wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Cook's and Bligh's diaries from these journeys into German. From his London years, Forster was in contact with Sir Joseph Banks, the initiator of the Bounty expedition and a participant in Cook's first journey. While at the University of Vilnius he wrote the article "Neuholland und die brittische Colonie ... | 6,300 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
provided by Sir William Jones; this strongly influenced Herder and triggered German interest in the culture of India.
# "Views from the Lower Rhine".
In the second quarter of 1790, Forster and the young Alexander von Humboldt started from Mainz on a long journey through the Southern Netherlands, the Uni... | 6,301 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
the book: "One wants, after one has finished reading, to start it over, and wishes to travel with such a good and knowledgeable observer." The book includes comments on the history of art that were as influential for the discipline as "A Voyage Round the world" was for ethnology. Forster was, for example,... | 6,302 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
in Flanders and Brabant and the revolution in France sparked his curiosity. The journey through these regions, together with the Netherlands and England, where citizens' freedoms were equally well developed, in the end helped him to resolve his own political opinions. From that time on he was to be a conf... | 6,303 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
realized in the state. To educate people about their rights in this way, he wrote, was after all the surest way; the rest would then result as if by itself.
# Life as a revolutionary.
## Foundation of the Mainz Republic.
The French revolutionary army under General Custine gained control over Mainz on O... | 6,304 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
of the Rhine between Landau and Bingen. Forster became vice-president of the republic's temporary administration and a candidate in the elections to the local parliament, the "Rheinisch-Deutscher Nationalkonvent" ("Rhenish-German National Convention"). From January to March 1793, he was an editor of "Die ... | 6,305 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Lux had been sent to Paris to apply for Mainz – which was unable to exist as an independent state – to become a part of the French Republic. The application was accepted, but had no effect, since Mainz was conquered by Prussian and Austrian troops, and the old order was restored. Forster lost his library ... | 6,306 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
a living and without his wife, who had stayed in Mainz with their children and her later husband Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, he remained in Paris. At this point the revolution in Paris had entered the Reign of Terror introduced by the Committee of Public Safety under the rule of Maximilien Robespierre. Forste... | 6,307 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
slowed and that had to release its own energies to avoid being even more destructive.
Before the reign of terror reached its climax, Forster died after a rheumatic illness in his small attic apartment at Rue des Moulins in Paris in January 1794, at the age of thirty-nine. At the time, he was making plans... | 6,308 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
together with his scientific upbringing based on the principles of the Enlightenment, gave him a wide perspective on different ethnic and national communities:
In his opinion all human beings have the same abilities with regard to reason, feelings and imagination, but these basic ingredients are used in ... | 6,309 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
he was classified as one of the main examples of 18th-century German cosmopolitanism.
In contrast to the attitude expressed in these writings and to his Enlightenment background, he used insulting terms expressing prejudice against Poles in his private letters during his stay in Vilnius and in a diary fr... | 6,310 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
taken at face value in Imperial and Nazi Germany, where it was used as a means of science-based support for a purported German superiority. The spreading of the ""Polnische Wirtschaft"" (Polish economy) stereotype is most likely due to the influence of his letters.
Forster's attitude brought him into con... | 6,311 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
circles. This was partly due to his involvement in the French revolution. However, his reception changed with the politics of the times, with different periods focusing on different parts of his work. In the period of rising nationalism after the Napoleonic era he was regarded in Germany as a "traitor to ... | 6,312 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Wilhelm II and more so in the Third Reich, where interest in Forster was limited to his stance on Poland from his private letters. Interest in Forster resumed in the 1960s in East Germany, where he was interpreted as a champion of class struggle. The GDR research station in Antarctica that was opened on O... | 6,313 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
works are seen as crucial in the development of ethnology in Germany into a separate branch of science.
The ethnographical items collected by Georg and Johann Reinhold Forster are now presented as the "Cook-Forster-Sammlung" ("Cook–Forster Collection") in the Sammlung für Völkerkunde anthropological coll... | 6,314 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
at Project Gutenberg
- "Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus " (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg
- "Essays on moral and natural geography, natural history and philosophy" (1789–97)
- "Views of the Lower Rhine, Brabant, Flanders" (three volumes, 1791–94)
- " Georg Forsters Werke, Sämtlich... | 6,315 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
Forster, Briefe an Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke. Neu aufgefundene Forsteriana aus der Gold- und Rosenkreuzerzeit", Michael Ewert, Hermann Schüttler (editors). Georg-Forster-Studien Beiheft 4. Kassel: Kassel University Press 2009.
