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1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
shot clock two years later, resetting the clock when a shot was attempted. Women's basketball adopted a 30-second clock in 1971. The NCAA adopted a 45-second shot clock for men while continuing with the 30-second clock for women in 1985. The men's shot clock was then reduced to 35 seconds in 1993, and further reduced to 30 seconds in 2015. FIBA reduced the shot clock to 24 seconds in 2000, and changed the clock's resetting to when the ball touched the rim of the basket. Originally, a missed shot where the shot clock expired while the ball is in the air constituted a violation. In 2003 the rule was changed so that the ball remains live in this situation, as long as it touched the rim. If the | 6,140,900 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
ball touches the rim and slightly bounces over the basketball hoop it will be called as a loose ball.
# Fouls, free throws and violations.
Dribbling was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the time, a player could only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot after he had dribbled. The definition of dribbling became the "continuous passage of the ball" in 1909, allowing more than one bounce, and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.
Running with the ball ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation, meaning that the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with the fist has also become a violation. From 1931, if a closely | 6,140,901 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
guarded player withheld the ball from play for five seconds, play was stopped and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation has since become a violation by the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958.
Free throws were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the free throw line was officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the backboard, prior to which most gymnasiums placed one twenty feet (6.1 m) from the backboard. From 1924, players that received a foul were required to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded to a player who was fouled while making a successful field goal attempt. If the field goal | 6,140,902 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
attempt is unsuccessful, two free throw shots are awarded (three if the player was attempting a three-point field goal). If an offensive player is fouled while not in the act of shooting, or if a player is fouled in a loose-ball situation, the penalty varies by level of play and the number of fouls accumulated by the opposing team in a given period.
- In NCAA men's and all NFHS play:
- If the player's team has 6 or fewer team fouls in the half, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- If the team has 7 to 9 team fouls, the player fouled goes to the line for what is called "one-and-one" or the "bonus"—that is, if the player makes the first free throw, he gets the opportunity to attempt | 6,140,903 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
a second, but if he misses, the ball is live.
- If the team has 10 or more fouls in the half, the player fouled gets two free throws, often called the "double bonus".
- All overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half for purposes of accumulated fouls. Also, NFHS rules accumulate fouls per half, even though games are played in quarters.
- In NCAA women's play (as of 2015–16, when the game changed from 20-minute halves to 10-minute quarters):
- If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- If the team has 5 or more fouls in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws—the "one-and-one" has now been | 6,140,904 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
removed from the women's game.
- All overtime periods are considered an extension of the fourth quarter for purposes of accumulated fouls.
- In the NBA:
- If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
- Overtime is not considered an extension of any quarter. Instead, the "penalty" of two free throws is triggered on the team's fourth foul in that overtime period (instead of the fifth).
- Foul limits are reset in the last two minutes of a quarter or overtime period. If a team has not reached its limit of accumulated fouls, the first team | 6,140,905 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
foul in the last two minutes results in possession by the team fouled, and all subsequent fouls result in two free throws.
- In the WNBA:
- All foul limits are identical to those in the NBA, except that the team foul limit does not reset until the final minute of a quarter or overtime period.
- In FIBA (full-court) play:
- If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
- During an interval of play, all team members entitled to play are considered as players.
- The ball become dead when an official blows his whistle while the ball is | 6,140,906 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
live.
- All overtime periods are considered an extension of the fourth quarter for purposes of accumulated fouls.
- In FIBA 3x3 (half-court) play:
- A player who is fouled on an unsuccessful field goal attempt receives one free throw if the attempt was from inside the 'three-point" arc, and two free throws if the attempt was from outside the arc. This reflects the different scoring of that variation, in which baskets from inside the arc are worth 1 point and those from outside the arc are worth 2 points.
- If the player's team has 6 or fewer team fouls in the game, and the foul was not in the act of shooting, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- Starting with the team's seventh | 6,140,907 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
foul in the game, the player fouled gets two free throws.
- Starting with the team's 10th foul in the game, the player fouled gets two free throws, and the shooter's team gets possession of the ball.
A player has 10 seconds to attempt a free throw. If the player does not attempt a free throw within 10 seconds of receiving the ball, the free throw attempt is lost, and a free throw violation is called. A free throw violation also occurs if a free throw misses the backboard, rim, and basket. If a free throw violation is assessed on the last free throw awarded to a player in a given situation, possession automatically reverts to the opposing team.
A charge is physical contact between an offensive | 6,140,908 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
player and a defensive player. In order to draw an offensive charge the defensive player must establish legal guarding positioning in the path of the offensive player. If contact is made, the officials would issue an offensive charge. No points will be allowed and the ball is turned over. The defensive player may not draw an offensive charge in the "restricted zone" (see below for more details).
Blocking is physical contact between the offensive player and the defensive player. Blocking fouls are issued when a defensive player interferes with the path of the offensive player in the shooting motion. Blocking fouls are easily called when the defensive player is standing in the "restricted zone".
Restricted | 6,140,909 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
zone: In 1997, the NBA introduced an arc of a 4-foot (1.22 m) radius around the basket, in which an offensive foul for charging could not be assessed. This was to prevent defensive players from attempting to draw an offensive foul on their opponents by standing underneath the basket. FIBA adopted this arc with a 1.25 m (4 ft 1.2 in) radius in 2010.
# Equipment.
The ball was to be an "ordinary Association football". In other words, a soccer ball. The goal is placed 10 feet (3.05m) above the court. Originally a basket was used (thus "basket-ball"), so the ball had to be retrieved after each made shot. Today a hoop with an open-bottom hanging net is used instead.
# Officiating and procedures.
Originally, | 6,140,910 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
there was one umpire to judge fouls and one referee to judge the ball; the tradition of calling one official the "referee" and the other one or two the "umpires" has remained (the NBA, however, uses different terminology, referring to the lead official as "crew chief" and the others as "referees"). Today, both classes of officials have equal rights to control all aspects of the game. The NBA added a third official in 1988, and FIBA did so afterward, using it for the first time in international competition in 2006. The use of video evidence to inform referee's decisions has always been banned, except in the case of determining whether or not the last shot of a period was attempted before time | 6,140,911 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
expired. This exception was introduced by the NBA in 2002 and adopted by FIBA in 2006. The NCAA, however, has permitted instant replay for timing, the value of a field goal (two or three points), shot clock violations, and for purposes of disqualifying players because of unsportsmanlike conduct. The NBA changed its rules starting in 2007 to allow officials the ability to view instant replay with plays involving flagrant fouls, similar to the NCAA. In Italy's Serie A, an American football-style coach's challenge is permitted to challenge (at the next dead ball) an official's call on any situation similar to the NCAA.
The center jump ball that was used to restart a game after every successful | 6,140,912 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
field goal was eliminated in 1938, in favor of the ball being given to the non-scoring team from behind the end line where the goal was scored, in order to make play more continuous. The jump ball was still used to start the game and every period, and to restart the game after a held ball. However, the NBA stopped using the jump ball to start the second through fourth quarters in 1975, instead using a quarter-possession system where the loser of the jump ball takes the ball from the other end to start the second and third periods, while the winner of that jump ball takes the ball to start the fourth period from the other end of the court.
