wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae", its first scientific name, "Squalus carcharias". Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it "Carcharodon" as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific nam... | 6,200 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the "C. megalodon". "C. megalodon" had teeth that were superficially not too dissimilar with those of great white sharks, but its teeth were far larger. Although cartilaginous skeletons do not fossilize, "C. megalodon" is estimated ... | 6,201 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae). The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, "Isurus hastalis", than to the "C. megalodon", a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the exti... | 6,202 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
waters which have water temperature between , with greater concentrations in the United States (Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Oceania, Chile, and the Mediterranean including Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus. One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa.
... | 6,203 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
have migrated to an area between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around . After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about for up to ten... | 6,204 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
and open up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.
A 2018 study indicated that white sharks p... | 6,205 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
sharks. A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side... | 6,206 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh. Great white sharks, like other mackerel sharks, have larger eyes than other shark species in proportion to their body size. The iris of the eye is a deep blue instead of black.
## Size.
In great white ... | 6,207 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances. Among living cartilaginous fish, only the whale shark ("Rhincodon typus"), the basking shark ("Cetorhinus maximus") and the giant manta ray ("Manta birostris"), in that order, are on average larger and heavier. These three s... | 6,208 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was long. However, there was a report consid... | 6,209 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
is one caught by Alf Dean in south Australian waters in 1959, weighing . Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.
### Examples of large unconfirmed great whites.
A number of very l... | 6,210 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
were not obtained in a rigorous, scientifically valid manner, and researchers have questioned the reliability of these measurements for a long time, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. Later studies proved these doubts to be well founded. This New Brunswick shark ... | 6,211 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
shark more than five times heavier than it really was.
While these measurements have not been confirmed, some great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than long, but these claims have received some criticism. However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may h... | 6,212 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was long. In a similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was long. However, photographic... | 6,213 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out. A particularly large female great white nickna... | 6,214 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
sperm whale carcass, whereupon she was filmed swimming beside divers including dive tourism operator and model Ocean Ramsey in open water. A particularly infamous great white shark, supposedly of record proportions, once patrolled the area that comprises False Bay, South Africa, was said to be well ov... | 6,215 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
(though it remains uncertain just how massive the shark was as it escaped capture each time it was hooked). Ferreira describes the four encounters with the giant shark he participated in with great detail in his book "Great White Sharks On Their Best Behavior".
One contender in maximum size among the... | 6,216 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
sharks such as the Greenland shark ("Somniosus microcephalus") and the Pacific sleeper shark ("S. pacificus") are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they are more slender in build than a great white) in exceptional cases. The question of maximum weight i... | 6,217 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
field emitted by the movement of living animals. Great whites are so sensitive they can detect variations of half a billionth of a volt. At close range, this allows the shark to locate even immobile animals by detecting their heartbeat. Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their bod... | 6,218 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can ... | 6,219 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
nutrient-poor areas of the oceans. Studies by Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium published on 17 July 2013 revealed that in addition to controlling the sharks' buoyancy, the liver of great whites is essential in migration patterns. Sharks that sink faster during drift dives were reveale... | 6,220 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
lead, and arsenic, there was no sign of raised white blood cell count and granulate to lymphocyte ratios, indicating the sharks had healthy immune systems. This discovery suggests a previously unknown physiological defense against heavy metal poisoning. Great whites are known to have a propensity for ... | 6,221 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen massing could exert a bite force of .
# Ecology and behavior.
This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a domi... | 6,222 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
that when a great white approaches too closely to another, they react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance.
The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as p... | 6,223 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most ... | 6,224 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
(e.g. seals, fur seals, and sea lions), sea turtles, sea otters ("Enhydra lutris") and seabirds. Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Juvenile white sharks predominantly prey on fish, including other elasmobranchs, as their jaws are not strong enough to with... | 6,225 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
types of prey depending on their preferences. They seem to be highly opportunistic. These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks a... | 6,226 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
are potentially dangerous adversaries. Most commonly though, juvenile elephant seals are the most frequently eaten at elephant seal colonies. Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbor seals ("Phoca vitulina") are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling. They are then eat... | 6,227 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
ssp.), Humpback dolphins ("Sousa" ssp.), harbour porpoises ("Phocoena phocoena"), and Dall's porpoises ("Phocoenoides dalli"). Groups of dolphins have occasionally been observed defending themselves from sharks with mobbing behaviour. White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also b... | 6,228 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
cavirostris"), an individual estimated at , were hunted and killed by great white sharks have also been observed. When hunting sea turtles, they appear to simply bite through the carapace around a flipper, immobilizing the turtle. The heaviest species of bony fish, the oceanic sunfish ("Mola mola"), h... | 6,229 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
at the surface. Shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours of sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.
