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343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
planned section north of the M6 running to the M1 near Nottingham was never constructed as planned being replaced by the A42 link, a trunk road which was completed in August 1989 to link with the M1 motorway near Nottingham.
## Operational history.
Junction 3a was remodeled to give priority to traffic operating between the now westbound section of the M42 and the extended M40 motorway, which opened in stages between December 1989 and January 1991. The section of M42 between the M40 (J3A) and the M5 (J4A) was scheduled to be re-designated as an extension of the M40 at the same time, but this re-designation never took place.
The section of the M42 between Junctions 7A and 9 was re-built as | 8,400 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
part of the M6 Toll works and now forms the link between the M6 and the southern end of the toll road. The M6 Toll opened in 2003.
Active Traffic Management with hard shoulder running and variable speed limits were introduced in 2006.
Since the 1980s, there have been constant plans to build a new service station on the motorway south of Birmingham Airport and the NEC, but this has yet to be built.
# Features.
## Birmingham Outer Ring Road.
Along with sections of the M5 and M6, the southern sections of the M42 form the Birmingham Outer Ring Road motorway around Birmingham. Much like the M25 around London, and the M60 around Manchester, there are areas where this orbital system does not work | 8,401 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
well. One such point is junction 3A, the link between the M42 and the M40, where traffic is often heavy in the rush hour. The intersection between the M42 and M6 is often very busy too, especially when travelling along the M6.
### Managed motorways and Active Traffic Management.
Active Traffic Management (ATM) was launched as a pilot scheme on the M42 operating between junction 3a and 7 with mandatory variable speed limits, hard shoulder running, better driver information signs and a new incident management system. This system allows operators to open and close any lane to traffic in order to help manage congestion or an incident. Since it started in 2006 journey times have decreased by 26% | 8,402 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
northbound and 9% southbound and journey time variability has decreased by 27%. Due to the success of the trial this system was later extended northbound to junction 9 of the M42 (and onto the adjacent M6 to Junction 5) and southbound along the M40 to Junction 15 as part of the first phase of a nationwide roll out of the rebranded 'Managed motorways; concept.
# Incidents and accidents.
- A multiple vehicle collision involving 160 vehicles occurred on 10 March 1997 in fog in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire which resulted in 3 deaths and 60 injuries.
# Junctions.
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. If a junction extends over several | 8,403 |
343181 | M42 motorway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M42%20motorway | M42 motorway
cestershire which resulted in 3 deaths and 60 injuries.
# Junctions.
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. If a junction extends over several hundred metres and both start and end points are known, both are shown.
Coventry (S & W), N.E.C. A45(E)
- Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction spans several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown.
# See also.
- List of motorways in the United Kingdom
# External links.
- CBRD Motorway Database – M42
- The Motorway Archive – M42 | 8,404 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
A61 road
The A61 is a major trunk road in England connecting Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire by way of Alfreton, Clay Cross, Chesterfield, Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield, Leeds, Harrogate and Ripon. The road is closely paralleled by the M1 motorway between Derby and Leeds.
# Route.
Heading south, the road begins as single carriageway from Thirsk which bypasses Ripon and travels towards Harrogate, eventually passing through Harrogate town centre. Here, the road divides into two major one-way streets which enclose the town centre and run along The Stray, a stretch of grassland in Harrogate. As Leeds Road, it then passes through the southern suburbs of Harrogate before meeting the A658 near | 8,405 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
the village of Pannal. The A61 continues through Harewood before approaching the north's metropolis, where a sudden urban fringe approaches. As the road enters Leeds and crosses the A6120 outer ring road, the road becomes Scott Hall Road, a main dual carriageway (or Trunk Road) and artery for north Leeds. There are sections of guided bus route using kerb guidance near Potternewton. Here, the A61 rises slightly, and a panoramic view of Leeds skyline is revealed. The descent into Leeds is quick and the road soon turns into a multi-lane road, as it approaches Sheepscar Interchange. Fast-flowing traffic is directed onto the A61, although some traffic is directed off the A61 to avoid Leeds City Centre | 8,406 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
as it routes around the back of Quarry House. The A61 meets it shortly after, as it shares the city centre loop for a short distance. After crossing the river, the road splits again before taking traffic out to the motorways. The road then continues out of Leeds towards Wakefield and Barnsley. South of Barnsley it crosses the M1 at Junction 36 then heads towards Sheffield. Between the M1 at Junction 36 and the Westwood roundabout intersection with the A616, the road is designated as a trunk road under the responsibility of Highways England.
The A61 travels into Sheffield through Grenoside and Hillsborough, passing next to the Sheffield Wednesday football stadium. At this point it forms a major | 8,407 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
artery into the City Centre from the north, before becoming the Sheffield Inner Ring Road (which as of 2007 is labelled as A61 all the way around). It meets the A57 twice; at Park Square and Brookhill roundabout. The A61 takes a southerly course past Sheffield United football stadium through Heeley as Chesterfield Road and climbs up to Norton and Greenhill roundabout. Between Sheffield and Chesterfield is a dual carriageway, avoids Dronfield as the eponymous by-pass. The road used to go through Chesterfield town centre, passing by the famous crooked spire, but was heavily congested. This was alleviated by the construction of the Chesterfield bypass in the 1980s on the alignment of the former | 8,408 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
Great Central Railway. The road reverts to single carriageway south of Chesterfield, passing through Clay Cross and Alfreton.
South of Alfreton, the A61 merges with the dual carriageway A38, but the old A61 continues as the B6179 through Swanwick and Denby, meeting the A38 again just north of the City. The A61 road continues towards the city centre along Sir Frank Whittle Road until it finally ends at the junction with the A52 near to the headquarters of Derbyshire County Cricket Club.
## Map of Route.
- Route of A61 overlaid on Google Maps
# Road safety.
In June 2008 a stretch of the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was named as the most dangerous road in Britain, when motorcycle accidents | 8,409 |
343190 | A61 road | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A61%20road | A61 road
headquarters of Derbyshire County Cricket Club.
## Map of Route.
- Route of A61 overlaid on Google Maps
# Road safety.
In June 2008 a stretch of the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was named as the most dangerous road in Britain, when motorcycle accidents were excluded. In the latest EuroRAP findings from the Road Safety Foundation, this stretch of road was also found to be the most dangerous road in Yorkshire and Humber. With 22 fatal and serious injury accidents in the three years analysed (2004–2006), this single carriageway route was rated as Red — the second highest risk category.
# External links.
- UK roads: A61
- EuroRAP GB Tracking Survey Results
- Road Safety Foundation | 8,410 |
343198 | Winfield, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfield,%20Pennsylvania | Winfield, Pennsylvania
Winfield, Pennsylvania
Winfield is a census-designated place located in Union Township, Union County in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located in eastern Union County at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 304 and U.S. Route 15, which is located along the shores of the West Branch Susquehanna River. As of the 2010 census the population was 900 residents.
# Notable residents.
- Steve Kline (born 1972), former Major League Baseball relief pitcher.
# See also.
- Winfield Creek | 8,411 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
George Deukmejian
Courken George Deukmejian Jr. (;
June 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018) was an American politician from the Republican Party who was the 35th Governor of California from 1983 to 1991 and Attorney General of California from 1979 to 1983. Deukmejian was the first and so far the only governor of Armenian descent of a U.S. state.
# Early years.
Deukmejian was born Courken George Deukmejian Jr. in Menands, New York. His parents were Armenians who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1900s to escape the Armenian Genocide. His father, George Deukmejian, who lost his sister during the Genocide, was a rug merchant born in Gaziantep. Deukmejian's mother, Alice Gairden, was born in | 8,412 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
Erzurum and worked for Montgomery Ward and later for New York State. Deukmejian graduated with a B.A. in Sociology from Siena College in 1949. He then earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from St. John's University in 1952. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U.S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Corps.
