason #1 North Carolina in the pre-season NIT in Madison Square Garden. The following year #3 UMass defeated defending NCAA champion and #1 Arkansas in the Hall of | 6,140,807 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
Fame Tip-Off classic, which resulted in UMass becoming the first New England college basketball team to be voted #1 in the Associated Press poll.
During Calipari's tenure at UMass, the program became one of the most dominant in college basketball despite recruiting just one McDonald's All-American (Donta Bright) and having only two players drafted by an NBA team (Lou Roe and Marcus Camby). Forde recalled the Final Four team in Calipari's final UMass season in 1995–96 as a squad "with one superstar (Marcus Camby) and a collection of complementary parts". By winning both the Atlantic 10 regular season and conference tournament championships from 1992 to 1996, UMass became the second team in college | 6,140,808 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
basketball history to win 5 consecutive regular season and conference tournament championships (NC State was the first.)
### New Jersey Nets.
In the 1996–97 season, John Calipari replaced Butch Beard as head coach of the New Jersey Nets. After a 26–56 debut season, the Nets made a major draft-day trade in June 1997, acquiring Keith Van Horn, Lucious Harris and two other players for Tim Thomas.
In 1997, while coaching the New Jersey Nets, Calipari directed profanities at "Star-Ledger" sports reporter Dan Garcia and referred to him as a "Mexican idiot". Garcia sued for $5,000,000 for emotional distress. Though the case was dismissed and Calipari apologized for his remarks, he was still fined | 6,140,809 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
$25,000 by the NBA.
The 1997–98 season was a lone bright spot for the Nets in the late 1990s. The team played well under Calipari, winning 43 games and qualifying for the playoffs on the last day of the season. The Nets were seeded eighth in the Eastern Conference and lost to the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 playoffs in three straight games.
The 1998–99 season was delayed for three months due to an owners' lockout of the players. When the abbreviated 50-game season began, the Nets were a choice by experts as a surprise team. However, Sam Cassell was injured in the first game and the team started poorly. With the Nets underachieving at 3–15, the Nets traded Cassell to the Milwaukee Bucks, while | 6,140,810 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
the Nets acquired Stephon Marbury from the Minnesota Timberwolves. After two more losses, Calipari was fired as head coach with the team at 3–17. He finished his tenure with an overall record of 72 wins and 112 losses, and a .391 overall winning percentage. He then joined Larry Brown as an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers.
### University of Memphis.
Calipari became head coach at the University of Memphis beginning in 2000–01. In Calipari's first nine years as head coach at Memphis, he won 214 games (38 wins were vacated), posted seven consecutive 20-win seasons, plus one more in his final season (including an NCAA record four consecutive 30-win seasons, though the third season was | 6,140,811 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
vacated and this record no longer holds) and earned seven consecutive postseason bids (plus one in his final season). His 2007–2008 team's 38 victories set a new NCAA Division I Men's Basketball record for most victories in a season, a record that now belongs to the 2011–2012 Kentucky Wildcats due to NCAA violations that vacated all of Memphis' wins. The nine consecutive 20-win seasons and the nine consecutive postseason appearances would have been the most in school history, though that officially stands now at seven because of the vacated 2007–08 season. He was named Conference USA Coach of the Year in 2006, 2008, and 2009. In 2008, he was named Naismith College Coach of the Year, receiving | 6,140,812 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
the honor for the second time. In 2009, he was named Sports Illustrated College Basketball Coach of the Year.
He built a national program by recruiting blue chip players from the Eastern part of the country, such as Dajuan Wagner from Camden (NJ), Darius Washington Jr. from Orlando (FL), Rodney Carney from Indianapolis (IN), Shawne Williams from Memphis (TN), Joey Dorsey from Baltimore (MD), Chris Douglas-Roberts from Detroit (MI), Antonio Anderson from Lynn (MA), Robert Dozier from Lithonia (GA), Derrick Rose from Chicago (IL), and Tyreke Evans from Aston (PA).
While at Memphis, Calipari popularized the dribble drive motion offense that was invented by former Pepperdine basketball coach, | 6,140,813 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
Vance Walberg.
On January 21, 2008, Calipari led the Tigers to the No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll for only the second time in school history.
In 2006 and 2008, Memphis earned a No. 1 seed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament. In 2008, Calipari's Tigers advanced to the national championship game, their first under his leadership. They also won 38 games, the most regular-season wins in NCAA history (his 2011–12 Kentucky team would also go on to win 38 games). His team, however, would lose to the Kansas Jayhawks, 75–68, in overtime. This team later had its entire season record vacated by the NCAA because ETS invalidated Derrick Rose's SAT. Despite this, Rose still denies any wrongdoing. The | 6,140,814 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
NCAA began to investigate the test and contacted the ETS. Because the NCAA had begun to investigate, ETS decided to review the test. The ETS sent three letters to Rose's family's former address in Chicago (instead of his dorm in Memphis) to ask that Rose verify some information on his test. Because he did not reply to the letters, ETS invalidated his SAT. This happened even though the NCAA investigated and reported that they could not find significant evidence to prove that Rose did not take the test. Because the ETS had invalidated the test, the NCAA retroactively declared Rose ineligible. To this day, the official position of the NCAA is that Rose did take his own SAT. If not for the vacated | 6,140,815 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
wins, Calipari would be the winningest coach in Tigers history, as he would have 252 wins to Larry Finch's 220.
On October 7, 2011, the "Memphis Commercial-Appeal" reported that on May 28, 2010, John Calipari, Derrick Rose, and University of Memphis athletic director R.C. Johnson reached a $100,000 out-of-court settlement with three attorneys who represented Memphis season ticket holders and threatened a lawsuit over the vacated 2007–08 season. Also as part of the settlement, Calipari donated his near-$232,000 bonus to the Memphis scholarship fund.
### University of Kentucky.
On March 30, 2009, four days after Memphis' season ending loss to Missouri in the NCAA Tournament, multiple sources | 6,140,816 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
reported that Calipari would agree to be the head coach at the University of Kentucky, after UK's head coach, Billy Gillispie, was fired after two unsuccessful seasons at the school. Calipari rejected a counter offer by Memphis for Kentucky's 8 year, $31.65 million contract.
According to university officials, John Calipari signed a written contract on March 31, 2009. The contract was worth $34.65 million over 8 years, plus incentives. On April 1, 2009, the University of Kentucky Director of Athletics, Mitch Barnhart, formally introduced John Calipari as the new coach of the University of Kentucky Wildcats. During the press conference, Calipari spoke at length about his relationships with former | 6,140,817 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
UK basketball players and coaches, and also in his difficulties in accepting the UK job, largely due to his deep emotional ties with both the city of Memphis and University of Memphis. Calipari stated, "Coming to UK was the easy part, it was leaving the city of Memphis that was the hard part." He went on to refer to the University of Kentucky coaching position as his "dream job". Calipari became the 22nd coach overall at Kentucky, and just the 7th coach in the last 79 years for the Wildcats.
