wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
CFG is one with edges that can be partitioned into two disjoint sets: forward edges, and back edges, such that:
- Forward edges form a directed acyclic graph with all nodes reachable from the entry node.
- For all back edges (A, B), node B dominates node A.
Structured programming languages are oft... | 6,100 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
depth-first search tree (DFST) of the CFG. This DFST should be rooted at the start node and cover every node of the CFG.
Edges in the CFG which run from a node to one of its DFST ancestors (including itself) are called back edges.
The loop connectedness is the largest number of back edges found in ... | 6,101 |
43653 | Control-flow graph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control-flow%20graph | Control-flow graph
ducible CFG, the loop connectedness is independent of the DFST chosen.
Loop connectedness has been used to reason about the time complexity of data-flow analysis.
# See also.
- Abstract syntax tree
- Flowchart
- Control-flow diagram
- Control-flow analysis
- Data-flow analysis
- Interval (gra... | 6,102 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
Jimmy Sturr
James W. Sturr, Jr. is an American polka musician, trumpeter, clarinetist, saxophonist and leader of Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra. His recordings have won 18 out of the 24 Grammy Awards given for Best Polka Album. Sturr's orchestra is on the Top Ten List of the All-Time Grammy Awards, and has ac... | 6,103 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
radio show on stations including WTBQ in his hometown of Florida, New York, the station he once owned. He also has a weekly radio show on SirusXM channel, Rural Radio.
# Discography.
- "All American Polka Festival"
- "The Best of Jimmy Sturr and His Orchestra"
- "Come on and Dance:Live" (2014)
- "Come ... | 6,104 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
Grammy)
- "Life's a Polka"
- "Live at Gilley's!" (1992 Grammy)
- "Living on Polka Time" (1998 Grammy) with Bill Anderson and Flaco Jiménez
- "Most Requested Hits"
- "Not Just Another Polka"
- "Polka! All Night Long" (1997 Grammy) with Willie Nelson
- "Polka Christmas"
- ""Polka Christmas" in My Home... | 6,105 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
and Rhonda Vincent (2003 Grammy)
- "Touched by a Polka" with Mel Tillis (2001 Grammy)
- "Tribute to the Legends of Polka Music"
- "When It's Polka Time at Your House" (1991 Grammy)
# Band members.
Main Band Members
- Jimmy Sturr - Leader, Vocals, Clarinet, Saxophone, Drums, and Trumpet
- Rick Henly -... | 6,106 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
- Bus Driver
- Jim Dixon - Bus Driver
- Gus Kosior - Manager & Bus Driver
- Barbara James - Assistant Manager
- Al Piatkowski - Accordion
- Nick Koryluk - Accordion
- Joe Mariany - Clarinet and Saxophone
- Ray Barno - Clarinet, Alto Saxophone, and Baritone Saxophone
- Chris Caffery - Guitar
Past Ba... | 6,107 |
43659 | Jimmy Sturr | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy%20Sturr | Jimmy Sturr
& Banjo
- Ed Goldberg - Piano & Bass
- Jeff Hoffman - Piano
- Jeff Miller - Piano
- Keith Slattery - Piano
- Lenny Filipowski - Piano
- Dennis Polisky - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone
- Greg Dolecki - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone
- Joe Magnuszewski - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone
- Peter Kargul - Violin
- Rya... | 6,108 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
Daniel Chodowiecki
Daniel Niklaus Chodowiecki (16 October 1726 – 7 February 1801) was a Polish—and later German—painter and printmaker with Huguenot ancestry, who is most famous as an etcher. He spent most of his life in Berlin, and became the director of the Berlin Academy of Art.
# Family.
He wa... | 6,109 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
and his mother, Henriette Ayrer born in Switzerland, was a Huguenot. Daniel's grandfather Christian had been a tradesman in the city as well. When his father died, both Daniel (aged 16) and his younger brother Gottfried Chodowiecki went to live with their uncle in Berlin, who offered to educate them,... | 6,110 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
Art.