Deukmejian moved to California in 1955 where his sister, Anna Ashjian, introduced him to his future wife Gloria Saatjian, a bank teller whose parents were also immigrants from Armenia. They married on February 16, 1957 and had three children: two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969; and one son, born in 1966.
# Political beginnings.
Deukmejian entered politics in California after a short | 8,413 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
period of private practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. In 1962, was elected to represent Long Beach in the State Assembly. In 1966, he was elected as a state senator, serving from 1967 to 1979. He was a high-profile advocate for capital punishment. By 1969, he was the Majority Leader of the California State Senate. He first ran for Attorney General of California in 1970, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983. During this time, he led a high-profile campaign against cannabis in northern California. Additionally, he led a veto override against Governor Jerry Brown who had vetoed legislation to authorize | 8,414 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
the death penalty.
# Governorship.
Deukmejian was elected in 1982 to his first term as Governor of California, defeating Lieutenant Governor Mike Curb, a recording company owner, in the Republican primary. One of his early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, California, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 primary. Upon his victory, The New York Times published, "The image that comes across of Mr. Deukmejian - a devoted family man, an Episcopal churchman, an ice cream lover - led one reporter to write, "California may have accidentally elected Iowa's Governor.""
In the general election, Deukmejian ran as a conservative supporter | 8,415 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
of public safety and balanced budgets. In addition, he was strongly critical of outgoing Governor Jerry Brown and promised to run a very different administration. He also strongly criticized the Supreme Court of California, which was dominated by Brown appointees, notably controversial Chief Justice Rose Bird.
Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Deukmejian won the election by about 100,000 votes, about 1.2 percent of the 7.5 million votes cast. The victory came despite opinion polls leading up to the election that consistently showed Bradley with a lead, and despite exit polling conducted after voting closed that led some news organizations on | 8,416 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
the night of the election to make early projections of a Bradley victory. The discrepancy between the polling numbers and the election's ultimate results would come to be termed the "Bradley effect", which refers to a hypothesized tendency of white voters to tell interviewers or pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for a black candidate, but then actually vote for his opponent.
Altogether Deukmejian's governorship was a departure from that of his predecessor, Jerry Brown. He vowed not to raise taxes, later saying that he was "business friendly". In addition, he presented himself as a law and order candidate, proposing new efforts to fight crime. He faced a Democrat-dominated | 8,417 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
California State Legislature during his two terms as governor. He was the sole Republican statewide officeholder until Thomas W. Hayes was appointed California State Treasurer, following the death of Treasurer Jesse Unruh.
In 1983, Deukmejian abolished the Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities and reduced state spending for bicycle projects from $5 million to the statutory minimum of $360,000 per year. In 1984, he vetoed A.B. 1, the first bill to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians, which passed the Legislature.
In 1986, Bradley sought a rematch and Deukmejian defeated him by a 61% to 37% percent margin. He was generally regarded as a moderate-to-conservative Republican.
The Deukmejian | 8,418 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
administration entered office during a national economic recession. He first halted the hiring of new state employees and banned out of state travel for those in government. He rejected the legislature's demands for tax hikes, and pared $1.1 billion from its budget by selectively vetoing spending items. One year later, further cuts, along with a nationwide economic rebound that benefited the state, created a billion dollar surplus for 1985. His 1985 budget slightly increased spending in highway construction, but cut heavily into the education, health, Welfare and environmental budgets. For this he was roundly criticized, and the cuts probably led to his low polling numbers at the end of his | 8,419 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
tenure as governor.
Three years later, Deukmejian faced his own billion dollar deficit. He supported a raise in the state minimum wage in 1989.
Deukmejian largely made his career by being tough on crime. When he was in the legislature, he wrote California's capital punishment law. As a candidate for reelection, in 1986 he opposed the retention election of three Brown-appointed justices of the Supreme Court of California due to their consistent opposition to the death penalty in any and all circumstances. One of them (the best known) was Rose Bird, the first female Chief Justice of the Court (and the first one to be voted off). Deukmejian proceeded to elevate his friend and law partner, Malcolm | 8,420 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
M. Lucas, from Associate Justice to Chief Justice, and appointed three new associate justices. Under Deukmejian, the California prison population nearly tripled — as of December 31, 1982, the total prison population stood at 34,640 inmates. He increased spending for the building of new prisons.
In 1988, then-Vice President George H. W. Bush considered Governor Deukmejian as a possible running mate for the presidential election that year. During a trade mission to South Korea in August, Deukmejian sent a letter saying he could not be considered for nomination, refusing to leave the governorship to Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo T. McCarthy. Deukmejian did not seek reelection to a third term | 8,421 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
as governor in the 1990 gubernatorial elections. The Republicans instead nominated sitting United States Senator Pete Wilson, who defeated Dianne Feinstein in the general election. He was the last governor not affected by the two-term limit that was passed by voters in 1990.
On October 1, 1989, Governor Deukmejian signed legislation authorizing the purchasing of health insurance by uninsured Californians suffering from serious illnesses, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, through tobacco tax revenues.
In 1991, in his last days in office, he vetoed the property tax exemption bill that applied to companies building solar in California. This exemption was focused towards the Solar | 8,422 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants then being built by Luz International Limited (Luz). The veto led to the bankruptcy of Luz.
# Post-governorship.
Deukmejian was a partner in the law firm of Sidley & Austin from 1991 until 2000 when he retired. He reentered public life by serving on special committees, including one to reform the California penal system, and a charter-reform committee in his hometown of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science. In 2013, a courthouse in Long Beach was named in his honor. Deukmejian received an honorary doctor of laws degree from California State University, | 8,423 |
343184 | George Deukmejian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Deukmejian | George Deukmejian
of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science. In 2013, a courthouse in Long Beach was named in his honor. Deukmejian received an honorary doctor of laws degree from California State University, Long Beach, in 2008, because of his support for education, state law, and Long Beach.
# Death.
Deukmejian died at his home in Long Beach on May 8, 2018 at the age of 89. California Governor Jerry Brown said on Twitter: "George Deukmejian was a popular governor and made friends across the political aisle. Anne and I join all Californians in expressing our deepest condolences to his family and friends". | 8,424 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
A14 road (England)
The A14 is a trunk road in England, running from the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk to its western end at the Catthorpe Interchange; a major intersection at the southern end of the M6 and junction 19 of the M1 in Leicestershire. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30.
# Route.
From the Port of Felixstowe the road heads west, bypassing Ipswich to the south via the Orwell Bridge and to Stowmarket, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Cambridge where it meets the M11, then past St Ives, Huntingdon and the junction with the A1, from there through Kettering, Northamptonshire, ending at junction 19 of the M1 and the start of the M6.
The road is a dual carriageway, | 8,425 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
most with two lanes each way, but there are two dual three-lane sections: on the Newmarket bypass (between Junctions 36 and 38) where it runs concurrent with the A11, and a short stretch between the Girton Interchange and Bar Hill. There are three at-grade junctions: with the B663 at Bythorn in Cambridgeshire (junction 15); at the Leighton Bromswold turn a few miles to the east (junction 17); and at the Dockspur Roundabout at the edge of Felixstowe (junction 60), although at the A14/A1 junction (junction 21) and at the A14/A141 junction (junction 23), the road's main route does have to negotiate a roundabout (in the case of the latter, the A14 southbound and a spur goes underneath the roundabout, | 8,426 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
as the A1 does at the former).
