wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
the average retirement age and lifespan of the employees, the returns to be earned by the pension plan's investments and any additional taxes or levies, such as those required by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation in the U.S. So, for this arrangement, the benefit is relatively secure but the contribution ... | 6,000 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
it is most acute in governmental and other public plans where political pressures and less rigorous accounting standards can result in excessive commitments to employees and retirees, but inadequate contributions. Many states and municipalities across the United States of America and Canada now face chronic pen... | 6,001 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
is distinct in that there is no legally guaranteed level of benefits derived from the amount paid into the program.
Individuals that have worked in the UK and have paid certain levels of national insurance deductions can expect an income from the state pension scheme after their normal retirement. The state pe... | 6,002 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
It is possible for an individual to forgo the S2P payment from the state, in lieu of a payment made to an appropriate pension scheme of their choice, during their working life. For more details see UK pension provision.
## Defined contribution plans.
In a defined contribution plan, contributions are paid into... | 6,003 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
plans have become widespread all over the world in recent years, and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector in many countries. For example, the number of defined benefit plans in the US has been steadily declining, as more and more employers see pension contributions as a large expense avoidabl... | 6,004 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
liability for defined contribution plans (you do not need to pay an actuary to calculate the lump sum equivalent that you do for defined benefit plans) in practice, defined contribution plans have become generally portable.
In a defined contribution plan, investment risk and investment rewards are assumed by e... | 6,005 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
contribution plan is readily calculated, but the benefit from a defined contribution plan depends upon the account balance at the time an employee is looking to use the assets. So, for this arrangement, the "contribution is known" but the "benefit is unknown" (until calculated).
Despite the fact that the parti... | 6,006 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Administrator
- Recordkeeper
- Auditor
- Legal counsel
### Examples.
In the United States, the legal definition of a defined contribution plan is a plan providing for an individual account for each participant, and for benefits based solely on the amount contributed to the account, plus or minus income, ga... | 6,007 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
a small number of pre-determined mutual funds to selecting individual stocks or other securities. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain tax advantages, and some provide for a portion of the employee's contributions to be matched by the employer. In exchange, the funds in such plans ma... | 6,008 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
plus employer contribution, was limited to $49,000 or 100% of compensation, whichever is less. The employee-only limit in 2009 was $16,500 with a $5,500 catch-up. These numbers usually increase each year and are indexed to compensate for the effects of inflation. For 2015, the limits were raised to $53,000 and ... | 6,009 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Slovenia and Spain
## Hybrid and cash balance plans.
Hybrid plan designs combine the features of defined benefit and defined contribution plan designs.
A cash balance plan is a defined benefit plan made to appear as if it were a defined contribution plan. They have "notional balances" in hypothetical account... | 6,010 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
as defined benefit plans for tax, accounting and regulatory purposes. As with defined benefit plans, investment risk in hybrid designs is largely borne by the plan sponsor. As with defined contribution designs, plan benefits are expressed in the terms of a notional "account balance," and are usually paid as cas... | 6,011 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
employee has the ability to tailor the investment portfolio to his or her individual needs and financial situation, including the choice of how much to contribute, if anything at all. However, others state that these apparent advantages could also hinder some workers who might not possess the financial savvy to... | 6,012 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
as the "guarantee" made to employees is that specified (defined) contributions will be made during an individual's working life.
There are many ways to finance a pension and save for retirement. Pension plans can be set up by an employer, matching a monetary contribution each month, by the state or personally ... | 6,013 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
income and remain un-taxed until withdrawal. Most countries' governments will provide advice on pension schemes.
