wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343169 | Dendritic spine | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendritic%20spine | Dendritic spine
contacting sites between neurons. This was demonstrated more than 50 years later thanks to the emergence of electron microscopy. Until the development of confocal microscopy on living tissues, it was commonly admitted that spines were formed during embryonic development and then would remain stable afte... | 8,300 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Grudziądz
Grudziądz (, or ' or "Grudentia", old-fashioned English name: Graudence"') is a city of around 95,045 inhabitants (2018) on the Vistula River in northern Poland. Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999), the city was in the Toruń Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998.
# Geographical lo... | 8,301 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
the erection of the castle with the help of stone as building material was begun with around the middle of the 13th century. Under the protection of the castle the settlement gradually begun to develop to a town. In 1277 both "the castle and the town" were besieged heavily by the Yotvingians. The settlement a... | 8,302 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
the 14th century the town had already a well-developed infrastructure. A document of 1380, as an example, refers to the construction of an aqueduct, of a fountain and of the establishment of a town-hall cellar.
During the era of the State of the Teutonic Knights Graudenz had become a distinguished trade cent... | 8,303 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
and Preußisch Stargard ("Starogard Gdański").
## Kingdom of Poland.
In 1440, Graudenz joined the Prussian Confederation opposing the government of the State of the Teutonic Knights. At the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) the citizens forced the Teutonic Order to hand over the castle. Although... | 8,304 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
1772 the city was part of the Polish Chełmno Voivodeship, which itself was since 1466 part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia. The Grudziądz Castle was seat of the local starostas (royal administrative officials). It was often visited by Polish kings.
After the great depression of the Thirteen Years' Wa... | 8,305 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
departure part of the town was destroyed by fire.
In 1522 in Grudziądz, Nicolaus Copernicus, who aside from his astronomical work was also an economist, presented his treatise "Monetae cudendae ratio", in which he postulated the principle that "bad money drives out good" (also known as the Gresham's law or t... | 8,306 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
taken over by them in the past to the Catholics, including all accessories. The Protestants remained in possession solely of St. George's Church until in 1618 the base of the building was washed under by river Vistula, and the church had to be torn down. For a while they utilized once more the vacant Holy Spo... | 8,307 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
town. In 1648 construction work for building a Jesuit church was taken up. The Jesuits also founded the Jesuit College, which was the first high school in Grudziądz.
The town proper was surrounded by town walls, except on the side of river Vistula, where instead of walls there stood huge massive grain silos,... | 8,308 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
among the most successful grain traders was the Schönborn family. In 1776 a decision was made to build a fortess in the town. In the years 1796-1804, by decision of the King of Prussia, the Grudziądz Castle was demolished. During the Napoleonic invasion in Prussia in 1806/07, the fortress was successfully def... | 8,309 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
bridge across the Vistula in 1878, in 1879 the railway line Graudenz—Laskowitz was opened in addition, and
Graudenz became a rapidly growing industrialized city. In 1883 also the railway line Thorn—Graudenz—Marienburg was taken into operation.
In 1899 a Chamber of Commerce was opened in Graudenz, and in 190... | 8,310 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
with numerous schools, municipal archives and a museum.
The city was the site of a military prison for Polish activists - those released, who left Europe, formed the Gromada Grudziądz in Portsmouth, England, in 1835, as part of the Great Emigration movement.
Until 1920 Graudenz belonged to the administrativ... | 8,311 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
German and Frisian workers and peasants there, who in his opinion were more suitable for building up his new civilization. Frederick settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of Prussia. Using state funds for colonization, German craftsmen were placed in all local Polish cities. A second colon... | 8,312 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize the areas with Germans.
In 1890 only about 200 Poles lived in the town of Graudenz, but approximately 16,850 Poles in the rural district of Landkreis Graudenz (as compared to about 26,000 Germans in Landkreis Graudenz).
To resist Germanisation, Poli... | 8,313 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
independence operated in the city, but the activists were tried by German courts in 1901, frustrating their efforts.