# See also.
- European and American voyages of scientific exploration
- ... | 6,316 |
43667 | Georg Forster | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg%20Forster | Georg Forster
efe an Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke. Neu aufgefundene Forsteriana aus der Gold- und Rosenkreuzerzeit", Michael Ewert, Hermann Schüttler (editors). Georg-Forster-Studien Beiheft 4. Kassel: Kassel University Press 2009.
# See also.
- European and American voyages of scientific exploration
- List of impo... | 6,317 |
43706 | Sill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sill | Sill
Sill
Sill may refer to:
- Fort Sill, a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma
- Mount Sill, a California mountain
- "Sill", Swedish word for herring (the Norwegian and Danish equivalent is "sild", the Icelandic is "síld")
- Sill (dock), a weir at the low water mark retaining water within a dock
- Sill... | 6,318 |
43706 | Sill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sill | Sill
Beverly Sills (1929–2007), American operatic soprano
- Douglas Sills (born 1960), American actor
- Edward Rowland Sill (1841–1887), American poet and educator
- Eileen Sills, a British chief nurse and NHS national guardian
- Joshua W. Sill (1831–1862) American Civil War brigadier general
- Judee Sill (1944–19... | 6,319 |
43706 | Sill | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sill | Sill
lls, a British chief nurse and NHS national guardian
- Joshua W. Sill (1831–1862) American Civil War brigadier general
- Judee Sill (1944–1979), American singer and songwriter
- Lester Sill (1918–1994), American record label executive
- Paul Sills (1927–2008), director and improvisation teacher, and the origin... | 6,320 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the rays. However, th... | 6,321 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
they are not part of Chondrichthyes proper, they are a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish as a whole. Since then, sharks have diversified into over 500 species. They range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark ("Etmopterus perryi"), a deep sea species of only in length, to the whale shark (... | 6,322 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth.
Well-known species such as the great white shark, tiger shark, blue shark, mako shark, thresher shark, and hammerhead shark are apex predators—organisms at the top of their underwater... | 6,323 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
on others" from the Dutch "schurk", meaning "villain, scoundrel" (cf. "card shark", "loan shark", etc.), which was later applied to the fish due to its predatory behaviour.
A now disproven theory is that it derives from the Yucatec Maya word "xok" (pronounced 'shok'), meaning "fish".
Evidence for this etymology... | 6,324 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
rules out a New World etymology.
# Evolutionary history.
Evidence for the existence of sharks dates from the Ordovician period, 450–420 million years ago, before land vertebrates existed and before a variety of plants had colonized the continents. Only scales have been recovered from the first sharks and not al... | 6,325 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
like a trident, apparently to help catch fish. The majority of modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago. Most fossils are of teeth, often in large numbers. Partial skeletons and even complete fossilized remains have been discovered. Estimates suggest that sharks grow tens of thousands of t... | 6,326 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
within Paleozoic strata in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. At that point in Earth's history these rocks made up the soft bottom sediments of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of North America. "Cladoselache" was only about long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws. Its teeth had several po... | 6,327 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
with great agility.
Most fossil sharks from about 300 to 150 million years ago can be assigned to one of two groups. The Xenacanthida was almost exclusive to freshwater environments. By the time this group became extinct about 220 million years ago, they had spread worldwide. The other group, the hybodonts, appe... | 6,328 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
began to appear about 100 million years ago. Fossil mackerel shark teeth date to the Early Cretaceous. One of the most recently evolved families is the hammerhead shark (family Sphyrnidae), which emerged in the Eocene. The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 66 million years ago, around the time of the extin... | 6,329 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
extinct sharks, "C. megalodon" is also primarily known from its fossil teeth and vertebrae. This giant shark reached a total length (TL) of more than . "C. megalodon" may have approached a maxima of in total length and in mass. Paleontological evidence suggests that this shark was an active predator of large ceta... | 6,330 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
support monophyly of both groups of sharks and batoids.