# History.
Widows' funds were among the first pension type arrangement to appear, for example Duke Ernest the Pious of Gotha in Germany, founded a widows' fund for clergy in 1645 and another for te... | 6,014 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Age Pension program, financed by a tax on workers, was originally designed to provide a pension annuity for workers who reached the age of 70 years, though this was lowered to 65 years in 1916. It is sometimes claimed that at the time life expectancy for the average Prussian was 45 years; in fact this figure is... | 6,015 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
on the kin group to take care of its members who were aged, blind, deaf, sick or insane. For a discussion on pension funds and early Irish law, see F Kelly, "A Guide to Early Irish Law" (Dublin, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1988). In 2010, there were over 76,291 pension schemes operating in Ireland.
... | 6,016 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
and self-employed arrangements, which supplement the state pension.
## United Kingdom.
Until the 20th century, poverty was seen as a quasi-criminal state, and this was reflected in the Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1495 that imprisoned beggars. During Elizabethan and Victorian times, English poor laws represented... | 6,017 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
and was the first step in the Liberal welfare reforms to the completion of a system of social security, with unemployment and health insurance through the National Insurance Act 1911.
After the Second World War, the National Insurance Act 1946 completed universal coverage of social security. The National Assis... | 6,018 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
statutes in the Pension Schemes Act 1993 and the Pensions Act 1995.
In 2002 the Pensions Commission was established as a cross party body to review pensions in the United Kingdom. The first Act to follow was the Pensions Act 2004 that updated regulation by replacing OPRA with the Pensions Regulator and relaxin... | 6,019 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
called the National Employment Savings Trust (or "Nest").
## United States.
Public pensions got their start with various 'promises', informal and legislated, made to veterans of the Revolutionary War and, more extensively, the Civil War. They were expanded greatly, and began to be offered by a number of state... | 6,020 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
System (FERS), in 1987.
Pension plans became popular in the United States during World War II, when wage freezes prohibited outright increases in workers' pay. The defined benefit plan had been the most popular and common type of retirement plan in the United States through the 1980s; since that time, defined ... | 6,021 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
in liabilities. The plan experienced low investment returns and a benefit structure that had been increased without raises in funding.
According to "Pensions and Investments", this is "apparently the first" US public pension plan to declare bankruptcy.
# Current challenges.
A growing challenge for many natio... | 6,022 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
the pension system is to increase the retirement age. Two exceptions are Australia and Canada, where the pension system is forecast to be solvent for the foreseeable future. In Canada, for instance, the annual payments were increased by some 70% in 1998 to achieve this. These two nations also have an advantage ... | 6,023 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
trend of states and businesses in the United States purposely under-funding their pension schemes in order to push the costs onto the federal government. For example, in 2009, the majority of states have unfunded pension liabilities exceeding all reported state debt. Bradley Belt, former executive director of t... | 6,024 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
enable companies to restructure. Unfortunately, the current calculation appears to be that shifting pension liabilities onto other premium payers or potentially taxpayers is the path of least resistance rather than a last resort."
Challenges have further been increased by the post-2007 credit crunch. Total fun... | 6,025 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
de la Seguridad Social
- Australia:
- Superannuation in Australia - Private, and compulsory, individual retirement contribution system.
- Social Security - Public pensions
- Austria:
- Pensions in Austria
- Canada:
- Canada Pension Plan
- Old Age Security
- Quebec Pension Plan
- Registered Retirement ... | 6,026 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
- Mexico Pension Plan
- Netherlands - Algemene Ouderdomswet
- New Zealand
- New Zealand Superannuation – public pensions
- KiwiSaver – Private voluntary retirement contribution system
- Poland - Social Insurance Institution
- Singapore - Central Provident Fund
- South Korea - National Pension Service
- ... | 6,027 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
pensions
- United States:
- Public employee pensions
- Retirement plans in the United States
- Social Security
- Vanuatu - Vanuatu National Provident Fund
# See also.
- Elderly care
- Financial advisor and Fee-only financial advisor
- Generational accounting
- Pension led funding
- Pension model
- P... | 6,028 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
Arsinoe II
Arsinoë II (, 316 BC – unknown date between July 270 and 260 BC) was a Ptolemaic queen and co-regent of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of ancient Egypt.