# History.
The current A14 includes parts of the former A45 between Felixstowe and Cambridge, the A604 between Cambridge and Kettering, a short stretch of the former A6 west of Kettering, plus a new link road which was constructed in the early 1990s between there and the M1/M6 interchange at Catthorpe, Leicestershire. Prior to the current A14, the main route from Birmingham to the Haven ports followed the M6, M1, the A428 and A45 road via Coventry, Rugby, Northampton, Bedford, St Neots, Cambridge and then through all the towns on the A14 to Felixstowe. Prior to its use for the current route the A14 designation had been used for a section of road between the A10 | 8,427 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
at Royston and the A1 at Alconbury following part of the route of Ermine Street which now, in most parts, is designated the A1198.
The M45 motorway was constructed in 1959 parallel to part of the old A45 in the Midlands. It opened on the same day as the M1 motorway and was soon one of the busiest sections of motorway. The M6 opened in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after which more traffic to the ports used the route from junction 1 of the M6 via the A427 to Market Harborough followed by a short section of the A6 to Kettering and then the A604 to Cambridge before joining the old A45 to the ports as above. The M45 now carries little traffic.
The sections from Huntingdon east to the ports were | 8,428 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
upgraded first, starting with the Huntingdon bypass in 1973, followed by the Girton to Bar Hill section in 1975/76 and the Cambridge northern bypass and Cambridge/Newmarket section in 1976/77. The Bar Hill to Huntington section opened in 1979 prior to the M11 which was fully opened in 1980. The Ipswich southern bypass including the Orwell Bridge opened in 1982.
The M1-A1 link road was constructed between 1989 and 1991 following a lengthy period of consultation. The first inquiry was in 1974 and then a series of inquiries for sections of the preferred route from September 1984 until June 1985, during which objections came from some 1,130 sources. Subsequent public inquiries were held regarding | 8,429 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
Supplementary Orders. The route close to the site of the Battle of Naseby was particularly difficult and was taken to the High Court. The link was opened by John MacGregor, Transport Secretary on 15 July 1994.
Work to create a compact grade-separated junction (Junction 45/Rougham) and to re-align a stretch of carriageway was completed in 2006.
Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes traveling east were banned from using the outside lane on a dual 2-lane section on a steep climb to Welford summit close to Junction 1 (A5199) from spring 2007; a similar scheme covered of the westbound carriageway from Junction 2, including a particularly steep climb to Naseby summit. The bans are active between 6am and 8pm | 8,430 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
and are intended to reduce delays to other traffic from lorries attempting to pass on these climbs.
Between 2007 and 2008 a new section of two-lane dual carriageway was constructed at the Haughley Bends, one of Suffolk's most notorious accident blackspots, to rationalise access using a new grade-separated junction. The road opened in the summer of 2008 with some associated local works being completed early in 2009.
Variable Message Signs (VMS), traffic queue detection loops and closed circuit TV (CCTV) were installed at a cost of 58m euros during 2009 to 2010 Both carriageways between Junction 52 (Claydon) and Junction 55 (Copdock) were refurbished during 2010 at a cost of £9 million. Work | 8,431 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
was being carried out a year earlier than scheduled as part of a UK government’s fiscal stimulus package.
The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway connecting Cambridge, Huntingdon and St Ives, which opened in 2011 was intended to remove 5.6% of traffic using that section of the A14 (rising to 11.1% with the new Park & Ride sites), although as other traffic re-routes to the freed-up road space from other parts of the local road network, the net reduction is predicted to be 2.3%.
The Felixstowe and Nuneaton freight capacity scheme, designed to take more lorry traffic off the A14 between the Port and the Midlands by increasing rail capacity and allowing the carriage of larger 'Hi-cube' shipping containers | 8,432 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
by widening to the W10 loading gauge, opened in 2011.
Junction 55 (Copdock interchange) to the south of Ipswich was signalisation in 2011, along with lengthening the off-slip from the A1214. The section around Kettering between Junctions 7 and 9 was widened to three lanes between November 2013 and April 2015 at a cost of £42m.
After initially being shelved in 2010, the Catthorpe Interchange at the road's Western terminus underwent a massive restructuring in 2014. The redesigned junction was intended to allow free-flowing traffic movement between the A14, the southern terminus of the M6 motorway and Junction 19 of the M1 motorway. The first part opened in September 2016, and the upgrade was | 8,433 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
completed three months later.
# A14 spur designation, including A1(M), A14(M), A604(M).
From the A12 west of Ipswich to the M1/M6 junction, the A14 is part of (but not signed as) the E-road E 24. From Ipswich to Felixstowe is part of E 30.
The numbering of the A14 is inconsistent with the national road numbering scheme, as it begins in zone 5 and crosses through zone 6 on the way to zone 1 east of Huntingdon to Felixstowe. The road is concurrent with the A12 road from the Seven Hills Interchange to the Copdock Interchange which forms the Ipswich Southern bypass and with the A11 road between junctions 36 and 38.
The final 1.2 mile section of the A14 'spur' from the junction with the B1043 | 8,434 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
near Huntingdon to the A1(M) at Alconbury has many inconsistent designations. It is the only section of the original A14 (A1198 road) that still bears that A14 designation; it was renumbered A604 for a period prior to the construction of the current A14. The scheme page on the Highways Agency website for the 'A1(M) Alconbury to Peterborough' scheme carried out in 1996–1998 refers to it as the A14(M), but the map page linked from that page marks it as the A604(M). The statutory instrument for the construction of the road in 1993 also refers to it as the A604(M). Neither the A14(M) nor the A604(M) designation is used on the ground; heading onto the A1(M) heading north there a bare 'motorway' sign | 8,435 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
just past the B1043 exit without any number (see photo in the top right of this page). However, when heading south along the A1 it is signed as 'A14'. Online mapping is also inconsistent – the Highway Agency mapping (which uses Navteq data) refers to it as the 'A14(M)', Bing maps (which also uses Navteq mapping) shows it as motorway without any designation and Yahoo maps (which uses Navteq data) shows it as motorway and as the A1(M). Google maps (which uses TeleAtlas data) shows it as a trunk road called A14.
East of the Girton Interchange with the M11 at Cambridge, the A14 used to be the A45, and much of the long-distance traffic further west had previously used the A45 route. The section | 8,436 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
between Cambridge and Kettering used to be the A604, apart from a short section near Kettering that used to be part of the A6. The road which was the A14 until the late 1980s is now the A1198 between Royston, Hertfordshire and Godmanchester. North of Godmanchester the route of the original A14 became part of the A604, itself now part of the new A14 until it meets the A1 road near Alconbury, thus forming a 'spur' off the A14.
# A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme.
The plan, originally called the 'A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton' was to include widening from Fen Ditton to Fen Drayton, broadly on the existing alignment and then on a new route from Fen Drayton to the south of the current | 8,437 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
road to the Brampton Interchange before tracking the A1 north to Ellington.
The Highways Agency unveiled its plans in March 2005. Details of the preferred route for the Fen Drayton to Fen Ditton section were published in March 2007. The contract was awarded to Costain Skanska Joint Venture on 28 January 2008, which worked on detailed plans and the Highways Agency before publishing a draft order. The scheme was expected to open in stages between 2015 and 2016. The Highways Agency estimated that the Ellington-Fen Ditton widening would cost between £690 million and £1.2 billion, making it the most expensive scheme in their roads programme.