Whale carcasses comprise an important part of the diet of white sharks. However,... | 6,230 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
the sharks would investigate the carcass by slowly swimming around it and mouthing several parts before selecting a blubber-rich area. During feeding bouts of 15–20 seconds the sharks removed flesh with lateral headshakes, without the protective ocular rotation they employ when attacking live prey. Th... | 6,231 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
unable to bite hard enough to remove flesh, they would instead bounce off and slowly sink. Up to eight sharks were observed feeding simultaneously, bumping into each other without showing any signs of aggression; on one occasion a shark accidentally bit the head of a neighbouring shark, leaving two te... | 6,232 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
of whale carcasses, particularly for the largest white sharks, has been underestimated. In another documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.
Stomach contents of great whites also indicates that whale sharks both juvenile and adult may also b... | 6,233 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
originally believed to be more than 30 years, but a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution placed it at upwards of 70 years. Examinations of vertebral growth ring count gave a maximum male age of 73 years and a maximum female age of 40 years for the specimens studied. The shark's late sexua... | 6,234 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous, which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth. The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the fi... | 6,235 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
who have said to have caught them and evidenced by teeth found at dump sites for discarded parts from their catches.
## Breaching behavior.
A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is ... | 6,236 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
and September, scientists may observe around 600 breaches. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to and can at times launch themselves more than into the air. Just under half of observed breach at... | 6,237 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
of both species may overlap. An incident was documented on 4 October 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated female orca immobilized an estimated great white shark. The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifte... | 6,238 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
whites vanished. Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to a depth of and swum to Hawaii. In 2015, a pod of orcas was recorded to have killed a great white shark off South Australia. In 2017, along the South African coast, four great whi... | 6,239 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
the sharks negatively, with brief appearances by killer whales causing the sharks to seek out new feeding areas until the next season.
# Conservation status.
It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from... | 6,240 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable. It is included in Appendix II of CITES, meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit. As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international... | 6,241 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, there are about 2,000 great white sharks near the California coast, which is 10 times higher than the previous estimate of 219 by Barbara Block.
Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white... | 6,242 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act. The causes of decline prior to protection included mortality from sport fishing harvests as well as being caught in beach protection netting.
The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Aust... | 6,243 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.
In 2002, the Australian government created the White Shark Recovery Plan, implementing government-mandated conservation research and monitoring for conservation in addition to federal protection and stronger regulation of shark-r... | 6,244 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
human-caused shark mortality is continuing, primarily from accidental and illegal catching in commercial and recreational fishing as well as from being caught in beach protection netting, and the populations of great white shark in Australia are yet to recover.
The Australasian population of great wh... | 6,245 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
survival rate. Whether or not mortality rates in great white sharks have declined, or the population has increased as a result of the protection of this species in Australian waters is as yet unknown due to the slow growth rates of this species.
## In New Zealand.
As of April 2007, great white shark... | 6,246 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
this classification as there exists a moderate, stable population of between 1000 and 5000 mature individuals. This classification has the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Threatened Overseas".
## In North America.
In 2013, great white sharks were added to California's Endangered Species Act. From data c... | 6,247 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
coastline to be approximately 2,400.
In 2015 Massachusetts banned catching, cage diving, feeding, towing decoys, or baiting and chumming for its significant and highly predictable migratory great white population without an appropriate research permit. The goal of these restrictions is to both protec... | 6,248 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
in the very rare instances where a shark clearly predated on a human should the bite incident be termed an "attack," which implies predation, and that otherwise it is more accurate to class bite incidents as "sighting", "encounter", "bite incident", or "fatal bite incident". Sightings do not include p... | 6,249 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
an attack.
Of all shark species, the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark bite incidents on humans, with 272 documented unprovoked bite incidents on humans as of 2012.
More than any documented bite incident, Peter Benchley's best-selling novel "Jaws" and t... | 6,250 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Many of the incidents seemed to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is.
Contrary to popular belief, great white sharks do not mistake hu... | 6,251 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
seals, which are fat and rich in protein.
Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded shark bite incidents, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usua... | 6,252 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s, John McCosker, Chair of Aquatic Biology at the California Academy of Sciences, noted that divers who dove solo and were bitten by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescue... | 6,253 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy, colloquially referred to as the Western Australian shark cull, was intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark bite incidents, following the deaths o... | 6,254 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
mitigation strategy". Barnett described opposition as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing could change his mind. This policy was met with widespread condemnation from the scientific community, which showed that species responsible for bite incidents were notoriously hard to identify, that... | 6,255 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
the 20th century involved kayakers. In a few cases they have bitten boats up to in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually biting the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat "Lucky Jim", knocking a crewman into ... | 6,256 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released. The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film "Jaws 3-D".