The superorder Selachimorpha is divided into Galea (or Galeomorphii), and Squalea (or Squalomorphii). The Galeans are the Heterodontiformes, Orectolobiformes, Lamniformes, and Carcharhiniformes. Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one clade, b... | 6,331 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Hypnosqualea may be invalid. It includes the Squatiniformes, and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, but includes the Pristiophoriformes and the Batoidea.
There are more than 470 species of sharks split across twelve orders, including four orders of sharks that have gone extinct:
- Carcharhiniformes: Co... | 6,332 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Heterodontiformes: They are generally referred to as the bullhead or horn sharks.
- Hexanchiformes: Examples from this group include the cow sharks and frilled sharks, which somewhat resembles a marine snake.
- Lamniformes: They are commonly known as the mackerel sharks. They include the goblin shark, basking s... | 6,333 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
shark.
- Pristiophoriformes: These are the sawsharks, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey.
- Squaliformes: This group includes the dogfish sharks and roughsharks.
- Squatiniformes: Also known as angel sharks, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to stingrays an... | 6,334 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8 to 10 days to several months. In most species, teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row, which is observed in the cookiecutter shark.
Tooth shape dep... | 6,335 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
are small and non-functional.
## Skeleton.
Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates. Sharks and other cartilaginous fish (skates and rays) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density... | 6,336 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called "tesserae", which are crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic. This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals.
Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae, but the jaws of... | 6,337 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.
## Dermal denticles.
Unlike bony fish, sha... | 6,338 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
dependent on tail shape. Caudal fin shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is because the shark's vertebral column extends into... | 6,339 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the porbeagle shark, which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the thresher shark's usage of its powe... | 6,340 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
is limited, so sharks employ dynamic lift to maintain depth while swimming. Sand tiger sharks store air in their stomachs, using it as a form of swim bladder. Bottom-dwelling sharks, like the nurse shark, have negative buoyancy, allowing them to rest on the ocean floor.
Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the... | 6,341 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks. While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to e... | 6,342 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
blood travels to the shark's two-chambered heart. Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral aorta artery where it branches into afferent brachial arteries. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries, which come together to form the dor... | 6,343 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
temperature matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family Lamnidae (such as the shortfin mako shark and the great white shark) are homeothermic and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of aerobic red muscle located near the center of the body g... | 6,344 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
of sharks and Chondrichthyes is generally isotonic to their marine environments because of the high concentration of urea (up to 2.5%) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in osmotic balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in freshwater, and they are theref... | 6,345 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth.
One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is th... | 6,346 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater.
Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent det... | 6,347 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effe... | 6,348 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the great white shark ("Carcharodon carcharias"), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that electro- and che... | 6,349 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
of shark found 10 had only rod photoreceptors and no cone cells in their retinas giving them good night vision while making them colorblind. The remaining seven species had in addition to rods a single type of cone photoreceptor sensitive to green and, seeing only in shades of grey and green, are believed to be e... | 6,350 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
into the inner ear through a thin channel. The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-laterali... | 6,351 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.
## Lateral line.
Thi... | 6,352 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
obstacles off on their periphery, and struggling prey out of visual view. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.
# Life history.
Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The spiny dogfish has one of the longest lifespans at more than 100 years. Whale sharks ("Rhincodon ty... | 6,353 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young. Fecundity in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle. Sharks mature slowly relative to many other fish. For example, lemon sharks reach sexual maturity at around age 13–15.
### Sexual.
Sharks pra... | 6,354 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's oviduct. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during mating. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to... | 6,355 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
genetic contribution, ruling out sperm storage. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown. Mammals are now the only major vertebrate group in which asexual reproduction has not been observed.
Scientists say that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last-ditch effort to reproduce when... | 6,356 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Ovoviviparity.
Most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother's body and that the egg's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos. The young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in... | 6,357 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
classified as ovoviviparous rather than oviparous, because extrauterine eggs are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas for protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance o... | 6,358 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
embryo(s). These cases may be corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The egg case is commonly called a "mermaid's purse". Oviparous sharks include the horn shark, catshark, Port Jackson shark, and swellshark.
### Viviparity.
Viviparity is the gestation of young without the use of a traditional egg, and resul... | 6,359 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
sedentary, benthic lives, and appear likely to have their own distinct personalities. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year. Shark migration patterns may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire ocea... | 6,360 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the threat level.
## Speed.
In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of , but when feeding or attacking, the average shark can reach speeds upwards of . The shortfin mako shark, the fastest shark and on... | 6,361 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
behavior resembling play in the wild.