Soon Daniel was able to earn a living by painting. He was admitted to the Berlin Academy in 1764 and became vice-director under Bernhard Rode in 1788. He had found his true calling and became the most famous German graphic artist of his time. His works includes several thousand etchings, usuall... | 6,111 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
books by Basedow, Buffon, Lavater, Pestalozzi and others. He also painted many portraits of Polish gentry and was interested in Huguenot and Polish history as well, making some paintings on the topic.
He was in tune with the developing spirit of the age, and many works reflect the cult of sensibilit... | 6,112 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
speaking only French and German (due to his offices in the Huguenot French community in Berlin he often spoke French), many times also declared his Polish allegiance and had his son Isaac Heinrich, born in Berlin, painted as a very young child with a Polish outfit and haircut. After Partitions of Pol... | 6,113 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
his life and career was spent in Germany, writing in German and living in Berlin from the age of almost 17.
One of his most popular books is "Journey from Berlin to Danzig" (, 1773) with many illustrations. He purchased a horse rather than going by stage coach. This was his first return after 30 yea... | 6,114 |
43655 | Daniel Chodowiecki | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel%20Chodowiecki | Daniel Chodowiecki
stage coach. This was his first return after 30 years absence and he went specifically to see his elderly mother and sisters in Danzig again. He made only one more trip to Danzig afterwards, to his mother's funeral. He describes and illustrates towns and people in Pomerania and Prussia on the way.
C... | 6,115 |
43664 | 1580s BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1580s%20BC | 1580s BC
1580s BC
The 1580s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1589 BC to December 31, 1580 BC.
# Events and trends.
The Egyptians invented a new and better calendar. It is based on both the moon and a star. They observed the annual appearance of the brightest star in the sky, Sirius. This calendar was more adv... | 6,116 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
Spamdexing
In digital marketing and online advertising, spamdexing (also known as search engine spam, search engine poisoning, black-hat search engine optimization (SEO), search spam or web spam) is the deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes. It involves a number of methods, such as link building ... | 6,117 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
Search engines use a variety of algorithms to determine relevancy ranking. Some of these include determining whether the search term appears in the body text or URL of a web page. Many search engines check for instances of spamdexing and will remove suspect pages from their indexes. Also, search-engine opera... | 6,118 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
industry as "black-hat SEO". These methods are more focused on breaking the search-engine-promotion rules and guidelines. In addition to this, the perpetrators run the risk of their websites being severely penalized by the Google Panda and Google Penguin search-results ranking algorithms.
Common spamdexing ... | 6,119 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
will list them among legitimate addresses.
The process is called "spamdexing," a combination of spamming — the Internet term for sending users unsolicited information — and "indexing."
# Content spam.
These techniques involve altering the logical view that a search engine has over the page's contents. The... | 6,120 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
of a Ponzi scheme wants to attract web surfers to a site where he advertises his scam. He places hidden text appropriate for a fan page of a popular music group on his page, hoping that the page will be listed as a fan site and receive many visits from music lovers. Older versions of indexing programs simply... | 6,121 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
Hidden or invisible text.
Unrelated hidden text is disguised by making it the same color as the background, using a tiny font size, or hiding it within HTML code such as "no frame" sections, alt attributes, zero-sized DIVs, and "no script" sections. People screening websites for a search-engine company migh... | 6,122 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
pages.
"Gateway" or doorway pages are low-quality web pages created with very little content, but are instead stuffed with very similar keywords and phrases. They are designed to rank highly within the search results, but serve no purpose to visitors looking for information. A doorway page will generally ha... | 6,123 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
amalgamation of content taken from other sources, often without permission. Such websites are generally full of advertising (such as pay-per-click ads), or they redirect the user to other sites. It is even feasible for scraper sites to outrank original websites for their own information and organization name... | 6,124 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
to render their content in several languages, with no human editing, resulting in unintelligible texts.
## Pages with no information related to page title.
Publishing web pages that contain information that is unrelated to the title is a misleading practice known as deception. Despite being a target for pe... | 6,125 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
link to it. These techniques also aim at influencing other link-based ranking techniques such as the HITS algorithm. There are many different types of link spam, built for both positive and negative ranking effects on websites. (See ).