Arsinoe was queen of Thrace, Anatolia and Macedonia by marriage to King Lysimachus () and co-ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with her brother-husband, Ph... | 6,029 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
was born in Memphis, but was raised in the new city of Alexandria, where her father moved his capital early on. Nothing is known of her childhood or education, but judging from her later life as patron of scholars and noted for her learning, she is estimated to have been given a high education. Her brothers ... | 6,030 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
Lysimachus, and Philip.
In order to position her sons for the throne, she had Lysimachus' first son, Agathocles, poisoned on account of treason.
Arsinoe reportedly paid for a rotunda in the Samothrace temple complex, where she was likely an initiate.
## Queen of Ptolemy Keraunos.
After Lysimachus' death ... | 6,031 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
Their relationship was never good.
As Ptolemy Keraunos was becoming more powerful, she decided it was time to stop him and conspired against him with her sons. This action caused Ptolemy Keraunus to kill two of her sons, Lysimachus and Philip, while the eldest, Ptolemy, was able to escape and to flee north,... | 6,032 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
sons, or as late as 276, when the claim of her eldest son to the Macedonian throne had clearly failed after the succession of Antigonus II Gonatas.
## Queen of Egypt.
In Egypt, she is believed to have instigated the accusation and exile of her brother Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I. Whether this was ac... | 6,033 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
Greeks. The closer circumstances and reasons behind the marriage is not known.
Her role as queen was unprecedented in the dynasty at the time and became a role model for later Ptolemaic queens: she acted alongside her brother in ritual and public display, became a religious and literal patron and was includ... | 6,034 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
three chariot races at the Olympic Games, probably in 272 BC.
# Legacy.
After her death, Ptolemy II continued to refer to her on official documents, as well as supporting her coinage and cult. In establishing her worship as a goddess he justified his own cult.
# See also.
- Arsinoitherium
# Bibliography... | 6,035 |
43616 | Arsinoe II | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsinoe%20II | Arsinoe II
- R.A. Billows, Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialism, BRILL, 1995
# Further reading.
- S.M. Burstein, "Arsinoe II Philadelphos: A Revisionist View", in W.L. Adams and E.N. Borza (eds), "Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage" (Washington, 1982), 197-212
- P. McKechnie... | 6,036 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
Black panther
A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of any "Panthera" species. Black panthers in Asia and Africa are leopards ("P. pardus"), and those in the Americas are jaguars ("P. onca").
# Melanism in the genus "Panthera".
Melanism in the jaguar is conferred by a dominant allele, and in... | 6,037 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower. Recently, preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system.
## Leopard.
Frequency of melanism appears to be approxim... | 6,038 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
leopard ("P. p. orientalis") in captivity. Black leopards are common in the equatorial rainforest of the Malay Peninsula and the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains such as Mount Kenya. Melanistic leopards are common in Java, and are reported from densely forested areas in southwes... | 6,039 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
exist also in South Africa and in northern Iran. Based on records from camera-traps, melanistic leopards occur foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests.
In 2019, a black leopard was recorded in Kenya's Laikipia County.
The taxonomic status of captive black leopards and the extent of hybridizat... | 6,040 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
packed than normal and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color. Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and discrete, rather than forming rosettes. The face and underparts are paler and dappled like those of ordinary spotted... | 6,041 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
black.
The black jaguar was considered a separate species by indigenous peoples. English naturalist W. H. Hudson wrote:
## Jaguar × lion.
In 2006 a black jaguar named "Diablo" was inadvertently crossed with a lioness named "Lola" at the Bear Creek Wildlife Sanctuary in Barrie, Ontario, Canada.
# Uncon... | 6,042 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
the American Southeast feature prominently in Choctaw folklore where, along with the owl, they are often thought to symbolize Death.
In his "Histoire Naturelle" (1749), French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, wrote of the "Black Cougar":
This "black cougar" was most likely a margay or ... | 6,043 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
Western Australia. The Australian "phantom panthers" are said to be responsible for the disappearances and deaths of numerous cats, dogs and livestock.