Monterey Bay Aquarium first attempted to display a great white in 1984, but the shark died after 11 days because it did not eat. In July 2003, M... | 6,257 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release. On the evening of 31 August 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay. His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on 8 September 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated t... | 6,258 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on 7 September 2008. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on 12 August 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on 26 August 2009, and was successfully released into the wild on 4 November 2009. The Monterey Bay Aquarium ... | 6,259 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.
## Shark tourism.
Cage diving is most common at sites where great whites are frequent including the coast of South Afr... | 6,260 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.
At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalu... | 6,261 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
humans more often than sharks bite humans. Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behavior. One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, re... | 6,262 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
A single set of great white jaws can fetch up to £20,000. That is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark; tourism is a more sustainable economic activity than shark fishing. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 peopl... | 6,263 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
n of the tourism value of a live shark; tourism is a more sustainable economic activity than shark fishing. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 and £150 per person, a single live shark ... | 6,264 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
Flint
Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fires.
It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and l... | 6,265 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
blades and other cutting tools. The use of flint to make stone tools dates back millions of years, and flint's extreme durability has made it possible to accurately date its use over this time. Flint is one of the primary materials used to define the Stone Age.
During the Stone Age, access to flint was so import... | 6,266 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
flint will produce enough sparks to ignite a fire with the correct tinder, or gunpowder used in weapons. Although it has been superseded in these uses by different processes (the percussion cap), or materials, (ferrocerium), "flint" has lent its name as generic term for a fire starter.
# Origin.
The exact mode ... | 6,267 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
shapes of flint nodules that are found. The source of dissolved silica in the porous media could be the spicules of silicious sponges. Certain types of flint, such as that from the south coast of England, contain trapped fossilised marine flora. Pieces of coral and vegetation have been found preserved like amber ... | 6,268 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
of Ohio state. It is formed from limey debris that was deposited at the bottom of inland Paleozoic seas hundreds of millions of years ago that hardened into limestone and later became infused with silica. The flint from Flint Ridge is found in many hues like red, green, pink, blue, white and gray, with the color ... | 6,269 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
as a hammerstone made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping. The process of making tools this way is called "flintknapping".
Flint mining is attested since the Palaeolithic, 3,300,000 years ago, but became more common since the Neolithic (Michelsberg culture, Funnelbeaker culture). In Eur... | 6,270 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
Plateau (Miorcani flint) and the Jurassic deposits of the Kraków area and Krzemionki in Poland, as well as of the Lägern (silex) in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.
In 1938, a project of the Ohio Historical Society, under the leadership of H. Holmes Ellis began to study the knapping methods and techniques of N... | 6,271 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
combat fragmentation, flint/chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. This makes the material more homogeneous and thus more knappable and produces tools with a cleaner, sharper cutting edge. Heat treating was known to stone age ar... | 6,272 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
way. These methods remain popular in woodcraft, bushcraft, and amongst people practising traditional fire-starting skills.
### Flintlocks.
A later, major use of flint and steel was in the flintlock mechanism, used primarily in flintlock firearms, but also used on dedicated fire-starting tools. A piece of flint ... | 6,273 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
after the adoption of the percussion cap from the 1840s onward, flintlock rifles and shotguns remain in use amongst recreational shooters.
### Comparison with ferrocerium.
Flint and steel used to strike sparks were superseded by ferrocerium (sometimes referred to as "flint", although not true flint, "mischmetal... | 6,274 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
in many cigarette lighters, where it is referred to as "a flint".
### Fragmentation.
Flint's utility as a fire starter is due to its property of uneven expansion under heating, causing it to fracture, sometimes violently, during heating. This tendency is enhanced by the impurities found in most samples of flint... | 6,275 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
day as a material for building stone walls, using lime mortar, and often combined with other available stone or brick rubble. It was most common in parts of southern England, where no good building stone was available locally, and brick-making not widespread until the later Middle Ages. It is especially associate... | 6,276 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
(flushwork), especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries.
## Ceramics.
Flint pebbles are used as the media in ball mills to grind glazes and other raw materials for the ceramics industry. The pebbles are hand-selected based on colour; those having a tint of red, indicating high iron content, are discarded. ... | 6,277 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
to around 1,000 °C. This heat process both removed organic impurities and induced certain physical reactions, including converting some of the silica to cristobalite. After calcination the flint pebbles were milled to a fine particle size. However, the use of flint has now been superseded by quartz. Because of th... | 6,278 |
43701 | Flint | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint | Flint
.