There is evidence that juvenile lemon sharks can use observational learning in their investigation of novel objects in their environment.
## Sleep.
All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe; however, not all species need to be movi... | 6,362 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
continuously to breathe go through a process known as sleep swimming, in which the shark is essentially unconscious. It is known from experiments conducted on the spiny dogfish that its spinal cord, rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so spiny dogfish can continue to swim while sleeping, and this also ma... | 6,363 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
the luminescent tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires gill rakers—long, slender filaments that form a very efficient sieve—analogous to the baleen plates of the great whales. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in ... | 6,364 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh.
Some seabed–dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators. Angel sharks and wobbegongs use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths. Many benthic sharks feed solel... | 6,365 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
to stun shoaling fishes, and sawsharks either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded rostra.
Many sharks, including the whitetip reef shark are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often migratory, traveling huge dis... | 6,366 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
but they are almost entirely absent below . The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a Portuguese dogfish at .
# Relationship with humans.
## Attacks.
In 2006 the International Shark Attack File (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 1... | 6,367 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
These sharks are large, powerful predators, and may sometimes attack and kill people. Despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage.
The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attac... | 6,368 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
from splashing around too much.
## In captivity.
Until recently, only a few benthic species of shark, such as hornsharks, leopard sharks and catsharks, had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were diff... | 6,369 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
female for 198 days before releasing her.
Most species are not suitable for home aquaria, and not every species sold by pet stores are appropriate. Some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria. Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the nurse shark, which upon reaching adul... | 6,370 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
figure prominently in Hawaiian mythology. Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form. A common theme was that a shark-man would warn beach-goers of sharks in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark-man who warn... | 6,371 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
the beloved's body had been wrapped. Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet, receiving food, and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger. Like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies. The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery. Many Native Hawaiian families claim such ... | 6,372 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Molokai. Kamohoali'i was an ancestral god, not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself. In Fijian mythology, Dakuwaqa was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls.
### In American Samoa.
On t... | 6,373 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Vaitogi continue to reenact an important aspect of the legend at Turtle and Shark by performing a ritual song intended to summon the legendary animals to the ocean surface, and visitors are frequently amazed to see one or both of these creatures emerge from the sea in apparent response to this call."
### In popu... | 6,374 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Sea", "The Reef", and others, although they are sometimes used for comedic effect such as in "Finding Nemo" and the "Austin Powers" series.
Sharks tend to be seen quite often in cartoons whenever a scene involves the ocean. Such examples include the "Tom and Jerry" cartoons, "Jabberjaw", and other shows produced... | 6,375 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Sharks have been known to get cancer. Both diseases and parasites affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few, if any, scientific or statistical studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.
Other apparently f... | 6,376 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
metric tons for 2000, and 1.41 million tons for 2010. Based on an analysis of average shark weights, this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000, and about 97 million sharks in 2010, with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year. Sh... | 6,377 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
markets. Since the flesh is not developed, cooking the flesh breaks it into powder, which is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed. They are considered a delicacy in coastal Tamil Nadu. Icelanders ferment Greenland sharks to produce a delicacy called hák... | 6,378 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
or predators. Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world. Fins sell for about $300/lb in 2009. Poachers illegally fin millions each year. Few governments enforce laws that protect them. In 2010 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession, sale, trade or distributi... | 6,379 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
for meat. European diners consume dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays. However, the U.S. FDA lists sharks as one of four fish (with swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish) whose high mercury content is hazardous to children and pregnant women.
Sharks generally reach sexu... | 6,380 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).
The majority of shark fisheries have little monitoring or management. The rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded—some species have been ... | 6,381 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
sharks (mostly tiger sharks) using drum lines, until it was cancelled after public protests and a decision by the Western Australia EPA; from 2014 to 2017, there was an "imminent threat" policy in Western Australia in which sharks that "threatened" humans in the ocean were shot and killed. This "imminent threat" ... | 6,382 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
by using drum lines, under a "shark control" program—this program has also inadvertently killed large numbers of other animals such as dolphins; it has also killed endangered hammerhead sharks. Queensland's drum line program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective". From 2001 to 2018, a total of 10,480 s... | 6,383 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
Between 1950 and 2008, 352 tiger sharks and 577 great white sharks were killed in the nets in New South Wales — also during this period, a total of 15,135 marine animals were killed in the nets, including dolphins, whales, turtles, dugongs, and critically endangered grey nurse sharks. There has been a very large ... | 6,384 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
more than 33,000 sharks have been killed in KwaZulu-Natal's shark-killing program — during the same 30-year period, 2,211 turtles, 8,448 rays, and 2,310 dolphins were killed in KwaZulu-Natal. Authorities on the French island of Réunion kill about 100 sharks per year.