#### 2009–10.
In his first year as head coach, Calipari had a highly touted recruiting class, including the No. 1 overall rated recruit, John Wall, plus fellow 5-star recruits, DeMarcus Cousins, Eric Bledsoe, | 6,140,818 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
and Daniel Orton. On December 21, 2009, Calipari led the Cats to their 12th victory of the season and the program's 2,000th victory ever. Kentucky won its 44th SEC Regular Season Championship in 2009–10, with a 14–2 conference record. Calipari's team followed this up with the UK's 26th SEC Tournament Championship, with an overtime defeat of Mississippi State, 75–74, in the SEC Tournament title game. In the NCAA Tournament, however, No. 1 seed Kentucky (East Region) was upset by West Virginia in the Elite 8, to finish the season at 35–3.
#### 2010–11.
In his second season at Kentucky, Calipari recruited the No. 1 rated point guard in the 2010 class, Brandon Knight. In addition to Knight, Calipari | 6,140,819 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
also signed two other 5-star recruits, Terrence Jones and Doron Lamb. In 2010–11, Kentucky finished the regular season with a record of 22–8, with a 10–6 record in SEC regular season play. UK would go on to win its second consecutive SEC Tournament Championship, defeating Florida, 70–54, in the SEC Tournament title game. As a result, Kentucky received a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament (East Regional). During the NCAA Tournament, Kentucky would go on to defeat No. 1 overall seed Ohio State, 62–60, in the Sweet-16. In the Elite Eight, Calipari's team would avenge an early season loss to North Carolina, by defeating the Tar Heels, 76–69, securing Kentucky's first Final Four appearance since 1998. | 6,140,820 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
In the Final Four, UK fell to the eventual NCAA Champions, UConn, by one point, 56–55, finishing with a final record of 29–9.
#### 2011–12.
In this third season, Kentucky landed another No. 1 recruiting class with four consensus five star players: Anthony Davis, Marquis Teague, Michael Kidd-Gilchrist and Kyle Wiltjer. Kentucky came into the season ranked #2 in the country. They finished the regular season with a 30–1 record, their only loss to Indiana by a buzzer-beater and went 16–0 in conference play. In the SEC tournament, Kentucky lost in the championship game to Vanderbilt 71–64. In the NCAA Tournament, Calipari's team was selected as the overall #1 seed in the tournament, representing | 6,140,821 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
as the South Region #1 seed. Kentucky avenged the early season loss to Indiana beating them in the Sweet Sixteen 102–90, and knocked off Baylor in the Elite Eight 82–70, to advance to their second consecutive Final Four. In the Final Four in New Orleans, Kentucky first faced their in-state rival, the Louisville Cardinals and Rick Pitino, winning 69–61. Two days later, in the National Championship game, Kentucky played in another early season rematch against the Kansas Jayhawks, winning a hard-fought contest 67–59. The win secured Calipari his first NCAA Championship, a NCAA record 38-win season, and the 8th overall NCAA Championship for Kentucky. By doing so, John Calipari became the 5th head | 6,140,822 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
coach to win a NCAA Championship at Kentucky (a NCAA record), and the first coach to do so at the school since Tubby Smith in 1998.
Following the 2012 championship, UK Athletics Director Mitch Barnhart announced on May 4 that Calipari's contract had been renegotiated. Under the new contract, Calipari will make up to $8.0 million annually (not including bonuses), which further cements his status as one of the most highly compensated college basketball coaches in the country. Mike Krzyzewski, coach of the Duke University team, leads the NCAA at an annual salary of $9.8 million.
In April 2019, Calipari agreed to a "lifetime" contract with Kentucky, centered on a 10-year coaching extension, and | 6,140,823 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
a lifetime paid ambassadorship when he retires.
#### Hall of Fame.
On September 11, 2015 Calipari was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. As of the 2015–2016 NCAA Division I college basketball season, John Calipari is one of only 6 active coaches enshrined.
# Head coaching record.
## College.
^ UMass had its 4–1 record in the 1996 NCAA tournament and Final Four standing vacated after Marcus Camby was ruled ineligible due to his contact with a sports agent.
Overall record with vacated wins is 749–210 (.780)
## Overall wins.
On February 26, 2011, after Kentucky beat the Florida Gators in Rupp Arena, Calipari was recognized for his 500th career victory as a Division | 6,140,824 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
I men's basketball coach. Over the course of the next few months, the NCAA's Committee on Infractions (COI) and the University of Kentucky exchanged letters debating whether Calipari had indeed reached the 500-win milestone. Due to games vacated by the NCAA in two different seasons (the 1996 season at UMass and the 2008 season at Memphis), the NCAA only officially recognized Calipari's 500th all time coaching victory on March 15, 2012.
# Personal life.
Calipari has been married since 1986 and has two daughters, Erin, a neuropharmacologist, and Megan, a French pastry chef, and a son, Brad, who played basketball at Kentucky for two seasons. Brad graduated from Kentucky in May 2019 with two remaining | 6,140,825 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
seasons of college eligibility, and chose to transfer to the University of Detroit Mercy to complete his college playing career.
## Feud with John Chaney.
On February 13, 1994, Temple University basketball coach John Chaney threatened to kill Calipari at a post-game news conference, while Calipari was speaking at a podium. Chaney entered the conference mid-speech, called him an "Italian son of a bitch," accusing Calipari of manipulating the referees. When Calipari attempted to respond to the accusations, Chaney yelled, "Shut up goddammit!", and proceeded to charge the stage, before being stopped by security. While being held back, Chaney shouted, "When I see you, I'm gonna kick your ass!" | 6,140,826 |
1642930 | John Calipari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Calipari | John Calipari
rees. When Calipari attempted to respond to the accusations, Chaney yelled, "Shut up goddammit!", and proceeded to charge the stage, before being stopped by security. While being held back, Chaney shouted, "When I see you, I'm gonna kick your ass!" As security restrained Chaney, he repeatedly yelled, "I'll kill you!" and angrily admitted telling his players to "knock your fucking kids in the mouth." Chaney received a one-game suspension for the incident. Cheney apologized a few days later and they eventually reconciled.
# See also.
- List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
- List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
# External links.
- Kentucky profile | 6,140,827 |
1642998 | 1939 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939%20in%20South%20Africa | 1939 in South Africa
1939 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1939 in South Africa.
# Incumbents.
- Monarch: King George VI.
- Governor-General and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: Sir Patrick Duncan (starting 5 April).
- Prime Minister: James Barry Munnik Hertzog (until 5 September), Jan Christiaan Smuts (starting 5 September).
- Chief Justice: James Stratford.
# Events.
- September
- 2 – J. B. M. Hertzog puts his case to the National Assembly for South Africa to remain neutral in the Second World War, against Jan Smuts who supports a Commonwealth alliance.
- 4 – Jan Smuts becomes the 4th Prime Minister of South Africa for the second time.
- 5 – The National Assembly | 6,140,828 |
1642998 | 1939 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939%20in%20South%20Africa | 1939 in South Africa
votes on a motion whether or not to join the war and Jan Smuts wins by 13 votes.
- 6 – The Union of South Africa declares war on Germany.
- Unknown date
- The University of Pretoria's official university newspaper, Die Perdeby, is established.
# Births.
- 18 March – John W. de Gruchy, academic.
- 4 April – Hugh Masekela, jazz musician. (d. 2018)
- 21 June – Essop Pahad, politician.
- 7 July – Gilbert Ramano, military commander.
- 16 September – Breyten Breytenbach, writer and painter.