In October 2009 the cost estimate had risen to £1.3b | 8,438 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
with work due to start in 2012 and being completed in winter 2015/2016. The Campaign for Better Transport was opposed to the plans, listing their reasons for objection as the carbon emissions the road would induce, the cost, and its negative impact on non-car travel. The coalition government suspended the scheme when it came into power, with Philip Hammond, the Secretary of State for Transport, suggesting that the scheme would be 'axed', and that the only way it would get built was as a toll road. That government money would not pay for the scheme was confirmed at the end of October, when Roads Minister Mike Penning said that the scheme was unaffordable and no longer offered acceptable value | 8,439 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
for money. The scheme was officially cancelled in 2010.
In 2011 the government announced an 'A14 Challenge' inviting people to present proposals for the route. The revised scheme, now known as the 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme' involves widening of the A1 between Brampton and Alconbury, a new Huntingdon Southern Bypass, widening of the existing A14 from Swavesey to Milton, and a new local access road between Swavesey and Girton. The A14 viaduct in Huntingdon town centre will become redundant and will be demolished. In November 2012 it was reported that the scheme might be back on a fast track to implementation and it was mentioned in the June 2013 spending review. The project | 8,440 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
was approved by the Secretary of State for Transport in May 2016. Work is due to be complete by March 2021 at a cost of £1.2-1.8b.
# Longer term plans.
The Highways Agency has plans to increase capacity from Junctions 3 to 10 near Kettering 'in the longer term' and also to widen the road throughout Northamptonshire to "help cut the number of accidents and cope with the likely growth in traffic".
# Coach services.
The A14 is no longer used by a coach service, National Express route 350 (Clacton on sea to Liverpool) between Copdock (J53) and Huntingdon (J26);
National Express 305 (Liverpool to Southend-on-sea) and route 314 (Southport to Cambridge) follow the old A45 between Cambridge and | 8,441 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
Birmingham.
# Notable incidents.
- 17 November 1998. A lorry collided with the petrol station between Bar Hill and Lolworth. The incident happened shortly after 11am and one person was killed and many others injured. The road was closed and there were huge tailbacks.
- 26 July 2006. The A14 was closed for 24 hours near Newmarket when a van carrying acetylene gas canisters caught fire and the rescue services were advised by British Oxygen that they could remain unstable and would need 24 hours to cool. Bomb disposal officers were called in and the Red Cross set up a centre in Newmarket for those who were stranded.
# External links.
- GO East CHUMMS page containing links to the report documents
- | 8,442 |
343182 | A14 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A14%20road%20(England) | A14 road (England)
collided with the petrol station between Bar Hill and Lolworth. The incident happened shortly after 11am and one person was killed and many others injured. The road was closed and there were huge tailbacks.
- 26 July 2006. The A14 was closed for 24 hours near Newmarket when a van carrying acetylene gas canisters caught fire and the rescue services were advised by British Oxygen that they could remain unstable and would need 24 hours to cool. Bomb disposal officers were called in and the Red Cross set up a centre in Newmarket for those who were stranded.
# External links.
- GO East CHUMMS page containing links to the report documents
- Public consultation on Huntingdon Bypass (March 2007) | 8,443 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
Ruzi Ying
Ruzi Ying (; 5 – 25), also known as Emperor Ruzi of Han and the personal name of Liu Ying (劉嬰), was the last emperor of the Chinese Western Han Dynasty from 6 CE to 9 CE. After Emperor Ai of Han and Emperor Ping died without heirs, Wang Mang chose the youngest of the available successors in order to maintain his power in the government. The child Ying was soon deposed by Wang Mang who declared the Xin Dynasty in place of the Han. During Xin Dynasty, Ying was under effective house arrest—so much so that as an adult, he did not even know the names of common animals. Before and after the Xin Dynasty was overthrown in 23 CE, many ambitious people claimed to be restoring the Han dynasty. | 8,444 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
In 25 CE, a rebellion against the temporary Gengshi Emperor used the former Emperor Ruzi as a focus, and when the rebellion was defeated, he was killed. He is often viewed as an innocent child who was the victim of tragic circumstances. (The expression "Emperor Ruzi" is a misnomer, as he never assumed the throne and was only named crown prince. Nevertheless, he is commonly referred to as such.)
# Choice as the titular ruler.
In 5 CE, Wang Mang, then already nearly unlimited in power as the imperial regent and fearful that the 13-year-old Emperor Ping, once grown, would retaliate against him for having slaughtered his uncles in 3 CE, murdered Emperor Ping by poison. Because the young emperor | 8,445 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
had not had any children by his wife Empress Wang (Wang Mang's daughter) or any of his concubines, there was no heir. Emperor Ping's grandfather, Emperor Yuan, had no surviving male issue—of his three sons, Emperor Cheng had no issue, and sons of the other two, Liu Kang, Prince of Dingtao (劉康) and Liu Xing, Prince of Zhongshan (劉興), had succeeded to the imperial throne (as Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping, respectively) and died without issue. The descendants of Emperor Ping's great-grandfather Emperor Xuan were therefore examined as possible successors.
There were 53 great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan then still living by this stage, but they were all adults, and Wang Mang disliked that fact—he wanted | 8,446 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
a child whom he could control. Therefore, he declared that it was inappropriate for members of the same generation to succeed each other (even though Emperor Ping had succeeded his cousin Emperor Ai several years earlier). He then examined the 23 great-great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan—all of whom were infants or toddlers.
While the examination process was proceeding, the mayor of South Chang'an submitted a rock with a mysterious red writing on it -- "Wang Mang, the Duke of Anhan, should be emperor." (During his regency, Wang, building a personality cult about himself, had made it an open secret that he encouraged the manufacturing of false prophecies that would call for him to have more and | 8,447 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
more power; this appears to be one of those instances.) Wang had his political allies force his aunt, Grand Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, to issue an edict granting him the title of "Acting Emperor" (假皇帝), with the commission to rule as emperor until a great-great-grandson of Emperor Xuan could be selected and raised.
In the spring of 6 CE, Acting Emperor Wang selected Ying—then just one year old—as the designated successor to Emperor Ping, claiming that soothsayers told him that Ying was the candidate most favored by the gods. He gave Ying the epithet "Ruzi"—the same epithet that King Cheng of Zhou had when he was in his minority and under the regency of Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou—to claim | 8,448 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
that he was as faithful as the Duke of Zhou. However, Emperor Ruzi did not ascend the throne, but was given the title of crown prince. Empress Wang, just a young girl at 13, was given the title empress dowager.
# Brief "reign".
Several members of the imperial Liu clan were suspicious of Acting Emperor Wang's intentions. They started or assisted in several failed rebellions against Wang:
- In 6 CE, Liu Chong (劉崇), the Marquess of Anzhong, made an attack against Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). His attack failed, but historians did not specify what happened to him, other than that as punishment, Wang had his house filled with filthy water.
- In 7 CE, Zhai Yi (翟義), the governor of the | 8,449 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
Commandery of Dong (roughly modern Puyang, Henan) and Liu Xin (劉信), the Marquess of Yanxiang (and the father of Liu Kuang (劉匡), the Prince of Dongping (roughly modern Tai'an, Shandong) started the largest of these rebellions. They were joined by agrarian rebellion leaders Zhao Peng (趙朋) and Huo Hong (霍鴻) from the area immediately west of the capital Chang'an. They declared Liu Xin emperor. Wang Mang responded by sending messengers around the nation to pledge that he would in fact return the throne to Emperor Ruzi once Ruzi was adult. Wang's armies defeated Zhai and Liu's armies in the winter of 7 CE, and Zhai was captured and executed by drawing and quartering. Liu fled and was never captured. | 8,450 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
Zhao and Huo were also eventually defeated and executed.