In Graudenz, German soldiers were stationed in the local fortress as part of the Germanization measures, and the authorities placed soldiers with the most chauvinistic attitude towards the Pol... | 8,314 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
on census takers (predominantly school-teachers) was possible, and a new bilingual category was created to further complicate the results, as bilingual people(that is those who could speak both German and Polish) were classified as Germans. Some analysts have asserted that all people registering as bilingual ... | 8,315 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
the Polish Catholic Peasant Party in the city, which aimed at protecting the local Polish population
In 1913, the "Polish Gazeta Grudziądzka" reached a circulation of 128,000, making it the third largest Polish newspaper in the world.
## Interwar Poland.
When on January 23, 1920, the regulations of the Tre... | 8,316 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
but unfortunately completely German"
Between 1926 and 1934 the number of Germans (34,194 in 1910) rose from 3,542 to 3,875. Some Polish authors emphasize a wider emigration pattern motivated chiefly by economic conditions and the unwillingness of the German minority to live in the Polish state.
The German a... | 8,317 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
public (e.g. the “explicitly anti-German” Związek Obrony Kresów Zachodnich), initiated a number of measures to further Polonization. The local press was also hostile towards the Germans.
Fearful of a re-Germanization of the city, the Polish paper "Słowo Pomorskie" (23.19.1923) criticized the authorities of G... | 8,318 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
the most minor activities of the German minority were closely scrutinized by the Polish authorities beginning with the earliest phase of Polish policy towards the German minority.
The German theatre was re-opened by the Nazis in 1943, while the last director of the Polish theatre in the city in the years 192... | 8,319 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Trade, helped Grudziądz become the economic capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the interwar period. Grudziądz's economic potential was featured at the First Pomeranian Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry in 1925, officially opened by Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of the Second Polish Republic.
... | 8,320 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Military education in Grudziądz was also provided by the Centre of the Gendarmerie, the Air School of Shooting and Bombarding, and the N.C.O. Professional School, which offered courses for infantry reserve officer cadets.
In 1920 a German-language school was founded. In 1931 the Polish government decreed a r... | 8,321 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
headed by a Nazi sympathiser Hilgendorf who praised Nazi ideology
The Polish authorities were alarmed when a notebook of one female student was discovered by them, which contained the Nazi party anthem, the Horst Wessel Lied and revisionistic text. The discovery caused outrage and calls to dismiss Hilgendorf... | 8,322 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
### Nazi atrocities.
Graudenz was the location of the German concentration camp Graudenz, a subcamp of Stutthof concentration camp.
In early September, 25 Polish citizens were detained as hostages - priests, teachers and other members that enjoyed the respect of local soci... | 8,323 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
destroyed the city's monuments to Polish independence, and banned Polish priests from speaking Polish during church masses
On 4 September the Einsatzgruppe V demanded a list of names of all members of the 600-strong Jewish community within 14 hours, as well as a list of all their possessions. They were also ... | 8,324 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
to an unknown destination and disappeared - it is believed that they were most likely executed by the Germans in the Mniszek-Grupa forests.
On 19 October Graudenz was visited by the NSDAP Gauleiter (regional chief) Albert Forster. In a public speech to the "Volksdeutsche", he declared that the area was to be... | 8,325 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Joachim Gramse.
In October 1939, "Selbstschutz" created an internment camp for Poles seeking to restore Polish independence, whose commandant was a local German Kurt Gotze.
Teachers, officials, social workers, doctors, merchants, members of patriotic organisations, lawyers, policemen, farmers and 150 Polish... | 8,326 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Based on their decisions, some of the prisoners were sent to concentration camps, 300 were murdered "en masse"; only a few were released. Those sentenced to death were mostly executed through shooting by the "Selbstschutz" in Księże Góry near Graudenz; in October and November 1939 several hundred people were ... | 8,327 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
29 October 1939 a unit of "Selbstschutz" mass-murdered ten Polish hostages as revenge for posters that had appeared in the city calling for resistance against Nazi rule.