In 1981, the NCAA adopted the alternating possession | 6,140,913 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
system for all jump ball situations except the beginning of the game, and in 2003, FIBA adopted a similar rule, except for the start of the third period and overtime. In 2004, the rule was changed in FIBA that the arrow applies for all situations after the opening tap.
In 1976, the NBA introduced a rule to allow teams to advance the ball to the center line following any legal time-out in the final two minutes of the game. FIBA followed suit in 2006.
# International Rules of Basketball.
The most recent international rules of basketball were approved February 2, 2014 by FIBA and became effective October 1 of that year.
There are eight rules encompassing 50 articles, covering equipment and | 6,140,914 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
facilities, regulations regarding teams, players, captains and coaches, playing regulations, violations, fouls and their penalties, special situations, and the officials and table officials. The rules also cover officials' signals, the scoresheet, protest procedure, classification of teams and television timeouts.
# External links.
- Rules of the Game @ usabasketball.com FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules compared side-by-side.
- Official Basketball rules @ fiba.com
- "Official NBA rules - NBA rules and regulations" at nba.com "Must be registered media person to see files."
- "NCAA Basketball Rulebook"
- "Referee Signal – Picture Description of referee signal" at youth-basketball-tips.com
- "FIBA | 6,140,915 |
1643014 | Rules of basketball | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules%20of%20basketball | Rules of basketball
tions, violations, fouls and their penalties, special situations, and the officials and table officials. The rules also cover officials' signals, the scoresheet, protest procedure, classification of teams and television timeouts.
# External links.
- Rules of the Game @ usabasketball.com FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules compared side-by-side.
- Official Basketball rules @ fiba.com
- "Official NBA rules - NBA rules and regulations" at nba.com "Must be registered media person to see files."
- "NCAA Basketball Rulebook"
- "Referee Signal – Picture Description of referee signal" at youth-basketball-tips.com
- "FIBA / USA basketball rule differences and rule changes for various rule making bodies" | 6,140,916 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
Triangular arbitrage
Triangular arbitrage (also referred to as cross currency arbitrage or three-point arbitrage) is the act of exploiting an arbitrage opportunity resulting from a pricing discrepancy among three different currencies in the foreign exchange market. A triangular arbitrage strategy involves three trades, exchanging the initial currency for a second, the second currency for a third, and the third currency for the initial. During the second trade, the arbitrageur locks in a zero-risk profit from the discrepancy that exists when the market cross exchange rate is not aligned with the implicit cross exchange rate. A profitable trade is only possible if there exist market imperfections. | 6,140,917 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
Profitable triangular arbitrage is very rarely possible because when such opportunities arise, traders execute trades that take advantage of the imperfections and prices adjust up or down until the opportunity disappears.
# Cross exchange rate discrepancies.
Triangular arbitrage opportunities may only exist when a bank's quoted exchange rate is not equal to the market's implicit cross exchange rate. The following equation represents the calculation of an implicit cross exchange rate, the exchange rate one would expect in the market as implied from the ratio of two currencies other than the base currency.
where
If the market cross exchange rate quoted by a bank is equal to the implicit cross | 6,140,918 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
exchange rate as implied from the exchange rates of other currencies, then a no-arbitrage condition is sustained. However, if an inequality exists between the market cross exchange rate, formula_2, and the implicit cross exchange rate, formula_6, then there exists an opportunity for arbitrage profits on the difference between the two exchange rates.
# Mechanics of triangular arbitrage.
Some international banks serve as market makers between currencies by narrowing their bid-ask spread more than the bid-ask spread of the implicit cross exchange rate. However, the bid and ask prices of the implicit cross exchange rate naturally discipline market makers. When banks' quoted exchange rates move | 6,140,919 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
out of alignment with cross exchange rates, any banks or traders who detect the discrepancy have an opportunity to earn arbitrage profits via a triangular arbitrage strategy. To execute a triangular arbitrage trading strategy, a bank would calculate cross exchange rates and compare them with exchange rates quoted by other banks to identify a pricing discrepancy.
For example, Citibank detects that Deutsche Bank is quoting dollars at a bid price of 0.8171 €/$, and that Barclays is quoting pounds at a bid price of 1.4650 $/£ (Deutsche Bank and Barclays are in other words willing to buy those currencies at those prices). Citibank itself is quoting the same prices for these two exchange rates. A | 6,140,920 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
trader at Citibank then sees that Crédit Agricole is quoting pounds at an ask price of 1.1910 €/£ (in other words it is willing to sell pounds at that price). While the quoted market cross exchange rate is 1.1910 €/£, Citibank's trader realizes that the implicit cross exchange rate is 1.1971 €/£ (by calculating 1.4650 × 0.8171 = 1.1971), meaning that Crédit Agricole has narrowed its bid-ask spread to serve as a market maker between the euro and the pound. Although the market suggests the implicit cross exchange rate should be 1.1971 euros per pound, Crédit Agricole is selling pounds at a lower price of 1.1910 euros. Citibank's trader can hastily exercise triangular arbitrage by exchanging dollars | 6,140,921 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
for euros with Deutsche Bank, then exchanging euros for pounds with Crédit Agricole, and finally exchanging pounds for dollars with Barclays. The following steps illustrate the triangular arbitrage transaction.
- 1. Citibank sells $5,000,000 to Deutsche Bank for euros, receiving €4,085,500. ($5,000,000 × 0.8171 €/$ = €4,085,500)
- 2. Citibank sells €4,085,500 to Crédit Agricole for pounds, receiving £3,430,311. (€4,085,500 ÷ 1.1910 €/£ = £3,430,311)
- 3. Citibank sells £3,430,311 to Barclays for dollars, receiving $5,025,406. (£3,430,311 × 1.4650 $/£ = $5,025,406)
- 4. Citibank ultimately earns an arbitrage profit of $25,406 on the $5,000,000 of capital it used to execute the strategy.
The | 6,140,922 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
reason for dividing the euro amount by the euro/pound exchange rate in this example is that the exchange rate is quoted in euro terms, as is the amount being traded. One could multiply the euro amount by the reciprocal pound/euro exchange rate and still calculate the ending amount of pounds.
# Evidence for triangular arbitrage.
Research examining high-frequency exchange rate data has found that mispricings do occur in the foreign exchange market such that executable triangular arbitrage opportunities appear possible. In observations of triangular arbitrage, the constituent exchange rates have exhibited strong correlation. A study examining exchange rate data provided by HSBC Bank for the Japanese | 6,140,923 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
yen (JPY) and the Swiss franc (CHF) found that although a limited number of arbitrage opportunities appeared to exist for as many as 100 seconds, 95% of them lasted for 5 seconds or less, and 60% lasted for 1 second or less. Further, most arbitrage opportunities were found to have small magnitudes, with 94% of JPY and CHF opportunities existing at a difference of 1 basis point, which translates into a potential arbitrage profit of $100 USD per $1 million USD transacted.