## Link-building software.
A common form of link spam is the use of lin... | 6,126 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
2011, which introduced significant improvements in its spam-detection algorithm.
## Private blog networks.
Blog networks (PBNs) are a group of authoritative websites used as a source of contextual links that point to the owner's main website to achieve higher search engine ranking. Owners of PBN websites u... | 6,127 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
attack.
A Sybil attack is the forging of multiple identities for malicious intent, named after the famous multiple personality disorder patient "Sybil". A spammer may create multiple web sites at different domain names that all link to each other, such as fake blogs (known as spam blogs).
## Spam blogs.
S... | 6,128 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
blog spam.
Guest blog spam is the process of placing guest blogs on websites for the sole purpose of gaining a link to another website, or websites. Unfortunately often confused with legitimate forms of guest blogging with other motives than placing links. Made famous by Matt Cutts publicly declaring "war" ... | 6,129 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
data for the domain, it is advisable that a buyer grabs the domain before it is "dropped".
Some of these techniques may be applied for creating a Google bomb — that is, to cooperate with other users to boost the ranking of a particular page for a particular query.
## Cookie stuffing.
Cookie stuffing invol... | 6,130 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
that can be edited by users can be used by spamdexers to insert links to spam sites if the appropriate anti-spam measures are not taken.
Automated spambots can rapidly make the user-editable portion of a site unusable.
Programmers have developed a variety of automated spam prevention techniques to block or... | 6,131 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
links that are usually irrelevant and unwanted.
### Comment spam.
Comment spam is a form of link spam that has arisen in web pages that allow dynamic user editing such as wikis, blogs, and guestbooks. It can be problematic because agents can be written that automatically randomly select a user edited web p... | 6,132 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
or facilitator accesses a web page (the "referee"), by following a link from another web page (the "referrer"), so that the referee is given the address of the referrer by the person's Internet browser. Some websites have a referrer log which shows which pages link to that site. By having a robot randomly ac... | 6,133 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
site administrators who notice the referrer log entries in their logs may follow the link back to the spammer's referrer page.
### Countermeasures.
Because of the large amount of spam posted to user-editable webpages, Google proposed a nofollow tag that could be embedded with links. A link-based search eng... | 6,134 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
is the hosting of multiple websites with conceptually similar content but using different URLs. Some search engines give a higher rank to results where the keyword searched for appears in the URL.
## URL redirection.
URL redirection is the taking of the user to another page without his or her intervention,... | 6,135 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
a particular web site. Cloaking, however, can also be used to ethically increase accessibility of a site to users with disabilities or provide human users with content that search engines aren't able to process or parse. It is also used to deliver content based on a user's location; Google itself uses IP del... | 6,136 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
by the search engine.
## By search engine user.
Users can craft at search keyword, for example, a keyword preceding "-" (minus) will eliminate sites that contains the keyword in their pages or in their domain of URL of the pages from search result. Example, search keyword "-naver" will eliminate sites that... | 6,137 |
43651 | Spamdexing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spamdexing | Spamdexing
eliminate sites that contains word "naver" in their pages and the pages whose domain of URL contains "naver".
## Google Chrome extension.
Google itself launched the Google Chrome extension "Personal Blocklist (by Google)" in 2011 as part of countermeasures against content farming. As of 2018, the extension... | 6,138 |
43673 | Johannes Daniel Falk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes%20Daniel%20Falk | Johannes Daniel Falk
Johannes Daniel Falk
Johannes Daniel Falk (28 October 1768 Danzig – 14 February 1826 Weimar) was a German publisher and poet.
Falk was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Polish province of Royal Prussia, where he received his first education against the wishes of his father, who wanted to employ the ... | 6,139 |
43673 | Johannes Daniel Falk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes%20Daniel%20Falk | Johannes Daniel Falk
received his first education against the wishes of his father, who wanted to employ the child in his business as wig maker. The Danzig city council granted Falk a theology stipendium at Halle, but he did not become a preacher and frequented literary circles of Schiller and Goethe instead.