# Deaths.
- 16 October – Charlotte Maxeke, religious leader and political activist. (b. 1871)
# Railways.
## Locomotives.
The first two diesel-electric locomotive types enter service on the South | 6,140,829 |
1642998 | 1939 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939%20in%20South%20Africa | 1939 in South Africa
-electric locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways (SAR):
- A single Class DS AEG shunting engine enters service at the Congella yards near Durban.
- A second shunting locomotive, the Class DS1, enters SAR service while another is delivered to the Electricity Supply Commission.
- The Hollandse Anneming Maatschappij, constructors of a new Table Bay harbour, imports a small locomotive as on-site construction engine, later employed as SAR dock shunter.
# Sports.
- 3 March – In Durban, the Timeless Test begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to catch the ship for home. | 6,140,830 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
Pushkar
Pushkar () is a town in the Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated about northwest of Ajmer and about southwest of Jaipur. It is a pilgrimage site for Hindus and Sikhs. Pushkar has many temples. Most of the temples and ghats in Pushkar are from the 18th century and later, because many temples were destroyed during Muslim conquests in the area. Subsequently, the destroyed temples were rebuilt. The most famous among Pushkar temples is the red spired Brahma Temple built during the 14th century CE. It is considered a sacred city by the Hindus particularly in Shaktism, and meat and eggs consumption are forbidden in the city. Pushkar is located on the shore of Pushkar | 6,140,831 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
Lake, which has many ghats where pilgrims bathe. Pushkar is also significant for its Gurdwaras for Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. One of the bathing ghats is called Gobind ghat built by the Sikhs in the memory of Guru Gobind Singh.
Pushkar is famous for its annual fair (Pushkar Camel Fair) featuring a trading fete of cattle, horses and camels. It is held over seven days in autumn marking Kartika Purnima according to the Hindu calendar (Kartik (month), October or November). It attracts nearly 200,000 people. In 1998, Pushkar hosted about 1 million domestic (95%) and international tourists over the year.
# Etymology.
Pushkar in Sanskrit means "blue lotus" flower.
# Location.
Pushkar is | 6,140,832 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
in centre-east part of Rajasthan, on the western side of Aravalli mountains. The nearest airport from Pushkar is Kishangarh Airport in Kishangarh, about northeast. Pushkar is about from Ajmer, connected via Pushkar road (Highway 58) which goes over the Aravalli Range mountains. Ajmer is also the nearest major railway station.
# History.
Pushkar is near some of the oldest geological structures in India. Microliths near Khera and Kaderi suggest the region was settled in ancient times. The Aravalli hills near it have yielded Mohanjodaro-style artifacts, but the connection is unclear as these items may have been transported later. Sites near it have been sources of ancient Brahmi script inscriptions, | 6,140,833 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
considered pre-Ashokan near village Badli. Local excavations have been a source of red ware and painted gray ware confirming ancient settlement.
Pushkar is mentioned in the "Ramayana", the "Mahabharata" and the Puranas suggesting its significance in historical and religious tradition of Hinduism. The town is mentioned in many texts dated to the 1st millennium. These texts are not, however, historical. The earliest historical records relating to Pushkar and Ajmer are found in Islamic texts describing the raids and conquest of northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
The region finds mention in Mohammad Ghori 1192 CE conquest related records, in the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan. Thereafter, | 6,140,834 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
Pushkar and nearby Ajmer find mention in historical records related to Qutub-ud-din Aibak. It was regained by Rajput Hindus under the Chauhan of Ranthambhor in 1287, but regained by Delhi Sultanate in 1301 and remained in Muslim control for many centuries. Akbar made the nearby Ajmer one of the provincial capitals, and it remained a part of Mughal Empire till 1712 CE. The Muslim rule brought destruction as well as cultural influences. Aurangzeb's army destroyed the Hindu temples along the lake. The cattle and camel trading tradition brought merchants from Afghanistan. With the collapse of Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb, Pushkar was regained by Hindus and became a part of Rathors of Marwar who | 6,140,835 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
rebuilt the temples and ghats. The monuments and temples in Pushkar date to the Maratha or later period. In 1801, Pushkar came under the British rule and remained a part of the British Empire till 1947.
In contemporary times, it has been the venue of the famed annual Pushkar Camel Fair.
# Demographics.
In 1901, the town was part of the Rajputana Agency had a population of 3,831.
According to 2011 India census, Pushkar had a population of 21,626. The town had 11,335 resident males and 10,291 females. Children in the 0-6 age group constituted 13.95 % of the population. About 80% of the population including all age groups was literate (90% male literacy rate, 70% female). The town had over | 6,140,836 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
4,250 houses, or about 5 residents on average per house.
# Festivals and landmarks.
## Pushkar Fair.
Pushkar fair continues for five days and these five days are a period of relaxation and merry-making for the villagers. This fair time is the busiest time for them, as this is one of the largest cattle fairs in the country. Animals, including over 50,000 camels, are brought from distant places around to be traded and sold. All the camels are washed and adorned, some are shorn to form artistic patterns. Some camels, horses, and cows are colorfully decorated.
In addition to the animal trading market, Pushkar in parallel holds a festival of folk music and dances, ferris wheels, magic shows, | 6,140,837 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
horse and camel races and various other traditional sports and team entertainment competitions. While the Pushkar fair is held around the Kartik Purnima that typically overlaps between late October and early November, other seasons feature other sports and festivals for pilgrims who visit the sacred lake.
## Sikh Gurdwaras.
Pushkar is a sacred pilgrimage site for the Sikhs as well, according to Gurmukh Singh, with Gurdwaras dedicated to Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. These have historic roots, with the Guru Nanak Gurdwara in the eastern part of the town called Guru Nanak Dharamsala, a name common for Sikh shrines before the 20th-century. The Sikh Dharamshala is a two-storeyed building consisting | 6,140,838 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
of a central room, surrounded by a verandah.
The second Sikh temple is dedicated to Guru Gobind Singh marking his visit after he had been forced out of Anandpur by Aurangzeb. The place he stayed in and the lakefront next to it is now called the Gobind Ghat. It has a memorial inscription and this shrine was built with the sponsorship of the Maratha Empire, after the widespread Hindu-Muslim wars in the final decades of Aurangzeb rule and the collapse of the Mughal Empire. The shrine has an old hand written copy of the Sikh scripture, the "Guru Granth Sahib" and a "hukumnama" believed by Sikhs to have been written by Guru Gobind Singh. Both these have been preserved by a Pushkar Brahmin priest, | 6,140,839 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
a descendant of the priest whom the Guru met. The "hukumnama" is on a "bhoj patra", a method of recording letters in the 18th century.
### Pushkar Holi.
Holi takes place in March and it is one of the most important festivals in the Hindu calendar. It represents the triumph of good over evil and the coming of springtime. Holi celebrations happen all over India and involve huge jubilant street parties. During Holi, Bhang (ancient Indian cannabis edible) is served in Pushkar, which is known to have some of the best Bhang in India.
## Other landmarks.
Temples along the lake include:
- Brahma Temple ("Jagatpita Brahma Mandir") – The most important temple in Pushkar is the temple of Lord Brahma, | 6,140,840 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
one of the holy trinity of Hinduism. The temple enshrines a life-size idol of Lord Brahma.