Tests for seasonality in the amount and duration of triangular arbitrage opportunities have shown that incidence of arbitrage opportunities and mean duration is consistent from day to day. However, significant variations have | 6,140,924 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
been identified during different times of day. Transactions involving the JPY and CHF have demonstrated a smaller number of opportunities and long average duration around 01:00 and 10:00 UTC, contrasted with a greater number of opportunities and short average duration around 13:00 and 16:00 UTC. Such variations in incidence and duration of arbitrage opportunities can be explained by variations in market liquidity during the trading day. For example, the foreign exchange market is found to be most liquid for Asia around 00:00 and 10:00 UTC, for Europe around 07:00 and 17:00 UTC, and for America around 13:00 and 23:00 UTC. The overall foreign exchange market is most liquid around 08:00 and 16:00 | 6,140,925 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
UTC, and the least liquid around 22:00 and 01:00 UTC. The periods of highest liquidity correspond with the periods of greatest incidence of opportunities for triangular arbitrage. This correspondence is substantiated by the observation of narrower bid-ask spreads during periods of high liquidity, resulting in a greater potential for mispricings and therefore arbitrage opportunities. However, market forces are driven to correct for mispricings due to a high frequency of trades that will trade away fleeting arbitrage opportunities.
Researchers have shown a decrease in the incidence of triangular arbitrage opportunities from 2003 to 2005 for the Japanese yen and Swiss franc and have attributed | 6,140,926 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
the decrease to broader adoption of electronic trading platforms and trading algorithms during the same period. Such electronic systems have enabled traders to trade and react rapidly to price changes. The speed gained from these technologies improved trading efficiency and the correction of mispricings, allowing for less incidence of triangular arbitrage opportunities.
# Profitability.
Mere existence of triangular arbitrage opportunities does not necessarily imply that a trading strategy seeking to exploit currency mispricings is consistently profitable. Electronic trading systems allow the three constituent trades in a triangular arbitrage transaction to be submitted very rapidly. However, | 6,140,927 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
there exists a delay between the identification of such an opportunity, the initiation of trades, and the arrival of trades to the party quoting the mispricing. Even though such delays are only milliseconds in duration, they are deemed significant. For example, if a trader places each trade as a limit order to be filled only at the arbitrage price and a price moves due to market activity or new price is quoted by the third party, then the triangular transaction will not be completed. In such a case, the arbitrageur will face a cost to close out the position that is equal to the change in price that eliminated the arbitrage condition.
In the foreign exchange market there are many market participants | 6,140,928 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
competing for each arbitrage opportunity; for arbitrage to be profitable a trader would need to identify and execute each arbitrage opportunity faster than competitors. Competing arbitrageurs are expected to persist in striving to increase their execution speed of trades by engaging in what some researchers describe as an "electronic trading 'arms race'." The costs involved in keeping ahead in such a competition present difficulty in consistently beating other arbitrageurs over the long term. Other factors such as transaction costs, brokerage fees, network access fees, and sophisticated electronic trading platforms further challenge the feasibility of significant arbitrage profits over prolonged | 6,140,929 |
1643024 | Triangular arbitrage | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular%20arbitrage | Triangular arbitrage
itors. Competing arbitrageurs are expected to persist in striving to increase their execution speed of trades by engaging in what some researchers describe as an "electronic trading 'arms race'." The costs involved in keeping ahead in such a competition present difficulty in consistently beating other arbitrageurs over the long term. Other factors such as transaction costs, brokerage fees, network access fees, and sophisticated electronic trading platforms further challenge the feasibility of significant arbitrage profits over prolonged periods.
# See also.
- Covered interest arbitrage
- Uncovered interest arbitrage
# External links.
- Currency triangular arbitrage calculator on Android | 6,140,930 |
1643040 | USS Caldwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Caldwell | USS Caldwell
USS Caldwell
Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Caldwell, in honor of Lieutenant James R. Caldwell.
- , was the lead ship of the of destroyers, commissioned in 1917, served in World War I and decommissioned in 1922.
- , was a , commissioned in 1942, served in World War II and decommissioned in 1946. | 6,140,931 |
1643055 | Lake Roosevelt | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake%20Roosevelt | Lake Roosevelt
e Roosevelt
Lake Roosevelt or Roosevelt Lake is the name of multiple places:
in the United States:
- Theodore Roosevelt Lake ("Roosevelt Lake" or "Lake Roosevelt") on the Salt River in Arizona
- Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake ("Lake Roosevelt") on the Columbia River in Washington
- Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, Washington
- Roosevelt Lake (Arkansas) in Conway County, Arkansas
- Roosevelt Lake (Minnesota)
- Roosevelt Lake (Missoula County, Montana) in Missoula County, Montana
- Roosevelt Lake (Stillwater County, Montana) in Stillwater County, Montana
- Roosevelt Lake (Ohio) near Portsmouth
- Roosevelt Lake (Rhode Island)
in Chile:
- Roosevelt Lake a lake in southern Chile. | 6,140,932 |
1643056 | Division of Dampier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Dampier | Division of Dampier
Division of Dampier
The Division of Dampier was an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. The division was created in 1913 and abolished in 1922. It was named for the navigator William Dampier, the first Englishman to see Australia, and was located in rural Western Australia, including the towns of Northam and Toodyay. It was safe seat for the non-Labor parties. | 6,140,933 |
1643033 | Palexpo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palexpo | Palexpo
Palexpo
Palexpo is a convention center in Geneva, Switzerland. The buildings are owned by the canton of Geneva while the company is a semi-private foundation. The center is located close to Geneva Cointrin International Airport. There are seven halls, and 102,000 square metres of exhibition space. The Geneva Motor Show is held at Palexpo.
# History.
The construction of the Palexpo began in 1978 and the four first halls with 58,000 m² were inaugurated on 18 December 1981. The Palexpo was then expanded three times, in 1987 with Hall 5, in 1995 with Hall 7, and in 2003 with Hall 6 built above the A1 motorway.
In early 2009, the Palexpo underwent a renovation project to enhance and improve the | 6,140,934 |
1643033 | Palexpo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palexpo | Palexpo
convention center's architecture, furnishings and technology. During this renovation, the Palexpo Wi-Fi network was upgraded using Xirrus wi-fi arrays to provide wireless internet for all employees and guests.
# Events.
Palexpo hosts a variety of convention and sporting events, including the 2014 Davis Cup semifinals between Switzerland and Italy.
In 2001 the European Automotive Hall of Fame opened and inducted its first class of 13 members. Permanent plaques of honor will be emplaced at Palexpo. This is a European analog to the Automotive Hall of Fame which is now located in Dearborn, Michigan, and which has been in operation since 1936.
In 2019 it will host the third edition of the Laver | 6,140,935 |
1643033 | Palexpo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palexpo | Palexpo
provide wireless internet for all employees and guests.
# Events.
Palexpo hosts a variety of convention and sporting events, including the 2014 Davis Cup semifinals between Switzerland and Italy.
In 2001 the European Automotive Hall of Fame opened and inducted its first class of 13 members. Permanent plaques of honor will be emplaced at Palexpo. This is a European analog to the Automotive Hall of Fame which is now located in Dearborn, Michigan, and which has been in operation since 1936.
In 2019 it will host the third edition of the Laver Cup.
Depeche Mode performed at the convention centre on November 10, 2009 during their Tour of the Universe.
# See also.
- SEG Geneva Arena (Hall 7) | 6,140,936 |
1643039 | Division of Dalley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Dalley | Division of Dalley
Division of Dalley
The Division of Dalley was an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. The division was created in 1900 and was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election. It was named for the colonial politician William Dalley and was located in the inner suburbs of Sydney, including Balmain, Glebe and Leichhardt. It was abolished in 1969.