### At the end of World War II.
As the result of heavy fighting in 1945, over 60% of the city was destroyed. Soviet Major Lev Kopelev part... | 8,328 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Union east of the Curzon line, where they had been asked by the Soviet authorities to either accept incorporation into the U.S.S.R. or to leave what had been their former homeland.
# Notable residents.
- Piotr of Grudziądz (ca. 1400-ca. 1480), composer
- Johann Stobäus (1580–1646), composer
- Alfred Wohl ... | 8,329 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
Admiral
- Antoni Czortek (1915–2003), Polish boxing champion
- Henryk Sawistowski (1925–1984), dean of City and Guilds College of London Institute
- Waldemar Baszanowski (1935–2011), Olympic champion weightlifter
- Stefania Toczyska (born 1943), mezzo-soprano singer
- Bronisław Malinowski (1951–1981), Ol... | 8,330 |
74636 | Grudziądz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grudziądz | Grudziądz
prano singer
- Bronisław Malinowski (1951–1981), Olympic Champion in the 3000m steeplechase race, 1980 Summer Olympics
- Krzysztof Buczkowski (born 1986), motorcycle speedway rider
# Education.
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- Grudziądzka Szkoła Wyższa
# Sport.
Grudziądz has two professional sports t... | 8,331 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
James Rolph
James "Sunny Jim" Rolph Jr. (August 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934) was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a single term as the 27th governor of California from January 6, 1931 until his death on June 2, 1934 at the height of the Great Depression. Previously... | 8,332 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
Reid (1872–1956) and had at least one son: James Rolph, III (1904-1980).
Rolph entered the shipping business in 1900, by forming a partnership with George Hind. He would over the next decade serve as president of two banks, one of which he helped establish. Although he was asked to run for mayor in 1909, h... | 8,333 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
as himself in a Slim Summerville comedy short film, "Hello, Frisco."
Rolph knew of the power in San Francisco of the Roman Catholic Church. Italians, Irish, French and Germans made up the majority of the population of the City. He established a deep friendship with Archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna. In turn, ... | 8,334 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
the office of governor of California.
Rolph received considerable criticism for publicly praising the citizens of San Jose following the November 1933 lynching of the confessed kidnapper-murderers of Brooke Hart, a local department store heir, while promising to pardon anyone involved, thereby earning the ... | 8,335 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
on October 19, 1933, Caroline Decker, a labor activist who had taken part in other California agricultural actions, took testimony from the strikers who testified about the growers' assaults on striking workers.
# Death.
After suffering several heart attacks, he died in Santa Clara County on June 2, 1934,... | 8,336 |
343177 | James Rolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Rolph | James Rolph
County on June 2, 1934, aged 64, three years into his term. Rolph was the second governor to die in office, the first being Washington Bartlett in 1887, who, like Rolph, had also been elected while mayor of San Francisco but died during his only gubernatorial term. He is buried at Greenlawn Memorial Park in... | 8,337 |
343176 | Fred Karno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred%20Karno | Fred Karno
Fred Karno
Frederick John Westcott (26 March 1866 – 18 September 1941), best known by his stage name Fred Karno, was an English theatre impresario of the British music hall. As a comedian of slapstick he is credited with popularizing the custard-pie-in-the-face gag. During the 1890s, in order to circumvent ... | 8,338 |
343176 | Fred Karno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred%20Karno | Fred Karno
man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him."