In late ... | 6,140 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
Cadenza
In music, a cadenza (from , meaning cadence; plural, "cadenze" ) is, generically, an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist or soloists, usually in a "free" rhythmic style, and often allowing virtuosic display. During this time the accompaniment will rest, or sustain a... | 6,141 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
of a concerto in which the orchestra stops playing, leaving the soloist to play alone in free time (without a strict, regular pulse) and can be written or improvised, depending on what the composer specifies. Sometimes, the cadenza will include small parts for other instruments besides the soloist; an example i... | 6,142 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
virtuosic part that the solo instrument plays during the whole piece. At the end of the cadenza, the orchestra re-enters, and generally finishes off the movement on their own, or, less often, with the solo instrument.
# As a vocal flourish.
The cadenza was originally, and remains, a vocal flourish improvised ... | 6,143 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
parties also wrote cadenzas for works in which it was intended by the composer to be improvised, so the soloist could have a well formed solo that they could practice in advance. Some of these have become so widely played and sung that they are effectively part of the standard repertoire, as is the case with Jo... | 6,144 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
at the end of a ballad, though cadenzas in this genre are usually brief. Saxophonist John Coltrane, however, usually improvised an extended cadenza when performing "I Want To Talk About You", in which he showcased his predilections for scalar improvisation and multiphonics. The recorded examples of "I Want To T... | 6,145 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
Rollins' shorter improvised cadenza at the close of "Three Little Words" ("Sonny Rollins on Impulse!").
Cadenzas are also found in instrumental solos with piano or other accompaniment, where they are placed near the beginning or near the end or sometimes in both places (e.g. "The Maid of the Mist," cornet solo... | 6,146 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
and trumpets, violin, flute, clarinet, and harp in its beginning section.
- Johann Strauss II unusually wrote a cadenza-like solo for cello and flute for the final section of his "Emperor Waltz", before a round of trumpets and then the whole orchestra bring the piece to its end.
- The second movement of Bach'... | 6,147 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
at that time because the movement is otherwise in sonata-rondo form.
- Beethoven's "Emperor" Concerto contains a notated cadenza. It begins with a cadenza that is partly accompanied by the orchestra. Later in the first movement, the composer specifies that the soloist should play the music that is written out ... | 6,148 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
conventional place, near the end of the movement.
- Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3, in which the first movement features a long and incredibly difficult toccata-like cadenza with an even longer alternative or ossia cadenza written in a heavier chordal style. Both cadenzas lead to an identical section with... | 6,149 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
trumpet and piccolo in "" (1983), and a cadenza for cor anglais in his trio "" (2007)
- Karol Szymanowski's two violin concertos both feature cadenzas written by the violinist who was intended to play them, Pawel Kochański.
- In the third movement of Elgar's Violin Concerto, there is an unexpected cadenza in ... | 6,150 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
Double Piano Concerto.
- Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade features numerous cadenzas for violin.
- Mozart wrote a cadenza in his own Horn Concerto No. 3, towards the end of the first of three movements.
- Sergei Prokofiev's second piano concerto contains a taxing five-minute cadenza that closes out the first m... | 6,151 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
cadenzas.
Composers who have written cadenzas for other performers in works not their own include:
- Carl Baermann's cadenza for the second movement of Mozart's Clarinet Concerto
- Ludwig van Beethoven wrote cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor first and third movements
- Joseph Joachim wr... | 6,152 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
Concerto No. 3
- Karlheinz Stockhausen composed cadenzas for two Mozart concerti for wind instruments (flute and clarinet), for Kathinka Pasveer and Suzanne Stephens, respectively, and one cadenza each for the trumpet concertos by Leopold Mozart and Joseph Haydn, for his son Markus.
- Richard Strauss wrote a ... | 6,153 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
playing the piece with this cadenza in 1919.
- Alfred Schnittke wrote two cadenzas for Beethoven's Violin Concerto, of which the first includes musical quotations from violin concertos of Berg, Brahms, Bartók (Concertos No. 1 and No. 2), Shostakovich (Concerto No. 1), as well as from Beethoven's 7th Symphony.