- In 9 CE (after Wang Mang had usurped the throne—see below), Liu Kuai (劉快), the Marquess of Xuxiang, attacked the Fuchong dukedom of his brother Liu Ying (劉殷), the former Prince of Jiaodong. He was defeated and died while fleeing from the battle.
After Zhai and Liu Xin was defeated, Wang became even more convinced that the empire was entirely under his control, and decided to finally seize the throne and start a new dynasty. In the winter of 8 CE, a prophecy written on a casket was presented by Ai Zhang (哀章). The prophecy was said to be a divine decree from Emperor Gao (Liu Bang,) stating that the throne should be given to Wang, and | 8,451 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
that Empress Dowager Wang (who was Wang Mang's own daughter, but held authority) should follow this divine will. Wang issued a decree accepting the position of emperor and establishing the Xin (new) dynasty.
# Life during the Xin Dynasty.
In the spring of 9 CE, Wang Mang, now emperor, made the former Emperor Ruzi the Duke of Ding'an (and made his daughter, the former Empress Dowager, Duchess Dowager). The dukedom allegedly included 10,000 households, in which Han emperors were to be enshrined in temples, and Han calendars and uniforms would be allowed. However, Wang did not actually follow through on these promises. Indeed, he never allowed the Duke of Ding'an to rule his dukedom, but effectively | 8,452 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
put the child duke under house arrest under heavy guard. Not even his wet nurses were allowed to stay with him. As a grown man, Ying did not even know of such common animals as cattle, horses, sheep, chickens, dogs, and pigs. Wang gave his granddaughter to the Duke of Ding'an in marriage. She was the daughter of his son Wang Yu (王宇), whom he had forced to commit suicide in 3 CE after Wang Yu, unhappy with his dictatorial rule, conspired with Emperor Ping's uncles of the Wei clan to overthrow him. Other than this, not much is known about the Duke of Ding'an's life during the Xin Dynasty.
# Death.
After the Xin Dynasty was overthrown in 23 CE and Wang Mang was killed, the imperial descendant | 8,453 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
Liu Xuan (劉玄) became emperor as Gengshi Emperor). However, due to Gengshi Emperor's incompetence, conspiracies and rebellions arose throughout the empire, seeking to displace him.
Two farfetched co-conspirators started one of these rebellions in 25—Fang Wang (方望), the former strategist for the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂), and a man named Gong Lin (弓林) -- and their group of several thousand men, after kidnapping Ying, occupied Linjing (臨涇, in modern Qingyang, Gansu). Gengshi Emperor sent his prime minister Li Song (李松) to attack them, and wiped out this rebel force, killing Liu Ying.
# Era names.
- "Jushe" (居攝 py. jū shè) February CE 6- October CE 8
- "Chushi" (初始 py. chū shĭ) November CE | 8,454 |
343207 | Ruzi Ying | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruzi%20Ying | Ruzi Ying
25—Fang Wang (方望), the former strategist for the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂), and a man named Gong Lin (弓林) -- and their group of several thousand men, after kidnapping Ying, occupied Linjing (臨涇, in modern Qingyang, Gansu). Gengshi Emperor sent his prime minister Li Song (李松) to attack them, and wiped out this rebel force, killing Liu Ying.
# Era names.
- "Jushe" (居攝 py. jū shè) February CE 6- October CE 8
- "Chushi" (初始 py. chū shĭ) November CE 8-January CE 9
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Xian, Marquis Guangqi (), a grandson of Liu Xiao, the third son of Liu Xun
- Consorts:
- Lady, of the Wang clan ()
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty
# References.
- "Book of Han", . | 8,455 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
Thought-terminating cliché
A thought-terminating cliché (also known as a "semantic stop-sign", a "thought-stopper" or "cliché thinking") is a form of loaded language, commonly used to quell cognitive dissonance."" Depending on context in which a phrase (or cliché) is used, it may actually be valid and not constitute as thought-terminating, it does constitute as such when its application intends to dismiss dissent or justify fallacious logic. Its only function is to stop an argument from proceeding further, in other words "end the debate with a cliche... not a point." The term was popularized by Robert Jay Lifton in his 1961 book "Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism", who called the | 8,456 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
use of the cliché, along with "loading the language" as; "The language of Non-thought."
# Origin and definitions.
The earliest recorded definition of the term was published in Robert Jay Lifton's book "Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism" in 1961, wherein he was describing the structure of language used by the Communist Party of China, defining the term as; "...the start and finish of any ideological analysis." It was listed as the sixth (of eight) totalistic themes."" The term is written under the sixth (of eight) criteria for thought reform 'Loading the Language', of which various authors and scholars also consider the term to be a form of loaded language.""
Charles "Chaz" Bufe | 8,457 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
in his book "Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure?" (1997) broadly put the use of the cliché as "...thought-stopping phrases (that) include any use of the language, especially repeated phrases, to ward off forbidden thoughts." in describing his interactions with the Alcoholics Anonymous aid movement. Author, show-host and doctor Robert "Bo" Bennett described the term as a substitute for "...a person's actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument." in his 2017 book "Logically Fallacious", along with a proposed logical form of the cliché; "Person 1 makes claim Y. Claim Y sounds catchy. Therefore, claim Y is true."
In the Southern | 8,458 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
California law review, Volume 51, Part 1, it describes the use of such clichés as "...to capture the vehicles of thought and communication; "Doctrine over reality" (which includes the rewriting of history and reinterpretation of one's past)" and as a property of 'ideological totalists.'
## Exception of the criteria.
Bennett explains that exceptions are made to the use of phrases, that would otherwise be considered thought-terminating, if they are used in addition to evidence or strong claims.
## General examples.
- "It is what it is." - Adds no value to any debate, its intent is to disengage. "Why is it so?"
- "Lies of the devil." - Used as a response to any fact that threatens the integrity | 8,459 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
of an individual/group.
- "Stop thinking so much." - A literal request to stop any debate.
- "It's all good." - In the event that the situation is not in fact in a good state, yet you want people to stop analysing it, say this.
- "Here we go again." - Implies that the topic has been debated about too frequently and is never going to reach a conclusion, so you may as well stop the debate.
- "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link." - While this example is supposed to be taken figuratively, it might be used to imply that a team is no better than the least productive member of that team, which is not true.
- "It's not a religion; it is a relationship." - Intends to divert criticism, | 8,460 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
and is considered to be an assertion absent of any evidence or reasons that rely on one's confusion. "Tell me why it's not a religion. Tell me what a relationship is exactly."
- "You are too negative" or "You can never admit you're wrong." In both of these cases, either one agrees, in which case one is discredited for being too negative or unreliable, or one disagrees, thereby illustrating the very point one is trying to deny. This is a subtle form of a complex question, as the very act of replying assumes an implicit argument. .
# Criticism of use.
## Politics.
A major criticism made by various journalists is that the use of the cliché tends to halt debate and restrict/censor freedom of | 8,461 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
speech, and it tends to be synonymous with language that would be utilized by totalitarian states as Lifton originally identified with Communist China. Dictator Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany is remarked to have employed such clichés and platitudes to justify his actions prior and during the events of World War II for example. Historical personalities listed to also have used such clichés include; Joseph Stalin of Soviet-Russia, Ruhollah Khomeini of the Iranian Revolution, Pol Pot of the former communist country Democratic Kampuchea and Mao Zedong of the Communist Party of China.