Fairs
- Nagaur Fair
- Tejaji Fair
Ajmer is the nearest tourist attraction that lies outside the city boundaries of Pushkar. Located 27 kilometres away from Ajmer, there is Kishangarh, famous for its miniature paintings, more popularly known as Bani Thani.
Pushkar Lake – The prime attraction of Pushkar is the Pushkar Lake which is considered sacred like the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. Pushkar has become a place of Hindu pilgrimage because of this holy lake. Legend has it that this lake was consecrated to Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe when a lotus dropped from his hand into the vale and a lake | 6,140,841 |
1642987 | Pushkar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushkar | Pushkar
place of Hindu pilgrimage because of this holy lake. Legend has it that this lake was consecrated to Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe when a lotus dropped from his hand into the vale and a lake emerged in that place.
Old Pushkar – Old Pushkar lake is rebuilt and is located around 5 km from Pushkar Lake. According to the ancient texts, Old Pushkar has equal cultural and religious significance for the pilgrims.
# See also.
- List of lakes in India
- Suresh Singh Rawat member of the 14th House Representing Pushkar Constituency.
# External links.
- Pushkar map Important places in Pushkar
- The Ultimate Guide to Pushkar, Rajasthan – places to visit, things to do, where to stay, eat | 6,140,842 |
1643006 | 1919 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%20in%20South%20Africa | 1919 in South Africa
1919 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1919 in South Africa.
# Incumbents.
- Monarch: King George V.
- Governor-General and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: The Viscount Buxton.
- Prime Minister:
- Louis Botha (until 27 August).
- Jan Smuts (from 3 September).
- Chief Justice: James Rose Innes
# Events.
- April
- 23 – The Potchefstroom Teachers' College opens.
- August
- 27 – Prime Minister Louis Botha dies in office.
- September
- 3 – Jan Smuts becomes the 2nd Prime Minister of South Africa.
- 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.
- November
- 7 – Inspired by Cape Town's daily Noon Gun Three Minute Pause, | 6,140,843 |
1643006 | 1919 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%20in%20South%20Africa | 1919 in South Africa
King George V institutes the Two Minute Silence following a suggestion by Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, to be observed annually at the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month.
- 7 – The first Remembrance Day is observed in the British Empire with a two-minute silence at 11:00 hours.
# Births.
- 1 January – Eustace Fannin, tennis player
- 3 March – Peter Abrahams, South African-born Jamaican novelist and journalist. (d. 2017)
- 8 December – Mary Benson, activist and author. (d. 2000)
# Deaths.
- 19 March – Jack Hindon, Boer soldier. (b. 1874)
- 27 August – Louis Botha, Boer general, statesman, first Prime Minister. (b. 1862)
# Railways.
## Railway lines opened.
- 9 January | 6,140,844 |
1643006 | 1919 in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%20in%20South%20Africa | 1919 in South Africa
ths.
- 19 March – Jack Hindon, Boer soldier. (b. 1874)
- 27 August – Louis Botha, Boer general, statesman, first Prime Minister. (b. 1862)
# Railways.
## Railway lines opened.
- 9 January – Natal – Deviation from Umlaas Road to Pentrich, .
## Locomotives.
Two new Cape gauge and one narrow gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways (SAR):
- The first of sixty-seven 4-8-2 Mountain type locomotives.
- The first ten Class 16C 4-6-2 Pacific type passenger steam locomotives.
- Three Class NG G11 2-6-0+0-6-2 Garratt articulated steam locomotives on the Avontuur narrow gauge line through the Langkloof, the first Garratt locomotives to enter service in South Africa. | 6,140,845 |
1643003 | Anticathexis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anticathexis | Anticathexis
Anticathexis
In psychoanalysis, anticathexis, or countercathexis, is the energy used by the ego to bind the primitive impulses of the Id. Sometimes the ego follows the instructions of the superego in doing so; sometimes however it develops a double-countercathexis, so as to block feelings of guilt and anxiety deriving from the superego, as well as id impulses.
# Repression and isolation.
Freud saw the establishment of a permanent anticathexis as a prerequisite for successful psychological repression. He also saw countercathexis as playing a central role in isolation.
In a late work, Freud further distinguished between the external anticathexis of repression and what he called “internal anticathexis" | 6,140,846 |
1643003 | Anticathexis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anticathexis | Anticathexis
ego, as well as id impulses.
# Repression and isolation.
Freud saw the establishment of a permanent anticathexis as a prerequisite for successful psychological repression. He also saw countercathexis as playing a central role in isolation.
In a late work, Freud further distinguished between the external anticathexis of repression and what he called “internal anticathexis" (i.e. alteration of the ego through reaction formation).
# Figure-ground.
Anticathexis has also been linked to the phenomenon of figure-ground, in that it may entail the suppression of the margin or ground of a perceptual field.
# Further reading.
- J. Laplanche/J.-B. Pontalis, "The Language of Psychoanalysis" (2012) | 6,140,847 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
Mike Dunleavy Sr.
Michael Joseph Dunleavy Sr. (born March 21, 1954) is an American retired professional basketball player, head coach, and former general manager of the National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Clippers. He was most recently the head coach of the Tulane University men's basketball team. Dunleavy is the father of former professional basketball player Mike Dunleavy Jr.
# Early life.
Dunleavy was born in Brooklyn, New York. His primary education was at Holy Cross. He attended Nazareth Regional High School in Brooklyn, then graduated from the University of South Carolina, where he played under coach Frank McGuire.
# Playing career.
Drafted in the sixth round of the 1976 | 6,140,848 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
NBA Draft with the 99th overall pick by the Philadelphia 76ers, the 6'3" guard played for them for one full season along with Hall-of-Fame teammate Julius Erving and made the Finals in a losing effort against the Portland Trail Blazers. Dunleavy then split the following season between Philadelphia and the Houston Rockets after being traded, and soon made the Finals once again, but yet again his team lost, this time to the Boston Celtics, led by Larry Bird.
Dunleavy remained in Texas after leaving Houston for the 1982–83 season, because he spent that season with the neighboring San Antonio Spurs. After two following seasons with the Milwaukee Bucks he retired due to chronic back pain. His best | 6,140,849 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
season as a player was with Houston in 1980–81, when he averaged 10.5 points per game and started on a team that played in the NBA Finals.
During his retirement, Dunleavy worked in an investment firm. In 1988–89 and 1989–90, while an assistant coach with the Bucks, he helped as a player for two and five games respectively. In 438 games he averaged 8 points, 1.6 rebounds and 3.9 assists.
# Coaching career.
He entered his first head coaching job in 1990 as coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, replacing Pat Riley. In 1991 his team, led by Magic Johnson and Vlade Divac, beat the Portland Trail Blazers in the Western Conference Finals and he led his team to the NBA Finals against the Chicago Bulls | 6,140,850 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
but they lost in five games. He made the playoffs in his second season in Los Angeles, but lost in the first round. He then joined the Milwaukee Bucks as head coach prior to the 1992–93 season and remained with them until the end of the 1995–96 season, in a dual role as vice-president of basketball operations and head coach. He relinquished his head coaching duties after a mediocre tenure to operate as the general manager, until accepting the job of head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers in 1997.
Dunleavy was named NBA Coach of the Year in 1999 while with the Blazers. He remained in Portland until the end of the 2000-2001 season, when he was fired. He made the playoffs four times with the | 6,140,851 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
team.