For most of its history it was a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party, which held it without interruption from 1910 onward. In the 1930s it was a stronghold of the radical Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang. Its most prominent member was Ted Theodore, who was deputy prime minister and treasurer in the Scullin | 6,140,937 |
1643039 | Division of Dalley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Dalley | Division of Dalley
olitician William Dalley and was located in the inner suburbs of Sydney, including Balmain, Glebe and Leichhardt. It was abolished in 1969.
For most of its history it was a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party, which held it without interruption from 1910 onward. In the 1930s it was a stronghold of the radical Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang. Its most prominent member was Ted Theodore, who was deputy prime minister and treasurer in the Scullin government, having previously been Premier of Queensland. He was defeated in 1931 by the Lang follower and later Deputy Leader of Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist) Sol Rosevear, who was Speaker during the Curtin and Chifley governments. | 6,140,938 |
1643038 | Weak inflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20inflection | Weak inflection
Weak inflection
In grammar, the term weak (originally coined in German: "schwach") is used in opposition to the term strong ("stark") to designate a conjugation or declension when a language has two parallel systems. The only constant feature in all the grammatical usages of the word "weak" is that it forms a polarity with "strong"; there is not necessarily any objective "weakness" about the forms so designated.
# Germanic grammar.
This terminology seems to have been used first in relation to Germanic verbs. In this context, "strong" indicates those verbs that form their past tenses by ablaut (the vocalic conjugations), "weak" those that need the addition of a dental suffix (the consonantal | 6,140,939 |
1643038 | Weak inflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20inflection | Weak inflection
conjugations). It is only in this context that the term would be applied to modern English.
By extension, the terminology was also applied to Germanic nouns. Here too, the weak noun was the consonantal declension, such as the German nouns that form their genitive in "-n". Examples:
Although the term "weak noun" is very useful in German grammar to describe this very small and distinctive group, the term "strong noun" is less commonly heard, since it would have to include many other noun types that should not necessarily be grouped together. Some of these have umlaut plurals ("die Männer"), but most do not.
There are also strong and weak declensions of German adjectives. This differs from the | 6,140,940 |
1643038 | Weak inflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20inflection | Weak inflection
situation in nouns and verbs in that every adjective can be declined using either the strong or the weak declension. As with the nouns, weak in this case means the declension in "-n". In this context, the terms "strong" and "weak" seem particularly appropriate, since the strong declension carries more information about case and gender, while the weak declension is used in situations where the definite article already provides this information. Examples:
# Other languages.
In other languages the strong-weak polarity is used to express distinctions that may or may not be analogous. In Hebrew, most verbs have three consonants known as radicals. These can be strong (able to carry a full syllable) | 6,140,941 |
1643038 | Weak inflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20inflection | Weak inflection
or weak (likely to collapse under the weight of a prefix or suffix). Verbs with a weak radical are termed weak verbs, and form partially regular exceptions to the normal conjugation rule. The consonants "he", "waw", and "nun" are among those likely to make a verb weak.
# Regularity.
The terms "weak" and "strong" rarely overlap with the idea of "regular" and "irregular"; some descriptions of English verbs contrast "weak" with "irregular", but this is misleading. It is true that most English or German weak verbs are regular, whereas Germanic strong verbs, despite the regularity of the system, are normally taught as irregular verbs; but there are also irregular weak verbs in English and German, | 6,140,942 |
1643038 | Weak inflection | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak%20inflection | Weak inflection
eak verbs are regular, whereas Germanic strong verbs, despite the regularity of the system, are normally taught as irregular verbs; but there are also irregular weak verbs in English and German, and in Hebrew the weak verbs are the most irregular ones. In the case of the German noun, the strong noun is the norm, while the weak noun is usually taught as the anomalous form, though in fact it has its own regularity. In the German adjective, both systems are equally regular and equally common.
# See also.
- Strong inflection
# External links.
- Wiktionary appendix: Irregular English verbs, for information on which English verbs belong to the various classes of strong and irregular weak verb. | 6,140,943 |
1643065 | Royal College Building | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%20College%20Building | Royal College Building
Royal College Building
Royal College Building can refer to:
- Royal College Building, Colombo, Sri Lanka is the oldest building of Royal College Colombo.
- Royal College Building, Glasgow, Scotland, UK is the oldest building of John Anderson Campus of University of Strathclyde. | 6,140,944 |
1643067 | Division of Darebin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division%20of%20Darebin | Division of Darebin
Division of Darebin
The Division of Darebin was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was created in 1949, and was named for the Darebin Creek. It was located in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, including Heidelberg, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury. It was a fairly safe seat for the Australian Labor Party.
The seat was abolished in 1969, and largely replaced by the current Division of Scullin. | 6,140,945 |
1643061 | Andrew McCormick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20McCormick | Andrew McCormick
Andrew McCormick
noinclude
Andrew McCormick (アンドリュー・マコーミック) (born 5 February 1967) is a New Zealand-born Japanese rugby union coach and former player.
The son of All Black Fergie McCormick, McCormick (nicknamed "Angus") was educated at Christchurch Boys' High School and came to Japan to play for Toshiba Fuchu in 1992. He was a powerful centre who had a large impact and played 25 times for the Japan national rugby union team, which he captained during the 1999 Rugby World Cup. A hugely popular player, he began coaching at Toshiba and then became a player (2002) and technical adviser (2004) at Kamaishi Seawaves.
On 23 March 2005, it was announced that McCormick would take up a post as backs | 6,140,946 |
1643061 | Andrew McCormick | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew%20McCormick | Andrew McCormick
s educated at Christchurch Boys' High School and came to Japan to play for Toshiba Fuchu in 1992. He was a powerful centre who had a large impact and played 25 times for the Japan national rugby union team, which he captained during the 1999 Rugby World Cup. A hugely popular player, he began coaching at Toshiba and then became a player (2002) and technical adviser (2004) at Kamaishi Seawaves.
On 23 March 2005, it was announced that McCormick would take up a post as backs coach at Coca-Cola West Japan on the invitation of head coach Shogo Mukai.
McCormick is currently Head Coach of Kwansei Gakuin University’s rugby club.
# External links.
- Andrew F. McCormick at New Zealand Rugby History | 6,140,947 |
1643069 | Christ Air | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ%20Air | Christ Air
Christ Air
Christ Air is an aerial skateboarding trick where, while flying in the air, the skateboarder picks up their board into one of their hands and then spreads their arms and straightens their legs forming a pose that resembles Jesus Christ on the cross. It was invented by skater Christian Hosoi. Recently, Denmark's Rune Glifberg has become the Christ Air's most famous practitioner. In April 2007 professional skater Martyn Jackson performed a 14 ft (4 m) high Christ Air, the second highest behind Hosoi himself. Also known to do the Christ Air is Danny Way. | 6,140,948 |
1643072 | National Agricultural Fieldays | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Agricultural%20Fieldays | National Agricultural Fieldays
National Agricultural Fieldays
The National Agricultural Fieldays is an annual national agricultural show and field day event held in mid-June at the Mystery Creek Events Centre near Hamilton, New Zealand. It styles itself as "the biggest agricultural trade show in the southern hemisphere".