... | 6,154 |
43661 | Cadenza | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadenza | Cadenza
Alma Deutscher composed a cadenza for Mozart's 8th Piano Concerto when she was ten.
- David Popper composed a set of cadenzas for 5 different concertos (Haydn's Concerto No. 2 in D major, Op. 101; Saint Saëns' Cello Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 33; Schumann's Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129; Volkmann's Ce... | 6,155 |
43700 | Flintstone | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flintstone | Flintstone
Flintstone
Flintstone may refer to:
- Flint, a type of stone, sometimes erroneously called flintstone
- Flintstone, Georgia
- Flintstone, Maryland
- "The Flintstones", an animated television show and related productions
- "The Flintstones" (1988 video game)
- "The Flintstones" (1993 video game), a 199... | 6,156 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
Country dance
A country dance is any of a very large number of social dances of a type that originated in the British Isles; it is the repeated execution of a predefined sequence of figures, carefully designed to fit a fixed length of music, performed by a group of people, usually in couples, in one or m... | 6,157 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
Mozart.
Introduced to South America by French immigrants, Country Dance had great influence upon Latin American music as contradanza.
The "Anglais" (from the French word meaning "English") or "Angloise" is another term for the English country dance. A Scottish country dance may be termed an "Ecossaise".... | 6,158 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
In 2003, Burleson's Square Dancer's Encyclopedia listed 5125 calls or figures. Circles and fixed-length longways sets are also very common, but the possible formations are limited only by the imagination of the choreographer.
Thomas Wilson, in 1808, wrote, "A Country Dance is composed of an indefinite nu... | 6,159 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
no prior knowledge, while complex moves such as Strip the willow need to be taught. The stepping and style of dancing varies by region and by period.
Wilson, in 1820, wrote, "Country Dance Figures are certain Movements or Directions formed in Circular, Half Circular, Serpentine, Angular, Straight Lines, ... | 6,160 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
are experimenting with countless other genres.
While some dances may have originated on village greens, the vast majority were, and still are, written by Dancing Masters and choreographers.
Each dance consists of a series of figures, hopefully smoothly linked together, designed to fit to the chosen musi... | 6,161 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
dances and square dances.
Country dancing is intended for general participation, unlike folk dances such as clogging, which are primarily concert dances, and ballroom dances in which dancers dance with their partners independently of others. Bright, rhythmic and simple, country dances had appeal as a ref... | 6,162 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
or in French "Contre Danse". As the authority is equally good in both cases, either term is therefore correct. The Country or Contra Dance has been one of the most popular amusements in the British Isles, France, and other continental countries from time immemorial". However, "contra dance" is most common... | 6,163 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
dance. While some early features resemble the morris dance and other early styles, the influence of the courtly dances of Continental Europe, especially those of Renaissance Italy, may also be seen, and it is probable that English country dance was affected by these at an early date. Little is known of th... | 6,164 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
country dances took a variety of forms including finite sets for two, three and four couples as well as circles and squares.
The country dance was introduced to the court of Louis XIV of France, where it became known as "contredanse", and later to Germany and Italy. André Lorin, who visited the English c... | 6,165 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
subsequently translated into English by John Essex and published in England as "For the Further Improvement of Dancing".
By the 1720s the term "contradanse" had come to refer to longways sets divided into groups of three or two couples, which would remain normative until English country dance's eclipse. ... | 6,166 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
and the "Eightsome Reel" are examples of this kind of dance. Dancing in square sets still survives in Ireland, under the name "set dancing" or "figure dancing".
For some time British publishers issued annual collections of these dances in popular pocket-books. Jane Austen, Charles Dickens and Thomas Hard... | 6,167 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
dance, which experienced a resurgence in the mid-20th century. The quadrille evolved into square dance in the United States while in Ireland it contributed to the development of modern Irish set dance. English country dance in Scotland developed its own flavour and became the separate Scottish country dan... | 6,168 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
popular style of music and dance in the 18th century. The "contradanza" was popular in Spain and spread throughout Spanish America during the 18th century, where it took on folkloric forms that still exist in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama and Ecuador. In Cuba during the 19th century the "contr... | 6,169 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
in the early 19th century. In Denmark the description "Engelsk" was used for both line and square dances of English origin.