Among the music hall comedians who worked for him were Charlie Chaplin and his understudy, Arthur Jefferson, who later adopted the name of Stan Laurel. These were part of what was known as "Fred Karno's Army", a phrase still occasionally... | 8,339 |
343176 | Fred Karno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred%20Karno | Fred Karno
in Exeter, Devon, England, in 1866. He worked as a cabinet maker with a workshop in Waterbeer Street. He married Edith and in 1896 his son, Fred Karno Jr. was born. In 1904 he visited Tagg's Island on London's River Thames and in 1912 he bought the island and the existing hotel. He demolished the original ho... | 8,340 |
343176 | Fred Karno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred%20Karno | Fred Karno
US in 1929, and was hired by the Hal Roach Studios as a writer-director, and was reunited with one of his former protégés, Stan Laurel. However, his stay at the studio was brief and unsuccessful as Hal Roach found out Karno's main abilities were as a producer, and he departed in February 1930. On his return ... | 8,341 |
343176 | Fred Karno | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred%20Karno | Fred Karno
om Charlie Chaplin, and died there in 1941 from diabetes, aged 75.
# Legacy.
His houseboat, the "Astoria", on the River Thames at Hampton, Middlesex, is now used as a recording studio by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour.
On 30 September 2012, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America unveiled a commemor... | 8,342 |
343179 | Culm (botany) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culm%20(botany) | Culm (botany)
Culm (botany)
A culm [Sometimes spelled as Curlm] is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from , the Latin word for "stalk", and it originally referred to the stem of any type of plant.
# Malting.
In the production of malted grains the culms refer to the rootlets of the ger... | 8,343 |
343180 | M27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27 | M27
M27
M27, M.27 or M-27 may refer to:
# In science.
- Messier 27, a planetary nebula also called the Dumbbell Nebula
# In firearms and military equipment.
- M27 Mosin–Nagant, a Finnish rifle
- M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle, a squad automatic weapon developed for the U.S. Marine Corps
- M27 link, a disintegratin... | 8,344 |
343180 | M27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27 | M27
gant, a Finnish rifle
- M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle, a squad automatic weapon developed for the U.S. Marine Corps
- M27 link, a disintegrating 5.56×45mm NATO bullet link used in belt fed firearms
- M.27 (mountain gun), a Norwegian mountain gun used in World War II
- M27 tank, a rejected US World War II medium ... | 8,345 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
M27 motorway
The M27 is a motorway in Hampshire, England. It is long and runs between Cadnam and Portsmouth. It was opened in stages between 1975 and 1983. It is unfinished, as an extension to the east was planned. A number of smaller motorways were proposed, connecting the city centres of Southampton and... | 8,346 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
the A27, the M27 starts as an eastwards continuation of the A31 from Bournemouth and Poole, meets the A36 from Salisbury, crosses the Wessex Main Line railway, and then meets the M271 to central Southampton. After the M271, the road becomes a dual four lane motorway and passes Rownhams services, it then me... | 8,347 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
then runs alongside the northern outskirts of Fareham, briefly with a fourth climbing lane in either direction, before its junction with the M275 to Portsmouth. Very shortly after this point the motorway ends, becoming the A27, a four lane dual carriageway almost to motorway standards until the junction wi... | 8,348 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
2 opened 20 August 1975
- Junction 2 to 4 opened in December 1975
- Junction 4 to 7 opened in 1983
- Junction 7 to 8 opened in February 1978
- Junction 8 to 12 opened in March 1976
The South Stoneham Crematorium, which was located north of South Stoneham Cemetery, was demolished during 1973 to make wa... | 8,349 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
in 1936.
Road developments in the New Forest are also restricted due to its national park status.
The M27 was meant to be extended to Chichester; a sign of this is the width of the A27 road between Junction 12 and the junction with the A3(M), which has 3-or-4 lanes, a hard shoulder and grade-separated ju... | 8,350 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
the M27 to the centre of the Townhill Park area of Southampton.
A planned service area just east of Junction 9 was never constructed. The long westbound exit slip road at Junction 9 was designed to allow an entry to and exit from the service area.
## 2015 suicide incident.
In November 2015, an elderly w... | 8,351 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
11 and Junction 4 to a Smart motorway. The scheme will turn the hard shoulder into a permanent 4th running lane, adding refuge areas along the route and installing new CCTV and speed cameras with mandatory variable speed limit signs.