Fieldays attracts 1,000 exhibitors and over 115,000 visitors through its gates. Smaller shows, held annually in New Zealand's towns and communities, are generally called "agricultural and pastoral shows" (A&P shows). The event has visitor attractions such as sheepdog trials and tractor pulling contests.
Between 1985 and 1998 the Fieldays Society operated a short-term radio station for Fieldays visitors. | 6,140,949 |
1643072 | National Agricultural Fieldays | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National%20Agricultural%20Fieldays | National Agricultural Fieldays
tors through its gates. Smaller shows, held annually in New Zealand's towns and communities, are generally called "agricultural and pastoral shows" (A&P shows). The event has visitor attractions such as sheepdog trials and tractor pulling contests.
Between 1985 and 1998 the Fieldays Society operated a short-term radio station for Fieldays visitors. Ag Week Radio, later known as Fieldays Radio, operated from the Mystery Creek site. It broadcast on 1XR 855 AM in 1985 and 1988, 1296 AM in 1993, 792 AM in 1994, 94.6 FM in 1997 and 97.0 FM in 1998.
# See also.
- Agriculture in New Zealand
- Field days in Australia
- Field day (agriculture)
# External links.
- National Agricultural Fieldays | 6,140,950 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
Salt River Project
The Salt River Project (SRP) is the umbrella name for two separate entities: the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, an agency of the state of Arizona that serves as an electrical utility for the Phoenix metropolitan area, and the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association, a utility cooperative that serves as the primary water provider for much of central Arizona. It is one of the primary public utility companies in Arizona.
The name, "Rio Salado Project", (Spanish for Salt River Project) used to refer to the improvement projects along the Salt River through the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, is not related to SRP.
# Service territory.
SRP serves | 6,140,951 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
nearly all of the Phoenix metropolitan area. A large portion of its electric service territory is shared with Arizona Public Service.
# Governance.
Each company of SRP is governed separately.
For the Association, landowners elect a president, a vice president, a 10-member board of governors and 30 council members.
For the District, landowners elect a president, a vice president, a 14-member board of directors and 30 council members.
The officials of each organization are elected on the first Tuesday in April of even-numbered years. The next scheduled Association and District elections will be held on April 7, 2020. Both are elected by all landowners in the SRP service area through a "debt-proportionate" | 6,140,952 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
system. For instance, a person who owns five acres casts five votes.
# History.
Early settlers in Phoenix and nearby areas were forced to rely on the flow of the Salt River to sustain agricultural activities. The river was prone to both floods and droughts and proved to be a less than reliable resource for the settlers. Failed plans to build a dam on the river in 1897, combined with a series of droughts, heightened the need for controlling the river.
With the passage of the National Reclamation Act of 1902, funding for reclamation projects with low-interest government loans paved the way for the creation of the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association the following year. Over 200,000 acres | 6,140,953 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
(800 km²) of private land belonging to the ranchers and farmers in the association were pledged for collateral and the association was officially incorporated February 7, 1903, becoming the first multipurpose project started under the reclamation act. Following on March 14, 1903 this project was one of the first five reclamation projects approved, under the Act, by the Secretary of the Interior. Construction on the Roosevelt Dam would commence the following year.
Although the construction of dams was the association's most visible and costly project, an integral part of the effort was also the construction and improvement of a system of canals designed to distribute the water from the Salt | 6,140,954 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
River among the various members living in the valley.
Hydroelectricity was produced at the dam site during construction, and used for the manufacture of cement and other purposes. In 1906 (before the dam was completed) electricity began to be produced from a hydroelectric generator within the dam. Almost all of the electricity not needed for agriculture, including the majority of that used in Phoenix, was sold to PG&E under an agreement that prohibited the United States Bureau of Reclamation from selling retail electricity within the city.
In 1936, the Arizona Legislature allowed for the creation of governmental districts that could finance large-scale agricultural projects with tax-free bonds. | 6,140,955 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
Shortly thereafter, the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District was created, the second half of SRP as it exists today. Over the next several decades, a series of major improvements along the Salt and Verde rivers would raise the number of reservoirs in the district to six, and at the same time SRP was constructing and maintaining a number of other electrical generating stations throughout the state.
As of 2007, SRP owns or operates eleven electrical generating stations, seven hydroelectric plants, and has energy purchasing agreements with four major hydroelectric stations along the Colorado River, making them a major provider of electric service in the Phoenix area. | 6,140,956 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
Along with the six reservoirs along the Salt and Verde rivers, SRP operates dams at the Blue Ridge Reservoir as well as the Granite Reef Diversion Dam and a number of canals, making the SRP a major provider of water to the Phoenix area.
# Salt River reservoirs.
SRP owns and operates four reservoirs along the Salt River east of Phoenix. While the main function of these reservoirs is to serve as water storage for the rapidly growing municipal area, they also serve as important recreational centers. The lakes are regularly stocked with fish, and are supplied with boat ramps for both angling and other watersports.
## Theodore Roosevelt Lake.
Theodore Roosevelt Dam and the Roosevelt Lake it forms | 6,140,957 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
are considered perhaps the crowning achievements of SRP. With the initial funds raised by the association in 1903, an ambitious project was begun several miles east of Phoenix in the Tonto Valley, at the confluence of the Tonto Creek and the Salt River. When it was completed in 1911, Roosevelt Dam was the tallest masonry dam in the world at 280 feet (85 m). It was dedicated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, for whom the dam and the reservoir are named.
In 1996, a massive expansion project aimed at increasing the capacity of the lake was finished. The dam was resurfaced with concrete and raised an additional 77 feet (23 m), which had the effect of increasing the lake's capacity by over 20%, | 6,140,958 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
and providing much needed flood control space on the Salt River. Shortly after completion, however, the area entered into a prolonged period of drought, and it would be some time before the new capacity was used, with the lake finally reaching historic levels of 90% capacity in early 2005.
With an at-capacity surface area of nearly 21,500 acres (87 km²), Roosevelt is the largest lake that is wholly inside the state of Arizona. It can store of water at capacity.
## Apache Lake.
Apache Lake was formed by the construction of the Horse Mesa Dam, finished in 1927. Several miles downstream from Roosevelt, the dam stands 300 feet (90 m) high. The lake itself is considerably smaller than Roosevelt | 6,140,959 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
at only 2,600 acres (11 km²) of surface area at full capacity, and can store of water.
Like the rest of the Salt River lakes downstream from Roosevelt, Apache Lake is long and narrow, filling the bottom of the canyon it resides in. It does have a hydroelectric generating station.
## Canyon Lake.
Canyon Lake, the third lake on the Salt River, is created by the Mormon Flat Dam. The dam was completed in 1925, being the second of the dams to be completed. The dam is named for a nearby geographical feature, a flat campground where Mormon pioneers from Utah would often stop on their journey to the Phoenix area. Downstream from Apache Lake, it is considerably smaller with only 950 acres (3.8 km²) | 6,140,960 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
of surface area when full, holding . Like the other Salt River dams, it is equipped with hydroelectric generators.
## Saguaro Lake.
Saguaro Lake is formed by the Stewart Mountain Dam, downstream from Canyon Lake. Completed in 1930, it was the last of the reservoirs to be built on the Salt River. It is somewhat larger than Canyon but smaller than the others, having a surface area of 1,280 acres (5.18 km²) when full, holding . The dam is equipped with hydroelectric generators.