Killing sharks negatively affects the marine ... | 6,385 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
a public demand for blood and little else"; he also said shark culling is a "retro-type move reminiscent of what people would have done in the 1940s and 50s, back when we didn't have an ecological conscience and before we knew the consequences of our actions." Jane Williamson, an associate professor in marine eco... | 6,386 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
"Sharkwater" exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction.
# Conservation.
In 1991, South Africa was the first country in the world to declare Great White sharks a legally protected species (however, the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board is allowed to kill great white sharks in its "shark control" program in east... | 6,387 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
fins from fishing vessels while on the high seas. Seeking to close the loophole, the Shark Conservation Act was passed by Congress in December 2010, and it was signed into law in January 2011.
In 2003, the European Union introduced a general shark finning ban for all vessels of all nationalities in Union waters ... | 6,388 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of scalloped hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and spiny dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegat... | 6,389 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
and regulation.
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the school shark, shortfin mako shark, mackerel shark, tiger shark and spiny dogfish to its seafood red list, a list of common supermarket fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Advocacy group Shark Trust campaigns to limit shark fishing.... | 6,390 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
CMS and aims at facilitating international coordination for the protection, conservation and management of migratory sharks, through multilateral, intergovernmental discussion and scientific research.
In July 2013, New York state, a major market and entry point for shark fins, banned the shark fin trade joining
... | 6,391 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
or possession of shark fins.
Several regions now have shark sanctuaries or have banned shark fishing — these regions include American Samoa, the Bahamas, the Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau.
# See also.
- List of shar... | 6,392 |
43617 | Shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark | Shark
hark sanctuaries or have banned shark fishing — these regions include American Samoa, the Bahamas, the Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau.
# See also.
- List of sharks
- List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
- O... | 6,393 |
43711 | Nichols radiometer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichols%20radiometer | Nichols radiometer
Nichols radiometer
A Nichols radiometer was the apparatus used by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901 for the measurement of radiation pressure. It consisted of a pair of small silvered glass mirrors suspended in the manner of a torsion balance by a fine quartz fibre within an enclosur... | 6,394 |
43711 | Nichols radiometer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichols%20radiometer | Nichols radiometer
could be ascertained. This influence was found to be of almost negligible value at an air pressure of about 16 mmHg (2.1 kPa). The radiant energy of the incident beam was deduced from its heating effect upon a small blackened silver disk, which was found to be more reliable than the bolometer when it... | 6,395 |
43711 | Nichols radiometer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichols%20radiometer | Nichols radiometer
all blackened silver disk, which was found to be more reliable than the bolometer when it was first used. With this apparatus, the experimenters were able to obtain an agreement between observed and computed radiation pressures within about 0.6%. The original apparatus is at the Smithsonian Instituti... | 6,396 |
43707 | Duct tape | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duct%20tape | Duct tape
Duct tape
Duct tape, also called duck tape, is cloth- or scrim-backed pressure-sensitive tape, often coated with polyethylene. There are a variety of constructions using different backings and adhesives, and the term 'duct tape' is often used to refer to all sorts of different cloth tapes of differing purpos... | 6,397 |
43707 | Duct tape | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duct%20tape | Duct tape
even printed designs.
During World War II, Revolite (then a division of Johnson & Johnson) developed an adhesive tape made from a rubber-based adhesive applied to a durable duck cloth backing. This tape resisted water and was used as sealing tape on some ammunition cases during that period.
"Duck tape" is r... | 6,398 |
43707 | Duct tape | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duct%20tape | Duct tape
tape adopted its modern name following World War II, when it began being marketed as a way to fix leaks in forced-air heating systems. Despite the name, modern duct tape is not designed to be used in air ducts, where HVAC tape is preferred. Both terms are often used today, and confusion and debate exists over... | 6,399 |
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