He joined the Clippers in 2003. Dunleavy led the Clippers to the second round of the playoffs, their first playoff berth since 1997, and to the franchise's first series win since a 1977 first-round victory while the team was still playing in Buffalo. The Clippers finished 40-42 in 2006-07, out of the playoffs after a season-ending slump brought on by injury. He also worked for TNT in 2008, calling NBA playoff games.
On February 4, 2010, Dunleavy stepped down from his duties as the Clippers' coach. He retained his position as general manager, with Kim Hughes, who had worked as Dunleavy's assistant for seven seasons, becoming interim head coach for the remainder of the 2009-10 season. | 6,140,852 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
On March 9, 2010, the Clippers fired Dunleavy as General Manager. The Clippers accused Dunleavy of defrauding the team, and he sued the club for money owed on the remainder of his contract. An arbitrator ordered the Clippers pay Dunleavy $13 million in 2011.
On March 28, 2016, Tulane University announced Dunleavy as the coach of the men's basketball team. This marks Dunleavy's first job as a college coach. On March 16, 2019, Tulane announced Dunleavy would not return for the 2019–20 season after finishing 4–27 in his final season.
# Personal life.
Dunleavy has three sons: Mike Jr., who starred at Duke University and played for six NBA teams from 2002 to 2017; Baker, the head coach at Quinnipiac | 6,140,853 |
1642985 | Mike Dunleavy Sr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Dunleavy%20Sr. | Mike Dunleavy Sr.
ding the team, and he sued the club for money owed on the remainder of his contract. An arbitrator ordered the Clippers pay Dunleavy $13 million in 2011.
On March 28, 2016, Tulane University announced Dunleavy as the coach of the men's basketball team. This marks Dunleavy's first job as a college coach. On March 16, 2019, Tulane announced Dunleavy would not return for the 2019–20 season after finishing 4–27 in his final season.
# Personal life.
Dunleavy has three sons: Mike Jr., who starred at Duke University and played for six NBA teams from 2002 to 2017; Baker, the head coach at Quinnipiac University; and James, an NBA player agent.
# External links.
- Tulane profile
- Coaching stats | 6,140,854 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi (1781–1866) was the Sheikh of the Al Qasimi and ruler variously of the towns of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, Jazirah Al Hamra and Rams. A dependent of the first Saudi Kingdom, his rule over Ras Al Khaimah ran from 1803–1809, when he was deposed by order of the Saudi Amir and restored in 1820, going on to rule until his death in 1866 at the age of 85. He was Ruler of Sharjah from 1814–1866, with a brief disruption to that rule in 1840 by his elder son Saqr.
# Rule.
A characteristic of Sultan's rule is that he placed relatives as "walis" or headmen of the emirates under his rule and so Ras Al Khaimah was effectively ruled by Mohammed | 6,140,855 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
bin Saqr, Sultan's brother, from 1823 until his death in 1845, while another brother, Salih bin Saqr, ruled Sharjah until 1838, when he was replaced with Sultan's son, Saqr. In 1840, however, Saqr declared independence from his father and reduced the tax on pearl divers to bolster his support in the town. Sultan eventually agreed to accept tribute from Sharjah in return for allowing Saqr to rule, but in December that year, Salih bin Saqr and a group loyal to him surprised Saqr bin Sultan in his sleep and took him prisoner. Escaping, he was allowed to resume his position in Sharjah by his father until 1846, when he was killed in a fight with Umm Al Qawain. He was replaced by Abdullah bin Sultan | 6,140,856 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
who was, however, killed in fighting with Hamriyah in 1855.
With the death of Abdullah, Sultan placed his grandson, Muhammed bin Saqr, as Wali of Sharjah. However, Khalid bin Sultan, a son of Sultan's, disputed his rule and in 1859, Sharjah was divided between the two. Sultan was by now in his dotage and took no active role in the conflict over Sharjah, which was eventually settled when Khalid shot Mohammed and threw his body into a well in the desert in late 1860.
## Accession.
Sultan bin Saqr became Sheikh of the Al Qasimi at a time when the tribe was at war with the Sultan of Muscat, who had laid claim to sovereignty of the coastal communities of the Southern Persian Gulf. A number of | 6,140,857 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
incidents took place involving British shipping, including the British appearing to support and be in co-operation with the Sultan. The Al Qasimi's aggressive reaction to the application of British force led to a number of attacks by the Al Qasimi. In 1806, Sultan entered into a truce which led to a peace treaty with the British. This treaty, signed on 6 February 1806, called for the restitution of the 'Trimmer', a captured British ship, and bound the Al Qasimi to respect shipping flying the British flag. In return, Al Qasimi ships were to enjoy unfettered access to Indian ports.
## Exile.
Two years' peace in the Persian Gulf followed the signing of the treaty, allowing Sultan to focus his | 6,140,858 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
energies against his old enemy the Sultan of Muscat. In May 1808 he took Khor Fakkan from Muscat. However, soon after this victory, Sultan was removed as head of the Al Qasimi by the Saudi Amir and then as Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah the following year. Husain bin Ali, the Sheikh of Rams and Dhayah was appointed head 'Wali' or tax collector for the Saudis in Trucial Oman. At the same time, the Saudis took the forts of Fujairah, Bithnah and Khor Fakkan.
Sultan bin Saqr was held prisoner in Riyadh in 1809, having been misled into travelling there. He escaped and travelled via Yemen and Mokha to Muscat, where he was received by Saiyid Said, the Sultan.
An increase in attacks on British shipping in | 6,140,859 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
both the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean culminated in a demand, made by Husain bin Ali, that British ships pay tribute to the Al Qasimi. Alongside taking part in Saudi-led expeditions against other Gulf ports, the Al Qasimi were in conflict with the Persians as well as the Sultan of Muscat and still attacking British shipping. It was decided to mount an expedition to support the Sultan as well as to bring down the Al Qasimis.
## Persian Gulf campaign of 1809.
The Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 commenced with the arrival of the British fleet off Ras Al Khaimah on 11 November 1809, bombarding the town the next day. After an abortive landing attempt took place on the 12 November. The British | 6,140,860 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
then took Lingeh and Luft before taking Khor Fakkan for the Sultan of Muscat and then proceeding to Rams, Jazirah Al Hamrah, Ajman and Sharjah.
Sultan bin Saqr, the legitimate ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, still being in exile, the British did not attempt to secure a treaty following the 1809 expedition.
In 1813, an expedition by the Sultan of Muscat to Ras Al Khaimah with the objective of restoring Sultan bin Saqr failed. However, a further sally the next year saw Sultan once again installed as Ruler not of Ras Al Khaimah, but of Sharjah and Lingeh, the latter being his principle residence. Ras Al Khaimah remained under the effective rule of the Saudi dependent, Hassan bin Rahmah.
## The 1819 | 6,140,861 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
expedition and 1820 treaty.
Under Hassan, the Al Qasimi found themselves not only in conflict with Muscat, but increasingly with British shipping and a series of incidents led to a peace treaty being signed in 1814 which barely held. In 1819 the British embarked on a second Persian Gulf Campaign and this time sacked Ras Al Khaimah, removed Hassan bin Rahmah and then proceeded to bombard and destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of Umm Al Qawain, Ajman, Fasht, Sharjah, Abu Hail, and Dubai.