# Verde River reservoirs and other dams.
After completion of the four dams on the Salt River, SRP turned to the smaller Verde River for further expansion of the project. Like the reservoirs on the Salt, the Verde reservoirs | 6,140,961 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
are used for recreational purposes as well as water storage and flood control.
## Bartlett Lake.
The first of the lakes on the Verde River was created with the construction of the Bartlett Dam, finishing in 1939. At 308.5 feet (94 m) tall, the multiple-arch dam is lacking in hydroelectric generating capabilities, unlike most dams on the Salt River. Bartlett Lake, with 2,700 acres (11 km²) of surface area at capacity, is larger than all the Salt River reservoirs save Roosevelt. When full the lake can hold of water.
## Horseshoe Lake.
Horseshoe Lake is formed by Horseshoe Dam and was finished in 1946, upstream from Lake Bartlett. Unlike the other dams built to this point, the construction | 6,140,962 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
was done by the Phelps Dodge Corporation as part of a water exchange agreement. In 1949, the city of Phoenix funded the construction of spillway gates for the dam in exchange for water rights for city users. Like Bartlett, this dam does not have hydroelectric generating capabilities. At 2,800 acres (11 km²) in surface area when full it is slightly larger than Bartlett but has a smaller total capacity, holding only at maximum.
## C.C. Cragin Dam and Reservoir.
Phelps Dodge, Inc., a large mining company in Arizona, constructed the Blue Ridge Dam (now named C.C. Cragin) in 1965 to help meet its water needs. A water exchange agreement penned three years earlier promised the facilities to SRP, | 6,140,963 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
and in 2005 SRP took possession of the dam and water production facilities. Located on the Mogollon Rim, C.C. Cragin is not on the Salt or Verde rivers but is a part of the general watershed covered in the SRP area. The small lake has a storage capacity of only of water and is used to augment the water supply for the Gila River Indian Community, northern Gila County and the town of Payson.
## Granite Reef Dam.
The Granite Reef Diversion Dam, constructed near the confluence of the Salt and Verde rivers, does not actually hold back a reservoir but is used to divert water from those rivers into the system of canals feeding into the Phoenix area. It was actually the first of the dams constructed, | 6,140,964 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
finished in 1906 to replace the Arizona Dam, which had been washed away by floods the previous year.
# Canal system.
SRP operates several important canals that run in a network through much of the southern half of the Phoenix metropolitan area, helping distribute water from the Salt River system. Major canals operated by SRP are:
- Arizona Canal, 38.62 miles (62.15 km) long
- Grand Canal, 22.43 miles (36.10 km)long
- Consolidated Canal, 18.95 miles (30.50 km) long
- Eastern Canal, 14.73 miles (23.71 km) long
- Western Canal, 13.61 miles (21.90 km) long
- South Canal, 9.91 miles (15.95 km) long
- Tempe Canal, 9.76 miles (15.71 km) long
- New Crosscut Canal, 3.4 miles (5.5 km) long
SRP | 6,140,965 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
also operates a number of flood control canals throughout the Phoenix area.
# Power generation.
Besides the power generated at several of the dams along the Salt River, SRP owns or operates, in part, several power generating stations throughout the state:
- Agua Fria Generating Station
- Coronado Generating Station
- Craig Generating Station
- Desert Basin Generating Station
- Four Corners Generating Station (owns 10%, operated by Arizona Public Service)
- Hayden Generating Station
- Kyrene Generating Station
- Mesquite Generating Station
- Navajo Generating Station (owns 42.9%), set to close by the end of December 2019.
- Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (owns 17.5%, operated | 6,140,966 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
by Arizona Public Service)
- Santan Generating Station
- Arizona Falls
# Membership in organizations.
## Public Affairs Council.
Renee Eastman, representing Salt River Project, is on the 2013-2014 Board of Directors for the Public Affairs Council (PAC).
## National Conference of State Legislatures.
Salt River Project is a Gold Sponsor for the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL).
## Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce.
Peter Hayes, an Associate General Manager at SRP, is on the Board of Directors of the Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce (GPCC).
Salt River Project has been a member of the Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce (GPCC) since 1940.
## Arizona Chamber of Commerce | 6,140,967 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
and Industry.
Gena Trimble, an Associate General Manager at SRP, is on the Board of Directors of the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Salt River Project is an "Arizona Trustee" member of the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
## Greater Phoenix Urban League.
Russell Smoldon, representing Salt River Project, is on the Board of Directors for the Greater Phoenix Urban League
## Electric Power Research Institute.
Salt River Project is a member of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
## Large Public Power Council.
Salt River Project is a member of the Large Public Power Council (LPPC).
## American Public Power Association.
Salt River Project is a member of the American | 6,140,968 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
Public Power Association (APPA).
## Labor and Management Public Affairs Committee.
Salt River Project is a member of the Labor and Management Public Affairs Committee (LAMPAC), a utility labor organization.
## Democratic Attorneys General Association.
Salt River Project sponsored programming on the order of $15,000 between 2006 and 2009 to the Democratic Attorneys General Association.
## Western Governors Association.
Salt River Project took part in several energy-related initiatives for and through the Western Governors Association (WGA).
## Council of State Governments.
Salt River Project is a member of the Associates program of the Council of State Governments (CSG).
## American | 6,140,969 |
1643029 | Salt River Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt%20River%20Project | Salt River Project
## Democratic Attorneys General Association.
Salt River Project sponsored programming on the order of $15,000 between 2006 and 2009 to the Democratic Attorneys General Association.
## Western Governors Association.
Salt River Project took part in several energy-related initiatives for and through the Western Governors Association (WGA).
## Council of State Governments.
Salt River Project is a member of the Associates program of the Council of State Governments (CSG).
## American Legislative Exchange Council.
Russell Smolden, representing Salt River Project, sits on the Private Enterprise Board of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
# External links.
- SRP official site | 6,140,970 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
Helderberg College
Helderberg College of Higher Education is a private higher education institution situated in Somerset West, South Africa, about thirty minutes from Cape Town. It was established in 1893 - the first Seventh-day Adventist College established outside of North America under the name "Union College". It moved to its present location in 1928, making it the oldest Adventist college on the continent of Africa. It is owned and operated by the Southern Africa Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists , with headquarters in Bloemfontein, South Africa.
It is fully accredited by the Council on Higher Education and Department of Higher Education and Training (DoHET)(South Africa). Its | 6,140,971 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
qualifications are registered on the national qualifications frame work of the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA). It is also accredited by the Adventist Accrediting Association (AAA).
It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.
The college also hosts a local research centre of the Ellen G. White Estate.
# Historical Overview.
The history of Seventh-day Adventist education in South Africa began in 1893 with the establishment of Claremont Union College, Cape Town. The College changed locations in 1919 and again in 1928 in an attempt to follow more closely the philosophy that has motivated this institution. After | 6,140,972 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
the first move, the College became known as Spion Kop College, and in 1928 the last move established Helderberg College, on the slopes of Helderberg Mountain, just outside Somerset West, South Africa.