In early January 2019, official work began when average speed cameras we... | 8,352 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
cited.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Westbound"|Westbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Eastbound"|Eastbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Coordinates
- Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from driver location signs/locat... | 8,353 |
343178 | M27 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M27%20motorway | M27 motorway
xits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Coordinates
- Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction spans several hundred metres (yards) and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown.
-... | 8,354 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
Pete Wilson
Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23, 1933) is an American attorney and politician. A Republican, he served as a United States Senator and the 36th Governor of California.
Born in Lake Forest, Illinois, Wilson graduated from the UC Berkeley School of Law after serving in the United States Marin... | 8,355 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
Liberties Act of 1988, while he opposed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. He resigned from the Senate after winning the 1990 California gubernatorial election. As governor, he signed a three-strikes law and supported energy deregulation and term limits. He was also an advocate for California Pr... | 8,356 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
and has been affiliated with several other organizations. He is a distinguished visiting fellow at the conservative Hoover Institution. Wilson also co-chaired Arnold Schwarzenegger's successful 2003 gubernatorial campaign.
# Early life.
Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23, 1933, in Lake Forest, Illi... | 8,357 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
school John Burroughs (grades 7–9) in Ladue, and then St. Louis Country Day School, an exclusive private high school, where he won an award in his senior year for combined scholarship, athletics, and citizenship. In the fall of 1951, Pete Wilson enrolled at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where h... | 8,358 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law.
In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, one of Nixon's top aides. Klein suggested that Wil... | 8,359 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
to you are guilty." Wilson switched to a more conventional law practice and continued his activity in local politics, working for Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1964. Wilson's liking for politics and managing the day-to-day details of the political process was growing. He put in lon... | 8,360 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2:1 margin each time. During his three terms he restructured San Diego City Council, reorganized the planning and civil service commissions, instituted campaign finance reform, and promoted the redevelopment of Downtown San Diego. H... | 8,361 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
as well as concerns about the proposed venue (the San Diego Sports Arena) and the adequacy of hotel space. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be America's Finest City Week, which became an annual event and gave rise to San Diego's unofficial nickname.
In 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pend... | 8,362 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown. Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his gubernatorial record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California histo... | 8,363 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
into the 1980 Democratic presidential primary, after promising not to run, was also an issue. President Ronald Reagan made a number of visits to California late in the race to campaign for Wilson. Reagan quipped that the last thing he wanted to see was both of his home state's U.S. Senate seats falling into... | 8,364 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
The Deukmejian voters likely also voted for Wilson for United States Senator.
On October 19, 1983, Wilson voted in favor of a bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day. The legislation was signed into law by President Reagan the following month.
In June 1984, Wilson voted in favor of legislation restri... | 8,365 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
to Capitol Hill via an ambulance to cast a vote in favor of the budget on May 10. After voting, Wilson stated he made the decision to forgo further bed rest as he believed the vote was possibly the most important of his career.
Convinced by Japanese-American farmers in Central Valley to support redress, Wi... | 8,366 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
to reimburse states for the cost of new federal mandates. A fiscal conservative, he was named the Senate's "Watchdog of the Treasury" for each of his eight years in the nation's capital.
In 1988, Wilson won the race for the United States Senate against his Democratic opponent, Leo T. McCarthy. On January 2... | 8,367 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
January 1989, Wilson admitted to the decision being agonizing for him amid his consulting with others on a possible run. At the beginning of his second six-year term in the Senate, Wilson announced plans to run for Governor of California. In 1990, he resigned from the Senate after winning the California gub... | 8,368 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
succeed outgoing two-term Republican governor George Deukmejian, who chose not to seek a third term in 1990, defeating former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein, who would go on to be elected to Wilson's former U.S. Senate seat two years later. Wilson was sworn in as governor on January 7, 1991.
As gover... | 8,369 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
available for employees of small businesses.