"" led an investigation into the phantom panther. Mike Williams, a local researcher, said he had sent feces and hair found by locals to labs for analysis... | 6,044 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
of domestic animals, casting doubt on the previous findings. The lab used was not identified in the episode.
# Culture and literature.
- Bagheera in "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling is an Indian panther that mentors the human character Mowgli.
- The Black Panther Party was an African-American polit... | 6,045 |
43618 | Black panther | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20panther | Black panther
ican political organization.
- The Black Panther is a Marvel Comics superhero based in the fictional African country of Wakanda.
- The NFL football team the Carolina Panthers is named after the black panther, with a logo resembling the animal.
- The National Rugby League team the Penrith Panthers is na... | 6,046 |
43645 | Method | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Method | Method
Method
Method (, methodos) literally means a pursuit of knowledge, investigation, mode of prosecuting such inquiry, or system. In recent centuries it more often means a prescribed process for completing a task. It may refer to:
- Scientific method, a series of steps, or collection of methods, taken to acquire ... | 6,047 |
43645 | Method | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Method | Method
René Descartes
- "Methods" (journal), a scientific journal covering research on techniques in the experimental biological and medical sciences
# Arts.
- Method (music), a kind of textbook to help students learning to play a musical instrument
- "Method" (2004 film), a 2004 film directed by Duncan Roy
- "Met... | 6,048 |
43645 | Method | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Method | Method
he Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground"
- Method ringing, a British style of ringing church bells according to a series of mathematical algorithms
- Method Man, an American rapper
- "Method", a song by Living Colour from the album "The Chair in the Doorway"
- "A Method", a song by TV on the Rad... | 6,049 |
43650 | CFG | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFG | CFG
CFG
CFG may stand for:
- Canada's Food Guide, a diet planning document produced by Health Canada
- China Film Group, a Chinese film studio
- City Football Group, a multinational sporting organisation owning and controlling a number of football clubs
- Citizens Financial Group, a regional US Financial Instituti... | 6,050 |
43650 | CFG | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFG | CFG
st, ICAO airline designator of a German airline
- Configuration file, a file used to configure the initial settings for some computer programs
- Consortium for Functional Glycomics, a research initiative to study carbohydrate-protein interaction
- Context-free grammar, in computer science, a grammar that natural... | 6,051 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Melisende (1105 – 11 September 1161) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153, and regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene.
... | 6,052 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Melisende, named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of Montlhéry, grew up in Edessa until she was 13, when her father was elected as the King of Jerusalem as successor of his cousin Baldwin I. By the time of his election as king, and Morphia already had three daughters: Melisende, A... | 6,053 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
and his daughters could travel to Jerusalem and so that the queen could be crowned alongside him. For her part, Morphia did not interfere in the day to day politics of Jerusalem, but demonstrated her ability to take charge of affairs when events warranted it. When Melisende's father was ca... | 6,054 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
models for the young Melisende, half Frankish and half Armenian, growing up in the Frankish East in a state of constant warfare.
As the eldest child, Melisende was raised as heir presumptive. Frankish women in the Outremer had a higher life expectancy than men, in part due to the constant... | 6,055 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
"jure uxoris", through the medium of their wives. Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile (1080–1129), and Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204). During her father's reign Melisende was styled as "daughter of the king and heir of the kingdom of Jerusalem", ... | 6,056 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
composed of the nobility and clergy of the realm.
However, also thought that he would have to marry Melisende to a powerful ally, one who would protect and safeguard Melisende's inheritance and her future heirs. Baldwin deferred to King Louis VI of France to recommend a Frankish vassal fo... | 6,057 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
was, to some extent, Frankish lands.