Sultan signed the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 on the 4 February 1820 at Falayah Fort inland of Ras Al Khaimah as 'Sheikh of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah'. Hassan bin Rahmah had earlier signed the | 6,140,862 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
treaty as 'Sheikh of Khatt and Falaiha, "formerly" of Ras Al Khaimah'.
Sultan moved quickly to assert his influence, removing the ageing Wahhabi Sheikh of Rams and Dhayah to Sharjah and replacing him with the son of a former Sheikh and then placing his own son Muhammad as Wali over Ras Al Khaimah. Abdulla bin Rashid of Umm Al Qawain recognised Sultan's primacy - of the Northern Emirates, only Ajman considered itself independent. By 1824, Sultan had installed a pliable client in Umm Al Qawain and obtained acknowledgement of his suzerainty from Ajman. He married into the Ruling family of Dubai in 1825.
Later in 1820, Sultan built Sharjah Fort. Early British records of 1830 note the fort located | 6,140,863 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
"a little inland, mounting six pieces of cannon, together with some detached towers. In case of alarm from an enemy, it is stockaded round with date trees and wood sufficient for repelling the attack of Arabs although of little service against regular troops." I
## War with Abu Dhabi.
Sultan rebuilt the town of Ras Al Khaimah, using the rubble of the old town to build the new. By 1828, the town was once again established as a settlement. Incensed by a coalition between his old foe the Sultan of Muscat and the Bani Yas of Abu Dhabi, Sultan used the opportunity of their expedition against Bahrain to blockade the town of Abu Dhabi. The blockade was lifted in June 1829 after peace-making efforts | 6,140,864 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
by the Sheikh of Lingeh, both parties being keen to take part in the annual pearling season. By 1831, however, Bedouin loyal to Abu Dhabi raided Ajman and Sultan joined with Ajman and declared war on Abu Dhabi. A brief peace was negotiated, but pearling boats from both sides were seized. In 1833, the Al Bu Falasah section of the Bani Yas seceded to Dubai under Obeid bin Said bin Rashid alongside Maktoum bin Butti bin Sohail and Sultan decided to use the opportunity to move against Abu Dhabi once again.
Recalling Sharjah's boats from the pearl banks (a highly unpopular move, taking place at the height of the season), Sultan embarked for Abu Dhabi with 22 boats carrying 520 men under himself | 6,140,865 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
and Hassan bin Rahmah and 80 boats carrying 700 men from the Al Bu Falasah and other secessionists of Dubai. On 10 September 1833, the allies landed four miles from Abu Dhabi and encamped, ready to move on the town the next day. However, at sunrise they discovered they were surrounded by a large force of Bani Yas and Manasir Bedouin. The invaders fled to their boats, but these were left high and dry by the tide and a rout followed, 45 men killed and 235 taken prisoner (and made to return to their homes in Abu Dhabi), while the Al Qasimi lost six boats and the Dubai contingent lost 60 of its 80 boats. Undeterred, Sultan allied with the Sheikhs of Lingeh and Ajman and once again sailed against | 6,140,866 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Abu Dubai in November 1833. This expedition, failing to take Abu Dhabi by force of arms, blockaded the town.
The blockade was effective: 30 Abu Dhabi boats were captured by the Al Qasimi, while a sharp engagement with Sultan's Dubai allies resulted in 10 dead on the Abu Dhabi side. A caravan of 50 camels carrying dates was captured and, while Abu Dhabi was reduced to dire straits by the blockade, moves against Dubai's supporters by land and the necessity to bring water and supplies from Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah meant the blockading force also suffered. A short-lived peace was arranged, followed by a more enduring arrangement in 1834 under which Abu Dhabi agreed that the people of Dubai should | 6,140,867 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
be subjects of Sharjah.
## Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853.
The war, the most enduring and damaging so far of any between the coastal communities of the Persian Gulf, prepared the ground for the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, commencing with a series of treaties negotiated by the British to cover a truce for the annual pearling season, which took effect from 1835 onwards. These annual treaties lasted for eight months each but the third treaty, at the insistence of Sultan bin Saqr, was extended to a full year and subsequent treaties to 1882 were annual. At this point, it was proposed to extend the treaty to a duration of ten years and this, broadly, held (there are several instances of | 6,140,868 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
squabbling and jostling on the pearl banks). Subsequently, in May 1853, the Sheikhs signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce, three of them signing as 'Chief' of their towns (Umm Al Qawain, Ajman and Dubai) and two, Saeed bin Tahnoon and Sultan bin Saqr signing as head of their tribes - Bani Yas and Al Qasimi respectively.
## Agreement with Muscat.
Ending almost a century of on and off conflict with Muscat, Sultan Bin Saqr in 1850 agreed a compromise with the Sultan of Muscat in which Al Qasimi rule was agreed north of the line between Sharjah and Khor Kalba on the East coast, but excluding the rough, high land North of the line between Sha'am on the West and Dibba on the East coast.
## The Siege | 6,140,869 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
of Hamriyah.
A blood-feud broke out in Sharjah between members of the Huwalah and Shwaihiyin tribes in Sharjah and Sultan moved the Shwaihiyin, a body of recent immigrants to Sharjah who numbered some 500 fighting men, to Hamriyah, a town on the northern border between Ajman and Sharjah. This provoked the first of what would be many rebellions by Hamriyah against Al Qasimi rule, which Sultan put down by besieging Hamriyah in May 1855 with a force of his own men as well as some 3,000 from Ajman and five artillery pieces. Hamriyah was defended by some 800 men and Abdullah bin Sultan was killed in the fighting. With only ten men lost by the defenders of Hamriyah (and some 60 dead among the besiegers), | 6,140,870 |
1642995 | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan%20bin%20Saqr%20Al%20Qasimi | Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
ultan was killed in the fighting. With only ten men lost by the defenders of Hamriyah (and some 60 dead among the besiegers), the British were brought in by Sultan to mediate. It had been Sultan's hope that the captain of the British ship 'Clive', Kemball, would enforce his writ over Hamriyah, but Kemball refused to attack Hamriyah on Sultan's behalf and instead negotiated a peace between which saw the Shwaihiyin removed from Hamriyah. In 1860, the headman of Hamriyah, Abdulrahman bin Saif, led a force in support of Sharjah against the rebellious communities of Khan and Abu Hail.
Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi died in 1866 at the age of 85. He was succeeded by Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi. | 6,140,871 |
1643011 | Danyelle Sargent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyelle%20Sargent | Danyelle Sargent
Danyelle Sargent
Danyelle Sargent-Musselman (born May 7, 1978) is an American sports television reporter.
# Biography.
## Education and early career.
Sargent is a graduate of Florida State University and began her television career at WGXA, in Macon, Georgia. Prior to joining ESPN, she worked as a sports reporter and anchor for Metro Sports, a local Time Warner Cable sports channel in Kansas City from 2002 until 2004. She served as sideline reporter for the Kansas City Chiefs during the 2004 pre-season. She served as co-emcee of the 2005 and 2006 NCAA woman of the year awards.