# Revival.
Only due to the efforts of Cecil Sharp, Mary Neal and the English Folk Dance and Song Society in the late 19th and early 20th century did a revival take place, so that f... | 6,170 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
at the time of Playford, using the surviving traditional English village dances as a guide, as the manuals defined almost none of the figures described. Sharp and his students were, however, almost wholly concerned with English country dances as found in the early dance manuals: Sharp published 160 dances... | 6,171 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
Pie", was published in 1932, though only in the late 20th century did modern compositions become fully accepted. Reconstructions of historical dances and new compositions continue. Interpreters and composers of the 20th century include Douglas and Helen Kennedy, Pat Shaw, Tom Cook, Ken Sheffield, Charles ... | 6,172 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
a Welsh gathering similar to a Céilidh
# External links.
## History.
- A multi-edition transcription of Playford's "The Dancing Master," compiled by Robert M. Keller, hosted by the University of New Hampshire's "New Hampshire Library of Traditional Music & Dance."
- A transcription of the first editio... | 6,173 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
J. Pugliese
- John Gardiner-Garden
## Dance associations.
- Bay Area Country Dance Society promotes, preserves, and teaches traditional English and American music and dance in the San Francisco Bay area.
- CD NY Country Dance New York holds weekly dances in New York City.
- Country Dance and Song Soc... | 6,174 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
music and dance in Michigan.
- Dover English Country Dancers runs English dances in Dover, DE, USA & presents demonstrations at festivals & historic sites in MD & DE.
- Earthly Delights Historic Dance Academy run dance classes and balls in Australia, as well as a Shakespeare Dance & Music Festival, Baro... | 6,175 |
43697 | Country dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country%20dance | Country dance
am & Middleton Country Dance Club has written a history from 1933–1994, just about one of the oldest extant English Country Dance clubs in England.
- Society for Creative Anachronism practices many English country dances in a historical context.
- The Leesburg Assembly is an English Country Dance commun... | 6,176 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
Peter Minuit
Peter Minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit, or Peter Minnewit (between 1580 and 1585 – August 5, 1638) was a Walloon from Tournai, in present-day located in Belgium. His surname means "midnight" in French. He was the 3rd Director of the Dutch North American colony of New Netherland from 1626 ... | 6,177 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
states that Minuit purchased Manhattan for $24 worth of trinkets. A letter written by Dutch merchant Peter Schaghen to directors of the Dutch East India Company stated that Manhattan was purchased "for the value of 60 guilders" in goods, an amount worth approximately $1,050 in 2015 dollars.
# Biography.
... | 6,178 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
household and his father's business. Peter had a good reputation in Wesel, attested by the fact that he was several times appointed a guardian. He also assisted the poor during the Spanish occupation of 1614–1619.
Minuit married Gertrude Raedts on August 20, 1613. Gertrude was from a wealthy family and sh... | 6,179 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
of New Netherland.
Minuit joined the Dutch West India Company, probably in the mid-1620s, and was sent with his family to New Netherland in 1625 to search for tradable goods other than the animal pelts that then were the major product coming from New Netherland. He returned in the same year, and in 1626 w... | 6,180 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
Canarsees, who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks.
The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch States-General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company, Pieter Janszo... | 6,181 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
of the Netherlands, "The original inhabitants of the area were unfamiliar with the European notions and definitions of ownership rights. For the Indians, water, air and land could not be traded. Such exchanges would also be difficult in practical terms because many groups migrated between their summer and ... | 6,182 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
Manhattan arrangement", Burrows and Wallace surmise, "then the Dutch were engaged in high-end technology transfer, handing over equipment of enormous usefulness in tasks ranging from clearing land to drilling wampum."
Minuit conducted politics in a measure of democracy in the colony during his time in New... | 6,183 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
Minuit's administration, several mills were built, trade grew exponentially, and the population grew to almost 300.