When Melisende bore a son and heir in 1130, the future Baldwin III, her father took steps to ensure Melisende would rule after him as reigning Queen of Jerusalem. held a coronation ceremony investing the kingship of Jerusalem jointly between his daught... | 6,058 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
by God, to whom it passed by hereditary right". However, with the aid of his knights, Fulk excluded Melisende from granting titles, offering patronage, and of issuing grants, diplomas, and charters. Fulk openly and publicly dismissed her hereditary authority. The fears of seemed to be just... | 6,059 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
collegial association with their monarch that native Eastern Franks had come to enjoy.
# Palace intrigue.
The estrangement between husband and wife was a convenient political tool that Fulk used in 1134 when he accused Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, of having an affair with Melise... | 6,060 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
nobility likely would not have later rallied to her cause.
Hugh allied himself with the Muslim city of Ascalon, and was able to hold off the army set against him. He could not maintain his position indefinitely, however. His alliance with Ascalon cost him support at court. The Patriarch n... | 6,061 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
queen's supporters overcame Fulk, and from 1135 onwards Fulk's influence rapidly deteriorated. One historian wrote that Fulk's supporters "went in terror of their lives" in the palace. William of Tyre wrote that Fulk "did not attempt to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without... | 6,062 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
William of Tyre wrote "reseditque reginam regni potestas penes dominam Melisendem, Deo amabilem reginam, cui jure hereditario competebat." Melisende was no mere regent-queen for her son , but a queen regnant, reigning by right of hereditary and civil law.
# Patroness of the church and art... | 6,063 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
supplied rich furnishings and liturgical vessels, so that it would not be in any way inferior to religious houses for men. According to author and historian Bernard Hamilton, Melisende also gave large
Queen Melisende also appreciated a variety of literary and visual arts - her passion and... | 6,064 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Cooking". The Street of Bad Cooking (Malquisinat) was the central and most famous market of Crusader Jerusalem, presenting specialized merchants and cooks to supply the numerous pilgrims who visited the city with food.
Melisende's love for books and her religious piety were very well know... | 6,065 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
angered the queen. Melisende was extremely hostile after the accusations about her alleged infidelity with Hugh and refused to speak to or allow in court those who sided with her husband - deeming them "under the displeasure of the queen". It is apparent that Fulk set to appease his wife b... | 6,066 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
with six roundels made of ivory and exquisitely carved. It has a "multicolored silk spine" and the ivory roundels/medallions have studded "turquoise, ruby, and emerald stones" around scenes of King David from the Old Testament, a calendar with all the saints' days/observances marked, and a... | 6,067 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Magdalen (suggestive of the nearby abbey Melisende patronized and was later buried at), and the only two royal mentions/inclusions being of Melisende's parents all indicate that this book was for her. One final indicator that this was from Fulk to Melisende (other than the fact that only a... | 6,068 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
The historian Hugo Buchtal wrote that
There is no account of how Melisende received this gift but shortly after its creation, the royal union appeared stronger than ever. Two things prove the couple's reconciliation: 1) almost every single charter after this was issued by Fulk but labeled... | 6,069 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Manasses of Hierges, Philip of Milly, and Elinand of Bures. Raymond of Antioch ignored the call for help, as his army was already occupied against the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Despite Melisende's army, Edessa fell.
Melisende sent word to the Pope in Rome, and the west called for a Sec... | 6,070 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
strategy was planned. Conrad and Louis advised 18-year-old to attack the Muslim city-state of Damascus, though Melisende, Manasses, and Eleanor wanted to take Aleppo, which would aid them in retaking Edessa. The meeting ended with Damascus as their target. Damascus and Jerusalem were on ve... | 6,071 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
her son was complex. As a mother she would know her son and his capabilities, and she is known to have been particularly close to her children. As a ruler she may have been reluctant to entrust decision-making powers to an untried youth. Either way there was no political or social pressure... | 6,072 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
be a capable, if not brilliant, military commander. By age 22 however, Baldwin felt he could take some responsibility in governance. Melisende had hitherto only partially associated Baldwin in her rule. Tension between mother and son mounted between 1150 and 1152, with Baldwin blaming Mana... | 6,073 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Cour" decided that Baldwin would rule the north of the kingdom and Melisende the richer Judea and Samaria, and Jerusalem itself. Melisende acquiesced, though with misgivings. This decision would prevent a civil war but also divide the kingdom's resources. Though later historians criticized... | 6,074 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
as did the barons of Judea and Samaria.