## ESPN.
Sargent was hired in 2004 by the television network ESPN to work on its ESPNEWS channel. She also contributed | 6,140,872 |
1643011 | Danyelle Sargent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyelle%20Sargent | Danyelle Sargent
to ESPN2's "Cold Pizza", now titled "ESPN First Take". Sargent was the subject of a minor controversy on March 9, 2006, when a series of technical difficulties occurred while she was co-anchoring a live broadcast of ESPNEWS, leading ESPN to air a taped segment. Thinking her microphone had been cut (which is the normal procedure when a taped segment is playing), she exclaimed, "What the fuck was that?" over the broadcast. Sargent's two-year contract with ESPN was not renewed when it expired in the Fall of 2006.
## Fox Sports.
Sargent made her Fox Sports Net debut on "FSN Final Score" on November 5, 2006. Her last night anchoring "FSN Final Score" was on June 27, 2011. She also appeared in a | 6,140,873 |
1643011 | Danyelle Sargent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyelle%20Sargent | Danyelle Sargent
taped segment during the last "FSN Final Score" later that week on July 1, 2011.
During her time at Fox Sports, another controversy occurred on Sunday, October 26, 2008. While working as a sideline reporter, Sargent was conducting a taped, pre-game interview with the new head coach of the San Francisco 49ers, Mike Singletary, and said, "I heard that your mentor, Bill Walsh, was one of the first phone calls that you made when you found out that you had the job. What does it mean to you to be the head coach of the 49ers?" The interview was abruptly halted when the reporter was informed by her producers that Walsh had died on July 30, 2007. The unauthorized video was never aired on the game broadcast, | 6,140,874 |
1643011 | Danyelle Sargent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyelle%20Sargent | Danyelle Sargent
but did air on Mike Francesa’s WNBC-TV/Channel 4 program, "Mike’d Up".
## Comedy Central.
"Onion SportsDome" on Comedy Central premiered in January 2011 and ran for one season with Sargent as fictional sportscaster Melissa Wells.
## Yahoo.
Sargent served as a host for Yahoo! Sports from 2011-2012, covering college football, the NFL, fantasy football, NASCAR, and high school recruiting.
## NFL Network.
Sargent was an update anchor for NFL Network. She was on-air for several notable NFL moments, including Peyton Manning's decision to play for the Denver Broncos and Tim Tebow's trade from the Broncos to the New York Jets. Her last day at NFL Network was in April 2013.
# Personal life.
Sargent | 6,140,875 |
1643011 | Danyelle Sargent | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyelle%20Sargent | Danyelle Sargent
d as a host for Yahoo! Sports from 2011-2012, covering college football, the NFL, fantasy football, NASCAR, and high school recruiting.
## NFL Network.
Sargent was an update anchor for NFL Network. She was on-air for several notable NFL moments, including Peyton Manning's decision to play for the Denver Broncos and Tim Tebow's trade from the Broncos to the New York Jets. Her last day at NFL Network was in April 2013.
# Personal life.
Sargent is married to the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks, Eric Musselman. She gave birth to the couple's daughter in 2010. Sargent also has two stepsons.
# External links.
- Brief article from the San Jose Mercury News about the Bill Walsh incident. | 6,140,876 |
1643021 | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Quay%20Bus%20Station | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
Elizabeth Quay Bus Station, formerly the Esplanade Busport, is a Transperth bus station, located at the southern edge of the Perth CBD in Western Australia, next to the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre and Elizabeth Quay railway station. It has 35 stands and is served by 55 Transperth routes operated by Path Transit, Swan Transit and Transdev WA. It is also served by South West Coach Lines services.
# Description.
Elizabeth Quay Bus Station is located west of Elizabeth Quay railway station, adjacent to Mounts Bay Road, the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre, and the Ernst & Young Building. There are bus access points to the north-west (Mounts Bay Road and Mills | 6,140,877 |
1643021 | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Quay%20Bus%20Station | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
Street), north (Mounts Bay Road westbound, entry only), and south-east (Kwinana Freeway ramps and William Street). The passenger entrances are at the north and south ends of the upper level concourse, and there are multiple pedestrian bridges connecting the bus station to the buildings north of Mounts Bay Road. The concourse sits above five ground-level platforms, which are labelled A to E. Each platform has seven stands, identified by the platform letter and a digit (1 to 7). Buses servicing the northernmost Platform A run west to east along the platform (stand A1 to stand A7), while buses for the other platforms travel from east to west (stands 7 to 1 for each platform).
# History.
Elizabeth | 6,140,878 |
1643021 | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Quay%20Bus%20Station | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
Quay Bus Station was opened as City Busport on 30 November 1991 by Premier Carmen Lawrence. It was renamed Esplanade Busport in September 2004. On 31 January 2016, Esplanade Busport and Esplanade railway station were renamed to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station and Elizabeth Quay railway station. The renaming was controversial; the estimated cost was $700,000, at a time when the state government was running a significant budget deficit.
# Bus routes.
Many bus services start and terminate at the Elizabeth Quay Bus Station:
# Accidents and incidents.
On 15 July 2015, a gas-fuelled Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE caught fire whilst stationary in the 4th lane (more commonly known as lane D). During the fire, | 6,140,879 |
1643021 | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth%20Quay%20Bus%20Station | Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
Elizabeth Quay Bus Station and Elizabeth Quay railway station. The renaming was controversial; the estimated cost was $700,000, at a time when the state government was running a significant budget deficit.
# Bus routes.
Many bus services start and terminate at the Elizabeth Quay Bus Station:
# Accidents and incidents.
On 15 July 2015, a gas-fuelled Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE caught fire whilst stationary in the 4th lane (more commonly known as lane D). During the fire, the building above the Busport was evacuated as a safety precaution. No-one was injured and it was said that the fire was caused by a coolant leak. The bus cost an estimated $750,000 and was completely destroyed in the fire. | 6,140,880 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
Richard Goldschmidt
Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German-born American geneticist. He is considered the first to attempt to integrate genetics, development, and evolution. He pioneered understanding of reaction norms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, sex determination, and heterochrony. Controversially, Goldschmidt advanced a model of macroevolution through macromutations popularly known as the "Hopeful Monster" hypothesis.
Goldschmidt also described the nervous system of the nematode, a piece of work that influenced Sydney Brenner to study the wiring diagram of "Caenorhabditis elegans", winning Brenner and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in 2002.
# | 6,140,881 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
Childhood and education.
Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany to upper-middle class parents of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. He had a classical education and entered the University of Heidelberg in 1896, where he became interested in natural history. From 1899 Goldschmidt studied anatomy and zoology at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli and Carl Gegenbaur. He received his Ph.D. under Bütschli in 1902, studying development of the trematode "Polystomum".
# Career.
In 1903 Goldschmidt began working as an assistant to Richard Hertwig at the University of Munich, where he continued his work on nematodes and their histology, including studies of the nervous system development | 6,140,882 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
of "Ascaris" and the anatomy of "Amphioxus". He founded the histology journal "Archiv für Zellforschung" while working in Hertwig's laboratory. Under Hertwig's influence, he also began to take an interest in chromosome behavior and the new field of genetics.