Despite his belief in fiscal conservatism, Wilson raised the sales tax to reduce the state deficit, including imposing a sales tax on newspapers (which did not have one up to then) and "snack" foods. He also raised car license fees and college tuition; by 1991, ... | 8,370 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
by 6.7 billion as part of plan to reduce the state's budget deficit. The revenue gap had increased by 5 billion in the four months of his governorship. In response to the April 1991 proposal, the "Los Angeles Times" wrote of Wilson,
In July, the Senate voted 28 to 9 in favor of a bipartisan tax plan that w... | 8,371 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
warrant stiff fines and potential suspensions of business and professional licenses. The legislation was intended to address a rising cause of poverty among children and women in the state at a time when unpaid child support in California totaled to 2 billion annually.
On July 24, 1991, Wilson signed a bil... | 8,372 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
a year into his first term as governor, Wilson vetoed AB 101, a bill written to prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the state. Wilson feared that the bill would increase lawsuits and make California less competitive economically. The veto was met with protests that included dem... | 8,373 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
size and replacing social promotion with early remedial education. Wilson promoted standardized testing of all students, increased teacher training, and a longer school year. However, it was Wilson's uncompromising stance on reducing education spending that led to the budget impasse of 1992, leaving state w... | 8,374 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
order was set to take effect December 31. Wilson said secondhand smoke "threatens the health of non-smoking state employees" and charged workplace smoking with increasing the cost of cleaning, damaged furniture and carpets, and heightens the chances of starting fires.
In late 1993, Wilson traveled to Asia ... | 8,375 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
services for former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993 and former President Richard M. Nixon in 1994 at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. Two years later, Wilson became, to date, the most recent governor to speak at a California gubernatorial funeral, that of former Governor Pat Brown.
For most of hi... | 8,376 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
by Wilson in 1990, prohibited Wilson from running for re-election to a third term. At the end of his term of office, Wilson left California with a $16 billion budget surplus. He was succeeded by then-lieutenant governor Gray Davis as governor.
A September 1998 "Los Angeles Times" poll found 55% of register... | 8,377 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
education and Medi-Cal, but especially Aid to Families with Dependent Children and other welfare programs."
On January 8, 1993, Wilson submitted the 1993 spending plan, advocating an immediate cut in welfare grants by 4.2 percent that would be followed six months later by a larger reduction of 15 percent t... | 8,378 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
was passed by two committees of the Republican-majority assembly. H. D. Palmer maintained Wilson's priorities rested in other issues and though admitting to an improving in revenues, disclosed that "the governor does not believe that the first call on those revenues should go to double-digit cost-of-living ... | 8,379 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
to children caused by the father not being of presence. Under Wilson's welfare overhaul package, mothers would have to go to work after two years and a year would pass before they could return to welfare, which would only have a five-year lifetime. Paternity for each child would also have to be established ... | 8,380 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
in November 1994; it was the first time that a state had passed legislation related to immigration, customarily an issue for federal policies and programs. The law was challenged in a legal suit and found unconstitutional by a federal court in 1998 and never went into effect.
Passage of Proposition 187 ref... | 8,381 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
their visas. Wilson himself would state that the policy was "about supporting the people who came here the right way."
Opponents of Proposition 187 cited its passage as the cause of long-term negative effects for the California Republican Party statewide. Noting a rapid increase in the Latino participation... | 8,382 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
1995 the following states have had similar ballot initiatives or laws passed: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma and Texas.
## Policies on crime.
Wilson led efforts to enact "tough on crime" measures and signed into law the "Three Strikes" (25 years to li... | 8,383 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
September 26, 1995, Wilson signed a bill authorizing the possible use of the death penalty toward any individual who committed a murder amid a carjacking or killed a juror. Wilson said the law was the result of four years worth of attempts on his part to toughen the laws against carjacking: "This bill sends... | 8,384 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
people were executed during his administration (the first two in the gas chamber, the latter three by lethal injection).