Despite putting the matter before the "Haute Cour", Baldwin was not happy with the partition any more than Melisende. But instead of reaching further compromise, within weeks of the decision he launched an invasion of his mother's realms. Baldwin sh... | 6,075 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
lost the "civil war" to her son, she still maintained great influence and avoided total obscurity in a convent.
# Retirement.
By 1153, son and mother had been reconciled. Since the civil war, Baldwin had shown his mother great respect. Melisende's connections, especially to her sister Ho... | 6,076 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
merchants of Pisa. In 1157, with Baldwin on campaign in Antioch, Melisende saw an opportunity to take el-Hablis, which controlled the lands of Gilead beyond the Jordan. Also in 1157, on the death of patriarch Fulcher, Melisende, her sister Ioveta the Abbess of Bethany, and Sibylla of Fland... | 6,077 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
was severely impaired and she could no longer take part in state affairs. Her sisters, the countess of Tripoli and abbess of Bethany, came to nurse her before she died on 11 September 1161. Melisende was buried next to her mother Morphia in the shrine of Our Lady of Josaphat. Melisende, li... | 6,078 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
ruled the kingdom with such ability that she was rightly considered to have equalled her predecessors in that regard". Professor Bernard Hamilton of the University of Nottingham has written that, while William of Tyre's comments may seem rather patronizing to modern readers, they amount to... | 6,079 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
of Jerusalem", "in" Theresa Earenfight (ed.), "Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe", Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 135‑148
- Gerish, Deborah (2006), "Holy War, Royal Wives, and Equivocation in Twelfth-Century Jerusalem", "in" Naill Christie and Maya Yazigis (ed.), "Noble Ideal... | 6,080 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Kenaan-Kedar, "Armenian Architecture in Twelfth-Century Crusader Jerusalem", "Assaph Studies in Art History", n 3, pp. 77‑91
- Kühnel, Bianca (1991), "The Kingly Statement of the Bookcovers of Queen Melisende’s Psalter", "in" Ernst Dassmann and Klaus Thraede (ed.), "Tesserae: Festschrift ... | 6,081 |
43620 | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
rt, Sarah (1997), "Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East, 1118-1228", "in" Anne J. Duggan (ed.), "Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe", Woodbridge, Boydell Press, pp. 153‑169
- Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1972), "Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem", ... | 6,082 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
Brave Combo
Brave Combo is a polka/rock/worldbeat band based in Denton, Texas. Founded in 1979 by guitarist/keyboardist/accordionist Carl Finch, they have been a prominent fixture in the Texas music scene for more than thirty-five years. Their music, both originals and covers, incorporates a number of danc... | 6,083 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
Examples include polka versions of Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze" and The Doors' "People are Strange", The Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" as a cha-cha, and "Sixteen Tons" as a cumbia. While their records may have a sense of humor, they are played straight and not usually considered joke or no... | 6,084 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
eclectic and artistically ambitious, with a high degree of musicianship and a strong DIY ethic."
# Media appearances.
- The band made a short appearance, as animated figures, on the March 21, 2004, episode of "The Simpsons" ("Co-Dependent's Day"). Series creator Matt Groening is a fan of the band and they... | 6,085 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
a brick-patterned suit and in the parade leading the all-accordion marching band. (In real life, Brave Combo was David Byrne's wedding band.)
- They appear in the 1986 Hank Wangford Channel 4 television series "The A to Z of C & W" singing the Hank Williams song "Cold, Cold Heart".
- They contributed two ... | 6,086 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
theme song for the 2005 series "ESPN Bowling Night".