In 1909 Goldschmidt became professor at the University of Munich and, inspired by Wilhelm Johannsen's genetics treatise "Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre", began to study sex determination and other aspects of the genetics of the gypsy moth of which he was crossbreeding different races. He observed different stages of their sexual development. Some of the animals were neither male, nor female, nor hermaphrodites, but represented | 6,140,883 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
a whole spectrum of gynandromorphism. He named them 'intersex', and the phenomenon accordingly 'intersexuality' ("Intersexualität"). His studies of the gypsy moth, which culminated in his 1934 monograph "Lymantria", became the basis for his theory of sex determination, which he developed from 1911 until 1931. Goldschmidt left Munich in 1914 for the position as head of the genetics section of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology.
During a field trip to Japan in 1914 he was not able to return to Germany due to the outbreak of the First World War and got stranded in the United States. He ended up in an internment camp in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia for "dangerous Germans". After | 6,140,884 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
his release in 1918 he returned to Germany in 1919 and worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. Sensing that it was unsafe for him to remain in Germany he emigrated to the United States in 1936, where he became professor at the University of California, Berkeley. During World War 2, the Nazi party published a propaganda poster entitled "Jewish World Domination" displaying the Goldschmidt family tree.
# Evolution.
Goldschmidt was the first scientist to use the term "hopeful monster". He thought that small gradual changes could not bridge the divide between microevolution and macroevolution. In his book "The Material Basis of Evolution" (1940), he wrote "the change from species to species is | 6,140,885 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
not a change involving more and more additional atomistic changes, but a complete change of the primary pattern or reaction system into a new one, which afterwards may again produce intraspecific variation by micromutation." Goldschmidt believed the large changes in evolution were caused by macromutations (large mutations). His ideas about macromutations became known as the hopeful monster hypothesis, a type of saltational evolution, and attracted widespread ridicule.
According to Goldschmidt, "biologists seem inclined to think that because they have not themselves seen a 'large' mutation, such a thing cannot be possible. But such a mutation need only be an event of the most extraordinary rarity | 6,140,886 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
to provide the world with the important material for evolution". Goldschmidt believed that the neo-Darwinian view of gradual accumulation of small mutations was important but could account for variation only within species (microevolution) and was not a powerful enough source of evolutionary novelty to explain new species. Instead he believed that large genetic differences between species required profound "macro-mutations" a source for large genetic changes (macroevolution) which once in a while could occur as a "hopeful monster".
Goldschmidt is usually referred to as a "non-Darwinian"; however, he did not object to the general microevolutionary principles of the Darwinians. He veered from | 6,140,887 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
the synthetic theory only in his belief that a new species develops suddenly through discontinuous variation, or macromutation. Goldschmidt presented his hypothesis when neo-Darwinism was becoming dominant in the 1940s and 1950s, and strongly protested against the strict gradualism of neo-Darwinian theorists. His ideas were accordingly seen as highly unorthodox by most scientists and were subjected to ridicule and scorn. However, there has been a recent interest in the ideas of Goldschmidt in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, as some scientists, such as Günter Theißen and Scott F. Gilbert, are convinced he was not entirely wrong. Goldschmidt presented two mechanisms by which hopeful | 6,140,888 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
monsters might work. One mechanism, involving "systemic mutations", rejected the classical gene concept and is no longer considered by modern science; however, his second mechanism involved "developmental macromutations" in "rate genes" or "controlling genes" that change early development and thus cause large effects in the adult phenotype. These kinds of mutations are similar to those considered in contemporary evolutionary developmental biology.
# Selected bibliography.
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1923). "The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination", Methuen & Co., London. (Translated by William Dakin)
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1931). "Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen", Springer, Berlin.
- Goldschmitdt, | 6,140,889 |
1643013 | Richard Goldschmidt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Goldschmidt | Richard Goldschmidt
opmental biology.
# Selected bibliography.
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1923). "The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination", Methuen & Co., London. (Translated by William Dakin)
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1931). "Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen", Springer, Berlin.
- Goldschmitdt, R. B. (1940). "The Material Basis of Evolution", New Haven CT: Yale Univ.Press.
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1960) "In and Out of the Ivory Tower", Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.
# External links.
- Gould on Richard Goldschmidt
- Richard Goldschmidt
- Richard Benedict Goldschmidt: by Edward Goldsmith
- Guide to the Richard Goldschmidt Papers at The Bancroft Library
- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir | 6,140,890 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
Rules of basketball
The rules of basketball are the rules and regulations that govern the play, officiating, equipment and procedures of basketball. While many of the basic rules are uniform throughout the world, variations do exist. Most leagues or governing bodies in North America, the most important of which are the National Basketball Association and NCAA, formulate their own rules. In addition, the Technical Commission of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) determines rules for international play; most leagues outside North America use the complete FIBA ruleset.
# Original rules.
In January 15, 1892, James Naismith published his rules for the game of "Basket Ball" that he invented: | 6,140,891 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
The original game played under these rules was quite different from the one played today as there was no dribbling, dunking, three-pointers, or shot clock, and goal tending was legal.
- 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
- 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
- 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop.
- 4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
- 5. No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any | 6,140,892 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
- 6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and such described in rule five.
- 7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul).
- 8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there (without falling), providing those | 6,140,893 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
- 9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side.
- 10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify people | 6,140,894 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
according to Rule 5.
- 11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that are usually performed by a scorekeeper.
- 12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
- 13. The side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.
The original manuscript of the rules of basketball, one of the most expensive manuscripts in existence, is publicly displayed at the University of Kansas.
# Players, substitutes, teams and teammates.
Naismith's original rules | 6,140,895 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
did not specify how many players were to be on the court. In 1900, five players became standard, and players that were substituted were not allowed to re-enter the game. Players were allowed to re-enter a game once from 1921, and twice from 1934; such restrictions on substitutions were abolished in 1945 when substitutions became unlimited. Coaching was originally prohibited during the game, but from 1949, coaches were allowed to address players during a time-out.
Originally a player was disqualified on his second foul. This limit became four fouls in 1911 and five fouls in 1945, still the case in most forms of basketball where the normal length of the game (before any overtime periods) is 40 | 6,140,896 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
minutes. When the normal length is 48 minutes (this is the case with the National Basketball Association in the United States) a player is accordingly disqualified on his sixth foul.
# Shot clock and time limits.
The first time restriction on possession of the ball was introduced in 1933, where teams were required to advance the ball over the center line within ten seconds of gaining possession. This rule remained until 2000, when FIBA reduced the requirement to eight seconds, the NBA following suit in 2001. The NCAA retains the 10-second rule for men's play, and adopted this rule for women's play starting with the 2013–14 season. U.S. high schools, whose rules are drafted by NFHS, also use | 6,140,897 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
the 10-second rule for both sexes.
In 1936 the three-second rule was introduced. This rule prohibits offensive players from remaining near their opponents' basket for longer than three seconds (the precise "restricted area" is also known as the "lane" or the "key"). A game central to this rule's introduction was that between the University of Kentucky and New York University. Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp did not take one of his referees with him, despite being warned of discrepancies in officiating between the Midwest and East by Notre Dame coach George Keogan, and the game became especially rough. Because of this game and others, 6'5" (1.96 m) Kentucky All-American center Leroy Edwards is generally | 6,140,898 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule.
While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is now considered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced.
The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play. Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession, and the shot clock would be reset when the ball touched the basket's rim or the backboard, or the opponents gained possession. FIBA adopted a 30-second | 6,140,899 |
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