David Volodzko via The Diplomat in 2015 characterised China's justification for persecuting Tibetans, Uyghurs, Falun | 8,462 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
Gong, artists, journalists (including Liu Xiaobo), summed up as "for security reasons" as a thought-terminating cliché, going on to say "that’s every bit as vapid as “God moves in a mysterious way” or “support our troops.” What it really means is that the Party is more important than the people." In an article published by Vice, Lee Zachariah determined the language used by the Australian Government in regards to the casualties, including one involved death, as a result of the Christmas Island detention centre protests, often included terms like "boat people" and "illegals" that referred to the asylum seekers, implying that the act of coming by boat is heinous, whilst "illegals" "...says that | 8,463 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
their very nature is defined by being illegal, despite the fact that seeking asylum is not illegal."
Michael Krämer via The Guardian noted that the use of the slogan (considered a cliché) "there is no alternative," said by the likes of Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel, is used intentionally to push their political agenda. Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign was criticized for its use of clichés, or "Bumper Sticker Logic" as Medium journalist Dinfa Gwazi referred to it as, citing the phrases; "Build The Wall" and "Make America Great Again".
## Social politics.
Journalist James Bloodworth indicated that political correct culture has led to the assumption that opinions can only be valid | 8,464 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
if "the issue in question directly affects the person making the argument" and mentions the common use of the thought-terminating words: "Speaking as a..." implying that it no longer matters what you think, what matters more what you are, as if that is an achievement itself. Breda O'Brien writes that the over-use of the term "homophobic", when applied to any opinion that supporters of same-sex marriage disagree with, becomes a cliché used to dismiss such opinions, expressing; "However, given that we do not live in a totalitarian regime, all it achieves is to undermine the effectiveness of the term where there is real anti-gay discrimination. It becomes merely a bullying tactic." Author Christine | 8,465 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
Douglass-Williams also mentions that the term "Islamophobic" is also applied in familiar fashion to yield the same results as how O'Brien describes homophobia.
The concept of toxic masculinity has been labelled as a cliché by Larissa Nolan of The Times, stating that "Few people question what it is, let alone its existence." and going on to say "Effectively, it means the only acceptable man is one who behaves like a woman." In 2016, Stella Morabito from The Federalist wrote an article addressing the criticism against Jordan B. Peterson regarding his refusal to use transgender pronouns, wherein she categorised the "pronoun protocols" of gender identity under Lifton's "Loaded language" criterion.
## | 8,466 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
Religion.
An example of the cliché in use provided by Chaz Bufe is "the admonition given to Catholic schoolchildren to recite the Hail Mary or rosary to ward off "Impure thoughts." The use of repetitive chanting by the Hare Krishnas serves the same thought-stopping purpose." Author Ann Morisy criticized the Christian Church for their uses of such clichés coinciding with their doctrines that intentionally reduce the possibility of dialogue, stating that failure to move beyond them risks falling prey "...to a new version of gnosticism." along with alienating those not of the faith. Scientology has also been criticized for using protocols and language that utilize thought-terminating clichés to | 8,467 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
condition its members or to reaffirm a confirmation bias. The Guardian journalist Jonny Scaramanga mentions that when certain members of Islam label something haram (sinful), that employs the use of the tactic since it states that something is forbidden and "There is no need for any more consideration of whether it is bad."
## Commercials.
The use of slogans is often considered to be a form of the cliché; "Brief, reductive labels you can stick on things, and which end thought on the subject."
## Art and media.
An article published by Gamasutra mentions that, during the debate regarding on whether or not pornographic games should be available on the Steam market place, that simply calling | 8,468 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
such games as porn is "thought-terminating" as it doesn't progress the debate.
# Fictional applications.
- George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" - The totalitarian state Oceana implements Newspeak, a "pared-down version of English in which 'dangerous' words like 'freedom' no longer exists." Kathleen Taylor suggests in a that the words that remain as a result of the diminishing of the English language are ideologically loaded, and are "...clear examples of Lifton's thought-terminating clichés."
- Aldous Huxley’s "Brave New World" - The "Utopian" Society uses thought-terminating clichés in a more conventional manner, most notably in regard to the drug "soma" as well as modified versions of | 8,469 |
343201 | Thought-terminating cliché | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought-terminating%20cliché | Thought-terminating cliché
in which 'dangerous' words like 'freedom' no longer exists." Kathleen Taylor suggests in a that the words that remain as a result of the diminishing of the English language are ideologically loaded, and are "...clear examples of Lifton's thought-terminating clichés."
- Aldous Huxley’s "Brave New World" - The "Utopian" Society uses thought-terminating clichés in a more conventional manner, most notably in regard to the drug "soma" as well as modified versions of real-life platitudes, such as, "A doctor a day keeps the jim-jams away."
# See also.
- Indoctrination
- Loaded language
- Slogan
- Soundbite
- Godwin's law
- Fighting words
- "Language in Thought and Action" by S. I. Hayakawa | 8,470 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
Jerry Hall
Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress.
# Early life.
Was born in Gonzales, Texas, to Marjorie (née Sheffield; 1924–2013), a medical records librarian, and John P. Hall. She is of English, Irish, and Dutch descent. She was raised in the Dallas suburb of Mesquite, Texas.
Hall graduated from North Mesquite High School early at 16. While in high school, she also took classes at Eastfield College in archery, tennis, and gymnastics. Hall has been fluent in French since she was 16.
Hall has a twin sister, Terry, whose jobs have included working in a photography and print making shop, real estate investing and real estate broker. Hall has three older sisters, | 8,471 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
including Rosy Hall, one of the first Dallas Cowboys cheerleaders.
In the TV series "Who Do You Think You Are?", Hall discovered that she was descended from Humphrey Best, an associate of American patriot and icon Daniel Boone.
# Career.
## Modeling.
Jerry Hall and her twin sister Terry were in the French Riviera sunbathing on a Saint Tropez beach when fashion agent Claude Haddad discovered them. She moved to Paris where she shared an apartment with singer Grace Jones, and Jessica Lange. Her modelling career began when she appeared, in the guise of a mermaid, on the cover of Roxy Music's album "Siren" (1975).
By 1977, Hall had been on 40 magazine covers including Italian "Vogue" and "Cosmopolitan". | 8,472 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
She was earning modelling fees in excess of $1,000 per day. Her long blonde hair and height of six feet quickly made her one of the most visible and photographed models of the day.
In 2016, Hall won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Fashion Group International Dallas.
Hall was also a muse for artists Francesco Clemente, Ed Ruscha and Lucian Freud. Hall modeled for Andy Warhol many times.
## Acting.
Hall acted in "Urban Cowboy", released in 1980.
In 1989, Hall appeared in director Tim Burton's "Batman" (1989).
Her 1990 London West End stage début was playing Cherie in a revival of "Bus Stop" (a role played by Marilyn Monroe in the film adaption) at the Lyric Theatre in Shaftesbury | 8,473 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
Avenue.
In 1990, she joined many other guests for Roger Waters' massive performance of "The Wall" in Berlin. She featured in commercials for Bovril.
Hall played the role of Miss Scarlett in the British television show "Cluedo" (1993), and in (1993) the (TV series) "The Detectives".
In the early 2000s, she appeared as Mrs. Robinson in a Broadway production of "The Graduate" which included a nude scene on stage.
Hall appeared as herself in the documentary "Being Mick" (2001).
Hall appeared in Brighton in the play "Picasso's Women" in 2002.
Hall now holds the World Record for making the most theatrical appearances in a single night. She performed in front of 9,124 theatregoers in London.
In | 8,474 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
2005, Hall appeared on the West End stage playing Mother Lord in the first London production of Cole Porter's "High Society"
Hall provided the voice for Sister Penelope in the British cartoon "Popetown".