- The opening theme and other music for the 2008 PBS animated series "Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns" were produced by Carl Finch and composed, arranged, and performed by Finch and Brave Combo.
- Their live music video, "The Denton Polka", appear... | 6,087 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
to the Brave Combo arrangement from their 1991 CD "It's Christmas, Man!". In an interview published by Street News Service, Dylan acknowledged the influence of Brave Combo: "This version comes from a band called Brave Combo. Somebody sent their record to us for our radio show. They’re a regional band out of... | 6,088 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
a cover version of "The Chicken Dance". The episode debuted August 1, 2012, on Comedy Central.
# Members.
- Carl Finch - guitar, keyboards, accordion (born November 29, 1951, Texarkana, Arkansas) (1979–present)
- Lyle Atkinson - bass guitar, tuba (born October 23, 1953, Minneapolis, Minnesota) (1979–1985... | 6,089 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
(2011–2013)
- Tim Walsh - saxophone, flute, clarinet (born c.1952) (1979–1983)
- Dave Cameron - drums (born c.1958) (1979–1983)
- Cenobio "Bubba" Hernandez - bass guitar (born November 30, 1958, San Antonio, Texas) (1985–2007)
- Phil Hernandez - drums (born February 5, 1971, Buffalo, New York) (1992 - ?... | 6,090 |
43649 | Brave Combo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave%20Combo | Brave Combo
drums (born February 5, 1971, Buffalo, New York) (1992 - ?)
- Mitch Marine - drums (born c.1956) (1983–1992)
- Joe Cripps - percussion (born January 5, 1965, Little Rock, Arkansas) (1992 - 1999), some subsequent performances
- Greg Beck - drums (1996-1997)
- Paul Stivitts - drums (born 1971) NYC
- Ann ... | 6,091 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
Control-flow graph
In computer science, a control-flow graph (CFG) is a representation, using graph notation, of all paths that might be traversed through a program during its execution. The control-flow graph is due to Frances E. Allen, who notes that Reese T. Prosser used boolean connectivity matr... | 6,092 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
presentations, two specially designated blocks: the "entry block", through which control enters into the flow graph, and the "exit block", through which all control flow leaves.
Because of its construction procedure, in a CFG, every edge A→B has the property that:
The CFG can thus be obtained, at l... | 6,093 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
a visualization aid for understanding the CFG construction, because the CFG can be more efficiently constructed directly from the program by scanning it for basic blocks.
# Example.
Consider the following fragment of code:
In the above, we have 4 basic blocks: A from 0 to 1, B from 2 to 3, C at 4 ... | 6,094 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
and so is unreachable code; under normal conditions it can be safely removed.
If the exit block is unreachable from the entry block, an infinite loop may exist. Not all infinite loops are detectable, see Halting problem. A halting order may also exist there.
Unreachable code and infinite loops are ... | 6,095 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
has to pass through block M. The entry block dominates all blocks.
In the reverse direction, block M "postdominates" block N if every path from N to the exit has to pass through block M. The exit block postdominates all blocks.
It is said that a block M "immediately dominates" block N if M dominate... | 6,096 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
arc from Block M to Block N if M is an immediate dominator of N. This graph is a tree, since each block has a unique immediate dominator. This tree is rooted at the entry block. The dominator tree can be calculated efficiently using Lengauer–Tarjan's algorithm.
A "postdominator tree" is analogous to... | 6,097 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
a new block must be created in the middle of the edge, in order to insert computations on the edge without affecting any other edges.
An "abnormal edge" is an edge whose destination is unknown. Exception handling constructs can produce them. These edges tend to inhibit optimization.
An "impossible ... | 6,098 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
may be a loop header for more than one loop. A loop may have multiple entry points, in which case it has no "loop header".
Suppose block M is a dominator with several incoming edges, some of them being back edges (so M is a loop header). It is advantageous to several optimization passes to break M u... | 6,099 |
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