Mineralogy
- not to be confused with concretion
Archaeology
- , archaeological artefacts of the Clovis culture in New Mexico, USA
- , a prehistoric flint mine in Norfolk, England
- , a Native American flint quarry in Hopewell Township, Licking County, Ohio, US
# External links.
- Flint Architecture of E... | 6,279 |
43705 | Cryptocrystalline | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptocrystalline | Cryptocrystalline
Cryptocrystalline
Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diam... | 6,280 |
43705 | Cryptocrystalline | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptocrystalline | Cryptocrystalline
nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diamond, is also cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the acidic type such as felsites and rhyolites... | 6,281 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Georg Forster
Johann Georg Adam Forster (; November 27, 1754 – January 10, 1794) was a German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary. At an early age, he accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on several scientific expeditions, including James Cook's second voyage... | 6,282 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Forster turned toward academia. He traveled to Paris to seek out a discussion with the American revolutionary Benjamin Franklin in 1777. He taught natural history at the Collegium Carolinum in the Ottoneum, Kassel (1778–84), and later at the Academy of Vilna (Vilnius University) (1784–87). In 1788, he bec... | 6,283 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. His ideas and personality influenced Alexander von Humboldt, one of the great scientists of the 19th century. When the French took control of Mainz in 1792, Forster became one of the founders of the city's Jacobin Club and went on to play a leading role in the Mainz Republic, ... | 6,284 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
village of Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór) near Danzig (Gdańsk), in the region of Royal Prussia, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the oldest of seven surviving children of Johann Reinhold Forster and Justina Elisabeth (née Nicolai). His father was a naturalist, scientist and Reformed pastor. In 1765... | 6,285 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
cartography. He also became fluent in Russian.
The report of the journey, which included sharp criticism of the governor of Saratov, was not well received at court. The Forsters claimed they had not received fair payment for their work and had to move house. They chose to settle in England in 1766. The f... | 6,286 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
of Joseph Banks resulted in his invitation by the British admiralty to join James Cook's second expedition to the Pacific (1772–75). Georg Forster joined his father in the expedition again and was appointed as a draughtsman to his father. Johann Reinhold Forster's task was to work on a scientific report o... | 6,287 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
New Zealand, the Tonga islands, New Caledonia, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island. They went further south than anybody before them, almost discovering Antarctica. The journey conclusively disproved the "Terra Australis Incognita" theory, which claimed there was a big, habitable continent in ... | 6,288 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
are well regarded today, as they describe the inhabitants of the southern islands with empathy, sympathy and largely without Western or Christian bias.
Unlike Louis Antoine de Bougainville, whose reports from a journey to Tahiti a few years earlier had initiated uncritical "noble savage" romanticism, For... | 6,289 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
islands were similar. About the inhabitants of the Nomuka islands (in the Ha'apai island group of present-day Tonga), he wrote that their languages, vehicles, weapons, furniture, clothes, tattoos, style of beard, in short all of their being matched perfectly with what he had already seen while studying tr... | 6,290 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
fractious temperament as well as Cook's refusal to allow more time for botanical and other scientific observation. Cook refused scientists on his third journey after his experiences with the Forsters.
# Founder of modern travel literature.
These conflicts continued after the journey with the problem of ... | 6,291 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Forsters were deprived of the right to compile the account and did not obtain payment for their work. During the negotiations, the younger Forster decided to release an unofficial account of their travels. In 1777, his book "A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded b... | 6,292 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
most important one of his time, and even today it remains one of the most important journey descriptions ever written. The book also had a significant impact on German literature, culture and science, influencing such scientists as Alexander von Humboldt and it inspired many ethnologists of later times.
... | 6,293 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
often interrupted the description to enrich it with philosophical remarks about his observations. His main focus was always on the people he encountered: their behavior, customs, habits, religions and forms of social organization. In "A Voyage Round the World" he even presented the songs sung by the peopl... | 6,294 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
and Georg published a translation of ""A Voyage to the South Sea, by Lieutenant William Bligh, London 1792"" in 1791–93.
# Forster at universities.
The publication of "A Voyage Round the World" brought Forster scientific recognition all over Europe. The respectable Royal Society made him a member on Jan... | 6,295 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
of the first independent female writers in Germany. They married in 1785 (which was after he left Kassel) and had three children, but their marriage was not happy. From his time in Kassel on, Forster actively corresponded with important figures of the Enlightenment, including Lessing, Herder, Wieland and ... | 6,296 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
soon involved with the Rosicrucians in Kassel.
However, by 1783 Forster saw that his involvement with the Rosicrucians not only led him away from real science, but also deeper into debt (it is said he was not good at money); for these reasons Forster was happy to accept a proposal by the Polish–Lithuania... | 6,297 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
traveled to Halle where he submitted his thesis on the plants of the South Pacific for a doctorate in medicine. Back in Vilnius, Forster's ambitions to build a real natural history scientific center could not get appropriate financial support from the authorities in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Moreove... | 6,298 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
in Saint Petersburg. This resulted in a conflict between Forster and the influential Polish scientist Jędrzej Śniadecki. However, the Russian proposal was withdrawn and Forster left Vilnius. He then settled in Mainz, where he became head librarian of the University of Mainz, a position held previously by ... | 6,299 |
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