## Claremont Union College (1893-1917).
The first Seventh-day Adventist College outside North America, Claremont Union College opened its doors on 1 February 1893. It was situated on of land within walking distance of Kenilworth station. The impressive buildings and comprehensive curriculum are testimony to the vision of those early educators. The original stately double-storey college building has since been proclaimed a national monument and is today the focal building in a modern shopping | 6,140,973 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
complex.
Union College offered primary, secondary and tertiary education. College subjects included Greek and Latin, Trigonometry and Geometry, Chemistry and Physics, Logic and Moral Science. Besides the classical academic education, emphasis was placed on character development, a vocational programme, laws of health, physical training and culture. The College was open to all races and no distinction was made with regard to religious affiliation. In fact, half the students were not Seventh-day Adventists.
Over the 25 years of its existence, two distinct education points of view have waxed and waned with regard to curriculum. The ultimate goal was the same and that was to graduate students | 6,140,974 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
who were well prepared for life's tasks. The initial view favoured a strong four-year classical education such as was taught at other notable colleges and academies. With the passage of time, the emphasis swung to the offering of a shorter, more practical course. Despite academic polemics and financial problems compounded by the Anglo-Boer War, the College filled a vital role in providing a religious atmosphere with values that rang true for the 50-100 young people who studied there each year. It graduated 31 students, and many of these have been signally influential in both church and society.
## South African Training College (1919-1922).
The site for Claremont Union College had been chosen | 6,140,975 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
because of the strong conviction that a secluded, rural location was most conducive to true education, but by 1917 sprawling urban growth posed a threat. Consequently, the College was relocated on a mission station from Ladysmith, Natal, and 1918 was spent in erecting buildings, largely from materials salvaged from Union College. Staff and students transferred to the new site and classes began in 1919 with an enrolment of 27. Standards 5-8 were taught, along with a Worker's Course for those preparing for church work. As the College grew, a strong practical emphasis in the curriculum emerged. Two three-year courses, a Training Course and Normal Course, were developed.
When the college was advanced | 6,140,976 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
to the status of a junior college, major changes in academic offerings included the introduction of a one-year course in Shorthand, a two-year Normal Course (teacher training programme), and a four-year course resembling the classical course originally offered at Union College. The latter did not get much support and by 1923 all courses were two years in length: the Theological Course, Bible Workers' Course, Teacher Training Course and Commercial Course.
## Spion Kop College (1922-1927).
The emphasis between the two colleges differed: the majority of the 31 graduates from Union College were teachers, while from Spion Kop the majority of the 30 graduates were from the Theology and Bible Workers' | 6,140,977 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
courses.
It soon became evident that the remote location and inaccessibility of Spion Kop College were insurmountable obstacles and in 1925 a committee was appointed to select a new location. After looking at 50 farms in the Western Cape, the committee unanimously chose Bakkerskloof with its flourishing almond and apricot orchards flanking Helderberg mountain. They purchased the for ten thousand pounds, and the third phase of college development began.
## Helderberg College (1928- ).
The new African Missionary College, as it was first called, opened in 1928 with two dormitories completed and plans for the construction of the administration building well under way. Apart from these, there | 6,140,978 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
were two staff cottages, farm sheds and outbuildings. The institution was renamed Helderberg College after the mountain towering protectively above it. Despite the depression, the total enrolment climbed to 154 by 1930, and has grown steadily ever since. Today there are more than 60 buildings on campus including the church, administration and lecture buildings, library, auditorium, gymnasium and cafeteria, student centre, three-storey student residences, married students' flats, staff flats and homes, and separate church-operated primary and high schools.
The growth of the College is probably best reflected in the number of graduates which has increased from 8 in 1929 to an average of 40-60 | 6,140,979 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
a year. Many of these graduates have continued their studies in South Africa and abroad.
The academic growth of the College can be viewed from three perspectives: the course offerings, academic qualifications of staff, and library holdings.
A review of the course offerings of the past reveals periods of significant change and development. The first few years after 1928 saw a continuation of the courses offered at Spion Kop College. The staff were few in number but were well qualified, with the business manager, W B Commin, a chartered accountant. In the early thirties, courses were lengthened to three years, and course contents combined to best meet the needs of the church: Theological-Normal, | 6,140,980 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
Domestic Science-Normal, with Commercial-Normal being added in 1946. A two-year Bible Instructors' Course was also offered.
The first real major change in curriculum came in 1951 when the College became a senior college and, under the guidance of A J Raitt, started to offer the degree courses of the University of South Africa (UNISA) as part of the regular four-year diploma courses. Students could complete the requirements of the BA, BSc and BCom degrees within the four years. The UNISA connection served the College very well for the next 35 years with only minor adjustments to the curriculum. It included a recognised three-year primary teaching diploma in the eighties. The sixties saw a proliferation | 6,140,981 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
of diploma courses and some were lengthened and others shortened. A five-year theology programme was attempted, and even a pre-nursing course was published.
Graduation exercises became more formal with the change of status to senior college. The 1955 graduating class was the first to wear full academic regalia, including colours to represent the various fields of study. All subsequent classes followed suit and today it is part of the tradition and policy of the college.
The need for wider recognition and closer control over the curriculum led to the next major change under the leadership of Dr A O Coetzee in 1976 when an affiliation agreement was entered into with the Adventist higher education | 6,140,982 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
system's flagship institution Andrews University (located in Berrien Springs, Michigan, USA), to offer the BTh (Bachelor of Theology) and BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) degrees. From this initial agreement, the affiliation was extended to the BA degree which could also include a four-year elementary teaching qualification. Agriculture offered as a two-year Associate of Science degree met a specific demand for a few years but was later phased out. The eighties saw the introduction of a wider number of business and secretarial diploma courses.
The escalating cost of post-graduate study overseas precipitated plans to offer such degrees at Helderberg College. In 1981, under the leadership | 6,140,983 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
of Dr D Birkenstock, the Andrews University affiliation was extended when the MA in Religion degree was first offered on campus. The programme was spread over four years with a quarter being taught each year. Starting with Drs Strand and Heppenstall, many lecturers from overseas made a real contribution to the ministerial force in Southern Africa. The post-graduate degree gave impetus to the rapid expansion of the library, and in 1983 the E G White Research Centre and Heritage Room were officially opened by Mrs Hedwig Jemison.
In 1997, under the leadership of David F Allen, an additional affiliation agreement was entered into with Southern Adventist University (located in Collegedale, Tennessee, | 6,140,984 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
USA). This affiliation provided alternative accreditation and academic recognition for the BBA degree, majoring in either accounting or management.
Changes in the South African education landscape subsequent to the first democratic elections in 1994 impacted directly on the College. In terms of the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Act (No. 58 of 1995) and the Higher Education Act (No. 101 of 1997), private institutions of higher learning were granted the opportunity of becoming fully accredited and registered providers of education, issuing their own degrees and diplomas. Those institutions whose qualifications were registered on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) by the | 6,140,985 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA), and that met the requirements of the Council on Higher Education (CHE) and the Department of Education (DoE) have been able to take their place alongside the public sector institutions in providing nationally and internationally recognized programmes of study. Helderberg College, under the academic leadership of Dr Gerald T du Preez, received such accreditation and registration in 2001. Students who enrolled for degree programmes for the first time in 2001 thus began a course of study culminating in a Helderberg College degree, backed by SAQA, the CHE and the DoE. Students transferring to other tertiary institutions or wishing to engage in post | 6,140,986 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
graduate study in South Africa are able to do so with ease, as there is a common registering body with controlled standards and criteria. In addition, the courses done at Helderberg College are accredited by AAA (Adventist Accrediting Association), which makes them transferable to any one of the more than 115 Seventh-day Adventist institutions worldwide.