In 2007, Hall guest-starred on the British TV show "Hotel Babylon". She has also appeared in the BBC comedy series "French and Saunders". Her autobiography, "Jerry Hall: My Life in Pictures", was published in 2010.
In June 2012, Hall made a one-week appearance with David Soul at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, in a reprise of the Pulitzer Prize nominated play by A. R. Gurney, "Love Letters".
On September 10, 2012, Hall was announced as a contestant for the tenth series of the British dance show | 8,475 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
"Strictly Come Dancing". Her professional partner was Anton du Beke. She was the second celebrity to be eliminated from the competition.
## Other ventures.
In 2000, Hall was a judge for the Whitbread Prize. She argued for Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.
In 2010, Hall sold her art collection through Sotheby's.
In 2014, Hall performed at Glastonbury. She wrote music and lyrics to original country and western music.
# Personal life.
Hall started dating musician Mick Jagger in 1977. They held an unofficial, private, marriage-like ceremony on November 21, 1990, in Bali, Indonesia. The putative marriage was later declared invalid ("i.e.," void ab initio) by the High Court of England | 8,476 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
and Wales in London in 1999. They have four children together: Elizabeth Scarlett (born 1984), James Leroy (born 1985), Georgia May (born 1992), and Gabriel Luke (born 1997). The couple lived together at Downe House, Richmond Hill, in Greater London, which Jagger purchased in the early 1990s. They split up in 1999. Hall cited Jagger's infidelity as the cause of the break-up.
In 2015, Hall was reported to have begun dating business magnate Rupert Murdoch. The couple were seen in public together at the Rugby World Cup final on November 1, 2015. Hall and Murdoch announced their engagement with a listing in Murdoch's "The Times" newspaper on January 11, 2016. The couple married on March 4, 2016, | 8,477 |
343196 | Jerry Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Hall | Jerry Hall
tt (born 1984), James Leroy (born 1985), Georgia May (born 1992), and Gabriel Luke (born 1997). The couple lived together at Downe House, Richmond Hill, in Greater London, which Jagger purchased in the early 1990s. They split up in 1999. Hall cited Jagger's infidelity as the cause of the break-up.
In 2015, Hall was reported to have begun dating business magnate Rupert Murdoch. The couple were seen in public together at the Rugby World Cup final on November 1, 2015. Hall and Murdoch announced their engagement with a listing in Murdoch's "The Times" newspaper on January 11, 2016. The couple married on March 4, 2016, and were seen together on the final show of "American Idol" on April 7, 2016. | 8,478 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Zimbabwe Rhodesia was an unrecognised state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 12 December 1979. Zimbabwe Rhodesia was preceded by an unrecognised republic named Rhodesia and was briefly followed by the re-established British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which according to British constitutional theory had remained the proper government after Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965. About three months later, the re-established colony of Southern Rhodesia was granted internationally recognised independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe.
Under pressure from the international community to satisfy the civil rights movement by blacks in Rhodesia, an "Internal Settlement" | 8,479 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
was drawn up between the Smith administration of Rhodesia and moderate African nationalist parties not involved in armed resistance. Meanwhile, the government continued to battle armed resistance from both Soviet- and Chinese-backed Marxist liberation movements it referred to as "terrorists"- the Rhodesian Bush War was an extension of the Cold War, being a proxy conflict between the West and East, similar to those in Vietnam and Korea.
The "Internal Settlement" agreement led to relaxation of education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, resulting in the first ever black-majority electorate. The country's civil service, judiciary, police and armed forces continued to be administered | 8,480 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
by the same officials as before, of whom most were whites, due to the composition of the upper-middle class of the period.
Despite these changes, the new state did not gain international recognition, with the Commonwealth claiming that the "so-called 'Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia'" would be "no more legal and valid" than the UDI constitution it replaced.
# Nomenclature.
As early as 1960, African nationalist political organisations in Rhodesia agreed that the country should use the name "Zimbabwe"; they used that name as part of the titles of their organisations. The name "Zimbabwe", broken down to "Dzimba dzamabwe" in Shona (one of the two major languages in the country), means "houses | 8,481 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
of stone". Meanwhile, the white Rhodesian community was reluctant to drop the name "Rhodesia", hence a compromise was met.
The Constitution named the new State simply as "Zimbabwe Rhodesia", with no reference to its status as a republic in its name. As such, it was similar in style to post-1994 South Africa renaming the Natal province as "KwaZulu-Natal". Although the official name contained no hyphen, the country's name was hyphenated in some foreign publications as "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia". The country was also nicknamed "Rhobabwe", a portmanteau of "Rhodesia" and "Zimbabwe".
After taking office as Prime Minister, Abel Muzorewa sought to drop "Rhodesia" from the country's name. The name "Zimbabwe | 8,482 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Rhodesia" had been criticised by some black politicians like Senator Chief Zephaniah Charumbira, who said it implied that Zimbabwe was "the son of Rhodesia". ZANU PF, led by Robert Mugabe in exile, denounced what it described as "the derogatory name of 'Zimbabwe Rhodesia'".
The government also adopted a new national flag, featuring the same Zimbabwe soapstone bird, on 4 September of that year. In addition, it announced changes to public holidays, with Rhodes Day and Founders Day being replaced by two new holidays, both of which were known as Ancestors Day, while Republic Day and Independence Day were to be replaced by President's Day and Unity Day, celebrated on 25 and 26 October of that year.
In | 8,483 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
response, the Voice of Zimbabwe radio service operated by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF from Maputo in Mozambique, carried a commentary entitled "The proof of independence is not flags or names", dismissing the changes as aimed at "strengthening the racist puppet alliance's position at the Zimbabwe conference in London".
The national airline, Air Rhodesia, was also renamed Air Zimbabwe. However, no postage stamps were issued; issues of 1978 still used "Rhodesia", and the next stamp issues were in 1980, after the change to just "Zimbabwe," and were inscribed accordingly.
# Government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
During its brief existence, Zimbabwe Rhodesia had one election, which resulted in its short-lived | 8,484 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
biracial government.
## Constitution.
Adapting the constitution of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), Zimbabwe Rhodesia was governed by a Prime Minister and Cabinet chosen from the majority party in a 100-member House of Assembly. A 40-member Senate acted as the upper House, and both together chose a figurehead President in whose name the government was conducted.
## Legislative branch.
### House of Assembly.
Of the 100 members of the House of Assembly, 72 were "common roll" members for whom the electorate was every adult citizen. All of these members were black Africans. Those on the previous electoral roll of Rhodesia (due to education, property and income qualifications | 8,485 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
for voter rolls, mostly but not only white constituencies) elected 20 members; although this did not actually exclude non-whites, very few black Africans met the qualification requirements. A delimitation commission sat in 1978 to determine how to reduce the previous 50 constituencies to 20. The remaining eight seats for old voter role non-constituency members were filled by members chosen by the other 92 members of the House of Assembly once their election was complete. In the only election held by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Bishop Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council (UANC) won a majority in the common-roll seats, while Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front (RF) won all of the old voter roll seats. | 8,486 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Ndabaningi Sithole's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) won 12 seats.
### Senate.
The Senate of Zimbabwe Rhodesia had 40 members. Ten members each were returned by the old voter roll members of the House of Assembly and the common roll members, and five members each by the Council of Chiefs of Mashonaland and Matabeleland. The remaining members were directly appointed by the President under the advice of the Prime Minister. While the House of Assembly had changed greatly to be nearly in line with modern ideals of universal suffrage, the Senate remained dominated by the former political stalwarts, effectively allowing a check on the new House.