# Energy deregulation.
Wilson supported deregulation of the energy industry in California during his administration due to heavy lobbying efforts by Enron. Nevertheless, during the Cali... | 8,385 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
the people of California not to do so, Wilson also unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for President in the 1996 election, making formal announcements on both coasts. Wilson announced first in New York City, at Battery Park, with the Statue of Liberty as a backdrop. He completed a cross-country... | 8,386 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
and incumbent President Bill Clinton among Orange County voters. The same poll indicated Wilson as trailing Bob Dole by a 20-point margin. Dole would become the Republican nominee in the general election. Later that month, a "Los Angeles Times" poll found 23% of Californians believed Wilson should seek the ... | 8,387 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
leaving office, Wilson spent two years as a managing director of Pacific Capital Group, a merchant bank based in Los Angeles. He has served as a director of the Irvine Company, TelePacific Communications, Inc., National Information Consortium Inc., an advisor to Crossflo Systems, and IDT Entertainment. He h... | 8,388 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
Hoover Institution, a conservative think tank located on the campus of Stanford University, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, the Richard Nixon Foundation, the Donald Bren Foundation, is the founding director of the California Mentor Foundation and is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Na... | 8,389 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
as governor of California.
On September 27, 2007, Wilson endorsed Rudolph Giuliani for U.S. President, but Giuliani later dropped out of the primary. On February 4, 2008, Wilson endorsed John McCain as a candidate for U.S. President.
In 2007, a statue of Wilson joined Ernest Hahn and Alonzo Horton on the ... | 8,390 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
Two hundred sponsors donated $200,000 to build the statue. Leftist Hispanic and LGBT groups protested the unveiling.
On May 23, 2009, Wilson gave the commencement speech and received an honorary degree from the San Diego State University of Professional Studies and Fine Arts.
In 2009, Wilson chaired the u... | 8,391 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
election.
On April 22, 2019, Wilson commemorated the 25th anniversary of President's Nixon's passing at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. 25 years before, Wilson was one of four dignitaries who gave the eulogy, along with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Bill Clinton, and Senator Bob Dol... | 8,392 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
Bernard E. Witkin Amicus Curiae Award given by the Judicial Council of California
- Wilson was also honored by the San Francisco Giants by having him open their 1998 home schedule by throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in honor of his final full year in office.
- Governor Pete Wilson Liberty Flagstaff... | 8,393 |
343170 | Pete Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%20Wilson | Pete Wilson
ce on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.
- Wilson was honored by Prager University with the PragerU Visionary Award in May, 2019. To honor Governor Wilson and his wife Gayle Wilson, the University created The Pete & Gayle Wilson Fund at PragerU.
# External links.
## Campaign literature and vide... | 8,394 |
343183 | A14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14 | A14
A14
A14 may refer to:
- Curtiss XA-14 Shrike, a 1930s-era ground-attack airplane
- Aero A.14, a Czech reconnaissance aircraft built after World War I
- ATC code A14 "Anabolic agents for systemic use", a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
- British NVC community A14 (Myriophyl... | 8,395 |
343183 | A14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14 | A14
, a Czech reconnaissance aircraft built after World War I
- ATC code A14 "Anabolic agents for systemic use", a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
- British NVC community A14 (Myriophyllum alterniflorum community), a British Isles plant community
- Fiat A.14, a 1917 Italian 12-c... | 8,396 |
343191 | A61 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61 | A61
A61
A61 or A-61 may refer to:
- A61 road (England), a road connecting Derby and Thirsk
- A61 motorway (France), a road connecting Narbonne and Bordeaux
- A61 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Venlo and Hockenheim
- Benoni Defense, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings | 8,397 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
M42 motorway
The M42 motorway runs north east from Bromsgrove in Worcestershire to just south west of Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, passing Redditch, Solihull, the National Exhibition Centre (NEC) and Tamworth on the way, serving the east of the Birmingham metropolitan area. The section between the... | 8,398 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
Tamworth and connecting the M5 and M6 motorways, were announced in 1972.
The first section opened in November 1976 linking Birmingham International Airport with the M6 motorway.
The curve around the south-eastern side of Solihull opened in September 1985 followed by the section from the M6 motorway with ... | 8,399 |
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