The second perspective of the academic growth of the College has been the qualifications of the staff. From the start, the College has had well-qualified staff. In 1936, the small teaching staff had five teachers with master's degrees, two with bachelors', and the remainder with recognised diplomas. The first teacher with a doctorate was H | 6,140,987 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
L Rasmussen who joined the staff in 1947 to teach history. In 1949 the principal, W E McClure, returned from furlough with a doctorate, as did F C Clarke, whose specialty was science. The offering of UNISA degrees on campus made it easier for a number of the staff to earn BA degrees and in many cases this led to post-graduate work. In the seventies there were up to five staff with doctorates. Some of the first lecturers to earn a doctorate at a South African University included Dr Hofni Joubert (in the late fifties) Dr Izak J van Zyl (in the seventies), with Dr Delyse Steyn being the first woman to achieve this. Helderberg College regards a master's degree as the minimum academic qualification | 6,140,988 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
for lecturers and through its staff development programme, encourages and assists the teaching faculty in upgrading their qualifications where needed with the objective of 50% of the teaching staff having their terminal degrees by 2011. As of November 2016, 50% of the full time teaching staff have terminal degrees. Of the remaining 50%, half of them are pursuing doctoral studies.
Until 1952, the library at Helderberg College was housed on the top floor of the Administration Building, from where it was moved to the more spacious location on the ground floor of Anderson Hall. The book holdings increased from 4 000 in 1936 to 7 000 in 1947. In 1981, the Pieter Wessels Library, occupying all three | 6,140,989 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
floors in the renovated Meade House, was opened officially. While K B Cronjé was director of library services, book holdings topped 50 000, besides many other materials such as periodicals, audiotapes and teaching materials. In the basement are the E G White Research Centre and the Heritage Room which opened in 1983 with Dr I J van Zyl as director. Through the SABINET link-up with all the major libraries in South Africa, the Pieter Wessels Library has been an invaluable asset not only to staff and students, but to users of these other libraries as well. The holdings have exceeded the 90 000 mark.
# Campus Life.
## Campus Ministries.
Since it is a Seventh-day Adventist College, a major objective | 6,140,990 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
is to “make religion a personal experience in the life of each student, a practical religion which finds expression in the standards of conduct, in the attitudes and ideals, and in the development of a sense of individual responsibility for the betterment of mankind” (Principal M P Robison, College Clarion, 1932).
While the forms of spiritual activity have varied over the course of the years, the basic sources of spiritual nourishment have remained surprisingly constant – worship services in church, dormitory and chapel, and the quiet times of personal meditation and prayer. However, spiritual wholeness also requires the outward swing of the pendulum – from receiving to sharing. Helderberg | 6,140,991 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
students have never been at a loss for ways to serve. From the establishment of the Missionary Volunteer Society in the early days of Claremont Union College to the present, students have gained valuable experience in leadership as they have organised and run their own outreach activities to those in the community. In the early years there was the Medical Band which provided help to poor communities on Sabbath afternoons. Members of the Preaching Band would, before embarking on Sabbath outreach activities, collect the leftovers of Sabbath lunch at the staff homes on campus along with donations of fruit and vegetables to distribute among the needy in the neighbourhood. Singing groups would bring | 6,140,992 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
sunshine to patients in nearby hospitals and old age homes. These find their counterparts today in the form of soup kitchens in the squatter camps, outreach to Boys' Town and visiting the sick and elderly in hospitals and old age homes.
## Physical Recreation.
The harmonious development of all the student's abilities, including his or her physical wellbeing, has been the basis for the work programme in the history of Helderberg College. Three concepts from the book Education by E G White have served, since the inception of the College, as guidelines in formulating a manual work programme: (a) to demonstrate the true dignity of labour – and so students have been involved in all aspects of work; | 6,140,993 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
(b) to recognise that God is constantly at work – and so to fulfil our mission, we must also be involved in productive activity; and (c) to teach the discipline of systematic, well-regulated labour as an aid to sound development and sense of self-worth.
Each of the colleges mentioned above generated activities suitable to its time and circumstances. Claremont Union College had as their main activities sewing, cooking, carpentry, gardening, janitorial services, dairy farming, boot making, typesetting and printing (forerunner of the Southern Publishing Association), and assisting with health treatments. Some students worked at the nearby Claremont Sanitarium, and later the Plumstead Sanitarium. | 6,140,994 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
Students were required to work seven hours a week for which they received payment to help defray fees.
Spion Kop College continued the tradition and philosophy, but other activities achieved prominence. A great deal of building was done and so students were involved in brick making, carpentry, and building construction. On the extensive farm lands, they helped with gardening, milking and harvesting. The repair shop sharpened ploughs and repaired trucks. In addition there were particular enterprises to provide work for the students and an income for the College, such as the clothing factory in which some fourteen students worked. Payment for one completed buttonhole was one and a half pence. | 6,140,995 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
A nut butter factory was started to provide a non-dairy spread which was in harmony with the health principles of the College. Students were required to work 30 hours a month, for which they were paid.
During the Helderberg College era (from 1928), the number and variety of work opportunities increased. Of the various enterprises launched through the years, the farm is the only one that has maintained operations to the present time and continues to provide the College with an income through olive groves, fruit and vegetables, and pine forestry. In the early days, the students worked as brick makers, builders and carpenters to erect the various college buildings and homes. The new campus needed | 6,140,996 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
student workers to lay out gardens, trim hedges, and care for the appearance of the College. With the number of new buildings going up, there was a greater need for cleaning crews. The growing enrolment also meant more students were needed to work in the kitchen and dining room. In the laundry, the young ladies did the washing and ironing, at first by hand and later with more sophisticated equipment. The need for trained drivers increased as the College became more mechanised. The maintenance department was kept busy with plumbing, welding and electrical repairs.
The work activities have changed over the years, but it is still possible for a student to be exposed to a wide variety of activities, | 6,140,997 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
should he or she so choose. Today it is no longer compulsory to work a fixed number of hours on campus as in the past. However, exposure to practical work experience on or off campus is an integral part of the student's preparation for graduation. At present approximately a third of the students apply for work bursaries of 5–15 hours per week which enable them to earn up to a third of their fees. Through their work experiences on campus, many students have gained skills that have helped them contribute to building communities wherever they have gone. Many alumni have attributed their success in part to the effective time management, interpersonal skills and respect for productive work that they | 6,140,998 |
1643058 | Helderberg College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helderberg%20College | Helderberg College
had learned while in college. And many are the alumni world-wide who can still on occasion recall with satisfaction the sound of the knock-off bell!
## Student Clubs.
Since the very origins of universities in the thirteenth century, students have organised themselves into clubs. Helderberg has been no exception. Through the years a wide variety of clubs, guilds, brigades and other organisations have come and gone.
Student organisations have always played an important role in the activities of the College. For a number of years the Department of Business Administration had AIESEC, a branch of the international business students' organisation, which provided a forum for involvement with students | 6,140,999 |
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