## Executive branch.
### President.
The | 8,487 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia was elected by the members of the Parliament, sitting together. At the election on 28 May 1979, Josiah Zion Gumede of the United African National Council (UANC) and Timoth Ndhlovu of the United National Federal Party (UNFP) were nominated. Gumede won by 80 votes to Ndhlovu's 33.
### Prime Minister.
Starting with 51 seats out of 100, Abel Muzorewa of the UANC was appointed as Prime Minister, and also appointed Minister Combined Operations and Defence. He formed a joint government with Ian Smith, the former Prime Minister of Rhodesia, who was a Minister without Portfolio. Muzorewa also attempted to include the other African parties who had lost the election. Rhodesian | 8,488 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Front members served as Muzorewa's Ministers of Justice, Agriculture, and Finance, with David Smith continuing in the role of Minister of Finance, while P K van der Byl, the hardline former Minister of Defence, serving as both Minister of Transport and Minister of Power and Posts.
# End of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
The Lancaster House Agreement stipulated that control over the country be returned to the United Kingdom in preparation for elections to be held in the spring of 1980. Accordingly, on 11 December 1979, the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act, declaring that "Zimbabwe Rhodesia shall cease to be an independent State and become part of Her Majesty's dominions", was passed.
In | 8,489 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
response, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Southern Rhodesia Constitution (Interim Provisions) Order 1979, establishing the offices of Governor and Deputy Governor of Southern Rhodesia, filled by Lord Soames and Sir Antony Duff respectively.
Although the name of the country formally reverted to Southern Rhodesia at this time, the name "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" remained in many of the country's institutions, such as the Zimbabwe Rhodesia Broadcasting Corporation. On 18 April 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
# See also.
- Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia
- Education in Zimbabwe
- Rhodesian Bush War
- History of Zimbabwe
- Federation of Rhodesia | 8,490 |
343197 | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe%20Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesia
(Interim Provisions) Order 1979, establishing the offices of Governor and Deputy Governor of Southern Rhodesia, filled by Lord Soames and Sir Antony Duff respectively.
Although the name of the country formally reverted to Southern Rhodesia at this time, the name "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" remained in many of the country's institutions, such as the Zimbabwe Rhodesia Broadcasting Corporation. On 18 April 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
# See also.
- Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia
- Education in Zimbabwe
- Rhodesian Bush War
- History of Zimbabwe
- Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
- Colony of Southern Rhodesia
- Rhodesia
- Republic of Zimbabwe | 8,491 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
Norton Motorcycle Company
The Norton Motorcycle Company (formerly Norton Motors, Ltd.) is an English motorcycle marque, originally from Birmingham, England, UK. It was founded in 1898 as a manufacturer of "fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade". By 1902 the company had begun manufacturing motorcycles with bought-in engines. In 1908 a Norton-built engine was added to the range. This began a long series of production of single and eventually twin-cylinder motorcycles, and a long history of racing involvement.
Production of the military Model 16 H and Big 4 sidevalve motorcycles was Norton's contribution to the WWII war effort, almost 100,000 being manufactured.
When major shareholders started | 8,492 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
to leave Norton in 1953 the company declined and Associated Motor Cycles bought the shares.
Although motorcycle sales went through a recession in the 1950s, and Norton Motors Ltd was only a small manufacturer, Norton sales flourished. A series of Norton Dominator Twins of 500 cc, then 600 cc, then 650 cc and then the 750 cc Norton Atlas kept sales buoyant, especially with sales to the United States.
In 1968 the new 750 cc Norton Commando Model appeared, with the engine/gearbox/swingarm unit isolastically insulated from the frame with a series of rubber mountings. This kept the vibrations from the rider, giving a smooth comfortable ride. The Commando was a best seller, and voted #1 Motorcycle | 8,493 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
of the Year a number of times in Britain. 850 cc models appeared for 1973, giving more torque. For 1975 an electric start arrived in the 850 Mk3.
The largest UK motorcycle manufacturer at the time was BSA-Triumph, comprising Birmingham Small Arms Company in Birmingham, and Triumph Motorcycles in Meriden. BSA-Triumph faced difficulties caused by poor management, outdated union practices, old-fashioned motorcycle designs and antiquated factory conditions. A merger with Norton Motorcycles was proposed; but although Dennis Poore's Norton Motorcycles was by far the smaller partner, Poore effectively secured a take-over of BSA-Triumph, forming Norton Villiers Triumph (NVT). The Triumph factory Meriden | 8,494 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
was the least modern; but workers engaged in a "sit-in", forming a workers' co-operative. Poore was CEO of Manganese Bronze Holdings, a company apparently more concerned with asset stripping than with motorcycle production. Subsequent political manoeuvrings led to the downfall of NVT, as taxpayer-assisted wranglings over amalgamations and sell-offs all but killed the once extensive UK motorcycle industry.
In late 2008 Stuart Garner, a UK businessman, bought the rights to Norton from some US concerns and relaunched Norton in its Midlands home at Donington Park where it will develop the 961cc Norton Commando,
and a new range of Norton motorcycles.
# Early history.
The original company was | 8,495 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
formed by James Lansdowne Norton (known as "Pa") at 320, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in 1898. In 1902 Norton began building motorcycles with French and Swiss engines. In 1907 a Norton ridden by Rem Fowler won the twin-cylinder class in the first Isle of Man TT race, beginning a sporting tradition that went on until the 1960s. The first Norton engines were made in 1907, with production models available from 1908. These were the 3.5 hp (490 cc) and the 'Big 4' (633cc), beginning a line of side-valve single-cylinder engines which continued with few changes until the late 1950s.
The first Norton logo was a fairly simple, art nouveau design, with the name spelled in capitals. However, a new logo | 8,496 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
appeared on the front of the catalogue for 1914, which was a joint effort by James Norton and his daughter Ethel. It became known as the "curly N" logo, with only the initial letter as a capital, and was used by the company thereafter, first appearing on actual motorcycles in 1915. Ethel Norton also did some testing of her father's motorcycles.
In 1913 the business declined, and R. T. Shelley & Co., the main creditors, intervened and saved it. Norton Motors Ltd was formed shortly afterwards under joint directorship of James Norton and Bob Shelley. Shelley's brother-in-law was tuner Dan O'Donovan, and he managed to set a significant number of records on the Norton by 1914 when the war broke | 8,497 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
out - and as competition motorcycling was largely suspended during the hosilities, these records still stood when production restarted after the war. 1914 Dan O'Donovan records set in April 1914 :
- Under 500 cc flying km 81.06 mph, flying mile 78.60 mph - 490 cc Norton
- Under 750 cc flying km and flying mile see above
- Under 500 cc with sidecar flying km 65.65 mph, flying mile 62.07 mph - 490 cc Norton
- Under 750 cc with sidecar flying km and flying mile see above
On 17 July 1914 O'Donovan also took the flying 5 mile record at 75.88 mph, and the standing start 10 mile record at 73.29 mph, again on the 490 cc Norton.
# First World War.
Norton continued production of their 3.5 hp and | 8,498 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
Big 4 singles well into the war period, though in November 1916 the Ministry of Munitions issued an order that no further work on motor cycles or cars would be allowed from 15 November 1916 without a permit. By this time most motor cycle companies were already either producing munitions (or aircraft parts), or devoted to the export trade. Norton were involved in exporting and earlier that year had announced a new 'Colonial Model' of their 633cc Big 4. This featured an increase in ground clearance from 4.25" to 6.5", by altering the frame, larger tank, greater clearance on mudguards, and a sturdy rear carrier. The engine was unaltered, and transmission was via a Sturmey-Archer 3-speed gearbox.
In | 8,499 |
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