In 1631, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) suspended Minuit from his post for reasons that are unclear, but probably for (perhaps unintentionally) abetting the landowning patroons who were ... | 6,184 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
patroons.
## Establishing the New Sweden colony.
After having lived in Cleves, Germany for several years, Minuit made arrangements with Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government in 1636 or 1637 to create the first Swedish colony in the New World. Located on the lower Delaware River within territory ear... | 6,185 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
in Europe to make the voyage profitable. During this voyage, Minuit drowned when the ship he was visiting (at the invitation of its Dutch captain, a friend of Minuit), "The Flying Deer", was lost with all hands during a hurricane at St. Christopher (today's St. Kitts) in the Caribbean. The losses suffered,... | 6,186 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
Plaza, north of the South Ferry – Whitehall Street station (). Following the 400th anniversary celebrations of Henry Hudson's voyage to Manhattan, a pavilion was opened there to honor the Dutch. Each night at midnight, LED lights around the pavilion's perimeter glow in honor of Minuit.
- A marker in Inwoo... | 6,187 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
A memorial on Moltkestraße in Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
## In popular culture.
- The beginning lines of Rodgers and Hart's 1939 song "Give It Back to the Indians" recount the sale of Manhattan: "Old Peter Minuit had nothing to lose when he bought the isle of Manhattan / For twenty-six dollar... | 6,188 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
where the character Edward Bader tells a joke featuring the line, "'50 bucks?' the fella says. 'Peter Stuyvesant only paid 24 for the entire island of Manhattan!'", while Steve Buscemi's' character Enoch 'Nucky' Thompson has to correct Bader and inform him that it was in fact Peter Minuit who bought Manhat... | 6,189 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
have the correct version of the name, except that Minuit is spelled "Minuet."
- Minuit is mentioned in the first episode, "Uno", of the AMC drama "Better Call Saul". Jimmy McGill (the later titular Saul), while confronting lawyers at his brother's law firm, accuses them of being "like Peter Minuit" and su... | 6,190 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
erobern Amerika, hg. v. Rheinischen Freilichtmuseum und Landesmuseum für Volkskunde in Kommern", Opladen 1981, 13-42
- Jacobs, Jaap. (2005), "New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America". Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, .
- Mickley, Joseph J. "Some account of Willem Usselinx and Pete... | 6,191 |
43699 | Peter Minuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Minuit | Peter Minuit
ury America". Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, .
- Mickley, Joseph J. "Some account of Willem Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware", The Historical Society of Delaware, 1881
# External links.
- Project Gutenberg's "Narr... | 6,192 |
43704 | Edwin Beard Budding | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%20Beard%20Budding | Edwin Beard Budding
Edwin Beard Budding
Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Eastington, Stroud, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842). Due to his invention of the lawnmower Budding is nicknamed "The Grass Man."
# Lawnmower.
Budding had the idea of the lawnmower ... | 6,193 |
43704 | Edwin Beard Budding | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%20Beard%20Budding | Edwin Beard Budding
years and further innovations to create a machine that could be worked by animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. The first machine produced was 19 inches in width with a frame made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind with motive power coming from the rear... | 6,194 |
43704 | Edwin Beard Budding | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%20Beard%20Budding | Edwin Beard Budding
which could be used to help pull it along. Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, dated 18 May 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of development, obtained letters of pat... | 6,195 |
43704 | Edwin Beard Budding | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%20Beard%20Budding | Edwin Beard Budding
turers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding realised that a similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made... | 6,196 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
Great white shark
The great white shark ("Carcharodon carcharias"), also known as the great white, white shark or white pointer, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is notable for its size, with larger fe... | 6,197 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring. Great white sharks can swim at speeds of over , and can swim to depths of .
The great white shark has no known natural predators other than, on very rare occasions, the killer whale. The great wh... | 6,198 |
43619 | Great white shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great%20white%20shark | Great white shark
ecological challenges which has resulted in international protection. The IUCN lists the great white shark as a vulnerable species, and it is included in Appendix II of CITES. It is also protected by several national governments such as Australia (as of 2018).
The novel "Jaws" by Peter Benchley and i... | 6,199 |
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